What a world without prisons could look like | Deanna Van Buren

翻译人员: psjmz mz 校对人员: Yanyan Hong

A lot of people call me a "justice architect."

很多人称我为“正义建筑师”，

But I don't design prisons.

但我不设计监狱，

I don't design jails.

我也不设计牢房。

I don't design detention centers, and I don't even design courthouses.

我不设计拘留所， 我甚至连法院大楼都不设计。

All the same, I get a call every week,

虽然如此，我每周 还是会接到一个电话说，

saying, "OK, but you design better prisons, right?

“好吧，但你设计了 更好的监狱，不是吗？

You know, like those pretty ones they're building in Europe."

就像欧洲他们正在建造的 漂亮监狱。”

And I always pause.

而我总是停顿一下，

And I invite them,

我邀请他们，

and I invite you today,

我今天也邀请你们，

to imagine a world without prisons.

去想象一个没有监狱的世界，

What does that justice feel and look like?

正义的感觉到底是什么样？

What do we need to build to get there?

我们需要建造什么 才能到达这个目标？

I'd like to show you some ideas today of things that we're building.

我今天想向大家展示 我们正在建造的东西。

And I'm going to start with an early prototype.

我先从早期的一个原型开始，

This I built when I was five.

这是我5岁时建造的

I call it "the healing hut."

我称之为“疗伤小屋”，

And I built it after I got sent home from school

我是在被学校送回家后 建立的它，

for punching this kid in the face because he called me the N-word.

因为，我朝喊我 “黑鬼”的小孩脸上打了一拳，

OK, he deserved it.

是他自找麻烦。

It happened a lot, though,

这经常发生，

because my family had desegregated a white community in rural Virginia.

因为我的家人

在维吉尼亚州的乡下 废除了一个白人社区的种族隔离。

And I was really scared.

我真是非常害怕，

I was afraid.

我很担心，

I was angry.

我很生气。

And so I would run into the forest, and I would build these little huts.

所以我跑进树林， 建造了这些小屋子，

They were made out of twigs and leaves and blankets I had taken from my mom.

它们取材于树枝、 树叶和妈妈给的毯子。

And as the light would stream into my refuge,

当阳光照进我的庇护所，

I would feel at peace.

我感到非常平静。

Despite my efforts to comfort myself,

尽管我努力安慰自己，

I still left my community as soon as I could,

我还是尽快离开了我的社区，

and I went to architecture school

我上了建筑学校。

and then into a professional career designing shopping centers,

然后从事设计 购物中心的职业生涯，

homes for the wealthy

为有钱人设计房子，

and office buildings,

和办公楼。

until I stepped into a prison for the first time.

直到我第一次踏入监狱，

It was the Chester State Correctional Institution in Pennsylvania.

这是宾夕法尼亚州的 切斯特州立惩教所。

And my friend, she invited me there

我的朋友，她邀请我去那，

to work with some of her incarcerated students

与她被监禁的学生一道工作，

and teach them about the positive power of design.

教他们设计的积极力量。

The irony is so obvious, right?

这非常讽刺，对吗？

As I approached this concrete building, these tiny little windows,

当我踏入这个 混凝土建筑，这些小铁窗，

barbed wire, high walls, observation towers,

铁丝网，高墙，瞭望塔，

and on the inside, these cold, hard spaces,

而在里面则是又冷又硬的空间。

little light or air,

光线不足，空气稀薄，

the guards are screaming, the doors are clanking,

看守大喊大叫， 门叮当作响，

there's a wall of cells filled with so many black and brown bodies.

牢房中充满了 黑色和棕色的身体。

And I realized that what I was seeing

我意识到我看到的是

was the end result of our racist policies that had caused mass incarceration.

是我们种族主义政策， 导致大规模监禁的最终结果。

But as an architect, what I was seeing

但作为建筑师，我看到的是

was how a prison is the worst building type we could have created

监狱是我们建造的 最糟糕的建筑类型，

to address the harm that we're doing to one another.

去惩罚我们彼此造成的伤害。

I thought, "Well, could I design an alternative to this,

我想，“好吧， 我可以设计个替代方案，

other than building a prettier prison?"

而不是建造一所 更漂亮的监狱吗？”

It didn't feel good to me; it still doesn't feel good.

这让我感觉很不好， 至今仍然感觉不好。

But back then, I just didn't know what to do.

但从那回来后， 我还是不知道应该做什么。

What do we build instead of this?

我们该建造什么来代替监狱？

And then I heard about restorative justice.

然后我听说了修复式司法。

I felt at peace again,

我感到了平静，

because here was an alternative system

因为现在有一种替代系统，

that says when a crime is committed, it is a breach of relationship,

指出当犯罪发生了， 这是关系的破坏，

that the needs of those who have been harmed

那些受到伤害的人，

must be addressed first;

首先会得到缓解。

that those who have committed the offense

那些犯了罪的人，

have an obligation to make amends.

有义务去补偿。

And what they are are really intense dialogues,

真是一场非常热烈的讨论，

where all stakeholders come together to find a way to repair the breach.

所有的利益相关者都聚集在一起，

寻找修复问题的方法。

Early data shows that restorative justice builds empathy;

早期数据显示 修复式司法建立了同理心，

that it reduces violent reoffending by up to 75 percent;

可以减少暴力犯罪75%。

that it eases PTSD in survivors of the most severe violence.

它减轻了最严重暴力的幸存者患上的 “创伤后应激障碍(PTSD)”。

And because of these reasons,

而因为这些原因，

we see prosecutors and judges and district attorneys

我们看到检察官、 法官和地区检察官，

starting to divert cases out of court and into restorative justice

开始将案件从法庭 转移到修复式司法上，

so that some people never touch the system altogether.

这样一些人就不用 接触到这个系统了。

And so I thought, "Well, damn -- why aren't we designing for this system?"

当时我想：“我们为什么 不去为这个系统设计些什么呢？”

(Applause)

（掌声）

Instead of building prisons,

与其建造监狱，

we should be building spaces to amplify restorative justice.

我们应该建造放大 修复式司法的空间。

And so I started in schools,

我从在学校开始着手，

because suspensions and expulsions

因为很长时间以来， 停课和开除，

have been fueling the pathway to prison for decades.

铺垫了日后的犯罪之路，

And many school districts -- probably some of your own --

很多学区，可能在座 各位有些人的学区，

are turning to restorative justice as an alternative.

开始将修复式司法作为一种选项。

So, my first project -- I just turned this dirty little storage room

我的第一个项目， 是把这个肮脏的小储藏室

into a peacemaking room for a program in a high school

变成一所高中的调解空间，

in my hometown of Oakland.

就在我的家乡奥克兰。

And after we were done, the director said

我们做完后，学校主管说，

that the circles she was holding in this space

在这个空间里进行的调解会，

were more powerful in bringing the community together

在学校和社区的枪支暴力冲突后，

after fighting at school and gun violence in the community,

更有力地将社区团结在一起。

and that students and teachers started to come here

学生和老师开始来到这里，

just because they saw it as a space of refuge.

只是因为他们 将这里视为庇护所。

So what was happening is that the space was amplifying the effects of the process.

所以这里发生的是 空间放大了过程的影响，

OK, then I did something that architects always do, y'all.

然后我就做建筑师都会做的事情，

I was like, I'm going to build something massive now, right?

我要去建造个更大的，对吧？

I'm going to build the world's first restorative justice center all by myself.

我要建造世界上 第一个修复式司法中心，

And it's going to be a beautiful figure on the skyline,

它将成为天际线上美丽的身影，

like a beacon in the night.

像黑夜中的灯塔，

Thousands of people will come here instead of going to court.

成千上万的人来这里， 而不是去法庭。

I will single-handedly end mass incarceration

我将独自结束大规模监禁，

and win lots of design awards.

去拿各种设计大奖。

(Laughter)

（笑声）

And then I checked myself --

然后我仔细审视一番，

(Laughter)

（笑声）

because here's the deal:

事情是这样的：

we are incarcerating more of our citizens per capita

我国人均监禁率，

than any country in the world.

超过地球上其他任何一个国家，

And the fastest-growing population there are black women.

而增长最快的是黑人女性。

Ninety-five percent of all these folks are coming home.

其中95%的人会出狱返家，

And most of them are survivors of severe sexual, physical and emotional abuse.

其中多数都是严重的性、 身体和情感虐待的幸存者。

They have literally been on both sides of the harm.

他们即使施害者又是受害者。

So I thought, uh, maybe I should ask them

所以我想，也许我应该问问她们，

what we should build instead of prisons.

我们应该建造什么去取代监狱。

So I returned with a restorative justice expert,

所以我带了一位 修复式司法专家回来，

and we started to run the country's first design studios

我们建立了这个国家的 第一个设计工作室。

with incarcerated men and women

跟被监禁的男人和女人一起，

around the intersection of restorative justice and design.

围绕着修复式司法和设计的交叉点。

And it was transformative for me.

这对我而言真是革命性的。

I saw all these people behind walls in a totally different way.

我看到这些高墙后的人的另一面，

These were souls deeply committed to their personal transformation

这些人的灵魂深深地 致力于他们的改造，

and being accountable.

他们希望可以为自己的行为负责。

They were creative, they were visionary.

他们很有创意，富有远见，

Danny is one of those souls.

丹尼就是其中之一。

He's been incarcerated at San Quentin for 27 years

他被关在圣昆廷监狱已经27年了，

for taking a life at the age of 21.

因为在21岁时， 他杀了人。

From the very beginning,

一开始，

he's been focused on being accountable for that act

他一直专注于对行为负责，

and doing his best to make amends from behind bars.

尽他最大的努力去弥补他的过失，

He brought that work into a design for a community center

他把这态度 带到了设计和解和康复

for reconciliation and wellness.

的社区中心来。

It was a beautiful design, right?

这真是漂亮的设计，对吗？

So it's this green campus filled with these circular structures

这是充满了圆形结构的绿色校园，

for victim and offender dialogue.

为受害者和罪犯提供对话。

And when he presented the project to me,

当他向我展示项目时，

he started crying.

他哭了。

He said, "After being in the brutality of San Quentin for so long,

他说: “在圣昆廷监狱的暴力中 呆了这么长时间，“

we don't think reconciliation will happen.

“我们没想到和解会发生。”

This design is for a place that fulfills the promise of restorative justice.

这个设计是为了实现 修复式司法的承诺愿望。

And it feels closer now."

现在感觉更近了，

I know for a fact

我很确定

that just the visualization of spaces for restorative justice and healing

仅将修复式司法和治疗空间变得可视化，

are transformative.

就具有改变的力量。

I've seen it in our workshops over and over again.

我们一再在讨论中见证这点，

But I think we know that just visualizing these spaces is not enough.

但我知道只是 可视化这些空间并不够，

We have to build them.

我们需要创建他们。

And so I started to look for justice innovators.

所以我开始寻找司法创新者，

They are not easy to find.

他们可不容易找到，

But I found one.

但我发现了一个。

I found the Center for Court Innovation.

我找到了法院创新中心，

They were bringing Native American peacemaking practices

他们在美国首次把，

into a non-Native community

美洲原住民的调解传统

for the very first time in the United States.

用于非原住民社区。

And I approached them, and I said,

我找到他们说，

"OK, well, as you set up your process,

“你们设计流程的同时，

could I work with the community to design a peacemaking center?"

我可以跟社区一起 设计调解中心吗？”

And they said yes.

他们说可以，

Thank God, because I had no backup to these guys.

谢天谢地，因为对这些人 我可没有备选计划，

And so, in the Near Westside of Syracuse, New York,

所以，在纽约雪城的西部

we started to run design workshops with the community

我们开始与社区开展研讨，

to both locate and reenvision an old drug house

找到并重建一个药厂

to be a peacemaking center.

为调解中心。

The Near Westside Peacemaking Project is complete.

近西区的调解中心已经完工了，

And they are already running over 80 circles a year,

他们一年可以进行 超过80个调解会，

with a very interesting outcome,

结果都非常让人振奋。

and that it is the space itself

就是这个空间，

that's convincing people to engage in peacemaking

可以说服人们参与调停，

for the very first time in their lives.

这是他们有生以来第一次。

Isabel and her daughter are some of those community members.

伊莎贝尔和她的女儿 是其中的社区成员，

And they had been referred to peacemaking

她们已经开始调解，

to heal their relationship after a history of family abuse,

来修复他们的关系 在长时间的家里暴力、

sexual abuse

性虐待历史，

and other issues that they'd been having in their own family

以及他们自己家中，

and the community.

和社区中面临的其他问题后。

And, you know, Isabel didn't want to do peacemaking.

伊莎贝尔并不想去调解。

She was like, "This is just like going to court.

她说：“这个跟上法庭一样。

What is this peacemaking stuff?"

这个调解中心是什么玩意？”

But when she showed up,

当她出现时，

she was stressed, she was anxious.

带着紧张、焦虑，

But when she got in, she kind of looked around,

当她进去后，她到处打量，

and she settled in.

安顿下来后，

And she turned to the coordinator and said,

她转身对协调员说，

"I feel comfortable here -- at ease.

“在这里我感到舒适、放松，

It's homey."

很温馨。”

Isabel and her daughter made a decision that day

伊莎贝尔和她女儿 那天做了个决定，

to engage and complete the peacemaking process.

去参与和完成调解过程。

And today, their relationship is transformed;

今天，她们的关系发生了变化，

they're doing really well and they're healing.

她们表现很好，她们治愈了。

So after this project, I didn't go into a thing

这个项目后，我不再去

where I'm going to make a huge peacemaking center.

找在哪里能做个大的和解中心，

I did want to have peacemaking centers in every community.

我想要在每个社群建立和解中心。

But then a new idea emerged.

但一个新的主意冒出来了，

I was doing a workshop in Santa Rita Jail in California,

我在加利福尼亚的 圣丽塔监狱做了一个研讨会，

and one of our incarcerated designers, Doug, said,

我们的一个被监禁的设计师道格说，

"Yeah, you know, repairing the harm, getting back on my feet, healing --

“修复伤害，重新站起来，治愈，

really important.

真的很重要。

But the reality is, Deanna, when I get home,

但现实是，迪安娜，当我回家后，

I don't have anywhere to go.

我无处可去。

I have no job -- who's going to hire me?

我没有工作，谁来雇佣我？

I'm just going to end up back here."

我最终还是得回到这里。”

And you know what, he's right,

你们知道的，他说的对，

because 60 to 75 percent of those returning to their communities

因为60-75%回到社区的人，

will be unemployed a year after their release.

在释放一年内找不到工作。

We also know, if you can't meet your basic economic needs,

我们也知道，如果你连 基本的经济需求都得不到满足，

you're going to commit crime --

你会再次犯罪，

any of us would do that.

我们每个人都会这样，

So instead of building prisons,

所以与其建造监狱。

what we could build are spaces for job training and entrepreneurship.

我们可以建造职业和创业培训空间，

These are spaces for what we call "restorative economics."

我们把这些空间叫做“修复式经济”，

Located in East Oakland, California,

位于加利福尼亚州东奥克兰，

"Restore Oakland" will be the country’s first center

“修复奥克兰”将是这个国家用于

for restorative justice and restorative economics.

修复式司法 和修复式经济的第一个中心。

(Applause)

（掌声）

So here's what we're going to do.

这是我们打算做的,

We're going to gut this building and turn it into three things.

我们要把这个建筑改造成三样东西：

First, a restaurant called "Colors,"

首先是一家叫“颜色”的餐馆。

that will break the racial divide in the restaurant industry

这将打破餐饮业的种族分化，

by training low-wage restaurant workers

通过培训低薪餐厅员工，

to get living-wage jobs in fine dining.

帮他们在精致的餐厅里 找到正常薪资的工作。

It does not matter if you have a criminal record or not.

你有没有犯罪记录并不重要。

On the second floor, we have bright, open, airy spaces

二楼，我们有明亮、开放、通风的空间，

to support a constellation of activist organizations

用于支持活跃的组织，

to amplify their cry of "Healthcare Not Handcuffs,"

以放大他们的呼声 “治疗而不是手铐”，

and "Housing as a human right."

以及“住房是人权”。

And third, the county's first dedicated space for restorative justice,

第三，这里是这个郡第一个 致力于修复式司法的地方，

filled with nature, color, texture and spaces of refuge

充满自然、色彩、纹理的避难空间，

to support the dialogues here.

来支撑这里的对话。

This project breaks ground in just two months.

这个项目在两个月内就破土动工了，

And we have plans to replicate it

我们计划在

in Washington D.C., Detroit, New York and New Orleans.

华盛顿特区、底特律、 纽约和新奥尔良复制。

(Applause)

（掌声）

So you've seen two things we can build instead of prisons.

所以你们看到了两样 可以代替监狱的东西。

And look, the price point is better.

看，价格还更优。

For one jail, we can build 30 restorative justice centers.

以建立一座监狱的预算， 我们可以造30个修复式司法中心，

(Applause)

（掌声）

That is a better use of your tax dollars.

可以更好利用你的纳税，

So I want to build all of these.

所以我想要去创建这些。

But building buildings is a really heavy lift.

但建造建筑真是重活，

It takes time.

它需要时间。

And what was happening in the communities that I was serving

我所服务的社区正在发生的是

is we were losing people every week to gun violence and mass incarceration.

每周都有人因为枪支暴力， 以及大规模的监禁而离去。

We needed to serve more people and faster and keep them out of the system.

我们需要服务更多的人 更快地让他们从监狱司法中出来。

And a new idea emerged from the community,

社区有个新主意，

one that was a lot lighter on its feet.

其中一个比较接地气：

Instead of building prisons, we could build villages on wheels.

与其建造监狱，我们可以 建造车轮上的村庄，

It's called the Pop-Up Resource Village,

称之为“快闪资源村”。

and it brings an entire constellation of resources

它为大旧金山地区，

to isolated communities in the greater San Francisco area,

带来了一整套的资源，

including mobile medical, social services and pop-up shops.

包括移动医疗， 社会服务，快闪商店。

And so what we're doing now

现在我们正在做的是

is we're building this whole village with the community,

我们跟社区一起建立这个村。

starting with transforming municipal buses into classrooms on wheels

从把市政公共汽车 改造为车轮上的教室开始，

that bring GED and high school education across turf lines.

这带来了跨领域的教育和高中教育。

(Applause)

（掌声）

We will serve thousands of more students with this.

我们用这个服务了成千上万的学生，

We're creating mobile spaces of refuge

我们为半夜从监狱释放的女性，

for women released from jail in the middle of the night,

提供了移动的避难所，

at their most vulnerable.

在她们最无助的时候。

Next summer, the village will launch, and it pops up every single week,

下个夏天，这个村庄 将会开启，每一周都会出现，

expanding to more and more communities as it goes.

并将会扩大至越来越多的社区。

So look out for it.

注意看看，

(Applause)

（掌声）

So what do we build instead of prisons?

那么我们创建了什么去替代监狱？

We've looked at three things:

我们看过了这三个建筑：

peacemaking centers,

调解中心，

centers for restorative justice and restorative economics

修复式司法和修复式经济中心，

and pop-up villages.

还有“快闪”村庄。

But I'm telling you, I have a list a mile long.

但我要告诉你， 我还有一英里长的清单，

This is customized housing for youth transitioning out of foster care.

里面有为离开寄养家庭的 青少年量身定制的过渡住房，

These are reentry centers for women to reunite with their children.

为女性提供 与孩子重新建立连接的中心。

These are spaces for survivors of violence.

为暴力犯罪幸存者提供的空间，

These are spaces that address the root causes

这是解决大规模监禁的空间。

of mass incarceration.

And not a single one of them is a jail or a prison.

它们没有一个是牢房和监狱，

Activist, philosopher, writer Cornel West says

活动家，哲学家，作家 科内尔·韦斯特说，

that "Justice is what love looks like in public."

“正义是爱在公众面前的样子。”

So with this in mind, I ask you one more time

因此，考虑到这一点， 我再问你一次，

to imagine a world without prisons,

想象一个没有监狱的世界，

and join me in creating all the things that we could build instead.

和我一起去创造所有 可以去替代监狱的东西。

Thank you.

谢谢。

(Applause)

（掌声）