What a world without prisons could look like | Deanna Van Buren

譯者: Lilian Chiu 審譯者: Yang Xinzhe

A lot of people call me a "justice architect."

很多人稱我為「正義建築師」

But I don't design prisons.

但我不設計監獄。

I don't design jails.

我不設計監牢。

I don't design detention centers, and I don't even design courthouses.

我不設計拘留所， 我甚至不設計法院。

All the same, I get a call every week,

我仍然每週都會接到一通電話，

saying, "OK, but you design better prisons, right?

說：「好，但你會設計 更好的監牢，對嗎？

You know, like those pretty ones they're building in Europe."

就像他們在歐洲建造的 那種漂亮監獄。」

And I always pause.

我總是會停頓。

And I invite them,

我會邀請他們，

and I invite you today,

今天我也邀請各位，

to imagine a world without prisons.

想像一個沒有監獄的世界。

What does that justice feel and look like?

正義感覺起來、 看起來，會是怎樣的？

What do we need to build to get there?

我們要建造什麼，才能達成它？

I'd like to show you some ideas today of things that we're building.

今天我想展示給各位一些想法， 是我們正在建造的東西。

And I'm going to start with an early prototype.

我要從一個早期的原型開始。

This I built when I was five.

這是我五歲時建造的。

I call it "the healing hut."

我稱它為「療癒小屋」。

And I built it after I got sent home from school

我被一個孩子稱為呆子， 所以我打了他的臉，

for punching this kid in the face because he called me the N-word.

學校把我送回家， 之後我就建造了這小屋。

OK, he deserved it.

是他活該。

It happened a lot, though,

不過，這種事常常發生，

because my family had desegregated a white community in rural Virginia.

因為我的家庭消除了維吉尼亞郊區 一個白人社區中的種族隔離。

And I was really scared.

而我嚇壞了。

I was afraid.

我很害怕。

I was angry.

我很憤怒。

And so I would run into the forest, and I would build these little huts.

我會跑到森林裡然後建造這些小屋。

They were made out of twigs and leaves and blankets I had taken from my mom.

它們的建材是樹枝、樹葉， 以及我從我媽媽那裡拿來的毛毯。

And as the light would stream into my refuge,

當光線從縫細射入我的庇護所，

I would feel at peace.

我會感到很平和。

Despite my efforts to comfort myself,

儘管我很努力安慰我自己，

I still left my community as soon as I could,

我還是儘快地離開了我的社區，

and I went to architecture school

我去讀建築學校，

and then into a professional career designing shopping centers,

接著開始了我的職業生涯， 設計購物中心、

homes for the wealthy

富人的家，

and office buildings,

以及辦公室大樓，

until I stepped into a prison for the first time.

直到我第一次踏入一間監獄。

It was the Chester State Correctional Institution in Pennsylvania.

那是賓州的切斯特州立監獄。

And my friend, she invited me there

我是被我的朋友邀請過去的，

to work with some of her incarcerated students

去和她的一些被監禁的學生合作，

and teach them about the positive power of design.

教導他們設計的正面力量。

The irony is so obvious, right?

這真的很諷刺，對吧？

As I approached this concrete building, these tiny little windows,

我接近這座水泥的建築物， 裡面有很小的窗戶、

barbed wire, high walls, observation towers,

有刺鐵絲網、高牆、守望塔，

and on the inside, these cold, hard spaces,

在內部，那些冰冷、堅硬的空間裡，

little light or air,

光線和空氣都很少，

the guards are screaming, the doors are clanking,

守衛叫嚷著，門發出噹啷聲，

there's a wall of cells filled with so many black and brown bodies.

有一整面牆都是牢房， 裡面滿是黑色和褐色的身體。

And I realized that what I was seeing

我了解到，我所看到的景象，

was the end result of our racist policies that had caused mass incarceration.

是我們的種族政策造成了 大規模監禁的結果。

But as an architect, what I was seeing

但，身為建築師，我所看到的是，

was how a prison is the worst building type we could have created

就我們創造出來處理人類 對彼此之傷害行為的建築來說，

to address the harm that we're doing to one another.

監獄真的是最糟的一種。

I thought, "Well, could I design an alternative to this,

我心想：「我是否能 為此設計一個替代方案，

other than building a prettier prison?"

而不是建造一間更漂亮的監獄？」

It didn't feel good to me; it still doesn't feel good.

它那時給我的感覺不好； 現在的感覺仍然不好。

But back then, I just didn't know what to do.

但那時，我不知道該怎麼辦。

What do we build instead of this?

我們能建立什麼來取代它？

And then I heard about restorative justice.

接著我聽說了修復式正義。

I felt at peace again,

我再次感受到了平和，

because here was an alternative system

因為這是個替代的體制，

that says when a crime is committed, it is a breach of relationship,

它說，當罪刑被犯下時， 它就破壞了關係，

that the needs of those who have been harmed

被傷害者的需求

must be addressed first;

需要先被處理；

that those who have committed the offense

而犯下罪刑的人，

have an obligation to make amends.

有義務要去做補償。

And what they are are really intense dialogues,

那些補償其實是很緊繃的對話，

where all stakeholders come together to find a way to repair the breach.

所有利害關係人齊聚在一起， 找到一種方式來修復這破裂的關係。

Early data shows that restorative justice builds empathy;

早期的資料顯示， 修復式正義能建立同理心；

that it reduces violent reoffending by up to 75 percent;

能把暴力罪犯再犯的 狀況減低 75% 之多；

that it eases PTSD in survivors of the most severe violence.

它能減輕最嚴重暴力行為的生存者 發生創傷後壓力症候群的情況。

And because of these reasons,

因為這些理由，

we see prosecutors and judges and district attorneys

我們看到公訴人、法官、地方檢察官

starting to divert cases out of court and into restorative justice

開始把案件從法庭導向修復式正義，

so that some people never touch the system altogether.

這麼一來有些人就永遠 不會再接觸這個體制了。

And so I thought, "Well, damn -- why aren't we designing for this system?"

所以我心想：「該死， 我們為何不為這體制設計？」

(Applause)

（掌聲）

Instead of building prisons,

不要建造監獄，

we should be building spaces to amplify restorative justice.

我們應該要建造空間 來放大修復式正義。

And so I started in schools,

所以我從學校開始，

because suspensions and expulsions

因為停學和開除學籍

have been fueling the pathway to prison for decades.

數十年來都在助長通往監獄之路。

And many school districts -- probably some of your own --

許多學區，可能各位的包括在內，

are turning to restorative justice as an alternative.

把修復式正義轉變為一種替代方案。

So, my first project -- I just turned this dirty little storage room

所以，我的第一個計畫── 我剛把這個骯髒的小儲存室

into a peacemaking room for a program in a high school

轉變為和平創造室， 給一間高中的專案計畫使用，

in my hometown of Oakland.

位在我的家鄉奧克蘭。

And after we were done, the director said

我們完工之後，主任說，

that the circles she was holding in this space

她在這個空間中所主持的圍圈，

were more powerful in bringing the community together

在將社區團結上有非常強大的力量，

after fighting at school and gun violence in the community,

在學校內奮戰，在社區中對抗槍枝；

and that students and teachers started to come here

因此，學生和老師開始來到這裡，

just because they saw it as a space of refuge.

只因為他們把這個空間 視為是庇護所。

So what was happening is that the space was amplifying the effects of the process.

所以，這個空間放大了過程的效應。

OK, then I did something that architects always do, y'all.

接著，我做了建築師都會做的事。

I was like, I'm going to build something massive now, right?

我心想，我接著要建造 讓人印象深刻的東西了，

I'm going to build the world's first restorative justice center all by myself.

我要靠自己來建造世界上 第一個修復式正義中心。

And it's going to be a beautiful figure on the skyline,

它將會是地平線上一個美麗的形體，

like a beacon in the night.

就像夜晚的燈塔。

Thousands of people will come here instead of going to court.

數以千計的人會來到 這裡，而不是去法庭。

I will single-handedly end mass incarceration

我會靠自己一個人的力量 就終結大規模監禁，

and win lots of design awards.

還能贏很多設計獎。

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

And then I checked myself --

接著我阻止了我自己。

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

because here's the deal:

因為狀況是這樣的：

we are incarcerating more of our citizens per capita

我們監禁的人均公民數

高於世界上的每一個國家。

than any country in the world.

And the fastest-growing population there are black women.

而人數成長最快的是黑人女性。

Ninety-five percent of all these folks are coming home.

這些人當中有 95% 會回家。

And most of them are survivors of severe sexual, physical and emotional abuse.

她們大部分是嚴重的性、身體， 及情緒暴力下的受害者。

They have literally been on both sides of the harm.

她們是真的在傷害的兩方都待過。

So I thought, uh, maybe I should ask them

所以我心想，也許我應該問問她們，

what we should build instead of prisons.

我們該建造什麼來取代監獄。

So I returned with a restorative justice expert,

我和一位修復式正義專家一起返回，

and we started to run the country's first design studios

我們開始運行全國第一家

設有監禁男女的設計工作室，

with incarcerated men and women

around the intersection of restorative justice and design.

圍繞在恢復性司法 和設計的交叉點上。

And it was transformative for me.

對我來說這是會帶來改變的。

I saw all these people behind walls in a totally different way.

我以一種完全不同的方式 看待關在圍牆後的這些人。

These were souls deeply committed to their personal transformation

這些人深深投入在 他們的個人轉變當中，

and being accountable.

負起責任。

They were creative, they were visionary.

他們有創意，他們有遠見。

Danny is one of those souls.

丹尼就是其中一位。

He's been incarcerated at San Quentin for 27 years

他已經被關在聖昆丁 州立監獄 27 年了，

for taking a life at the age of 21.

他在 21 歲時殺了人。

From the very beginning,

打從一開始，

he's been focused on being accountable for that act

他就一直專注在 要為那行為負起責任，

and doing his best to make amends from behind bars.

盡他的全力從獄中做補償。

He brought that work into a design for a community center

他把那份心力帶到了 一個社區中心的設計中，

for reconciliation and wellness.

一個調解及健康中心。

It was a beautiful design, right?

那是個很美的設計，對吧？

So it's this green campus filled with these circular structures

這個綠色的校園 充滿了這些圓形的結構，

for victim and offender dialogue.

供受害者和犯罪者進行對話。

And when he presented the project to me,

當他把這個計畫拿給我看時，

he started crying.

他開始哭泣。

He said, "After being in the brutality of San Quentin for so long,

他說：「在聖昆丁州立監獄的 暴虐當中待了這麼久，

we don't think reconciliation will happen.

我們不認為調解還有可能發生。

This design is for a place that fulfills the promise of restorative justice.

這個設計，是要建造一個地方 來實現修復式正義的承諾。

And it feels closer now."

現在它感覺更接近了。」

I know for a fact

我很確定，

that just the visualization of spaces for restorative justice and healing

光是將修復式正義 及療癒的空間給視覺化，

are transformative.

就有改變的力量了。

I've seen it in our workshops over and over again.

我在我們的研討會 一再看到這樣的現象。

But I think we know that just visualizing these spaces is not enough.

但我想我們都知道，光是將 這些空間視覺化還不夠。

We have to build them.

我們得把它們建造出來。

And so I started to look for justice innovators.

所以我開始尋找正義創新者。

They are not easy to find.

他們挺不容易找的。

But I found one.

但我找到了一個。

I found the Center for Court Innovation.

我找到了法院創新中心。

They were bringing Native American peacemaking practices

他們要把美國原住民的調停做法

into a non-Native community

帶到非原住民社區中，

for the very first time in the United States.

這是美國有史以來第一次。

And I approached them, and I said,

我去找他們，我說：

"OK, well, as you set up your process,

「好，當你們在準備你們的流程時，

could I work with the community to design a peacemaking center?"

我能不能與社區合作， 設計一個調停中心？」

And they said yes.

他們答應了。

Thank God, because I had no backup to these guys.

謝天謝地，因為除了他們， 我沒有別的後備計畫。

And so, in the Near Westside of Syracuse, New York,

所以，在紐約雪城的近西界，

we started to run design workshops with the community

我們開始與社區進行設計研討會，

to both locate and reenvision an old drug house

找到了一間毒梟的家，

把它重新想像成為一個調停中心。

to be a peacemaking center.

The Near Westside Peacemaking Project is complete.

西界調停專案計畫完成了。

And they are already running over 80 circles a year,

現在每年已經會進行 超過 80 場圍圈坐談，

with a very interesting outcome,

結果非常有意思，

and that it is the space itself

是那個空間本身

that's convincing people to engage in peacemaking

說服了大家去參與調停，

for the very first time in their lives.

那也是他們人生中的初體驗。

Isabel and her daughter are some of those community members.

伊莎貝爾和她的女兒 都是有參與的社區成員。

And they had been referred to peacemaking

她們被轉介到調停中心，

to heal their relationship after a history of family abuse,

來療癒她們的關係， 她們過去曾經歷過家暴、

sexual abuse

性虐待，

and other issues that they'd been having in their own family

以及其他和自己家庭間 及社區間的問題。

and the community.

And, you know, Isabel didn't want to do peacemaking.

伊莎貝爾並不想做調停。

She was like, "This is just like going to court.

她說：「這就像上法庭一樣。

What is this peacemaking stuff?"

這個調停是什麼東西？」

But when she showed up,

當她出席時，

she was stressed, she was anxious.

她很有壓力，很焦慮。

But when she got in, she kind of looked around,

但她進來之後，她看了看四周，

and she settled in.

她安頓下來了。

And she turned to the coordinator and said,

她轉向協調者，說：

"I feel comfortable here -- at ease.

我在這裡覺得很舒適、很安心。

It's homey."

很像家。」

Isabel and her daughter made a decision that day

伊莎貝爾和她的女兒在那天就決定

to engage and complete the peacemaking process.

要參與並完成調停過程。

And today, their relationship is transformed;

現今，她們的關係已經轉變了；

they're doing really well and they're healing.

她們的狀況很好，她們在療癒。

So after this project, I didn't go into a thing

在這個計畫之後，

我沒有去建大型的調停中心。

where I'm going to make a huge peacemaking center.

I did want to have peacemaking centers in every community.

我確實希望每個社區 都有一個調停中心。

But then a new idea emerged.

但接著，一個新點子浮現了。

I was doing a workshop in Santa Rita Jail in California,

我在加州的聖利塔監獄辦研討會，

and one of our incarcerated designers, Doug, said,

我們有一位被監禁的 設計師叫道格，他說：

"Yeah, you know, repairing the harm, getting back on my feet, healing --

「是的，修復傷害、 重新站起來、療癒──

really important.

非常重要。

But the reality is, Deanna, when I get home,

但現實是，狄安娜，當我回家時，

I don't have anywhere to go.

我無處可去。

I have no job -- who's going to hire me?

我沒有工作──誰會僱用我？

I'm just going to end up back here."

我最後還是會回來這裡。」

And you know what, he's right,

你們知道嗎，他說的沒錯，

because 60 to 75 percent of those returning to their communities

因為返回社區的人當中， 有 60%~75%

will be unemployed a year after their release.

在出獄後的一年內都找不到工作。

We also know, if you can't meet your basic economic needs,

我們都知道，如果你的 基本經濟需求無法被滿足，

you're going to commit crime --

你就會犯罪，

any of us would do that.

每個人都必然如此。

So instead of building prisons,

所以，若不要建造監獄，

what we could build are spaces for job training and entrepreneurship.

我們可以建造職業訓練 和企業家精神的空間。

These are spaces for what we call "restorative economics."

這些空間可以用來做 我們所謂的「修復式經濟」。

Located in East Oakland, California,

在加州的東奧克蘭，

"Restore Oakland" will be the country’s first center

「恢復奧克蘭」將會是全國第一個

for restorative justice and restorative economics.

修復式正義及修復式經濟中心。

(Applause)

（掌聲）

So here's what we're going to do.

我們打算要做的事如下。

We're going to gut this building and turn it into three things.

我們要改裝這棟建築的內部， 轉為三樣東西。

First, a restaurant called "Colors,"

第一，一間餐廳，叫做「顏色」，

that will break the racial divide in the restaurant industry

它會打破在餐廳產業的族群分裂，

by training low-wage restaurant workers

做法是訓練低薪餐廳員工

to get living-wage jobs in fine dining.

取得好的餐廳工作， 提供的工資足夠生活所需。

It does not matter if you have a criminal record or not.

你是否有前科都無所謂。

On the second floor, we have bright, open, airy spaces

二樓有明亮、開放、通風的空間，

to support a constellation of activist organizations

用來支持一系列活動組織，

to amplify their cry of "Healthcare Not Handcuffs,"

放大他們「要健康照護，不要手銬」

及「供給住房是基本人權」的呼籲。

and "Housing as a human right."

And third, the county's first dedicated space for restorative justice,

第三，該郡第一個 修復式正義的專用空間，

filled with nature, color, texture and spaces of refuge

充滿了庇護所的本質、 顏色、結構，及空間，

to support the dialogues here.

以支援在這裡進行的對談。

This project breaks ground in just two months.

這個計畫再兩個月就要開工了。

And we have plans to replicate it

我們打算把它複製到

in Washington D.C., Detroit, New York and New Orleans.

華盛頓特區、底特律、 紐約、以及紐奧良。

(Applause)

（掌聲）

So you've seen two things we can build instead of prisons.

所以，各位已經看到了 兩種代替監獄的選擇。

And look, the price point is better.

而且，價格點更好。

For one jail, we can build 30 restorative justice centers.

一間監獄可以換成 三十間修復式正義中心。

(Applause)

（掌聲）

That is a better use of your tax dollars.

這也是把稅款做更好的運用。

So I want to build all of these.

這些我全部都想建造。

But building buildings is a really heavy lift.

但建造建築物是非常沉重的工作。

It takes time.

要花時間。

And what was happening in the communities that I was serving

在我服務的那些社區中， 發生的狀況是，

is we were losing people every week to gun violence and mass incarceration.

每週我們都會因為槍枝暴力 和大規模監禁而失去一些人。

We needed to serve more people and faster and keep them out of the system.

我們得要以更快的速度 服務更多人，讓他們遠離體制。

And a new idea emerged from the community,

社區中浮現了一個新點子，

one that was a lot lighter on its feet.

這個點子比較輕便。

Instead of building prisons, we could build villages on wheels.

取代建造監獄， 我們可以建造有輪子的村子。

It's called the Pop-Up Resource Village,

它叫做「快閃式資源村」，

and it brings an entire constellation of resources

把所有的資源帶到

to isolated communities in the greater San Francisco area,

大舊金山地區的孤立社區裡，

including mobile medical, social services and pop-up shops.

包括行動醫療、社會服務和快閃店。

And so what we're doing now

我們現在做的是，

is we're building this whole village with the community,

我們和社區一起建造這整個村子，

starting with transforming municipal buses into classrooms on wheels

先把市立公車轉變成有輪子的教室，

that bring GED and high school education across turf lines.

把 GED（普通教育開發） 和高中教育帶過草坪線。

(Applause)

（掌聲）

We will serve thousands of more students with this.

有了它，我們可以 再多服務數千名學生。

We're creating mobile spaces of refuge

我們在創造庇護的行動空間，

for women released from jail in the middle of the night,

給出獄的女性在半夜 在她們最脆弱的時候使用。

at their most vulnerable.

Next summer, the village will launch, and it pops up every single week,

明年夏天，村子就會推出， 每週都會快閃出現，

expanding to more and more communities as it goes.

擴及到它所到之處的更多社區。

So look out for it.

所以，注意找找它。

(Applause)

（掌聲）

So what do we build instead of prisons?

所以，若不建造監獄，要建造什麼？

We've looked at three things:

我們有三項計畫：

peacemaking centers,

調停中心，

centers for restorative justice and restorative economics

修復式正義和修復式經濟中心，

and pop-up villages.

以及快閃村。

But I'm telling you, I have a list a mile long.

但讓我告訴各位， 我的清單有一哩長。

This is customized housing for youth transitioning out of foster care.

這是為年輕人客製化的住房供應， 從寄養照顧轉變而來的。

These are reentry centers for women to reunite with their children.

這些是讓女性能 和她們的孩子團圓的復歸中心。

These are spaces for survivors of violence.

這些是給暴力受害者的空間。

These are spaces that address the root causes

這些空間可以用來處理

大規模監禁的根源成因，

of mass incarceration.

And not a single one of them is a jail or a prison.

沒一個是監獄或監牢。

Activist, philosopher, writer Cornel West says

身兼激進分子、哲學家， 及作家的康乃爾韋斯特說：

that "Justice is what love looks like in public."

「正義，就是『愛』 在公開場域看起來的樣子。」

So with this in mind, I ask you one more time

所以，心中想著這一點， 我再次請求各位，

to imagine a world without prisons,

想像一個沒有監獄的世界，

and join me in creating all the things that we could build instead.

加入我，一同創造各種 能取代監獄的東西。

Thank you.

謝謝。

(Applause)

（掌聲）