The urgency of intersectionality | Kimberlé Crenshaw | TED

翻译人员: Fengyan Zhang 校对人员: Jiawei Ni

I'd like to try something new.

我想要尝试一些新的事情。

Those of you who are able,

能够参与的人

please stand up.

请站起来一下。

OK, so I'm going to name some names.

接下来我要列出一些名字。

当你听到一个从没听过的名字，

When you hear a name that you don't recognize,

you can't tell me anything about them,

关于这个名字你什么也不知道，

I'd like you to take a seat

你就可以先坐下了。

一直坐着

and stay seated.

The last person standing, we're going to see what they know. OK?

最后站着的人，我们会看看他们知道什么，好吗？

(Laughter)

（笑声）

All right.

好的。

埃里克·加纳。

Eric Garner.

Mike Brown.

马克·布朗。

泰米尔·莱斯。

Tamir Rice.

Freddie Gray.

弗雷迪·格雷。

So those of you who are still standing,

所以现在还站着的人们，

请你们看一下周围。

I'd like you to turn around and take a look.

I'd say half to most of the people are still standing.

差不多过半数的人还都站着。

So let's continue.

所以我们继续。

Michelle Cusseaux.

米歇尔·柯索。

Tanisha Anderson.

特妮莎·安德森。

Aura Rosser.

奥拉·罗瑟。

Meagan Hockaday.

梅根·浩柯蒂。

So if we look around again,

如果现在再看看周围，

there are about four people still standing,

差不多还有四个人站着，

and actually I'm not going to put you on the spot.

其实我并不打算赶鸭子上架。

当时说那话是为了鼓励公平透明， 你们现在可以坐下了。

I just say that to encourage transparency, so you can be seated.

(Laughter)

（笑声）

So those of you who recognized the first group of names know

所以那些认出第一组名字的人知道

that these were African-Americans who have been killed by the police

这些是在过去的两年半中

over the last two and a half years.

被警察杀掉的非裔美国人。

但你们可能不知道的是，

What you may not know

is that the other list is also African-Americans

另外一份名单也是在过去的两年内

who have been killed within the last two years.

被警察杀掉的非裔美国人。

Only one thing distinguishes the names that you know

这两组名单中

from the names that you don't know:

唯一的不同之处在于：

gender.

性别。

So let me first let you know that there's nothing at all distinct

首先我想告诉大家

about this audience

你们并不存在什么特殊的地方

that explains the pattern of recognition that we've just seen.

可以用来解释我们刚才看到的认知模式。

I've done this exercise dozens of times around the country.

这个实验我在全国范围内做过好多次。

I've done it to women's rights organizations.

我在女权组织中做过这个实验，

I've done it with civil rights groups.

我在民权组织中做过这个实验。

I've done it with professors. I've done it with students.

我对教授、学生、心理学家、

I've done it with psychologists. I've done it with sociologists.

社会学家都做过这个实验。

I've done it even with progressive members of Congress.

我甚至还对国会进步分子做过这个实验。

And everywhere, the awareness of the level of police violence

不管在哪里，

that black women experience

黑人女性受到警察暴力的事件

is exceedingly low.

都少有人关注。

Now, it is surprising, isn't it, that this would be the case.

这个情况是有些出人意料的，

I mean, there are two issues involved here.

因为这里涉及到两个问题。

There's police violence against African-Americans,

一是非裔美国人受到的警察暴力，

and there's violence against women,

而是女性受到的暴力。

two issues that have been talked about a lot lately.

这是两个我们最近经常提到的问题。

但是如果当我们去想这些问题的牵连者，

But when we think about who is implicated by these problems,

这些问题的受害者的时候，

when we think about who is victimized by these problems,

the names of these black women never come to mind.

这些黑人女性的名字就想不起来了。

Now, communications experts tell us

交流专家告诉我们，

that when facts do not fit with the available frames,

当事实与已有框架不符时，

people have a difficult time incorporating new facts

人们很难用已有的思考方式

into their way of thinking about a problem.

去思考新给出的事实。

在我们脑中， 这些女性的名字被一带而过，

These women's names have slipped through our consciousness

because there are no frames for us to see them,

因为我们的思维框架

no frames for us to remember them,

不容许我们

看到或者是记住它们。

no frames for us to hold them.

As a consequence,

因此，

reporters don't lead with them,

记者不会做头条报道，

policymakers don't think about them,

当权者不予考虑，

and politicians aren't encouraged or demanded that they speak to them.

政治家不被鼓励或者要求 去谈及她们。

Now, you might ask,

你可能会问，

why does a frame matter?

思维框架能有什么作用呢？

毕竟，

I mean, after all,

an issue that affects black people and an issue that affects women,

涉及到黑人和女性的问题

wouldn't that necessarily include black people who are women

不就包括女性黑人

and women who are black people?

或黑人女性吗？

Well, the simple answer is that this is a trickle-down approach to social justice,

简单来说， 这就是社会公平的涓滴效应,

and many times it just doesn't work.

而且很多时候根本不起作用。

Without frames that allow us to see

没有一个思维框架能让我们看到

how social problems impact all the members of a targeted group,

社会问题是怎样影响到 整个目标人群的，

many will fall through the cracks of our movements,

我们根本就不会为这些问题所动，

left to suffer in virtual isolation.

更不用说忍受精神上的孤立了。

But it doesn't have to be this way.

但是事情不一定非要这样。

很多年前，我开始用”交叉性“这个词

Many years ago, I began to use the term "intersectionality"

to deal with the fact that many of our social justice problems

来描述在很多社会公正问题中，

like racism and sexism

像种族主义和性别主义

are often overlapping,

经常是重叠的这样一个现象，

它带来多方面的社会不公。

creating multiple levels of social injustice.

Now, the experience that gave rise to intersectionality

而引起了我对这种交叉性的注意的，

was my chance encounter with a woman named Emma DeGraffenreid.

是与一个名为艾玛·德格芬雷的女性的偶遇

Emma DeGraffenreid was an African-American woman,

艾玛·德格芬雷是一名非裔美国女性、

一位工作的妻子兼母亲。

a working wife and a mother.

I actually read about Emma's story from the pages of a legal opinion

我实际上是从一个法律观点的界面上 读到艾玛的故事，

written by a judge who had dismissed Emma's claim

而写这个的法官驳回了

of race and gender discrimination

她对当地一家汽车生产公司

against a local car manufacturing plant.

种族和性别歧视的上诉请求。

Emma, like so many African-American women,

艾玛，像其他众多非裔美国女性一样，

sought better employment for her family and for others.

期望为家庭和他人争取更好的就业机会

她想为孩子和家庭带来更好的生活。

She wanted to create a better life for her children and for her family.

But she applied for a job,

她应聘了一份工作，

and she was not hired,

但是并没有被雇佣，

and she believed that she was not hired because she was a black woman.

而她认为原因就在于她是一名黑人女性。

Now, the judge in question dismissed Emma's suit,

而这个问题中的法官 驳回了她的申诉，

and the argument for dismissing the suit was

理由是这家生产公司的老板

雇佣了非裔美国人，

that the employer did hire African-Americans

and the employer hired women.

也雇佣了女性。

The real problem, though, that the judge was not willing to acknowledge

其中的关键， 虽然法官并不愿意承认，

was what Emma was actually trying to say,

也是艾玛真正想说的

that the African-Americans that were hired,

是那些受雇的非裔美国人，

usually for industrial jobs, maintenance jobs, were all men.

通常在工业职位和维护职位， 都是男性。

And the women that were hired,

而受雇的女性

usually for secretarial or front-office work,

通常在秘书或前台之类的职位

were all white.

都是白人。

Only if the court was able to see how these policies came together

如果法官能够看到 这些政策的结合

would he be able to see the double discrimination

他就能注意到

艾玛·德格芬雷受到的双重歧视。

that Emma DeGraffenreid was facing.

But the court refused to allow Emma to put two causes of action together

但是法官不许艾玛把这两个原因联系到一起

to tell her story

去讲述她的故事

because he believed that, by allowing her to do that,

因为他坚信如果允许艾玛这样做，

she would be able to have preferential treatment.

她就能够享受优惠待遇。

She would have an advantage by having two swings at the bat,

她就比单讲非裔美国男性和白人女性

多了一倍胜算。

when African-American men and white women only had one swing at the bat.

But of course, neither African-American men or white women

当然，非裔美国人和白人女性也并不需要

needed to combine a race and gender discrimination claim

结合种族和性别

来讨论他们受到的歧视。

to tell the story of the discrimination they were experiencing.

Why wasn't the real unfairness

为什么真正不公平的法律

law's refusal to protect African-American women

拒绝保护非裔美国女性

simply because their experiences weren't exactly the same

不是仅仅因为她们的经历

as white women and African-American men?

与白人女性和非裔美国男性的不完全相同？

Rather than broadening the frame to include African-American women,

与其将框架拓宽到 把非裔美国女性包含进来。

the court simply tossed their case completely out of court.

法院选择对她们的案子置之不理

作为反歧视法的学习者，

Now, as a student of antidiscrimination law,

作为女权主义者，

as a feminist,

as an antiracist,

作为反歧视者，

I was struck by this case.

我被这个案子震惊到了。

It felt to me like injustice squared.

给我的感觉就像社会不公正大获全胜。

So first of all,

首先，

黑人女性不允许在这个公司工作；

black women weren't allowed to work at the plant.

Second of all, the court doubled down on this exclusion

其次，法庭让这件事情变得微不足道

by making it legally inconsequential.

对它进行了双重否定；

And to boot, there was no name for this problem.

最后，这个问题不了了之。

And we all know that, where there's no name for a problem,

我们都知道，有实无名的问题

根本就不会被人们注意到；

you can't see a problem,

and when you can't see a problem, you pretty much can't solve it.

如果人们都没有注意到， 一般也解决不了。

多年之后，我意识到

Many years later, I had come to recognize

that the problem that Emma was facing was a framing problem.

艾玛遇到的问题其实是 因为我们思维受限。

审判人员们审视

The frame that the court was using

性别或者种族歧视时用到的框架

to see gender discrimination or to see race discrimination

是不全面并且歪曲的。

was partial, and it was distorting.

对我来说，我面临的挑战是

For me, the challenge that I faced was

trying to figure out whether there was an alternative narrative,

能不能找到另一种描述方法。

a prism that would allow us to see Emma's dilemma,

通过这种方法， 我们可以体会到她面临的困境，

a prism that would allow us to rescue her from the cracks in the law,

将她从灰色地带中解救出来，

that would allow judges to see her story.

让法官能够看到她的故事。

我突然想到，

So it occurred to me,

maybe a simple analogy to an intersection

或许将这个问题简单比喻成十字路口

might allow judges to better see Emma's dilemma.

可以让法官们更好地了解艾玛的困境。

So if we think about this intersection, the roads to the intersection would be

照这样想，组成十字路口的两条路就好比

the way that the workforce was structured by race and by gender.

劳动力中性别和种族这两种组成。

And then the traffic in those roads would be the hiring policies

在路上行驶的车辆就会是

and the other practices that ran through those roads.

现行的招聘政策和各种条例。

Now, because Emma was both black and female,

因为艾玛同时是黑人和女性，

she was positioned precisely where those roads overlapped,

她恰好处于两条路交界的地方，

experiencing the simultaneous impact

因此经历工作场合中

性别和种族的双重影响。

of the company's gender and race traffic.

The law -- the law is like that ambulance that shows up

法律就好像是救护车，

and is ready to treat Emma only if it can be shown

随时准备对艾玛进行治疗，

that she was harmed on the race road or on the gender road

但它只会在艾玛在种族或者性别 任一条路上受伤时才出现，

but not where those roads intersected.

而并不会在交叉的地方出现。

So what do you call being impacted by multiple forces

所以你怎么去称谓 这种受到多重来源的影响

and then abandoned to fend for yourself?

接下来又全部放弃以求自保？

Intersectionality seemed to do it for me.

交叉性似乎能够满足我对它的定义。

我会继续去了解非裔美国女性，

I would go on to learn that African-American women,

like other women of color,

就像其他有色人种的女性一样，

like other socially marginalized people all over the world,

就像全世界其他处在社会边缘的人一样，

were facing all kinds of dilemmas and challenges

他们都在面对各种各样的困境和挑战。

as a consequence of intersectionality,

这些困境和挑战都是由交叉性带来的，

intersections of race and gender,

比如种族和性别的交叉，

of heterosexism, transphobia, xenophobia, ableism,

由异性恋主义、变性恐惧、 仇外心理、体能歧视带来的交叉，

all of these social dynamics come together

所有这些社会动向聚集到一起

and create challenges that are sometimes quite unique.

就会带来有时候十分特别的挑战。

但同样的道理，

But in the same way

that intersectionality

这种交叉性

raised our awareness to the way that black women live their lives,

也使得我们注意到黑人女性生活的方式，

it also exposes the tragic circumstances

向我们展示了非裔美国女性

under which African-American women die.

死去时的惨境。

Police violence against black women

针对非裔美国女性的警察暴力事件

并不少见。

is very real.

黑人女性受到的暴力程度之深，

The level of violence that black women face

is such that it's not surprising

以至于一些人在遇到警察之后

that some of them do not survive their encounters with police.

就没能存活下来。

Black girls as young as seven,

下至七岁的黑人幼女，

great grandmothers as old as 95

上至过九旬的黑人老妪，

have been killed by the police.

都有被警察杀害的案例。

They've been killed in their living rooms,

她们在自家客厅、

in their bedrooms.

卧室、

They've been killed in their cars.

汽车中、

They've been killed on the street.

街道上、

They've been killed in front of their parents

父母面前、

and they've been killed in front of their children.

甚至时孩子面前遇害。

有的是被击毙；

They have been shot to death.

有的被踩死；

They have been stomped to death.

They have been suffocated to death.

有的被扼死；

They have been manhandled to death.

有的被虐待致死；

They have been tasered to death.

有的被用泰瑟枪打死。

她们在乞求帮助时被杀害；

They've been killed when they've called for help.

They've been killed when they were alone,

在独身一人时被杀害；

and they've been killed when they were with others.

在人群中间时被杀害。

They've been killed shopping while black,

因为是黑人，她们在购物时被杀害，

driving while black,

在开车时被杀害，

having a mental disability while black,

在出现精神问题的时候被杀害，

在出现家庭争执时被杀害，

having a domestic disturbance while black.

They've even been killed being homeless while black.

甚至是在无家可归时被杀害。

They've been killed talking on the cell phone,

她们在讲电话时

laughing with friends,

与朋友笑闹时

sitting in a car reported as stolen

坐在报失的车辆上时

and making a U-turn in front of the White House

在白宫前为有婴孩在后座的汽车调头时

with an infant strapped in the backseat of the car.

都会被杀害

为什么我们从来没有听到过这种故事呢？

Why don't we know these stories?

Why is it that their lost lives

为什么她们失去的生命

don't generate the same amount of media attention and communal outcry

并没有造成与她们倒下的兄弟

as the lost lives of their fallen brothers?

同等的媒体关注和集体抗议呢？

It's time for a change.

是时候做出改变了

我们能做些什么呢？

So what can we do?

In 2014, the African-American Policy Forum began to demand

2014年，非裔美国人政策论坛

that we "say her name"

开始要求我们"说出她的名字“，

at rallies, at protests,

无论是在集会上，在抗议中

at conferences, at meetings,

在会议中

anywhere and everywhere

在任何场合

that state violence against black bodies is being discussed.

还是其他陈述针对黑人群体的暴力行为的议题中。

But saying her name is not enough.

然而仅仅说出她的名字是远远不够的，

We have to be willing to do more.

我们要做的还有很多。

我们要能够接受眼前的现实，

We have to be willing to bear witness,

to bear witness to the often painful realities

接受那些经常是十分痛苦的现实，

that we would just rather not confront,

那些我们不愿面对的现实，

the everyday violence and humiliation that many black women have had to face,

那些黑人女性每天都会面对的 暴力和羞辱

black women across color,

针对黑人女性肤色，

age, gender expression,

年龄，性别表达

性取向和能力等等

sexuality and ability.

所以我们现在有个机会

So we have the opportunity right now --

bearing in mind that some of the images that I'm about to share with you

来铭记我接下来将会与大家分享的一些图片

may be triggering for some --

去见证这种暴力

这对于一些人来说可能会很有触动性

to collectively bear witness to some of this violence.

我们将会听到传奇的艾比·道布森的声音

We're going to hear the voice of the phenomenal Abby Dobson.

当我们与这些女性坐在一起的时候

And as we sit with these women,

some who have experienced violence and some who have not survived them,

有一些经历过暴力 有一些没能从中活过来

we have an opportunity

我们有一个机会

to reverse what happened at the beginning of this talk,

来扭转这次讲话刚开始时

when we could not stand for these women

我们因为不知道她们的名字

because we did not know their names.

而没能为这些女性而站立的局面

So at the end of this clip, there's going to be a roll call.

所以在这次剪辑的结尾 将会有一个点名

Several black women's names will come up.

一些黑人女性的名字会被点出来

I'd like those of you who are able to join us in saying these names

我希望能加入我们的人， 在说出这些名字的时候

as loud as you can,

声音越大越好

随机喊，没有顺序

randomly, disorderly.

Let's create a cacophony of sound

让我们喊出一群嘈杂的声音

to represent our intention

来代表我们的意愿

to hold these women up,

去拥抱这些女性

to sit with them,

与她们坐在一起

to bear witness to them,

见证她们的遭遇

to bring them into the light.

把她们带向光明

（唱）艾比·道布森：说出来

(Singing) Abby Dobson: Say,

say her name.

说出她的名字

Say,

说出来

说出她的名字

say her name.

(Audience) Shelly!

（观众）：雪莉！

(Audience) Kayla!

（观众）：凯拉！

AD: Oh,

艾比·道布森: 噢

say her name.

说出她的名字

(Audience shouting names)

（观众呼喊着名字）

Say, say,

说出来，说出来

say her name.

说出她的名字

说出她的名字

Say her name.

For all the names

因为所有这些名字

I'll never know,

我将永远不会知道

say her name.

说出她的名字

KC: Aiyanna Stanley Jones, Janisha Fonville,

金伯莉·克伦肖: 艾亚娜·斯坦利·琼斯, 查妮莎·丰维尔,

Kathryn Johnston, Kayla Moore,

凯瑟琳·约翰斯顿，凯拉·穆尔，

Michelle Cusseaux, Rekia Boyd,

米歇尔·卡索，瑞卡·博伊德，

Shelly Frey, Tarika, Yvette Smith.

雪莉·弗雷, 塔里卡, 伊维特·史密斯 .

AD: Say her name.

艾比·道布森: 说出她的名字

金伯莉·克伦肖：所以我在开始时说过

KC: So I said at the beginning,

if we can't see a problem,

如果我们看不到一个问题

we can't fix a problem.

我们就无法解决它

Together, we've come together to bear witness

我们一起来见证

这些女性丧失的生命

to these women's lost lives.

但是现在是时间

But the time now is to move

from mourning and grief

从哀恸和悲伤中

走向行动和转变

to action and transformation.

这是我们可以做到的

This is something that we can do.

It's up to us.

是由我们自己决定的

Thank you for joining us.

谢谢大家加入我们

Thank you.

谢谢大家

（掌声）

(Applause)