請雙擊下方英文字幕播放視頻。
譯者: YuFei Liang
審譯者: 盧 紀睿
00:12
I'd like to try something new.
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我想嘗試一個新東西,
00:15
Those of you who are able,
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諸位如果可以的話,
00:16
please stand up.
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請站起來。
00:20
OK, so I'm going to name some names.
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好的,現在我將提到一些名字,
如果你聽到一個
你完全不知道的名字,
00:24
When you hear a name
that you don't recognize,
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00:26
you can't tell me anything about them,
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你對這個人一無所知,
00:28
I'd like you to take a seat
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請坐下
並一直坐著。
00:30
and stay seated.
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00:32
The last person standing,
we're going to see what they know. OK?
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最後一位站著的人,
我們將看看他究竟都知道什麼,好麼?
00:35
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
00:37
All right.
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好,
艾瑞克.加納。
00:39
Eric Garner.
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00:42
Mike Brown.
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麥克.布朗。
塔米爾.萊斯。
00:47
Tamir Rice.
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00:51
Freddie Gray.
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佛萊迪.革雷。
00:56
So those of you who are still standing,
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還站著的人們,
我想請你們環顧一下四周,
00:58
I'd like you to turn around
and take a look.
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01:00
I'd say half to most of the people
are still standing.
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我看還有超過半數的人還站著,
01:04
So let's continue.
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那讓我們繼續。
01:07
Michelle Cusseaux.
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米歇爾.庫瑟。
01:15
Tanisha Anderson.
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特妮莎.安德森。
01:22
Aura Rosser.
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奧拉.羅瑟。
01:27
Meagan Hockaday.
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梅根.哈克蒂。
01:30
So if we look around again,
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我們再來看看,
01:32
there are about four people
still standing,
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還有四位站著,
01:35
and actually I'm not going
to put you on the spot.
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但我不會給你們難堪。
我只是想使這件事清晰可辨,
現在你們可以坐下了。
01:38
I just say that to encourage transparency,
so you can be seated.
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01:41
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
01:44
So those of you who recognized
the first group of names know
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所以認出了第一組名字的你們
一定注意到了
01:47
that these were African-Americans
who have been killed by the police
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這些人就是在過去的兩年內,
01:51
over the last two and a half years.
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被警察殺死的非裔美國人。
然而你們可能不知道的是,
01:55
What you may not know
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01:56
is that the other list
is also African-Americans
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另一組名字也都是非裔美國人
02:01
who have been killed
within the last two years.
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同樣在過去的兩年內被殺害。
02:07
Only one thing distinguishes
the names that you know
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你知道的名字和你不知道的名字
唯一的差別是:
02:11
from the names that you don't know:
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02:14
gender.
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性別。
02:16
So let me first let you know
that there's nothing at all distinct
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我想首先說明,
在場的觀眾並沒有任何個體特徵,
02:22
about this audience
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可用來解釋我們剛剛
所看到的認知偏差,
02:24
that explains the pattern of recognition
that we've just seen.
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02:28
I've done this exercise
dozens of times around the country.
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我在全國境內做這樣的
小調查已有十多次了,
02:32
I've done it to women's
rights organizations.
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我在女權組織裡做過,
02:35
I've done it with civil rights groups.
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我在民權團體裡做過,
02:37
I've done it with professors.
I've done it with students.
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我給教授們做過,學生們做過。
02:40
I've done it with psychologists.
I've done it with sociologists.
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我給心理學家和社會學家做過。
02:44
I've done it even with
progressive members of Congress.
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我甚至也給國會革新派做過。
02:48
And everywhere, the awareness
of the level of police violence
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無論在哪裡,
人們對於警察
施加在黑人女性身上的暴力
02:52
that black women experience
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02:54
is exceedingly low.
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都鮮有所知。
02:57
Now, it is surprising, isn't it,
that this would be the case.
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這讓人驚奇,不是麼?
這樣的情形。
03:01
I mean, there are two issues
involved here.
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這牽扯到兩個問題。
03:03
There's police violence
against African-Americans,
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警察對於非裔美國人的暴力,
03:06
and there's violence against women,
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和警察對女性的暴力,
03:08
two issues that have been
talked about a lot lately.
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這是最近非常熱門的話題。
但當我們思考,
誰被這些問題所牽涉,
03:12
But when we think about
who is implicated by these problems,
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誰是這些問題的受害者時,
03:18
when we think about
who is victimized by these problems,
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03:21
the names of these black women
never come to mind.
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沒有人記起這些非裔女性的名字。
03:25
Now, communications experts tell us
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溝通專家告訴我們,
03:28
that when facts do not fit
with the available frames,
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當事實與既定的認知框架不符時,
03:32
people have a difficult time
incorporating new facts
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人們很難將新的知識
03:36
into their way of thinking
about a problem.
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融入他們對於問題的思考模式當中。
這些女性的名字
從我們的意識中黯然溜走,
03:41
These women's names
have slipped through our consciousness
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03:44
because there are no frames
for us to see them,
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是因為我們沒有這個認知框架,
03:47
no frames for us to remember them,
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我們缺少一個記憶點,
一個將她們融入我們
認識框架的切入點。
03:50
no frames for us to hold them.
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03:53
As a consequence,
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結果就是,
03:55
reporters don't lead with them,
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記者不會重點強調她們,
03:58
policymakers don't think about them,
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政策制定者不會去考慮她們,
04:01
and politicians aren't encouraged
or demanded that they speak to them.
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沒有政客被強制要求
或被鼓勵去和她們溝通。
04:07
Now, you might ask,
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現在,你可能會問,
04:09
why does a frame matter?
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為什麼一個認知框架如此重要?
我想說,歸根結底,
04:11
I mean, after all,
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04:12
an issue that affects black people
and an issue that affects women,
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一個同時涉及黑人及女性的話題,
04:18
wouldn't that necessarily include
black people who are women
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難道不是必然會牽扯到黑人中的女性
04:22
and women who are black people?
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和女性中的黑人麼?
04:25
Well, the simple answer is that this is
a trickle-down approach to social justice,
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簡單的答案是,可以靠
涓滴效應來達到社會公正,
04:30
and many times it just doesn't work.
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但大多數時候這都行不通。
04:34
Without frames that allow us to see
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當缺乏一個認知框架使我們看到
04:36
how social problems impact
all the members of a targeted group,
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社會問題如何影響某特定群體時,
04:41
many will fall through the cracks
of our movements,
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在人們嘗試得到權益平等的運動中,
04:44
left to suffer in virtual isolation.
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許多人會失敗,孤立無援。
04:49
But it doesn't have to be this way.
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但事情本不至於此。
許多年前,我開始用
「交叉性」這個名詞
04:54
Many years ago, I began to use
the term "intersectionality"
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04:59
to deal with the fact
that many of our social justice problems
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來指代這樣的問題:
有關社會正義的問題
05:03
like racism and sexism
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如種族和性別歧視的問題
05:05
are often overlapping,
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其內在往往是交叉重疊的。
並且產生了多重的不公現象。
05:08
creating multiple levels
of social injustice.
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05:13
Now, the experience
that gave rise to intersectionality
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提出交叉性的緣由,
05:18
was my chance encounter
with a woman named Emma DeGraffenreid.
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是我遇到了一位叫
艾瑪.蒂格拉福瑞的女人。
05:24
Emma DeGraffenreid
was an African-American woman,
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艾瑪.蒂格拉福瑞
是一位非裔美國女性,
她是一位有工作的妻子兼母親。
05:28
a working wife and a mother.
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05:30
I actually read about Emma's story
from the pages of a legal opinion
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事實上,我是在法律意見書上
讀到她的名字的,
05:36
written by a judge
who had dismissed Emma's claim
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由一位駁回了艾瑪
05:40
of race and gender discrimination
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對於種族和性別歧視
訴訟的法官所寫的。
05:42
against a local car manufacturing plant.
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這樁訴訟的被告是一個汽車製造廠。
05:47
Emma, like so many African-American women,
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艾瑪就如同許多非裔美國婦女一樣,
05:51
sought better employment
for her family and for others.
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嘗試為她的家人和其他人
尋求更好的就業機會。
她希望為她的孩子和家庭
創造一個更好的生活。
05:55
She wanted to create a better life
for her children and for her family.
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05:59
But she applied for a job,
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但是她應徵了一個工作,
06:01
and she was not hired,
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卻沒有被雇用。
06:03
and she believed that she was not hired
because she was a black woman.
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她相信她沒有被雇用的原因是
因為她是一位黑人婦女。
06:07
Now, the judge in question
dismissed Emma's suit,
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這位法官駁回了艾瑪的訴訟,
06:12
and the argument
for dismissing the suit was
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而他駁回這個訴訟的理由是
那個雇主有雇用非裔美國人,
06:15
that the employer
did hire African-Americans
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06:19
and the employer hired women.
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也有雇用婦女。
06:23
The real problem, though, that the judge
was not willing to acknowledge
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雖然這位法官不願意承認,
但問題的實質
06:27
was what Emma was actually trying to say,
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正是艾瑪實際上所要說的事:
06:30
that the African-Americans
that were hired,
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那些僱用非裔美國人的職位,
06:33
usually for industrial jobs,
maintenance jobs, were all men.
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通常是工業性、維修的工作,
所僱用的都是男性。
06:39
And the women that were hired,
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而雇用了女性的職位,
06:41
usually for secretarial
or front-office work,
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通常是秘書性或服務台的工作,
06:44
were all white.
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所僱用的都是白人女性。
06:46
Only if the court was able to see
how these policies came together
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只有當那位法官
將這兩個問題放在一起看時,
06:51
would he be able to see
the double discrimination
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他才能夠看到艾瑪所面對的
雙重歧視。
06:55
that Emma DeGraffenreid was facing.
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06:58
But the court refused to allow Emma
to put two causes of action together
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但是那位法官拒絕讓艾瑪
將這兩件事的前因後果放在一起
07:04
to tell her story
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來敘述她的故事。
07:05
because he believed that,
by allowing her to do that,
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因為他相信,
如果他讓她如此做,
07:09
she would be able
to have preferential treatment.
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她會得到優惠待遇。
07:13
She would have an advantage
by having two swings at the bat,
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她會有雙重的優勢,
而非裔男性和白人婦女
只有一層優勢。
07:19
when African-American men and white women
only had one swing at the bat.
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07:24
But of course, neither
African-American men or white women
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但是,當然,無論是
非裔男性及白人婦女
07:29
needed to combine a race
and gender discrimination claim
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都無需將種族和性別歧視結合在一起
來向大家講述他們所經歷的歧視。
07:34
to tell the story of the discrimination
they were experiencing.
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07:39
Why wasn't the real unfairness
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為什麼這不被當成是歧視?
07:42
law's refusal to protect
African-American women
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當法律拒絕保護非裔女性這一群體,
07:46
simply because their experiences
weren't exactly the same
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只是因為她們受歧視的經歷
與非裔男性或白人女性並非一模一樣,
07:50
as white women and African-American men?
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難道這不是真正的不公?
07:55
Rather than broadening the frame
to include African-American women,
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他們採取的不是拓寬認知框架,
把非裔美國婦女囊括進去,
08:00
the court simply tossed their case
completely out of court.
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而是將她們的案子
完全拒於法庭門外。
現在,作為一名學習
反歧視法律的學生,
08:06
Now, as a student
of antidiscrimination law,
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作為一位女性主義者,
08:10
as a feminist,
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08:11
as an antiracist,
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作為一位反種族歧視者,
08:13
I was struck by this case.
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我被這個案子大大撼動。
08:17
It felt to me like injustice squared.
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我感覺這就像是成倍的不公正。
08:21
So first of all,
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首先,
黑人婦女不被允許在工廠工作。
08:24
black women weren't allowed
to work at the plant.
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08:27
Second of all, the court
doubled down on this exclusion
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第二,法院通過大大降低
其在法律中的重要性
08:31
by making it legally inconsequential.
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加強了這種排擠。
08:35
And to boot, there was
no name for this problem.
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除此之外,這個問題
並沒有一個屬於自己的名字。
08:39
And we all know that,
where there's no name for a problem,
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我們都知道,
當一個問題沒有名字時,
你就看不到問題,
08:43
you can't see a problem,
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08:44
and when you can't see a problem,
you pretty much can't solve it.
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然後當你看不到有問題時,
你當然就無法解決那個問題。
許多年後,我漸漸認識到
08:50
Many years later, I had come to recognize
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08:52
that the problem that Emma was facing
was a framing problem.
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艾瑪所面對的問題
是一個認知框架的問題。
法院採用看待性別歧視
08:59
The frame that the court was using
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或者種族歧視的框架
來看待這個問題,
09:01
to see gender discrimination
or to see race discrimination
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而這是片面的,是扭曲的。
09:06
was partial, and it was distorting.
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對我而言,我所面對的挑戰是
09:10
For me, the challenge that I faced was
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09:12
trying to figure out whether
there was an alternative narrative,
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我能否試著找出一個
能指代這一問題的敘述,
09:17
a prism that would allow us
to see Emma's dilemma,
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一個可以讓我們看到
艾瑪的困境的視角,
09:22
a prism that would allow us
to rescue her from the cracks in the law,
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一個可以讓我們得以將她
從法律漏洞裡拯救出來的視角,
09:28
that would allow judges to see her story.
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以期使法官們看到她的故事。
我突然想到,
09:33
So it occurred to me,
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09:34
maybe a simple analogy to an intersection
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或許一個簡單的交叉點的類比
09:39
might allow judges
to better see Emma's dilemma.
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或許可以讓法官們
更能意識到艾瑪的困境。
09:44
So if we think about this intersection,
the roads to the intersection would be
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所以如果我們仔細想想這個交叉點,
那麼匯集於這個交叉點的路就是
09:49
the way that the workforce
was structured by race and by gender.
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由各個種族和性別
所組成的勞動力構成的。
09:56
And then the traffic in those roads
would be the hiring policies
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路上的交通工具就是僱傭政策
10:00
and the other practices
that ran through those roads.
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以及穿行在這些道路上的其他方式。
10:05
Now, because Emma
was both black and female,
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現在,因為艾瑪既是黑人又是女性,
10:10
she was positioned precisely
where those roads overlapped,
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她的位置正好位於兩條路的交叉點,
10:15
experiencing the simultaneous impact
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因此同時遭受到
公司的性別和種族的碰撞。
10:20
of the company's gender and race traffic.
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10:25
The law -- the law is
like that ambulance that shows up
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法律──法律就像是
來到現場的救護車,
10:31
and is ready to treat Emma
only if it can be shown
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它準備要治療艾瑪,但必須確認
10:34
that she was harmed
on the race road or on the gender road
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她是在種族歧視
或性別歧視的路上受傷,
10:39
but not where those roads intersected.
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而不是在兩條路的交叉處。
10:43
So what do you call
being impacted by multiple forces
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如果你被多重力量傷害,
10:49
and then abandoned to fend for yourself?
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然後被迫放棄保護自己,
這個情形你會稱之為什麼?
10:53
Intersectionality seemed to do it for me.
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我認為「交叉性」還不錯。
我接著得知非裔婦女,
10:58
I would go on to learn
that African-American women,
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11:02
like other women of color,
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像其他有色婦女,
11:04
like other socially marginalized people
all over the world,
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像世界各地其他種社會邊緣的人,
11:08
were facing all kinds
of dilemmas and challenges
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身為交叉性的結果,
11:12
as a consequence of intersectionality,
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都面對種種困境和挑戰,
11:15
intersections of race and gender,
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種族和性別的交叉歧視,
11:19
of heterosexism, transphobia,
xenophobia, ableism,
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異性戀、變性者、仇外心理、
健常能力偏見主義的交叉歧視,
11:24
all of these social dynamics come together
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所有這些社會歧視聚集在一起
11:29
and create challenges
that are sometimes quite unique.
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創造出有時是相當罕見的挑戰。
但是以同樣方式
11:35
But in the same way
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11:36
that intersectionality
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交叉性
11:39
raised our awareness to the way
that black women live their lives,
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提高了我們對於
黑人婦女生活的認識,
11:45
it also exposes the tragic circumstances
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它也暴露了
非裔美國女性死亡的悲劇情況。
11:49
under which African-American women die.
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11:54
Police violence against black women
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警察對黑人婦女的暴力
是很真實的。
11:58
is very real.
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黑人婦女所面對的暴力的程度,
12:00
The level of violence
that black women face
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12:02
is such that it's not surprising
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使得她們其中一些人
在遇到警察時沒有活下來
12:05
that some of them do not survive
their encounters with police.
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並不讓我們驚訝。
12:11
Black girls as young as seven,
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只有七歲的黑人女孩,
12:14
great grandmothers as old as 95
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及 95 歲的曾祖母,
12:19
have been killed by the police.
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被警察殺死。
12:21
They've been killed in their living rooms,
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他們有的在家裡客廳被殺,
12:24
in their bedrooms.
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或在臥室裡被殺。
12:26
They've been killed in their cars.
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他們在車子裡被殺。
12:29
They've been killed on the street.
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他們在街上被殺。
12:31
They've been killed
in front of their parents
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他們在他們的父母面前被殺,
12:34
and they've been killed
in front of their children.
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他們在他們的孩子面前被殺。
他們有的被槍殺致死。
12:38
They have been shot to death.
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他們被踩死。
12:41
They have been stomped to death.
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12:43
They have been suffocated to death.
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他們被窒息死亡。
12:46
They have been manhandled to death.
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他們被人處死。
12:49
They have been tasered to death.
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他們被電擊死亡。
他們在呼救時被殺死。
12:53
They've been killed
when they've called for help.
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12:57
They've been killed when they were alone,
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他們獨處時被殺。
13:00
and they've been killed
when they were with others.
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他們與其他人在一起時被殺。
13:04
They've been killed shopping while black,
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他們因為是黑人而在購物時被殺,
13:08
driving while black,
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因為是黑人而在開車時被殺,
13:11
having a mental disability while black,
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因為是心智殘障黑人而被殺,
因為是有家庭糾紛的黑人而被殺。
13:15
having a domestic disturbance while black.
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13:19
They've even been killed
being homeless while black.
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他們甚至因為是
無家可歸的黑人而被殺。
13:24
They've been killed
talking on the cell phone,
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他們因為是在講手機的黑人而被殺,
13:26
laughing with friends,
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與朋友在笑,
13:29
sitting in a car reported as stolen
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坐在被盜竊的車裡,
13:32
and making a U-turn
in front of the White House
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在白宮前迴轉時被殺,
13:35
with an infant strapped
in the backseat of the car.
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當時還有嬰兒在車上的後座。
為什麼我們不知道這些故事?
13:40
Why don't we know these stories?
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13:44
Why is it that their lost lives
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為什麼她們失去的生命,
13:48
don't generate the same amount
of media attention and communal outcry
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沒有得到和他們兄弟的死亡
同樣的媒體關注和公眾抗議?
13:53
as the lost lives
of their fallen brothers?
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13:57
It's time for a change.
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現在是該改變的時候了。
我們該如何做呢?
14:03
So what can we do?
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14:06
In 2014, the African-American
Policy Forum began to demand
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在 2014 年,非裔美國人
政策論壇開始要求
14:12
that we "say her name"
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我們要「說出她們的名字」──
14:16
at rallies, at protests,
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在集會時,在抗議時,
14:19
at conferences, at meetings,
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在會議裡,在開會時,
14:22
anywhere and everywhere
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在任何地方
14:25
that state violence against black bodies
is being discussed.
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對黑人進行身體上的暴力
正在被討論。
14:30
But saying her name is not enough.
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但是只是說出她們的名字還不夠。
14:33
We have to be willing to do more.
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我們必須願意做更多。
我們必須願意作證,
14:36
We have to be willing to bear witness,
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14:39
to bear witness
to the often painful realities
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為我們我們不願面對的
痛苦的現實作證,
14:42
that we would just rather not confront,
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14:45
the everyday violence and humiliation
that many black women have had to face,
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為許多黑人婦女不得不面對的
日常暴力和侮辱作證,
橫跨顏色、
14:52
black women across color,
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14:54
age, gender expression,
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年齡、性別表現、
性取向和能力。
14:57
sexuality and ability.
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我們現在有機會──
15:01
So we have the opportunity right now --
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記住我即將與你分享的一些圖像
15:05
bearing in mind that some of the images
that I'm about to share with you
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可能會讓你難受──
15:09
may be triggering for some --
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對這種暴力的感同身受。
15:12
to collectively bear witness
to some of this violence.
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我們將要聽到
非凡的艾比.道布森的歌聲。
15:18
We're going to hear the voice
of the phenomenal Abby Dobson.
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當我們和這些婦女坐在一起,
15:23
And as we sit with these women,
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15:26
some who have experienced violence
and some who have not survived them,
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一些經歷過暴力的人
和一些沒有倖存的他們,
我們有機會
15:33
we have an opportunity
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15:34
to reverse what happened
at the beginning of this talk,
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扭轉在這次演講開始時講過的事,
15:38
when we could not stand for these women
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那時我們無法站立支持這些婦女,
因為我們不知道她們的名字。
15:41
because we did not know their names.
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15:45
So at the end of this clip,
there's going to be a roll call.
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所以在這個剪輯的結尾,
會有一個名單。
15:50
Several black women's names will come up.
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幾位女性的名字會被點出。
15:54
I'd like those of you who are able
to join us in saying these names
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我希望如果你們可以,
讓我們來說出這些名字
15:59
as loud as you can,
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盡你可能的大聲說,
隨機的、無序的。
16:02
randomly, disorderly.
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16:04
Let's create a cacophony of sound
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讓我們創造一個盛大的共鳴
16:08
to represent our intention
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代表我們的意圖
16:11
to hold these women up,
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來支持這些婦女,
16:14
to sit with them,
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與她們同坐,見證她們,
16:15
to bear witness to them,
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16:18
to bring them into the light.
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將她們帶回光明中。
(歌聲)說,
16:28
(Singing) Abby Dobson: Say,
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16:35
say her name.
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說出她的名字。
16:42
Say,
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說,
說出她的名字。
16:50
say her name.
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16:54
(Audience) Shelly!
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(觀眾)雪莉!
(觀眾)肯納!
16:56
(Audience) Kayla!
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16:57
AD: Oh,
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(唱)噢,
(觀眾念出名字)
17:05
say her name.
267
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說出她的名字。
17:11
(Audience shouting names)
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17:14
Say, say,
269
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說,
17:21
say her name.
270
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說出她的名字。
說出她的名字。
17:29
Say her name.
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17:34
For all the names
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這所有的名字
17:37
I'll never know,
273
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我一無所知。
17:44
say her name.
274
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說出她的名字。
(念出各個名字)
17:47
KC: Aiyanna Stanley Jones,
Janisha Fonville,
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17:50
Kathryn Johnston, Kayla Moore,
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17:52
Michelle Cusseaux, Rekia Boyd,
277
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我一無所知。
17:55
Shelly Frey, Tarika, Yvette Smith.
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18:00
AD: Say her name.
279
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說出她的名字。
正如我一開始所說的,
18:11
KC: So I said at the beginning,
280
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18:13
if we can't see a problem,
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如果我們看不到一個問題,
18:17
we can't fix a problem.
282
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那麼我們就無法解決這個問題。
18:20
Together, we've come together
to bear witness
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讓我們一起,共同來見證,
18:24
to these women's lost lives.
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見證這些黑人女性失去的生命。
但現在我們要從哀悼和悲痛中走出,
18:27
But the time now is to move
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18:29
from mourning and grief
286
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18:32
to action and transformation.
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我們要作出行動,作出改變。
這些是我們所能做的事。
18:36
This is something that we can do.
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18:39
It's up to us.
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一切都取決於我們。
18:42
Thank you for joining us.
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謝謝在座的各位加入我們,
18:44
Thank you.
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謝謝。
(掌聲)
18:46
(Applause)
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