Paul Snelgrove: A census of the ocean

39,762 views ・ 2012-02-28

TED


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翻译人员: Xiang Li 校对人员: wei zuo
00:15
The oceans cover some 70 percent of our planet.
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海洋大约覆盖了地球表面的70%。
00:18
And I think Arthur C. Clarke probably had it right
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所以,我认为亚瑟·C·克拉克的说法很有可能是对的:
00:20
when he said that perhaps we ought to call our planet
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他说过或许我们应该称地球为
00:23
Planet Ocean.
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“海星”。
00:25
And the oceans are hugely productive,
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海洋是很富饶的。
00:27
as you can see by the satellite image
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就像这些卫星图像上显示的,
00:29
of photosynthesis, the production of new life.
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到处都是光合作用,也就是新生命的迹象。
00:31
In fact, the oceans produce half of the new life every day on Earth
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事实上,海洋每天产生地球上一半的新生命
00:34
as well as about half the oxygen that we breathe.
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以及大约半数我们呼吸的氧气。
00:37
In addition to that, it harbors a lot of the biodiversity on Earth,
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此外,它孕育着地球上的生物多样性,
00:40
and much of it we don't know about.
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其中很多物种我们并不知道。
00:42
But I'll tell you some of that today.
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今天,我要告诉你其中的一些。
00:44
That also doesn't even get into the whole protein extraction
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这甚至也不包括我们从海洋中
00:46
that we do from the ocean.
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提取出的全部蛋白质。
00:48
That's about 10 percent of our global needs
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那大约是全球需求的10%
00:50
and 100 percent of some island nations.
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和一些岛屿国家需求的全部。
00:53
If you were to descend
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如果您要把范围缩小到
00:55
into the 95 percent of the biosphere that's livable,
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可生存生物圈的95%,
00:57
it would quickly become pitch black,
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它将很快成为漆黑,
00:59
interrupted only by pinpoints of light
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只会有来自于发光生物的
01:01
from bioluminescent organisms.
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星星点点的光亮。
01:03
And if you turn the lights on,
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但是如果打开灯,
01:05
you might periodically see spectacular organisms swim by,
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你可能会不时看到壮观的生物群游过,
01:07
because those are the denizens of the deep,
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因为那些是深海的居民,
01:09
the things that live in the deep ocean.
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是生活在深海的生物。
01:11
And eventually, the deep sea floor would come into view.
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最终,深海海床将映入眼帘。
01:14
This type of habitat covers more of the Earth's surface
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这种类型的栖息地所覆盖的地球表面
01:17
than all other habitats combined.
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比所有其它栖息地面积总和还要大。
01:19
And yet, we know more about the surface of the Moon and about Mars
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然而,我们对于月球和火星表面的了解
01:21
than we do about this habitat,
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要比对这种栖息地的了解更多,
01:23
despite the fact that we have yet to extract
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尽管我们从那些星球上
01:25
a gram of food, a breath of oxygen or a drop of water
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尚未获取过哪怕一克食物,
01:28
from those bodies.
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一口氧气或一滴水。
01:30
And so 10 years ago,
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十年前,
01:32
an international program began called the Census of Marine Life,
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一项被称为海洋生物普查的国际项目启动了
01:35
which set out to try and improve our understanding
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尝试着提高我们
01:37
of life in the global oceans.
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对全球海洋生命的理解。
01:39
It involved 17 different projects around the world.
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它涉及了 世界各地的17个不同的项目。
01:42
As you can see, these are the footprints of the different projects.
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正如您所看到的,这些都是各个项目所留下的足迹。
01:44
And I hope you'll appreciate the level of global coverage
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我希望您对海洋生物普查所力争实现的
01:47
that it managed to achieve.
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全球覆盖水平感到高兴。
01:49
It all began when two scientists, Fred Grassle and Jesse Ausubel,
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这一切都要从弗雷德·葛拉索和杰西 · 奥苏贝尔这两位科学家
01:51
met in Woods Hole, Massachusetts
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在马萨诸塞州的伍兹霍尔的会面开始,
01:54
where both were guests at the famed oceanographic institute.
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当时,两人都在当地著名的海洋研究所做客。
01:56
And Fred was lamenting the state of marine biodiversity
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弗雷德感叹海洋生物多样性的状态
01:59
and the fact that it was in trouble and nothing was being done about it.
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所造成的麻烦,以及当时还没有有效的解决措施。
02:02
Well, from that discussion grew this program
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从那次讨论之后,这个项目开始实行。
02:04
that involved 2,700 scientists
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它包含来自世界各地80多个国家
02:06
from more than 80 countries around the world
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的2700名科学家
02:08
who engaged in 540 ocean expeditions
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他们从事了540次海洋探险
02:11
at a combined cost of 650 million dollars
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经费超过六亿五千万美元。
02:14
to study the distribution, diversity and abundance
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研究了全球海洋中的生物分布
02:16
of life in the global ocean.
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多样性和数量。
02:19
And so what did we find?
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那么我们有什么发现呢?
02:21
We found spectacular new species,
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我们发现了令人惊叹的新物种,
02:23
the most beautiful and visually stunning things everywhere we looked --
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比我们看过的任何生物还要美丽惊艳--
02:26
from the shoreline to the abyss,
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从海岸线到深海,
02:28
form microbes all the way up to fish and everything in between.
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从微生物到鱼类,以及其间的所有物种
02:31
And the limiting step here wasn't the unknown diversity of life,
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这里的限制步骤并不是那些未知的生命物种,
02:34
but rather the taxonomic specialists
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而是分类学专家,
02:36
who can identify and catalog these species
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那些可以对这些物种进行鉴别并归类的人
02:38
that became the limiting step.
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成为了限制步骤。
02:40
They, in fact, are an endangered species themselves.
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其实,他们自己才是濒危的物种。
02:43
There are actually four to five new species
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海洋中每天会有
02:45
described everyday for the oceans.
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四至五种新物种被发现。
02:47
And as I say, it could be a much larger number.
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如我所说,数量可能会多得多。
02:50
Now, I come from Newfoundland in Canada --
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我来自于加拿大的纽芬兰省
02:53
It's an island off the east coast of that continent --
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它是位于东海岸上的一座岛
02:55
where we experienced one of the worst fishing disasters
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在那里我们经历了人类历史上最糟糕的
02:58
in human history.
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捕鱼灾难之一。
03:00
And so this photograph shows a small boy next to a codfish.
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这张图片里,一个小男孩站在一条银鳕鱼旁边
03:02
It's around 1900.
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大概是在1900年左右。
03:04
Now, when I was a boy of about his age,
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当我跟这个小男孩差不多大的时候,
03:06
I would go out fishing with my grandfather
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我常跟我爷爷出去钓鱼
03:08
and we would catch fish about half that size.
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我们抓住的鱼只有这条鱼的一半大小
03:10
And I thought that was the norm,
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我当时候以为鱼就该是这么大的,
03:12
because I had never seen fish like this.
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因为我从来没有见过这张照片里这么大的鱼。
03:14
If you were to go out there today, 20 years after this fishery collapsed,
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在渔业崩溃20年后的今天,如果你再去钓鱼
03:17
if you could catch a fish, which would be a bit of a challenge,
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如果你能抓住一条鱼,这会有些困难,
03:20
it would be half that size still.
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将会只是我的当时钓的鱼的一半。
03:22
So what we're experiencing is something called shifting baselines.
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我们正在经历一个被称为“基准线的变动”的过程。
03:25
Our expectations of what the oceans can produce
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我们所期望海洋产生的东西
03:27
is something that we don't really appreciate
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并不是我们真正了解的
03:29
because we haven't seen it in our lifetimes.
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因为我们这辈子都没有见过那些东西。
03:32
Now most of us, and I would say me included,
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现在我们大多数人,也包括我,
03:35
think that human exploitation of the oceans
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认为人类对于海洋的探索
03:37
really only became very serious
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真正变得严肃起来
03:39
in the last 50 to, perhaps, 100 years or so.
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也只是最近50年,或许100年的左右的事情。
03:41
The census actually tried to look back in time,
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物种普查动用了所有能找到的信息资源
03:43
using every source of information they could get their hands on.
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试图追溯过去的时间。
03:46
And so anything from restaurant menus
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从餐馆的菜单
03:48
to monastery records to ships' logs
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到修道院中船舶的日志记录所显示的信息
03:50
to see what the oceans looked like.
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都用来研究海洋的模样
03:52
Because science data really goes back
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因为大部分科学数据可以追溯到的
03:54
to, at best, World War II, for the most part.
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最远只到第二次世界大战
03:56
And so what they found, in fact,
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而他们的发现,事实上,
03:58
is that exploitation really began heavily with the Romans.
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对海洋的大量探索真正是从罗马人开始的。
04:00
And so at that time, of course, there was no refrigeration.
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当然,那时候还没有制冷设备。
04:03
So fishermen could only catch
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所以渔民只捕捉
04:05
what they could either eat or sell that day.
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当天可以吃掉或卖出的鱼量。
04:07
But the Romans developed salting.
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但罗马人发明了用盐腌制的方法
04:09
And with salting,
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用盐腌制,
04:11
it became possible to store fish and to transport it long distances.
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使得鱼类存储,和远距离运送成为了可能。
04:14
And so began industrial fishing.
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工业捕鱼便由此开始。
04:17
And so these are the sorts of extrapolations that we have
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这些都是我们所推断出来的
04:20
of what sort of loss we've had
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由于人类初期对海洋的影响
04:22
relative to pre-human impacts on the ocean.
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现在造成我们什么样的损失
04:25
They range from 65 to 98 percent
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对于这些主要生物群,
04:27
for these major groups of organisms,
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损失范围从65%到98%不等,
04:29
as shown in the dark blue bars.
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数据如深蓝色条形图中所示。
04:31
Now for those species the we managed to leave alone, that we protect --
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对于那些我们设法不干涉,也就是对保护的那些物种 — —
04:34
for example, marine mammals in recent years and sea birds --
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例如,近几年的海洋哺乳动特以及海鸟— —
04:36
there is some recovery.
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他们有一定的恢复。
04:38
So it's not all hopeless.
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所以也并不完全无法挽回的。
04:40
But for the most part, we've gone from salting to exhausting.
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但大多数情况下,我们从用盐到现在已用尽了。
04:43
Now this other line of evidence is a really interesting one.
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然而,这另外一行证据十分有趣。
04:45
It's from trophy fish caught off the coast of Florida.
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这是从佛罗里达海岸捕捉到的冠军鱼
04:48
And so this is a photograph from the 1950s.
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是20世纪50年代的照片。
04:51
I want you to notice the scale on the slide,
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请各位留意幻灯片中鱼的大小
04:53
because when you see the same picture from the 1980s,
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因为当看到一张上世纪 80 年代的同样的照片时
04:55
we see the fish are much smaller
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我们看到鱼的尺寸要小得多
04:57
and we're also seeing a change
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我们也看到了变化冠军鱼的组成
04:59
in terms of the composition of those fish.
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也产生了变化。
05:01
By 2007, the catch was actually laughable
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到2007 年,这些渔获的大小
05:03
in terms of the size for a trophy fish.
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已经小的可笑了。
05:05
But this is no laughing matter.
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但这并不是什么好笑的事。
05:07
The oceans have lost a lot of their productivity
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海洋失去了很多他们的生产力
05:09
and we're responsible for it.
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而我们得对此负责。
05:12
So what's left? Actually quite a lot.
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那么还剩下什么?其实还有很多。
05:14
There's a lot of exciting things, and I'm going to tell you a little bit about them.
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还有有很多令人兴奋的事情,我要和大家聊一些。
05:17
And I want to start with a bit on technology,
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我想就从技术方面开始吧,
05:19
because, of course, this is a TED Conference
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因为这是TED大会
05:21
and you want to hear something on technology.
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你们自然想听到一些技术上的东西。
05:23
So one of the tools that we use to sample the deep ocean
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我们用来进行深海采集的一种工具
05:25
are remotely operated vehicles.
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叫作远程操作车。
05:27
So these are tethered vehicles we lower down to the sea floor
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所以我们把这些栓绳的机车降到海床
05:30
where they're our eyes and our hands for working on the sea bottom.
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他们就是我们在海底工作的眼和手。
05:33
So a couple of years ago, I was supposed to go on an oceanographic cruise
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几年前,我本应该参加一次海洋研究远航
05:36
and I couldn't go because of a scheduling conflict.
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因为和日程冲突我不能前往
05:39
But through a satellite link I was able to sit at my study at home
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但是通过卫星链接我可以坐在家里进行研究
05:42
with my dog curled up at my feet, a cup of tea in my hand,
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脚边趴着我的狗,手里捧着一杯茶,
05:45
and I could tell the pilot, "I want a sample right there."
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我告诉驾驶员,"我要那里的样本"。
05:47
And that's exactly what the pilot did for me.
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驾驶员也按我所说的帮我采回了样本。
05:49
That's the sort of technology that's available today
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这是现在才有的技术
05:52
that really wasn't available even a decade ago.
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甚至十年前都还没有。
05:54
So it allows us to sample these amazing habitats
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它允许我们对这神奇的
05:56
that are very far from the surface
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远离海岸和光源的
05:58
and very far from light.
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栖息环境进行取样。
06:00
And so one of the tools that we can use to sample the oceans
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我们用来对海洋进行取样的其中一种工具
06:03
is acoustics, or sound waves.
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就是声音,或者说声波。
06:05
And the advantage of sound waves
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声波的优势是
06:07
is that they actually pass well through water, unlike light.
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与光不同,它们可以顺利地穿过水
06:09
And so we can send out sound waves,
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因此,我们可以发出的声波,
06:11
they bounce off objects like fish and are reflected back.
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他们碰到上鱼或是其它物体时会反弹回来。
06:14
And so in this example, a census scientist took out two ships.
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在这个例子里,一名物种普查科学家开出两艘船。
06:17
One would send out sound waves that would bounce back.
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其中一艘发出声波并反弹。
06:19
They would be received by a second ship,
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这些声波会被第二艘船接收,
06:21
and that would give us very precise estimates, in this case,
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这种情况下,我们能够精确地估计
06:24
of 250 billion herring
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在大约一分钟的时间里
06:26
in a period of about a minute.
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有2500亿鲱鱼经过
06:28
And that's an area about the size of Manhattan Island.
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面积大约有一个曼哈顿岛那么大。
06:31
And to be able to do that is a tremendous fisheries tool,
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这样的工具对渔业十分有用,
06:33
because knowing how many fish are there is really critical.
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因为知道多少条鱼是十分重要的。
06:36
We can also use satellite tags
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我们还可以使用卫星标签
06:38
to track animals as they move through the oceans.
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来追踪动物在海洋中的活动。
06:40
And so for animals that come to the surface to breathe,
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对于浮到海洋表面呼吸的动物来说,
06:42
such as this elephant seal,
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比如这只海象
06:44
it's an opportunity to send data back to shore
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它能将数据发送回岸上
06:46
and tell us where exactly it is in the ocean.
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并且告诉我们它在海里的具体位置
06:49
And so from that we can produce these tracks.
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由此我们可以产生这些轨迹
06:51
For example, the dark blue
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比如,深蓝色的轨迹
06:53
shows you where the elephant seal moved in the north Pacific.
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显示了这只海象在北太平泮的移动路线
06:55
Now I realize for those of you who are colorblind, this slide is not very helpful,
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我知道,对于色盲的人来说,这个幻灯片好像没什么用
06:58
but stick with me nonetheless.
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但请还是继续听我讲下去
07:00
For animals that don't surface,
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对于那些不浮上海洋表面的动物来说
07:02
we have something called pop-up tags,
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我们有一种叫作”弹出式标签“的工具,
07:04
which collect data about light and what time the sun rises and sets.
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它们收集光线的数据,何时日出,何时日落
07:07
And then at some period of time
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然后在某一段时间
07:09
it pops up to the surface and, again, relays that data back to shore.
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它会弹出到表面,转送数据回岸。
07:12
Because GPS doesn't work under water. That's why we need these tools.
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因为GPS在水下无法工作,所以我们需要这些工具。
07:15
And so from this we're able to identify these blue highways,
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由此,我们能辨别出这些蓝色高速公路,
07:18
these hot spots in the ocean,
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辨别出这些海洋中的热点,
07:20
that should be real priority areas
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它们应该成为海洋保护工作中
07:22
for ocean conservation.
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优先保护区域。
07:24
Now one of the other things that you may think about
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另外一件你们可能在想的事情是
07:26
is that, when you go to the supermarket and you buy things, they're scanned.
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你去超市买东西,货物会被扫描。
07:29
And so there's a barcode on that product
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所以货物上会有条形码
07:31
that tells the computer exactly what the product is.
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告诉电脑这是什么货物
07:34
Geneticists have developed a similar tool called genetic barcoding.
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遗传学家发明了一个称为遗传条形码的类似工具。
07:37
And what barcoding does
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条形码的工作原理是
07:39
is use a specific gene called CO1
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使用一个称为CO1的特定的基因
07:41
that's consistent within a species, but varies among species.
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这种基因在同一个物种中是一致的,但在不同物种之间各不相同。
07:44
And so what that means is we can unambiguously identify
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这就意味着我们可以明确标识
07:46
which species are which
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不同的物种
07:48
even if they look similar to each other,
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即使他们彼此看起来很像
07:50
but may be biologically quite different.
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但在生物学上却有很大不同
07:52
Now one of the nicest examples I like to cite on this
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用一个我最喜欢的例子来说
07:54
is the story of two young women, high school students in New York City,
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两个纽约市的高中女生
07:57
who worked with the census.
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她们参加了物种普查项目。
07:59
They went out and collected fish from markets and from restaurants in New York City
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她们从纽约市的市场上和餐馆里收集鱼
08:02
and they barcoded it.
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并且用条形码识别它们
08:04
Well what they found was mislabeled fish.
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她们发现了被错误标签的鱼
08:06
So for example,
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比如,
08:08
they found something which was sold as tuna, which is very valuable,
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她们发现有被当作非常值钱的金枪鱼来卖的鱼
08:10
was in fact tilapia, which is a much less valuable fish.
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实际上是些不怎么值钱的罗非鱼
08:13
They also found an endangered species
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他们还发现了被当作普通鱼类出售的
08:15
sold as a common one.
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一种濒危的物种
08:17
So barcoding allows us to know what we're working with
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所以条形码使我们了解我们在研究
08:19
and also what we're eating.
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和在吃的鱼的物种
08:22
The Ocean Biogeographic Information System
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海洋生物地理信息系统
08:24
is the database for all the census data.
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是所有物种普查数据的数据库。
08:26
It's open access; you can all go in and download data as you wish.
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它是开放的;你们都可以进去下载你们想要的的数据
08:29
And it contains all the data from the census
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它包含了物种普查获得的所有数据
08:32
plus other data sets that people were willing to contribute.
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还有其他人自主提供的数据集。
08:34
And so what you can do with that
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那么你们能做的是
08:36
is to plot the distribution of species and where they occur in the oceans.
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绘制物种及其在海洋中的分布图
08:39
What I've plotted up here is the data that we have on hand.
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我在这里绘制的是我们手头已有的数据
08:41
This is where our sampling effort has concentrated.
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这是我们集中进行取样工作的地方。
08:44
Now what you can see
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各位可以看到
08:46
is we've sampled the area in the North Atlantic,
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我们的取样工作在北大西洋
08:48
in the North Sea in particular,
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具体说是在北海,
08:50
and also the east coast of North America fairly well.
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以及北美东海岸已经进行得挺不错
08:52
That's the warm colors which show a well-sampled region.
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暧色区显示的便是取样较好的地区
08:55
The cold colors, the blue and the black,
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冷色区,即蓝色和黑色区域
08:57
show areas where we have almost no data.
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则是我们有几乎没有数据采集的区域。
08:59
So even after a 10-year census,
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所以即使在长达10年的物种普查之后,
09:01
there are large areas that still remain unexplored.
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仍有很大一片区域尚待探索
09:04
Now there are a group of scientists living in Texas, working in the Gulf of Mexico
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一群居住在德克萨斯州的科学家在墨西哥湾工作
09:07
who decided really as a labor of love
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他们决定做一项爱心工程
09:09
to pull together all the knowledge they could
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把他们能找到的所有的关于墨西哥湾的
09:11
about biodiversity in the Gulf of Mexico.
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生物多样性的知识聚集到一块
09:13
And so they put this together, a list of all the species,
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他们聚集知识,列了一张物种表单
09:16
where they're known to occur,
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上面列有所知存在的物种
09:18
and it really seemed like a very esoteric, scientific type of exercise.
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这看起来确实像一个十分深奥的科学活动。
09:21
But then, of course, there was the Deep Horizon oil spill.
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之后,发生了深水地平线钻井台漏油事件。
09:24
So all of a sudden, this labor of love
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因此,突然间这个爱心工程
09:26
for no obvious economic reason
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在没有仍何明显的经济原因的情况下
09:29
has become a critical piece of information
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成为了该系统将如何恢复,
09:31
in terms of how that system is going to recover, how long it will take
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将需时多久
09:34
and how the lawsuits
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以及法律诉讼和未来几年中将发生的
09:36
and the multi-billion-dollar discussions that are going to happen in the coming years
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数十亿美元的讨论将如何得到解决
09:39
are likely to be resolved.
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这些问题的关键信息。
09:42
So what did we find?
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那么我们有什么发现?
09:44
Well, I could stand here for hours, but, of course, I'm not allowed to do that.
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我可以站在这说上几个小时,但是显然,我不能这样做。
09:46
But I will tell you some of my favorite discoveries
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但我会告诉你物种普查中
09:48
from the census.
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一些我最喜欢的发现
09:50
So one of the things we discovered is where are the hot spots of diversity?
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我们发现的事情之一是多样性的热点在哪里?
09:53
Where do we find the most species of ocean life?
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哪里是能找到海洋生物最多的地方?
09:56
And what we find if we plot up the well-known species
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以及如果我们这样绘制著名物种的分布
09:58
is this sort of a distribution.
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我们会发现什么。
10:00
And what we see is that for coastal tags,
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我们看到的是,对于沿海的标签,
10:02
for those organisms that live near the shoreline,
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也就是那些生活在海岸线附近的生物,
10:04
they're most diverse in the tropics.
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他们在热带地区是最多样化的。
10:06
This is something we've actually known for a while,
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这是我们已经熟知的事实
10:08
so it's not a real breakthrough.
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所以它不算一个真正的突破。
10:10
What is really exciting though
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那么真正令人兴奋的是
10:12
is that the oceanic tags, or the ones that live far from the coast,
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海洋标签,或者说是那些生活在远离海岸的生物
10:14
are actually more diverse at intermediate latitudes.
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在中纬度地区其实更加多样化。
10:16
This is the sort of data, again, that managers could use
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再一次,管理者可以利用用这些数据
10:19
if they want to prioritize areas of the ocean that we need to conserve.
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如果他们要考虑优先保护哪块海域的话
10:22
You can do this on a global scale, but you can also do it on a regional scale.
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这可以在全球范围内进行,也可以在某地区范围内进行。
10:25
And that's why biodiversity data can be so valuable.
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这就是为什么生物多样性数据如此宝贵的原因。
10:28
Now while a lot of the species we discovered in the census
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虽然我们在普查中发现的很多物种
10:31
are things that are small and hard to see,
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都很小,很难看到
10:33
that certainly wasn't always the case.
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但并不是总是这样。
10:35
For example, while it's hard to believe
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比如,尽管难以置信,
10:37
that a three kilogram lobster could elude scientists,
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一只三公斤重的大龙虾可以逃过的科学家的眼睛,
10:39
it did until a few years ago
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但事实上,直到几年前,
10:41
when South African fishermen requested an export permit
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当时南非渔民要求获得出口许可证时
10:44
and scientists realized that this was something new to science.
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科学家们才发现这个新物种。
10:47
Similarly this Golden V kelp
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同样,这只金色V形海带
10:49
collected in Alaska just below the low water mark
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在阿拉斯加低水位线的下方被发现
10:51
is probably a new species.
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可能是一个新的物种。
10:53
Even though it's three meters long,
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即使它身长三米,
10:55
it actually, again, eluded science.
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它确实,再一次,逃过了科学家的眼睛。
10:57
Now this guy, this bigfin squid, is seven meters in length.
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这个家伙,莱氏拟乌贼,身长七米
11:00
But to be fair, it lives in the deep waters of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge,
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老实讲,它生活在中大西洋海岭的深海
11:03
so it was a lot harder to find.
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所以它就更难被发现了。
11:05
But there's still potential for discovery of big and exciting things.
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但发现大型并且令人兴奋的生物仍是有可能的。
11:08
This particular shrimp, we've dubbed it the Jurassic shrimp,
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这种特别的虾,我们把它称为侏罗纪虾,
11:11
it's thought to have gone extinct 50 years ago --
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它一直被认为在50年前就已经灭绝了
11:13
at least it was, until the census discovered
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直到普查被发现,
11:15
it was living and doing just fine off the coast of Australia.
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它在澳大利亚海岸一直生活得好好的。
11:18
And it shows that the ocean, because of its vastness,
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这也显示了,海洋的浩瀚
11:21
can hide secrets for a very long time.
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使其可以长时间的隐藏秘密。
11:23
So, Steven Spielberg, eat your heart out.
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所以,史蒂文 · 斯皮尔伯格,我让你难过了。
11:26
If we look at distributions, in fact distributions change dramatically.
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如果我们看一下这些分部,我们就会发现这些分部产生了惊人的变化
11:29
And so one of the records that we had
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我们手头的一项记录显示
11:32
was this sooty shearwater, which undergoes these spectacular migrations
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这种灰鹱经历了状观的迁徙
11:35
all the way from New Zealand
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从新西兰
11:37
all the way up to Alaska and back again
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一路北上直到阿拉斯加,再返回
11:39
in search of endless summer
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如此追寻无尽的炎夏
11:41
as they complete their life cycles.
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以完成它们的生命周期。
11:43
We also talked about the White Shark Cafe.
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我们还谈到了大白鲨咖啡馆地区
11:45
This is a location in the Pacific where white shark converge.
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它位于太平洋中,是大白鲨聚集的地方。
11:48
We don't know why they converge there, we simply don't know.
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我们不知道为什么它们会聚集在那,我们真是不知道。
11:50
That's a question for the future.
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这是留给未来的问题。
11:52
One of the things that we're taught in high school
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我们在高中学到的知识之一就是
11:54
is that all animals require oxygen in order to survive.
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所有动物都需要氧气,以求生存。
11:57
Now this little critter, it's only about half a millimeter in size,
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现在这个小的生物,它只有大约半毫米的大小,
12:00
not terribly charismatic.
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不是非常有魅力。
12:02
But it was only discovered in the early 1980s.
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但是,它却直到八十年代初期才被发现。
12:04
But the really interesting thing about it
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有趣的是
12:06
is that, a few years ago, census scientists discovered
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几年前,物种普查科学家发现
12:09
that this guy can thrive in oxygen-poor sediments
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这家伙能够在地中海深处的
12:11
in the deep Mediterranean Sea.
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氧气贫乏的沉积物中茁壮成长
12:13
So now they know that, in fact,
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所以现在他们知道了,事实上,
12:15
animals can live without oxygen, at least some of them,
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动物可以不依靠氧气生存,至少某一些动物可以,
12:17
and that they can adapt to even the harshest of conditions.
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而且它们甚至能够适应最恶劣的生存条件。
12:20
If you were to suck all the water out of the ocean,
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如果你把海洋中所有的水都吸干,
12:23
this is what you'd be left behind with,
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这就是所剩下的东西
12:25
and that's the biomass of life on the sea floor.
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这是海床上的生物量
12:27
Now what we see is huge biomass towards the poles
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现在我们看到的是趋向南北两极的巨大生物量
12:30
and not much biomass in between.
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两级之间生物量却很少
12:33
We found life in the extremes.
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我们在极端环境中发生了生命
12:35
And so there were new species that were found
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我们发现了生活在冰里的
12:37
that live inside ice
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新物种
12:39
and help to support an ice-based food web.
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它们称为以冰为基底的食物网的一部分
12:41
And we also found this spectacular yeti crab
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我们还发现了这种漂亮的雪蟹
12:43
that lives near boiling hot hydrothermal vents at Easter Island.
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它们栖息于复活节岛沸腾的深海热泉喷口附近
12:46
And this particular species
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这个特别的物种
12:48
really captured the public's attention.
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引起了公众的热切的关注。
12:51
We also found the deepest vents known yet -- 5,000 meters --
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我们也发现了深度5000米的最深喷口
12:54
the hottest vents at 407 degrees Celsius --
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温度高达407摄氏度的最热喷口
12:57
vents in the South Pacific and also in the Arctic
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我们还在南太平洋及北极地区找到了喷口
12:59
where none had been found before.
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这些地区之前都没有被发现。
13:01
So even new environments are still within the domain of the discoverable.
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甚至那些仍可被探究的新环境也是如此
13:04
Now in terms of the unknowns, there are many.
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现在未知的物种很多。
13:06
And I'm just going to summarize just a few of them
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我仅仅快速的
13:08
very quickly for you.
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总结其中几个给你们听。
13:10
First of all, we might ask, how many fishes in the sea?
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首先,我们可能会问,海洋中多少种鱼类?
13:13
We actually know the fishes better than we do any other group in the ocean
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除那海洋哺乳动物之外,比其海洋中的其它物种,
13:15
other than marine mammals.
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我们确实对鱼类更为了解。
13:17
And so we can actually extrapolate based on rates of discovery
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所以我们可以现有的发现率来推断
13:20
how many more species we're likely to discover.
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我们还会发现多少其它的物种
13:23
And from that, we actually calculate
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由此,经过计算
13:25
that we know about 16,500 marine species
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我们所知海洋物种大约有16500种
13:28
and there are probably another 1,000 to 4,000 left to go.
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而可能还有1000到4000种未知。
13:30
So we've done pretty well.
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所以我们做得很不错。
13:32
We've got about 75 percent of the fish,
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我们了解了75%的鱼类,
13:34
maybe as much as 90 percent.
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也许高达 90%。
13:36
But the fishes, as I say, are the best known.
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但正如我所说,鱼类是我们最了解的,
13:39
So our level of knowledge is much less for other groups of organisms.
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所以对其它生物群的了解就少得多
13:42
Now this figure is actually based on a brand new paper
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这组数据是从即将刊登于
13:44
that's going to come out in the journal PLoS Biology.
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《公共科学图书馆•生物学》上新的文章种获得的
13:47
And what is does is predict how many more species there are
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这组数据预测了在陆地和海洋中
13:49
on land and in the ocean.
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还有多少未知物种
13:51
And what they found
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发现成果是
13:53
is that they think that we know of about nine percent of the species in the ocean.
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他们认为我们所知的海洋物种只占全部的9%。
13:56
That means 91 percent, even after the census,
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这意味着即使在物种普查之后仍有91%的物种
13:58
still remain to be discovered.
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尚待发现。
14:00
And so that turns out to be about two million species
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如果真是这样的话
14:02
once all is said and done.
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大概还有200万种未知物种
14:04
So we still have quite a lot of work to do
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所以对于这些未知物种来说,
14:06
in terms of unknowns.
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我们还有很多工作要做
14:08
Now this bacterium
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这种细菌
14:10
is part of mats that are found off the coast of Chile.
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是在智利海岸找到的生物垫的一部分。
14:13
And these mats actually cover an area the size of Greece.
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这些生物垫实际上覆盖的区域面积有整个希腊那么大
14:15
And so this particular bacterium is actually visible to the naked eye.
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这种特别的细菌是肉眼可见的。
14:18
But you can imagine the biomass that represents.
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你可以想象这所代表的生物量。
14:21
But the really intriguing thing about the microbes
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但真正吸引人的,是微生物
14:23
is just how diverse they are.
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的多样性
14:25
A single drop of seawater
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一滴海水
14:27
could contain 160 different types of microbes.
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可能包含160种不同类型的微生物。
14:29
And the oceans themselves
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而海洋本身
14:31
are thought potentially to contain as many as a billion different types.
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被认为可能包含多达10亿的不同类型的微生物。
14:34
So that's really exciting. What are they all doing out there?
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这才是真正令人兴奋的。他们都在那里干什么呢?
14:37
We actually don't know.
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这个我们就不得而知了。
14:39
The most exciting thing, I would say, about this census
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我想说,关于这次物种普查最令人兴奋的事情
14:41
is the role of global science.
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是全球科学所起到的作用。
14:43
And so as we see in this image of light during the night,
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该图是晚上的光亮图,正如我们所见
14:45
there are lots of areas of the Earth
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地球上有很多地区的
14:47
where human development is much greater
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人类发展远比
14:50
and other areas where it's much less,
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其它地区要好得多
14:52
but between them we see large dark areas
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但在它们之间,我们能看到大片的黑暗区域
14:54
of relatively unexplored ocean.
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即相对之下未被探究的海洋
14:56
The other point I'd like to make about this
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我想说的另一点是
14:58
is that this ocean's interconnected.
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海洋是相互连通的
15:00
Marine organisms do not care about international boundaries;
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海洋生物并不关心什么国际边界
15:02
they move where they will.
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它们想去哪就去哪
15:04
And so the importance then of global collaboration
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所以国际协作
15:07
becomes all the more important.
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就变得更加重要。
15:09
We've lost a lot of paradise.
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我们已经失去了许多的天堂般的地方。
15:11
For example, these tuna that were once so abundant in the North Sea
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例如,这些金枪鱼曾经在北海海域是如此丰富
15:14
are now effectively gone.
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而现在数量已明显减少
15:16
There were trawls taken in the deep sea in the Mediterranean,
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地中海深海置有捕鱼网
15:19
which collected more garbage than they did animals.
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它们捕到的垃圾远比动物要多
15:21
And that's the deep sea, that's the environment that we consider to be
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那里是深海,是我们认为
15:24
among the most pristine left on Earth.
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地球上所遗存的最原始的环境。
15:26
And there are a lot of other pressures.
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另外还有很多其它的困扰。
15:28
Ocean acidification is a really big issue that people are concerned with,
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海洋酸化是人们所关心的一个大问题
15:31
as well as ocean warming, and the effects they're going to have on coral reefs.
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同样,海洋变暖以及将对珊瑚礁造成的影响问题也很严峻。
15:34
On the scale of decades, in our lifetimes,
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未来几十年,在我们的有生之年里
15:37
we're going to see a lot of damage to coral reefs.
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我们将看到珊瑚礁被大量损坏
15:39
And I could spend the rest of my time, which is getting very limited,
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我可以花接下来所剩不多的时间
15:42
going through this litany of concerns about the ocean,
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唠叨唠叨海洋保护的事情
15:44
but I want to end on a more positive note.
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但我想以一种积极的方式来结束
15:46
And so the grand challenge then
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我们面临最大的挑战
15:48
is to try and make sure that we preserve what's left,
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是努力保护我们所剩下的东西
15:50
because there is still spectacular beauty.
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因为他们仍然美丽得令人叹为观止。
15:52
And the oceans are so productive,
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海洋也依旧富饶
15:54
there's so much going on in there that's of relevance to humans
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那里发生着太多与人类息息相关的事情
15:57
that we really need to, even from a selfish perspective,
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即使从自私的角度来说,我们也真的需要
16:00
try to do better than we have in the past.
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努力做得比过去更好
16:02
So we need to recognize those hot spots
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所以,我们需要认识到这些热点
16:04
and do our best to protect them.
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并尽最大努力来保护他们。
16:06
When we look at pictures like this, they take our breath away,
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我们看到的这张照片,它美得令人无法呼吸,
16:08
in addition to helping to give us breath
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此外,海洋还给我们提供了
16:10
by the oxygen that the oceans provide.
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呼吸所需要的氧气。
16:12
Census scientists worked in the rain, they worked in the cold,
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参加物种普查的科学家们在雨中工作,在严寒中工作
16:15
they worked under water and they worked above water
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他们在水下工作,也在水上工作
16:17
trying to illuminate the wondrous discovery,
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他们试图发现这些神奇的生物,
16:19
the still vast unknown,
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探索浩瀚的未知世界,
16:21
the spectacular adaptations that we see in ocean life.
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以及发现海洋生活中令人叹为观止的适应能力。
16:24
So whether you're a yak herder living in the mountains of Chile,
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因此,无论您是住在智利山区的牦牛牧民,
16:27
whether you're a stockbroker in New York City
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或是纽约市的股票经纪人,
16:30
or whether you're a TEDster living in Edinburgh,
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还是生活在爱丁堡的TED工作者,
16:32
the oceans matter.
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海洋对每个人都极为重要
16:34
And as the oceans go so shall we.
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我们与海洋同在
16:36
Thanks for listening.
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感谢您的倾听。
16:38
(Applause)
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(掌声)
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