Paul Snelgrove: A census of the ocean

39,740 views ・ 2012-02-28

TED


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譯者: Joan Liu 審譯者: Ya-Chun Chuang
00:15
The oceans cover some 70 percent of our planet.
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海洋覆蓋地球表面七成多。
00:18
And I think Arthur C. Clarke probably had it right
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而且我認為亞瑟·克拉克 極可能是對的
00:20
when he said that perhaps we ought to call our planet
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他說也許我們應該叫地球
00:23
Planet Ocean.
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「海行星」
00:25
And the oceans are hugely productive,
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海洋是非常具有生產力的,
00:27
as you can see by the satellite image
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就像你們可以在這個衛星圖看到的光合作用,
00:29
of photosynthesis, the production of new life.
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也就是生命新生。
00:31
In fact, the oceans produce half of the new life every day on Earth
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事實上,地球每天的新生命超過一半是來自海洋,
00:34
as well as about half the oxygen that we breathe.
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海洋亦產出約我們吸進氧氣的一半。
00:37
In addition to that, it harbors a lot of the biodiversity on Earth,
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此外,海洋中還包含很多各式各樣的生物,
00:40
and much of it we don't know about.
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且很多生物仍然是不為我們所知的。
00:42
But I'll tell you some of that today.
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但我今天會告訴你們其中的一部分。
00:44
That also doesn't even get into the whole protein extraction
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那甚至不包括我們從海洋裡所做的整個
00:46
that we do from the ocean.
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蛋白質萃取部份。
00:48
That's about 10 percent of our global needs
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那大約是全球需求的百分之十,
00:50
and 100 percent of some island nations.
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且是某些海島國家需求的百分之百。
00:53
If you were to descend
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如果你深入
00:55
into the 95 percent of the biosphere that's livable,
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95%生物存活的地方,
00:57
it would quickly become pitch black,
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你會馬上發現那裡一片漆黑,
00:59
interrupted only by pinpoints of light
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只有一些從螢光生物身上
01:01
from bioluminescent organisms.
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所發出的微弱光芒。
01:03
And if you turn the lights on,
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如果你把燈打開,
01:05
you might periodically see spectacular organisms swim by,
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你有時也許可以看到一些很壯觀的生物游過,
01:07
because those are the denizens of the deep,
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因為那些是處在深處的居住者
01:09
the things that live in the deep ocean.
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屬於住在深海的生物。
01:11
And eventually, the deep sea floor would come into view.
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最後,海底會進入眼簾。
01:14
This type of habitat covers more of the Earth's surface
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這種棲地在地球表面的面積
01:17
than all other habitats combined.
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比任何其它棲地加起來還多。
01:19
And yet, we know more about the surface of the Moon and about Mars
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直到目前為止,我們瞭解月球和火星表面
01:21
than we do about this habitat,
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比我們瞭解這種棲地還多。
01:23
despite the fact that we have yet to extract
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即使我們仍未從那些星球上取得
01:25
a gram of food, a breath of oxygen or a drop of water
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任何一份食物、一口氧氣,
01:28
from those bodies.
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或是一滴水。
01:30
And so 10 years ago,
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所以十年前,
01:32
an international program began called the Census of Marine Life,
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一個叫作「海底生物調查」的全球性研究開始了,
01:35
which set out to try and improve our understanding
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這個研究試圖加深我們對
01:37
of life in the global oceans.
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地球海洋生物的瞭解。
01:39
It involved 17 different projects around the world.
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這個計畫包括了17個子計畫。
01:42
As you can see, these are the footprints of the different projects.
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如你所見,這是各個計畫的分布圖。
01:44
And I hope you'll appreciate the level of global coverage
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我希望你們可以了解這個研究
01:47
that it managed to achieve.
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涵蓋的範圍之廣。
01:49
It all began when two scientists, Fred Grassle and Jesse Ausubel,
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這一切都從Fred Grassle和Jesse Ausubel這兩個科學家
01:51
met in Woods Hole, Massachusetts
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在麻省海洋機構的Woods Hole
01:54
where both were guests at the famed oceanographic institute.
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做客時相遇開始的,
01:56
And Fred was lamenting the state of marine biodiversity
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當Fred正在感歎海洋生物
01:59
and the fact that it was in trouble and nothing was being done about it.
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事實上已經面臨危機而且沒有任何實行的解決措施時。
02:02
Well, from that discussion grew this program
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這個計畫就是從那次討論開始實行
02:04
that involved 2,700 scientists
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包含了來自全球超過
02:06
from more than 80 countries around the world
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80個國家的2,700個科學家,
02:08
who engaged in 540 ocean expeditions
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研究540個海域,
02:11
at a combined cost of 650 million dollars
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經費超過六億五千萬元,
02:14
to study the distribution, diversity and abundance
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來研究全球海裡生物的分布、
02:16
of life in the global ocean.
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多樣性、和豐富性。
02:19
And so what did we find?
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所以我們找到什麼呢?
02:21
We found spectacular new species,
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我們發現許多令人嘆為觀止的新物種,
02:23
the most beautiful and visually stunning things everywhere we looked --
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比我們看過的任何生物都更美麗驚艷。
02:26
from the shoreline to the abyss,
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從海岸線到深海,
02:28
form microbes all the way up to fish and everything in between.
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包含從微生物一路到魚類等。
02:31
And the limiting step here wasn't the unknown diversity of life,
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而這之中的限速步驟並不是未知的生物多樣性,
02:34
but rather the taxonomic specialists
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而是分類學家
02:36
who can identify and catalog these species
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試圖鑑定並分類這些物種,
02:38
that became the limiting step.
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這才是限速步驟。
02:40
They, in fact, are an endangered species themselves.
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他們,事實上,就是一種面臨絕種的物種。
02:43
There are actually four to five new species
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每天事實上大約有四到五個新物種
02:45
described everyday for the oceans.
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在海洋中被發現。
02:47
And as I say, it could be a much larger number.
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如我所說的,還可以是個更大的數字。
02:50
Now, I come from Newfoundland in Canada --
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我來自加拿大的紐芬蘭,
02:53
It's an island off the east coast of that continent --
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那是一個位於大陸東邊海岸的島嶼,
02:55
where we experienced one of the worst fishing disasters
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也是我們的歷史上其中一個遭遇過
02:58
in human history.
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嚴重濫捕的地方。
03:00
And so this photograph shows a small boy next to a codfish.
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可以看到這張照片有個小男孩在一條鱈魚旁邊。
03:02
It's around 1900.
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大約是19世紀左右。
03:04
Now, when I was a boy of about his age,
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當我跟這個小男孩大概一樣大的時候,
03:06
I would go out fishing with my grandfather
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我會跟我祖父去釣魚,
03:08
and we would catch fish about half that size.
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然後我們會抓到只有這張照片尺寸一半的魚。
03:10
And I thought that was the norm,
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而我當時認為那是很正常的,
03:12
because I had never seen fish like this.
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因為我從來沒有看過這樣大的魚。
03:14
If you were to go out there today, 20 years after this fishery collapsed,
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在漁業瓦解二十年後的今天,如果你再去釣魚,
03:17
if you could catch a fish, which would be a bit of a challenge,
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如果你可以順利抓到一隻魚,這是有點挑戰的,
03:20
it would be half that size still.
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那隻魚的大小也會是我當時釣魚的一半。
03:22
So what we're experiencing is something called shifting baselines.
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所以我們正在經歷的是一個叫做變換底線的過程。
03:25
Our expectations of what the oceans can produce
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我們期待在海裡可以產生的東西
03:27
is something that we don't really appreciate
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是一個我們無法真正體會的事情,
03:29
because we haven't seen it in our lifetimes.
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因為我們從未在我們的一生中看過。
03:32
Now most of us, and I would say me included,
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現在大部份的人們,也包括我,
03:35
think that human exploitation of the oceans
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會認為人類對海洋的浩劫
03:37
really only became very serious
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大約是在過去50年、100年或更早
03:39
in the last 50 to, perhaps, 100 years or so.
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才開始嚴重起來的。
03:41
The census actually tried to look back in time,
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這個調查試圖利用所有能找到的資訊
03:43
using every source of information they could get their hands on.
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來回溯過去的時間點。
03:46
And so anything from restaurant menus
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因此他們從餐廳菜單
03:48
to monastery records to ships' logs
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到修道院的船行紀錄,
03:50
to see what the oceans looked like.
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來瞭解當時海洋的情形。
03:52
Because science data really goes back
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因為科學數據大部分至多回溯到
03:54
to, at best, World War II, for the most part.
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第二次世界大戰。
03:56
And so what they found, in fact,
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而他們發現事實上
03:58
is that exploitation really began heavily with the Romans.
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從羅馬時期漁業濫捕就開始嚴重了。
04:00
And so at that time, of course, there was no refrigeration.
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在那個年代,冰箱還不存在。
04:03
So fishermen could only catch
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所以漁人只會抓
04:05
what they could either eat or sell that day.
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他們當天可以賣掉或吃掉的量。
04:07
But the Romans developed salting.
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但羅馬人發明出醃漬法。
04:09
And with salting,
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有了醃漬法,
04:11
it became possible to store fish and to transport it long distances.
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存放及長途漁獲運輸變成可行了。
04:14
And so began industrial fishing.
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因此開啟了工業漁業。
04:17
And so these are the sorts of extrapolations that we have
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這些是我們目前的推斷,
04:20
of what sort of loss we've had
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根據早期人類對海洋的衝擊
04:22
relative to pre-human impacts on the ocean.
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牽連到我們現在的損失。
04:25
They range from 65 to 98 percent
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他們將百分之65到98的受到危害的
04:27
for these major groups of organisms,
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主要生物族群
04:29
as shown in the dark blue bars.
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用深藍色長條顯示。
04:31
Now for those species the we managed to leave alone, that we protect --
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然後那些我們已經開始維護的物種,
04:34
for example, marine mammals in recent years and sea birds --
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以近年來的海洋哺乳動物和海鳥來說,
04:36
there is some recovery.
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開始有復原的跡象。
04:38
So it's not all hopeless.
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所以也不是完全沒有希望。
04:40
But for the most part, we've gone from salting to exhausting.
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但其他絕大部份,我們已經歷了大量醃漬到資源枯竭。
04:43
Now this other line of evidence is a really interesting one.
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現在另一個證據是非常有趣的。
04:45
It's from trophy fish caught off the coast of Florida.
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這是在佛羅里達海岸捕捉到的漁獲。
04:48
And so this is a photograph from the 1950s.
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這是1950年代的照片。
04:51
I want you to notice the scale on the slide,
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我要你們注意旁邊的比例尺,
04:53
because when you see the same picture from the 1980s,
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因為當我們看1980年代的相同照片時,
04:55
we see the fish are much smaller
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我們可以看到魚明顯地變小,
04:57
and we're also seeing a change
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且我們也看到
04:59
in terms of the composition of those fish.
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魚的結構有些不同。
05:01
By 2007, the catch was actually laughable
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到了2007,這些漁獲的大小
05:03
in terms of the size for a trophy fish.
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已經有點可笑了。
05:05
But this is no laughing matter.
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但這並不是件好笑的事。
05:07
The oceans have lost a lot of their productivity
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海洋已經喪失了很大部份的生產力,
05:09
and we're responsible for it.
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且我們得為此負責。
05:12
So what's left? Actually quite a lot.
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接下來談什麼?事實上還有很多可以聊。
05:14
There's a lot of exciting things, and I'm going to tell you a little bit about them.
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而且我要來跟你們聊一點關於這些計畫的趣事。
05:17
And I want to start with a bit on technology,
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我要從科技面來開始談,
05:19
because, of course, this is a TED Conference
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因為這是TED會議,
05:21
and you want to hear something on technology.
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你們自然會想要聽到一些關於科技的東西。
05:23
So one of the tools that we use to sample the deep ocean
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我們用來採集深海樣本
05:25
are remotely operated vehicles.
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的其中一種工具是遙控汽車。
05:27
So these are tethered vehicles we lower down to the sea floor
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我們將這些綁在一起的運載工具降到海床,
05:30
where they're our eyes and our hands for working on the sea bottom.
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讓他們成為我們在海底工作的雙眼和雙手。
05:33
So a couple of years ago, I was supposed to go on an oceanographic cruise
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像幾年前,我原本要去一趟海洋地質之旅,
05:36
and I couldn't go because of a scheduling conflict.
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但因為時間上調度的問題無法參加。
05:39
But through a satellite link I was able to sit at my study at home
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但透過一個衛星連結,我可以坐在我家書房繼續我的研究。
05:42
with my dog curled up at my feet, a cup of tea in my hand,
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我的狗就盤在我的腳邊,手上還拿著一杯茶,
05:45
and I could tell the pilot, "I want a sample right there."
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跟艦長說:「我要這裡的樣本。」
05:47
And that's exactly what the pilot did for me.
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艦長就會完全照做。
05:49
That's the sort of technology that's available today
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這是現今才有的科技,
05:52
that really wasn't available even a decade ago.
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這些科技在十年前甚至還不存在。
05:54
So it allows us to sample these amazing habitats
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所以這讓我們可以在這些離海面和光源
05:56
that are very far from the surface
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很遠卻令人驚艷的棲地
05:58
and very far from light.
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來採集樣本。
06:00
And so one of the tools that we can use to sample the oceans
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其中一個我們可以用來採集樣本的工具是
06:03
is acoustics, or sound waves.
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聲音,也就是聲波。
06:05
And the advantage of sound waves
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聲波的優點是
06:07
is that they actually pass well through water, unlike light.
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他們能輕易透過水傳聲, 不像光一樣。
06:09
And so we can send out sound waves,
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所以我們可以發射聲波,
06:11
they bounce off objects like fish and are reflected back.
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聲波會碰到像魚之類的生物反射回來。
06:14
And so in this example, a census scientist took out two ships.
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所以在這個例子裡,一個調查員帶了兩艘船出去。
06:17
One would send out sound waves that would bounce back.
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第一艘船會發射聲波
06:19
They would be received by a second ship,
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之後反射回來的聲波會被第二艘船接收,
06:21
and that would give us very precise estimates, in this case,
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這會給我們很精準的估計值,在這個例子中
06:24
of 250 billion herring
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兩千五百億隻鯡魚
06:26
in a period of about a minute.
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在一分鐘內就被偵測出來
06:28
And that's an area about the size of Manhattan Island.
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那大概有一個曼哈頓島這麼大。
06:31
And to be able to do that is a tremendous fisheries tool,
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能這麼做對漁業來說是很有用,
06:33
because knowing how many fish are there is really critical.
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因為知道有多少魚是非常重要的。
06:36
We can also use satellite tags
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我們也可以用衛星定位
06:38
to track animals as they move through the oceans.
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來追蹤在海裡移動的動物。
06:40
And so for animals that come to the surface to breathe,
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也可用在那些會到水面上呼吸的動物,
06:42
such as this elephant seal,
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例如這隻海象,
06:44
it's an opportunity to send data back to shore
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衛星定位可以將資料回傳給岸上
06:46
and tell us where exactly it is in the ocean.
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並且顯示牠在海裡的位置。
06:49
And so from that we can produce these tracks.
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這可以讓我們用來繪製路線圖。
06:51
For example, the dark blue
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舉例來說,深藍色的點
06:53
shows you where the elephant seal moved in the north Pacific.
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告訴你這隻海象搬到北太平洋。
06:55
Now I realize for those of you who are colorblind, this slide is not very helpful,
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我知道對色盲的人來說,這張投影片並沒有很有用,
06:58
but stick with me nonetheless.
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但還是跟著我聽下去。
07:00
For animals that don't surface,
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對那些不到水面上的動物,
07:02
we have something called pop-up tags,
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我們有一個叫做彈出標簽的東西,
07:04
which collect data about light and what time the sun rises and sets.
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它會收集光線的資料和日出日落的時間。
07:07
And then at some period of time
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然後在某些時段,
07:09
it pops up to the surface and, again, relays that data back to shore.
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它會彈上海面上,將這些資料傳回岸上。
07:12
Because GPS doesn't work under water. That's why we need these tools.
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因為GPS無法在水裡使用,所以我們才需要這些工具。
07:15
And so from this we're able to identify these blue highways,
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因此利用這些資訊,我們可以找出這些藍色路徑,
07:18
these hot spots in the ocean,
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這些海底熱點,
07:20
that should be real priority areas
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應該是海洋保育
07:22
for ocean conservation.
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優先採取的地帶。
07:24
Now one of the other things that you may think about
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另外一件你們可能會想到的是
07:26
is that, when you go to the supermarket and you buy things, they're scanned.
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當你們去超市買東西的時候,這些東西會經過掃描。
07:29
And so there's a barcode on that product
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因為這些物品上有條碼,
07:31
that tells the computer exactly what the product is.
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會告訴電腦物品是什麼。
07:34
Geneticists have developed a similar tool called genetic barcoding.
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基因學家也發明了相似的工具叫做基因條碼。
07:37
And what barcoding does
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這些條碼利用一個叫做
07:39
is use a specific gene called CO1
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CO1的基因,
07:41
that's consistent within a species, but varies among species.
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這個基因在同種類中是相同的,但在不同種類中卻不同。
07:44
And so what that means is we can unambiguously identify
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這代表我們可以很清楚的分辨
07:46
which species are which
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不同的物種,
07:48
even if they look similar to each other,
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即使他們看起來很像,
07:50
but may be biologically quite different.
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但在生物性質上卻是很不同的。
07:52
Now one of the nicest examples I like to cite on this
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用其中一個我喜歡的例子來說,
07:54
is the story of two young women, high school students in New York City,
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一個在紐約市的兩個女高中生
07:57
who worked with the census.
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與調查計畫合作的故事
07:59
They went out and collected fish from markets and from restaurants in New York City
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他們去紐約市的魚市場和餐廳蒐集魚
08:02
and they barcoded it.
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然後掃描魚。
08:04
Well what they found was mislabeled fish.
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他們發現有很多被標錯名稱的魚。
08:06
So for example,
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舉例來說,
08:08
they found something which was sold as tuna, which is very valuable,
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他們找到一些被當成很有價值的鮪魚販售,
08:10
was in fact tilapia, which is a much less valuable fish.
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但實際上卻是低於鮪魚價值很多的吳郭魚。
08:13
They also found an endangered species
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他們也有找到一個瀕臨絕種的種類
08:15
sold as a common one.
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以很常見的物種拍賣。
08:17
So barcoding allows us to know what we're working with
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所以條碼化可以讓我們瞭解我們是在研究
08:19
and also what we're eating.
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以及食用哪些物種。
08:22
The Ocean Biogeographic Information System
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海洋生物地理資訊系統
08:24
is the database for all the census data.
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是用來儲存這些調查的資料庫。
08:26
It's open access; you can all go in and download data as you wish.
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他是開放性的,你們大家都可以去那邊下載你們想要的資料。
08:29
And it contains all the data from the census
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它包含了「海洋生物調查」的所有數據
08:32
plus other data sets that people were willing to contribute.
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加上其它人們願意貢獻的資料。
08:34
And so what you can do with that
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所以你們可以利用這些資料
08:36
is to plot the distribution of species and where they occur in the oceans.
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來瞭解物種的分類和他們分布在海洋的位置。
08:39
What I've plotted up here is the data that we have on hand.
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這邊是我用我們現有的資料繪製的圖。
08:41
This is where our sampling effort has concentrated.
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這是用我們主要集中心力的的採樣的地方。
08:44
Now what you can see
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你們可以看到
08:46
is we've sampled the area in the North Atlantic,
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我們在北大西洋蒐集樣本,
08:48
in the North Sea in particular,
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主要在北海,
08:50
and also the east coast of North America fairly well.
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在北美洲東部海洋也蒐集到很多。
08:52
That's the warm colors which show a well-sampled region.
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暖色系顯示樣本數很多的地區。
08:55
The cold colors, the blue and the black,
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冷色系, 像是藍色和黑色,
08:57
show areas where we have almost no data.
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代表我們幾乎沒有資料。
08:59
So even after a 10-year census,
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所以就算經過了十年的調查,
09:01
there are large areas that still remain unexplored.
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仍然有很多地區沒有被勘查過。
09:04
Now there are a group of scientists living in Texas, working in the Gulf of Mexico
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有一群在墨西哥海灣工作的德州科學家
09:07
who decided really as a labor of love
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成為工作狂熱者,
09:09
to pull together all the knowledge they could
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將他們所知道關於墨西哥海灣的
09:11
about biodiversity in the Gulf of Mexico.
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所有生物資訊統整。
09:13
And so they put this together, a list of all the species,
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所以他們整理出一張所有生物的清單,
09:16
where they're known to occur,
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上面標註他們出沒的地方
09:18
and it really seemed like a very esoteric, scientific type of exercise.
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這看起來真的很深奧、純科學的活動。
09:21
But then, of course, there was the Deep Horizon oil spill.
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但後來有了墨西哥灣漏油事故。
09:24
So all of a sudden, this labor of love
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突然間,這份對工作的熱愛所產生的清單
09:26
for no obvious economic reason
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在顯然不是經濟因素所產生的情況下
09:29
has become a critical piece of information
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成為一個很重要的資訊,
09:31
in terms of how that system is going to recover, how long it will take
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像是這個系統要如何恢復,得花多久時間?
09:34
and how the lawsuits
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和這些訴訟的後續
09:36
and the multi-billion-dollar discussions that are going to happen in the coming years
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以及在未來幾年好幾億的討論等
09:39
are likely to be resolved.
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該如何解決?
09:42
So what did we find?
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所以我們發現什麼?
09:44
Well, I could stand here for hours, but, of course, I'm not allowed to do that.
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我可以站在這談這個談好幾個小時,但當然我不能這麼做。
09:46
But I will tell you some of my favorite discoveries
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但我要告訴你們一部分在這個調查中
09:48
from the census.
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我最喜歡的發現。
09:50
So one of the things we discovered is where are the hot spots of diversity?
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其中一件是我們發現哪裡是多生物的集中點?
09:53
Where do we find the most species of ocean life?
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我們在哪裡可以找到最多海洋物種?
09:56
And what we find if we plot up the well-known species
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所以當我們把熟知的物種繪製出來,
09:58
is this sort of a distribution.
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就會是像這樣的分佈。
10:00
And what we see is that for coastal tags,
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所以我們看到的沿岸標籤,
10:02
for those organisms that live near the shoreline,
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是那些住在在沿岸附近的生物,
10:04
they're most diverse in the tropics.
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呈現在熱帶地區最多樣化的情況。
10:06
This is something we've actually known for a while,
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這是實際上我們已經知道一段時間的事了,
10:08
so it's not a real breakthrough.
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所以也不算是什麼驚人的發現。
10:10
What is really exciting though
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真正振奮人心的是
10:12
is that the oceanic tags, or the ones that live far from the coast,
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許多海洋標籤,或是說那些離海岸比較遠的生物,
10:14
are actually more diverse at intermediate latitudes.
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其實在中緯度的地方比較多樣化。
10:16
This is the sort of data, again, that managers could use
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這些資料可以讓管理者利用,
10:19
if they want to prioritize areas of the ocean that we need to conserve.
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如果他們想要優先保育海洋中其中一個區域的話。
10:22
You can do this on a global scale, but you can also do it on a regional scale.
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你可以以全球化保育,但也可以區域化保育。
10:25
And that's why biodiversity data can be so valuable.
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這也是為什麼生物多樣性的資料這麼珍貴。
10:28
Now while a lot of the species we discovered in the census
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雖然我們在這個調查中發現的物種,
10:31
are things that are small and hard to see,
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大多是很小且不容易看見的,
10:33
that certainly wasn't always the case.
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但並不是一直都是這樣。
10:35
For example, while it's hard to believe
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舉例來說,雖然很難相信
10:37
that a three kilogram lobster could elude scientists,
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有三公斤大的龍蝦可以躲過科學家的搜尋,
10:39
it did until a few years ago
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但直到幾年前
10:41
when South African fishermen requested an export permit
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南美洲漁夫要求外銷許可時,
10:44
and scientists realized that this was something new to science.
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科學家才發現這個物種。
10:47
Similarly this Golden V kelp
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同樣的,這個金色V型海帶
10:49
collected in Alaska just below the low water mark
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是在阿拉斯加僅比水位低一點的地方
10:51
is probably a new species.
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被發現的新物種。
10:53
Even though it's three meters long,
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儘管它有三公尺長,
10:55
it actually, again, eluded science.
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但仍然沒有被科學家發現。
10:57
Now this guy, this bigfin squid, is seven meters in length.
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這個傢伙,大鰭魷魚,長約七公尺。
11:00
But to be fair, it lives in the deep waters of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge,
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不過說實在的,它生存在大西洋中洋脊的深海,
11:03
so it was a lot harder to find.
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所以當然更難被找到。
11:05
But there's still potential for discovery of big and exciting things.
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但仍然有機會能發現很重要且很有趣的東西的可能性。
11:08
This particular shrimp, we've dubbed it the Jurassic shrimp,
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這種蝦子,我們叫它侏羅蝦,
11:11
it's thought to have gone extinct 50 years ago --
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它被認定在50年前就絕種了,
11:13
at least it was, until the census discovered
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直到最後被海洋生物調查發現
11:15
it was living and doing just fine off the coast of Australia.
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他們在澳洲海岸活得好好的。
11:18
And it shows that the ocean, because of its vastness,
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這顯示海洋的無邊無際
11:21
can hide secrets for a very long time.
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可以長久隱藏許多未知的事物。
11:23
So, Steven Spielberg, eat your heart out.
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所以史蒂芬·史匹柏,別難過了。
11:26
If we look at distributions, in fact distributions change dramatically.
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如果我們看這些分佈圖,它事實上分佈轉變得很快。
11:29
And so one of the records that we had
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我們其中一個紀錄顯示
11:32
was this sooty shearwater, which undergoes these spectacular migrations
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灰鸌,經歷令人嘆為觀止的遷徙,
11:35
all the way from New Zealand
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從紐西蘭一路上
11:37
all the way up to Alaska and back again
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飛到阿拉斯加再飛回來
11:39
in search of endless summer
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就為了尋找永無止盡的夏天,
11:41
as they complete their life cycles.
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讓牠們完成牠們的生命週期。
11:43
We also talked about the White Shark Cafe.
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另一個紀錄是有關於白鯊咖啡廳。
11:45
This is a location in the Pacific where white shark converge.
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在太平洋有個地方是白鯊聚集的地方。
11:48
We don't know why they converge there, we simply don't know.
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我們不知道為什麼牠們喜歡待在那,真的不知道。
11:50
That's a question for the future.
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這是留給未來的問題。
11:52
One of the things that we're taught in high school
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我們在高中曾學過
11:54
is that all animals require oxygen in order to survive.
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所有動物都需要氧氣才能存活。
11:57
Now this little critter, it's only about half a millimeter in size,
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這個小動物,只有半公釐長,
12:00
not terribly charismatic.
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並不吸引人。
12:02
But it was only discovered in the early 1980s.
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直到1980年代早期才被發現。
12:04
But the really interesting thing about it
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但非常有趣的是
12:06
is that, a few years ago, census scientists discovered
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幾年前,海洋生物調查的科學家發現
12:09
that this guy can thrive in oxygen-poor sediments
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這傢伙可以在氧氣不足的
12:11
in the deep Mediterranean Sea.
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深地中海裡蓬勃成長
12:13
So now they know that, in fact,
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所以現在他們知道,事實上,
12:15
animals can live without oxygen, at least some of them,
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動物可以不靠氧氣生活,至少一部分不用,
12:17
and that they can adapt to even the harshest of conditions.
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且他們可以適應於最殘酷的環境。
12:20
If you were to suck all the water out of the ocean,
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如果你把海洋中的水都吸走,
12:23
this is what you'd be left behind with,
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會剩下這個,
12:25
and that's the biomass of life on the sea floor.
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這是在海床的生物質。
12:27
Now what we see is huge biomass towards the poles
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我們可以看到在極圈地帶有很大量的生物質量,
12:30
and not much biomass in between.
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但在中間卻沒有那麼多。
12:33
We found life in the extremes.
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我們在極地有找到生物跡象,
12:35
And so there were new species that were found
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並發現新的品種
12:37
that live inside ice
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生存在冰中
12:39
and help to support an ice-based food web.
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成為食物鏈循環的一部分。
12:41
And we also found this spectacular yeti crab
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我們也找到令人驚奇的雪蟹,
12:43
that lives near boiling hot hydrothermal vents at Easter Island.
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牠們可以在復活島附近的海底火山旁生存。
12:46
And this particular species
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而這個特別的物種
12:48
really captured the public's attention.
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引起大眾極大的注意力。
12:51
We also found the deepest vents known yet -- 5,000 meters --
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我們也發現目前所知最深的火山口有五千公尺深、
12:54
the hottest vents at 407 degrees Celsius --
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最熱的火山口高達攝氏407度、
12:57
vents in the South Pacific and also in the Arctic
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在南太平洋和北極海發現了海底火山口,
12:59
where none had been found before.
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而這些地方在之前從未被發現過。
13:01
So even new environments are still within the domain of the discoverable.
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所以就算是新的環境也會有新的發現
13:04
Now in terms of the unknowns, there are many.
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至於未知的事物仍不勝枚舉。
13:06
And I'm just going to summarize just a few of them
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我現在僅很快地大略舉出其中一部份
13:08
very quickly for you.
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給你們。
13:10
First of all, we might ask, how many fishes in the sea?
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首先,我們可能會提到,海洋中有多少魚?
13:13
We actually know the fishes better than we do any other group in the ocean
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我們事實上對魚類的瞭解比海洋哺乳類動物
13:15
other than marine mammals.
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以外的種類瞭解得更多。
13:17
And so we can actually extrapolate based on rates of discovery
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所以我們可以利用已發現的比率來推斷
13:20
how many more species we're likely to discover.
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我們可能還有多少物種等待發現。
13:23
And from that, we actually calculate
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從這之中我們可以計算出
13:25
that we know about 16,500 marine species
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大概已有16,500種海洋生物為我們所知
13:28
and there are probably another 1,000 to 4,000 left to go.
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所以大約還有1,000到4,000種要找。
13:30
So we've done pretty well.
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所以我們做得相當好了。
13:32
We've got about 75 percent of the fish,
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我們已經找到百分之75的魚,
13:34
maybe as much as 90 percent.
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也許已經找到九成了。
13:36
But the fishes, as I say, are the best known.
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但魚類,如我說的,是我們最瞭解的。
13:39
So our level of knowledge is much less for other groups of organisms.
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所以我們對其他種類的了解程度低了很多。
13:42
Now this figure is actually based on a brand new paper
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這個圖表事實上是從一個即將要在
13:44
that's going to come out in the journal PLoS Biology.
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生物學期刊發表的新文章中取得的。
13:47
And what is does is predict how many more species there are
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而這篇文章是在預測陸地和海洋中
13:49
on land and in the ocean.
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總共有多少物種。
13:51
And what they found
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他們的結論是
13:53
is that they think that we know of about nine percent of the species in the ocean.
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他們認為我們大略知道海洋中百分之九的物種。
13:56
That means 91 percent, even after the census,
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那代表就算(海洋生物調查)之後,還有91%的生物
13:58
still remain to be discovered.
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持續等待被發現。
14:00
And so that turns out to be about two million species
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所以等全部都找到後
14:02
once all is said and done.
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那大約會有兩百萬物種。
14:04
So we still have quite a lot of work to do
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所以對於這些未知的東西,
14:06
in terms of unknowns.
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我們還是有很多事情要做。
14:08
Now this bacterium
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這種細菌
14:10
is part of mats that are found off the coast of Chile.
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是在智利海岸可以找到的生物墊的一部份。
14:13
And these mats actually cover an area the size of Greece.
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而這些生物墊實際上可涵蓋一個希臘那麼大。
14:15
And so this particular bacterium is actually visible to the naked eye.
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所以這一種細菌事實上是可以用肉眼看到的。
14:18
But you can imagine the biomass that represents.
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你們可以想像這樣的生物質量所代表的意義。
14:21
But the really intriguing thing about the microbes
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但最耐人尋味的是這些微生物
14:23
is just how diverse they are.
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的多樣性。
14:25
A single drop of seawater
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一滴海水
14:27
could contain 160 different types of microbes.
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可以包含160種不同的微生物。
14:29
And the oceans themselves
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而且光在海洋中
14:31
are thought potentially to contain as many as a billion different types.
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估計就有十億多種不同的微生物。
14:34
So that's really exciting. What are they all doing out there?
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所以這很令人興奮。他們都在那裡做什麼呢?
14:37
We actually don't know.
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我們並不清楚。
14:39
The most exciting thing, I would say, about this census
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對我來說,最振奮人心的是
14:41
is the role of global science.
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這個調查是在扮演地球科學研究的角色。
14:43
And so as we see in this image of light during the night,
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所以我們從這個圖片可以看到晚上的光線圖,
14:45
there are lots of areas of the Earth
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在地球上有很多區域
14:47
where human development is much greater
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發展的速度遠比
14:50
and other areas where it's much less,
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其它區域好,
14:52
but between them we see large dark areas
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但在這兩者中間還有一些黑暗的區塊,
14:54
of relatively unexplored ocean.
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即相對之下未被發掘的海洋。
14:56
The other point I'd like to make about this
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而我想要討論的是
14:58
is that this ocean's interconnected.
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海洋是互相連結的。
15:00
Marine organisms do not care about international boundaries;
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海洋生物不並在乎國際間的界限,
15:02
they move where they will.
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他們隨心所欲。
15:04
And so the importance then of global collaboration
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因此國際合作
15:07
becomes all the more important.
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就非常得重要。
15:09
We've lost a lot of paradise.
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我們已失去很多仙境般的地方了。
15:11
For example, these tuna that were once so abundant in the North Sea
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舉例來說,在北海曾經很豐盛的鮪魚
15:14
are now effectively gone.
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現在已經沒了。
15:16
There were trawls taken in the deep sea in the Mediterranean,
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在地中海深海撒網
15:19
which collected more garbage than they did animals.
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撈上岸的垃圾比動物還多。
15:21
And that's the deep sea, that's the environment that we consider to be
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且這還是在深海,那個我們認為在地球上
15:24
among the most pristine left on Earth.
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最原始的地方。
15:26
And there are a lot of other pressures.
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而且還有很多其他困擾。
15:28
Ocean acidification is a really big issue that people are concerned with,
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海洋酸化是人們很關心的議題,
15:31
as well as ocean warming, and the effects they're going to have on coral reefs.
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海洋暖化和對珊瑚礁的影響也令人關切。
15:34
On the scale of decades, in our lifetimes,
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在幾十年內,相當於我們的一生,
15:37
we're going to see a lot of damage to coral reefs.
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我們會看到珊瑚礁被大量得破壞。
15:39
And I could spend the rest of my time, which is getting very limited,
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我大可用我最後的一些時間
15:42
going through this litany of concerns about the ocean,
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來嘮叨一連串對海洋的保護,
15:44
but I want to end on a more positive note.
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但我想要用一個更正面的方式結束。
15:46
And so the grand challenge then
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目前最大的挑戰是
15:48
is to try and make sure that we preserve what's left,
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試著保護我們僅有的事物,
15:50
because there is still spectacular beauty.
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因為他們仍然令人嘆為觀止。
15:52
And the oceans are so productive,
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且海洋是非常豐饒的,
15:54
there's so much going on in there that's of relevance to humans
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那裡有太多跟人類息息相關的生命,
15:57
that we really need to, even from a selfish perspective,
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我們真的需要,即使是以自私為出發點,
16:00
try to do better than we have in the past.
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也盡可能做得比以前更好。
16:02
So we need to recognize those hot spots
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所以我們需要找出這些生物熱點,
16:04
and do our best to protect them.
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並盡我們所能來保護他們。
16:06
When we look at pictures like this, they take our breath away,
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當我們看到這些美麗得令人無法呼吸的圖片時,
16:08
in addition to helping to give us breath
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海洋還額外提供
16:10
by the oxygen that the oceans provide.
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給我們呼吸的氧氣。
16:12
Census scientists worked in the rain, they worked in the cold,
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調查科學家無論是在雨中工作、在嚴寒中工作、
16:15
they worked under water and they worked above water
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在海底工作還是在海面上工作,
16:17
trying to illuminate the wondrous discovery,
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都盡力發現這些不可思議的事物,
16:19
the still vast unknown,
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儘管大部份仍是未知
16:21
the spectacular adaptations that we see in ocean life.
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以及海洋生物驚人的適應能力。
16:24
So whether you're a yak herder living in the mountains of Chile,
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所以無論你是住在智利山上的犛牛牧人,
16:27
whether you're a stockbroker in New York City
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還是紐約市的股票經紀人,
16:30
or whether you're a TEDster living in Edinburgh,
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或是住在愛丁堡的收看TED的人,
16:32
the oceans matter.
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海洋對你們都是很重要的。
16:34
And as the oceans go so shall we.
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所以我們應該與海洋同進退。
16:36
Thanks for listening.
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謝謝。
16:38
(Applause)
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(掌聲)
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