Paul Snelgrove: A census of the ocean

39,805 views ใƒป 2012-02-28

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Shlomo Adam ืžื‘ืงืจ: Ido Dekkers
00:15
The oceans cover some 70 percent of our planet.
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ื”ื™ื ืžื›ืกื” 70% ืžื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื”ืœื›ืช ืฉืœื ื•,
00:18
And I think Arthur C. Clarke probably had it right
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ื•ืœื“ืขืชื™ ืืจืชื•ืจ ืกื™ ืงืœืืจืง ื›ื ืจืื” ืฆื“ืง
00:20
when he said that perhaps we ought to call our planet
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ื›ืฉืืžืจ ืฉื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื›ื ื•ืช ืืช ืขื•ืœืžื ื•
00:23
Planet Ocean.
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"ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื”ืœื›ืช ื™ื".
00:25
And the oceans are hugely productive,
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ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืกื™ื ื’ื ืžืื“ ืคื•ืจื™ื™ื,
00:27
as you can see by the satellite image
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ื›ืคื™ ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ื‘ืชืžื•ื ืช ื”ืœื•ื•ื™ืŸ
00:29
of photosynthesis, the production of new life.
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ืฉืœ ื”ืคื•ื˜ื•ืกื™ื ืชื–ื”, ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื—ื“ืฉื™ื.
00:31
In fact, the oceans produce half of the new life every day on Earth
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ื™ื ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืžื™ื“ื™ ื™ื•ื ืžื—ืฆื™ืช ืžื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
00:34
as well as about half the oxygen that we breathe.
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ื•ื’ื ื›ืžื—ืฆื™ืช ืžื›ืœ ื”ื—ืžืฆืŸ ืฉืื ื• ื ื•ืฉืžื™ื.
00:37
In addition to that, it harbors a lot of the biodiversity on Earth,
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ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื”ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืฉื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ื•,
00:40
and much of it we don't know about.
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ื•ืขืœ ื—ืœืง ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžืžื ื• ืื™ื ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื“ื‘ืจ.
00:42
But I'll tell you some of that today.
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ืืš ื”ื™ื•ื ืืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ืขืœ ืžืขื˜ ืžืžื ื•.
00:44
That also doesn't even get into the whole protein extraction
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ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื ืื›ื ืก ืœื›ืœ ื ื•ืฉื ื”ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื
00:46
that we do from the ocean.
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ืฉืื ื• ืžืคื™ืงื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ื™ื.
00:48
That's about 10 percent of our global needs
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ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื›-10% ืžื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืฉ ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™
00:50
and 100 percent of some island nations.
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ื•ื‘-100% ืžื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืฉ ืฉืœ ื›ืžื” ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืื™ื™ื.
00:53
If you were to descend
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ืื™ืœื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืฆื•ืœืœื™ื ื•ื™ื•ืจื“ื™ื
00:55
into the 95 percent of the biosphere that's livable,
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ืœืžืขืžืงื™ 95% ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืกืคื™ืจื” ื”ืชื•ืžื›ืช-ื—ื™ื™ื,
00:57
it would quickly become pitch black,
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ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื”ื™ืชื” ืžื—ืฉื™ื›ื” ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช,
00:59
interrupted only by pinpoints of light
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ืคืจื˜ ืœื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืื•ืจ
01:01
from bioluminescent organisms.
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ืฉืœ ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ืžื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืชืื•ืจื” ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช.
01:03
And if you turn the lights on,
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ื•ืื ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืžื“ืœื™ืงื™ื ืืช ื”ืื•ืจื•ืช,
01:05
you might periodically see spectacular organisms swim by,
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืžื™ื“ื™ ืคืขื ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ืžื™ื ืžื•ืคืœืื™ื ื—ื•ืœืคื™ื,
01:07
because those are the denizens of the deep,
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ื›ื™ ืืœื” ื”ื ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ื”ืžืขืžืงื™ื,
01:09
the things that live in the deep ocean.
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืขืžืงื™ ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก.
01:11
And eventually, the deep sea floor would come into view.
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ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ื™ืชื” ืžื•ืคื™ืขื” ืงืจืงืขื™ืช ื”ื™ื ื”ืขืžื•ืง.
01:14
This type of habitat covers more of the Earth's surface
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ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื”ื–ื” ืžื›ืกื” ืืช ืจื•ื‘ ืคื ื™ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ
01:17
than all other habitats combined.
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืกื›ื•ื ื›ืœ ื‘ืชื™ ื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื”ืื—ืจื™ื.
01:19
And yet, we know more about the surface of the Moon and about Mars
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ืื•ืœื ื™ื“ื•ืข ืœื ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ื™ืจื— ื•ืขืœ ื”ืžืื“ื™ื
01:21
than we do about this habitat,
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ืžืืฉืจ ืขืœ ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื”ื–ื•,
01:23
despite the fact that we have yet to extract
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืขื•ื“ ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืžืฆื•ืช
01:25
a gram of food, a breath of oxygen or a drop of water
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ื›ืœ ื’ืจื ืฉืœ ืžื–ื•ืŸ, ื ืฉื™ืžืช ื—ืžืฆืŸ ืื• ื˜ื™ืคืช ืžื™ื
01:28
from those bodies.
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ืžื’ื•ืคื™ ื”ืžื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
01:30
And so 10 years ago,
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ืื– ืœืคื ื™ 10 ืฉื ื™ื,
01:32
an international program began called the Census of Marine Life,
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ื”ื•ื—ืœ ื‘ืชื›ื ื™ืช ื‘ื™ื "ืœ ื‘ืฉื "ืžื™ืคืงื“ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ื",
01:35
which set out to try and improve our understanding
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ืฉื ื•ืขื“ื” ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœืฉืคืจ ืืช ื”ื‘ื ืชื ื•
01:37
of life in the global oceans.
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ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืกื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
01:39
It involved 17 different projects around the world.
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ื”ืชื›ื ื™ืช ื›ืœืœื” 17 ืžื™ื–ืžื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
01:42
As you can see, these are the footprints of the different projects.
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ื›ืคื™ ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื, ืืœื” ื˜ื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ื”ืจื’ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ื–ืžื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื.
01:44
And I hope you'll appreciate the level of global coverage
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ื•ืื ื™ ืžืงื•ื•ื” ืฉืชืขืจื™ื›ื• ืืช ืžื™ื“ืช ื”ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™
01:47
that it managed to achieve.
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ืฉื”ื ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ืœื”ืฉื™ื’.
01:49
It all began when two scientists, Fred Grassle and Jesse Ausubel,
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ื”ื›ืœ ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ื›ืฉืฉื ื™ ืžื“ืขื ื™ื, ืคืจื“ ื’ืจื–ืœื™ ื•ื’'ืกื™ ืื•ืกื•ื‘ืœ,
01:51
met in Woods Hole, Massachusetts
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ื ืคื’ืฉื• ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืก ื”ื•ืœ ืฉื‘ืžืกืฆ'ื•ืกื˜ืก
01:54
where both were guests at the famed oceanographic institute.
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ื›ืื•ืจื—ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ื’ืจืคื™ ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกื.
01:56
And Fred was lamenting the state of marine biodiversity
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ื•ืคืจื“ ื”ืชืœื•ื ืŸ ืขืœ ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ื”ื™ืžื™
01:59
and the fact that it was in trouble and nothing was being done about it.
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ื•ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ืฆืจื” ื•ืœื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื›ืœื•ื ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื›ืš.
02:02
Well, from that discussion grew this program
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ื•ืžืื•ืชื• ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืชืคืชื—ื” ื”ืชื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื–ื•
02:04
that involved 2,700 scientists
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ืฉื›ื•ืœืœืช 2,700 ืžื“ืขื ื™ื
02:06
from more than 80 countries around the world
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ืžื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-80 ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื
02:08
who engaged in 540 ocean expeditions
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ืฉื”ืฉืชืชืคื• ื‘-540 ืžืฉืœื—ื•ืช ื™ืžื™ื•ืช
02:11
at a combined cost of 650 million dollars
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ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื›ื•ืœืœืช ืฉืœ 650 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืœืจ
02:14
to study the distribution, diversity and abundance
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ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืชืคื•ืฆื”, ื”ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืฉืคืข
02:16
of life in the global ocean.
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ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืกื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
02:19
And so what did we find?
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ืื ื›ืŸ, ืžื” ื’ื™ืœื™ื ื•?
02:21
We found spectacular new species,
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ื’ื™ืœื™ื ื• ืžื™ื ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื•ื ืคืœืื™ื,
02:23
the most beautiful and visually stunning things everywhere we looked --
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ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื™ืคื”ืคื™ื™ื ื•ืžื•ืคืœืื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ืฉื—ืงืจื ื• --
02:26
from the shoreline to the abyss,
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ืžื”ื—ื•ืคื™ื ื•ืขื“ ืœืชื”ื•ืžื•ืช ื”ื™ื,
02:28
form microbes all the way up to fish and everything in between.
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ืžื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ื•ืขื“ ื“ื’ื™ื ื•ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื.
02:31
And the limiting step here wasn't the unknown diversity of life,
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ื•ื”ืžื’ื‘ืœื” ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืœื-ืžื•ื›ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื,
02:34
but rather the taxonomic specialists
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ืืœื ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฉืœ ืžื•ืžื—ื™ ื”ืžื™ื•ืŸ
02:36
who can identify and catalog these species
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ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ื•ืœืงื˜ืœื’ ืžื™ื ื™ื ืืœื”
02:38
that became the limiting step.
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ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ืคื›ื” ืœืžื’ื‘ืœื”.
02:40
They, in fact, are an endangered species themselves.
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ื ืขืฆืžื ืžื”ื•ื•ื™ื ืžื™ืŸ ื‘ืกื›ื ืช ื”ื›ื—ื“ื”.
02:43
There are actually four to five new species
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ื”ืืžืช ื”ื™ื ืฉืžื™ื“ื™ ื™ื•ื 4 ืื• 5 ืžื™ื ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื
02:45
described everyday for the oceans.
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ืžื–ื•ื”ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืกื™ื.
02:47
And as I say, it could be a much larger number.
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ื•ืื ื™ ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ืฉื”ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื™ื” ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื”.
02:50
Now, I come from Newfoundland in Canada --
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ืื ื™ ืžื ื™ื•-ืคืื•ื ื“ืœื ื“ ืฉื‘ืงื ื“ื” --
02:53
It's an island off the east coast of that continent --
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ื–ื”ื• ืื™ ืžื•ืœ ื”ื—ื•ืฃ ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื‘ืฉืช --
02:55
where we experienced one of the worst fishing disasters
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ืฉื‘ื• ื—ื•ื•ื™ื ื• ืืช ืื—ื“ ืืกื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื“ื’ื” ื”ื—ืžื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
02:58
in human history.
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ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช.
03:00
And so this photograph shows a small boy next to a codfish.
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ื”ืฆื™ืœื•ื ื”ื–ื” ืžืจืื” ื™ืœื“ ืงื˜ืŸ ืœื™ื“ ื“ื’ ื‘ืงืœื”.
03:02
It's around 1900.
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ื”ืฉื ื” ื”ื™ื ื‘ืขืจืš 1900.
03:04
Now, when I was a boy of about his age,
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ื›ืฉืื ื™ ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื™ืœื“ ื‘ืขืจืš ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ื”ื–ื”,
03:06
I would go out fishing with my grandfather
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ื ื”ื’ืชื™ ืœืฆืืช ืœื“ื™ื’ ืขื ืกื‘ื™
03:08
and we would catch fish about half that size.
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ื•ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืชื•ืคืกื™ื ื“ื’ื™ื ืฉื’ื•ื“ืœื ื‘ืขืจืš ื—ืฆื™ ืžื–ื”.
03:10
And I thought that was the norm,
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ื•ืื– ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืฉื–ื” ื”ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ืจื’ื™ืœ,
03:12
because I had never seen fish like this.
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ื›ื™ ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ืจืื™ืชื™ ื“ื’ ื›ื–ื”.
03:14
If you were to go out there today, 20 years after this fishery collapsed,
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ืื™ืœื• ื‘ืืชื ืœืฉื ื”ื™ื•ื, 20 ืฉื ื” ืื—ืจื™ ืงืจื™ืกืช ืื–ื•ืจื™ ื”ื“ื™ื’,
03:17
if you could catch a fish, which would be a bit of a challenge,
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ื•ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื™ื ืœื“ื•ื’ ืื™ื–ื” ื“ื’ - ืืชื’ืจ ืœื ืงื˜ืŸ -
03:20
it would be half that size still.
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ื’ื•ื“ืœื• ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ื—ืฆื™ ืžื–ื”.
03:22
So what we're experiencing is something called shifting baselines.
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ื›ืš ืฉืื ื• ื—ื•ื•ื™ื ืืช ืžื” ืฉืงืจื•ื™ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ืงื•ื•ื™ ื”ื™ืกื•ื“.
03:25
Our expectations of what the oceans can produce
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ื”ืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœื”ืคื™ืง
03:27
is something that we don't really appreciate
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ื”ื•ื ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืื™ื ื ื• ื‘ืืžืช ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื”ืขืจื™ืš
03:29
because we haven't seen it in our lifetimes.
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ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืœื ืจืื™ื ื• ื–ืืช ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ื•.
03:32
Now most of us, and I would say me included,
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ืจื•ื‘ื ื•, ื•ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื’ื ืื ื™,
03:35
think that human exploitation of the oceans
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ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื”ื ื™ืฆื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืื“ื
03:37
really only became very serious
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ื”ื—ืžื™ืจ ื‘ืืžืช
03:39
in the last 50 to, perhaps, 100 years or so.
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ืจืง ื‘-50 ืื• 100 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช.
03:41
The census actually tried to look back in time,
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ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื”ืžื™ืคืงื“ ื‘ืขืฆื ื ื™ืกื• ืœืฆืคื•ืช ืืœ ื”ืขื‘ืจ,
03:43
using every source of information they could get their hands on.
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ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ืจ ืžื™ื“ืข ืขืœื™ื• ื™ื›ืœื• ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืืช ื™ื“ื,
03:46
And so anything from restaurant menus
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ื”ื›ืœ, ื”ื—ืœ ืžืชืคืจื™ื˜ื™ ืžืกืขื“ื•ืช
03:48
to monastery records to ships' logs
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ื•ืขื“ ืจืฉื•ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื ื–ืจื™ื ื•ื™ื•ืžื ื™ ืกืคื™ื ื•ืช,
03:50
to see what the oceans looked like.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืื™ืš ื ืจืื• ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืกื™ื.
03:52
Because science data really goes back
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ื›ื™ ื™ืฉื ื ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืžื“ืขื™ื™ื ืœื›ืœ ื”ื™ื•ืชืจ
03:54
to, at best, World War II, for the most part.
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ืจืง ืžืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื”, ื”ื›ื™ ื”ืจื‘ื”.
03:56
And so what they found, in fact,
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ืžื” ืฉื”ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ื’ื™ืœื•,
03:58
is that exploitation really began heavily with the Romans.
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ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ื ื™ืฆื•ืœ ื”ืจืฆื™ื ื™ ื”ื—ืœ ืขื•ื“ ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื”ืจื•ืžืื™ื.
04:00
And so at that time, of course, there was no refrigeration.
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ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉืื– ืขื•ื“ ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืืžืฆืขื™ ืงื™ืจื•ืจ.
04:03
So fishermen could only catch
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ืื– ื”ื“ื™ื™ื’ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืชื•ืคืกื™ื
04:05
what they could either eat or sell that day.
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ืจืง ืืช ืžื” ืฉื™ื›ืœื• ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืื• ืœืžื›ื•ืจ ื‘ื•-ื‘ื™ื•ื.
04:07
But the Romans developed salting.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืจื•ืžืื™ื ืคื™ืชื—ื• ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืจ ื‘ืžืœื—.
04:09
And with salting,
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ื•ื”ื”ืžืœื—ื” ืื™ืคืฉืจื”
04:11
it became possible to store fish and to transport it long distances.
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ืœืื—ืกืŸ ื•ืœื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ื“ื’ื™ื ืœืžืจื—ืงื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื.
04:14
And so began industrial fishing.
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ื•ื›ืš ื”ื—ืœ ื”ื“ื™ื’ ื”ืžืกื—ืจื™.
04:17
And so these are the sorts of extrapolations that we have
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ืืœื• ืกื•ื’ื™ ื”ื”ืขืจื›ื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื•
04:20
of what sort of loss we've had
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ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืžื” ืฉืื™ื‘ื“ื ื•
04:22
relative to pre-human impacts on the ocean.
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ื‘ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ื”ืื“ื ืขืœ ื”ื™ื.
04:25
They range from 65 to 98 percent
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ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘-68 ืขื“ 98 ืื—ื•ื–
04:27
for these major groups of organisms,
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ืฉืœ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ืžื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ืืœื”,
04:29
as shown in the dark blue bars.
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ื›ืคื™ ืฉืจื•ืื™ื ื‘ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื›ื—ื•ืœื•ืช ื›ื”ื•ืช.
04:31
Now for those species the we managed to leave alone, that we protect --
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ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉื”ืฆืœื—ื ื• ืœืขื–ื•ื‘ ื‘ืžื ื•ื—ื”, ืฉืขืœื™ื”ื ืื ื• ืžื’ื™ื ื™ื--
04:34
for example, marine mammals in recent years and sea birds --
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ืœืžืฉืœ, ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื ื™ืžื™ื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ ื™ื--
04:36
there is some recovery.
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ื™ืฉ ื”ืฉืชืงืžื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžืช.
04:38
So it's not all hopeless.
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ื›ืš ืฉืœื ื”ื›ืœ ืื‘ื•ื“.
04:40
But for the most part, we've gone from salting to exhausting.
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ืืš ื›ื›ืœืœ, ืขื‘ืจื ื• ืžื”ืžืœื—ื” ืœืžื™ืฆื•ื™ ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื.
04:43
Now this other line of evidence is a really interesting one.
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ืงื• ื”ืจืื™ื•ืช ื”ื ื•ืกืฃ ื”ื–ื” ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืื“.
04:45
It's from trophy fish caught off the coast of Florida.
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ืžืงื•ืจื• ื‘ื“ื’ ืฉืœืœ ืฉื ื™ื“ื•ื’ ืžื•ืœ ื—ื•ืคื™ ืคืœื•ืจื™ื“ื”.
04:48
And so this is a photograph from the 1950s.
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ื–ื”ื• ืฆื™ืœื•ื ืžืฉื ื•ืช ื”-50.
04:51
I want you to notice the scale on the slide,
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ืฉื™ืžื• ืœื‘ ืœืงื ื” ื”ืžื™ื“ื” ืฉืขืœ ื”ืฉื™ืงื•ืคื™ืช,
04:53
because when you see the same picture from the 1980s,
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ื›ื™ ื”ื ื” ืื•ืชื” ืชืžื•ื ื” ืžืฉื ื•ืช ื”-80,
04:55
we see the fish are much smaller
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ืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืฉื”ื“ื’ ื”ื–ื” ืงื˜ืŸ ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื”
04:57
and we're also seeing a change
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ื•ืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ื’ื ืฉื™ื ื•ื™
04:59
in terms of the composition of those fish.
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ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื”ืจื›ื‘ ื”ื“ื’ื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
05:01
By 2007, the catch was actually laughable
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ืขื“ 2007, ื”ืฉืœืœ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืขืฆื ืžื’ื•ื—ืš
05:03
in terms of the size for a trophy fish.
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ื‘ืžื•ื ื—ื™ ื’ื“ืœื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ื“ื’ื™ ืฉืœืœ.
05:05
But this is no laughing matter.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืœื ืžืฆื—ื™ืง.
05:07
The oceans have lost a lot of their productivity
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ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืกื™ื ืื™ื‘ื“ื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื›ื•ืฉืจ ื”ืชืคื•ืงื” ืฉืœื”ื
05:09
and we're responsible for it.
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ื•ืื ื• ื”ืื—ืจืื™ื ืœื›ืš.
05:12
So what's left? Actually quite a lot.
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ืื– ืžื” ื ืฉืืจ? ื‘ืขืฆื, ื“ื™ ื”ืจื‘ื”.
05:14
There's a lot of exciting things, and I'm going to tell you a little bit about them.
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ื™ืฉ ื”ืžื•ืŸ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืœื”ื™ื‘ื™ื, ื•ืืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ืžืขื˜ ืขืœื™ื”ื.
05:17
And I want to start with a bit on technology,
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ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืขื ืงืฆืช ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”,
05:19
because, of course, this is a TED Conference
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ื›ื™ ื”ืจื™ ื–ื”ื• ื›ื ืก ืฉืœ TED
05:21
and you want to hear something on technology.
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ื•ืืชื ื•ื“ืื™ ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืฉืžื•ืข ืขืœ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”.
05:23
So one of the tools that we use to sample the deep ocean
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ืื—ื“ ื”ื›ืœื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ืื ื• ื“ื•ื’ืžื™ื ืืช ืžืขืžืงื™ ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก
05:25
are remotely operated vehicles.
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ื”ื•ื ื›ืœื™ ืจื›ื‘ ื‘ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืžืจื—ื•ืง.
05:27
So these are tethered vehicles we lower down to the sea floor
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ืืœื• ื”ื ื›ืœื™ ืจื›ื‘ ืจืชื•ืžื™ื ืฉืื ื• ืžื•ืจื™ื“ื™ื ืืœ ืงืจืงืขื™ืช ื”ื™ื
05:30
where they're our eyes and our hands for working on the sea bottom.
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ื•ื”ื ืžืฉืžืฉื™ื ืœื ื• ื›ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ื•ื™ื“ื™ื™ื ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืขืœ ืงืจืงืขื™ืช ื”ื™ื.
05:33
So a couple of years ago, I was supposed to go on an oceanographic cruise
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ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืืžื•ืจ ืœืฆืืช ืœืฉื™ื˜ ืžื—ืงืจ ื™ืžื™
05:36
and I couldn't go because of a scheduling conflict.
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ื•ืœื ื™ืฆืืชื™ ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืœื•ื—ื•ืช ื–ืžื ื™ื.
05:39
But through a satellite link I was able to sit at my study at home
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืงื™ืฉื•ืจ ืœื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื™ ืœืฉื‘ืช ื‘ื—ื“ืจ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืชื™
05:42
with my dog curled up at my feet, a cup of tea in my hand,
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ื›ืฉื›ืœื‘ื™ ืžื›ื•ืจื‘ืœ ืœืจื’ืœื™, ื›ื•ืก ืชื” ื‘ื™ื“ื™,
05:45
and I could tell the pilot, "I want a sample right there."
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ื•ืœื”ื•ืจื•ืช ืœื˜ื™ื™ืก, "ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ื“ื’ื™ืžื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืฉื."
05:47
And that's exactly what the pilot did for me.
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ื•ื–ื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžื” ืฉื”ื˜ื™ื™ืก ืขืฉื” ืขื‘ื•ืจื™.
05:49
That's the sort of technology that's available today
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ื–ื”ื• ืกื•ื’ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื–ืžื™ื ื” ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื•
05:52
that really wasn't available even a decade ago.
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ื•ื”ื™ื ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ืงื™ื™ืžืช ืจืง ืœืคื ื™ ืขืฉืจ ืฉื ื™ื.
05:54
So it allows us to sample these amazing habitats
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ื”ื™ื ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœื ื• ืœืงื—ืช ื“ื’ื™ืžื•ืช ืžื‘ืชื™ ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ืžื•ืคืœืื™ื ืืœื”
05:56
that are very far from the surface
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ืฉืžืจื•ื—ืงื™ื ืžืื“ ืžืคื ื™ ื”ื™ื
05:58
and very far from light.
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ื•ืžื”ืื•ืจ ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™.
06:00
And so one of the tools that we can use to sample the oceans
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ืื—ื“ ื”ื›ืœื™ื ืฉืื ื• ืžืคืขื™ืœื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื“ื’ื•ื ืืช ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืกื™ื
06:03
is acoustics, or sound waves.
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ื”ื•ื ืืงื•ืกื˜ื™ืงื”, ืื• ื’ืœื™ ืงื•ืœ.
06:05
And the advantage of sound waves
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ื”ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื’ืœื™ ืงื•ืœ
06:07
is that they actually pass well through water, unlike light.
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ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ื ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ื‘ืžื™ื, ืฉืœื ื›ืžื• ืื•ืจ.
06:09
And so we can send out sound waves,
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ื•ื›ืš ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉื’ืจ ื’ืœื™ ืงื•ืœ,
06:11
they bounce off objects like fish and are reflected back.
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ืฉืžื•ื—ื–ืจื™ื ืžืขืฆืžื™ื ื›ืžื• ื“ื’ื™ื,
06:14
And so in this example, a census scientist took out two ships.
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ื•ื‘ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื”ื‘ืื”, ืื—ื“ ืžืžื“ืขื ื™ ื”ืžื™ืคืงื“ ืฉื™ื’ืจ ืฉืชื™ ืกืคื™ื ื•ืช,
06:17
One would send out sound waves that would bounce back.
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ืื—ืช ืฉืœื—ื” ื’ืœื™ ืงื•ืœ ืฉื”ื•ื—ื–ืจื•,
06:19
They would be received by a second ship,
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ื•ื”ืชืงื‘ืœื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืกืคื™ื ื” ื”ืื—ืจืช,
06:21
and that would give us very precise estimates, in this case,
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ื•ื–ื” ื ืชืŸ ืœื ื• ืื•ืžื“ื ื™ื ืžื“ื•ื™ืงื™ื ืžืื“, ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื–ื”
06:24
of 250 billion herring
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ืฉืœ 250 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืžืœื™ื—ื™ื
06:26
in a period of about a minute.
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ื‘ืคืจืง ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืœ ื›ื“ืงื”.
06:28
And that's an area about the size of Manhattan Island.
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ื•ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ืื™ ืžื ื”ื˜ืŸ.
06:31
And to be able to do that is a tremendous fisheries tool,
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ื•ื”ื”ื™ืฉื’ ื›ืืŸ ืžื•ืขื™ืœ ืžืื“ ืœื“ื™ื’,
06:33
because knowing how many fish are there is really critical.
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ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื“ื™ืขื” ื›ืžื” ื“ื’ื™ื ื™ืฉ ื”ื™ื ืžื›ืจืขืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
06:36
We can also use satellite tags
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ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ื’ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืชื’ื™ื•ืช ืœื•ื•ื™ืŸ
06:38
to track animals as they move through the oceans.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืงื•ื‘ ืื—ืจ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืกืขื•ืชื™ื”ื ื‘ื™ื.
06:40
And so for animals that come to the surface to breathe,
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ื•ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืฆืคื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื ืฉื•ื,
06:42
such as this elephant seal,
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ื›ืžื• ืคื™ืœ ื”ื™ื ื”ื–ื”,
06:44
it's an opportunity to send data back to shore
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ื–ื• ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืœืฉื’ืจ ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื—ื–ืจื” ืืœ ื”ื—ื•ืฃ
06:46
and tell us where exactly it is in the ocean.
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ื•ืœื•ืžืจ ืœื ื• ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื”ื•ื ื ืžืฆื ื‘ื™ื.
06:49
And so from that we can produce these tracks.
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ืžืชื•ืš ื–ื” ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชื•ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžืกืœื•ืœื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
06:51
For example, the dark blue
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื”ื›ื—ื•ืœ-ื›ื”ื”
06:53
shows you where the elephant seal moved in the north Pacific.
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ืžืจืื” ืืช ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ืคื™ืœ ื”ื™ื ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื”ืฉืงื˜.
06:55
Now I realize for those of you who are colorblind, this slide is not very helpful,
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ืื ื™ ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืฉื™ืงื•ืคื™ืช ื–ื• ืœื ืขื•ื–ืจืช ืœืขื™ื•ื•ืจื™ ื”ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ืฉื‘ื™ื ื™ื›ื,
06:58
but stick with me nonetheless.
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ืืš ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช ืชืขืงื‘ื• ืื—ืจื™.
07:00
For animals that don't surface,
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ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืœื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ืฆืคื™ื,
07:02
we have something called pop-up tags,
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืžืฉื”ื• ื”ืงืจื•ื™ "ืชื’ ืฆืฃ",
07:04
which collect data about light and what time the sun rises and sets.
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ืฉืื•ืกืฃ ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื•ืจ ื•ืžื•ืขื“ื™ ืฉืงื™ืขื” ื•ื–ืจื™ื—ื”,
07:07
And then at some period of time
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ื•ืžื™ื“ื™ ื–ืžืŸ ืžืกื•ื™ื
07:09
it pops up to the surface and, again, relays that data back to shore.
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ื”ื•ื ืฆืฃ ืืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ื™ื ื•ืฉื•ื‘, ืžืฉื“ืจ ืืช ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื—ื–ืจื” ืืœ ื”ื—ื•ืฃ.
07:12
Because GPS doesn't work under water. That's why we need these tools.
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ื›ื™ ืื™ืชื•ืจ ืœื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ ืœื ืคื•ืขืœ ืžืชื—ืช ืœืžื™ื. ืœื›ืŸ ืื ื• ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœื›ืœื™ื ืืœื”.
07:15
And so from this we're able to identify these blue highways,
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ื•ื‘ืขื–ืจืชื ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื ื• ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื ืชื™ื‘ื™ื ื”ื›ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื”ืืœื”,
07:18
these hot spots in the ocean,
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ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื—ืžื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ื‘ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก,
07:20
that should be real priority areas
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ืฉืฆืจื™ื›ื•ืช ืœื”ื•ื•ืช ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืขื“ื™ืคื•ืช ืขืœื™ื•ื ื”
07:22
for ocean conservation.
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ืœืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืฉื™ืžื•ืจ ื™ืžื™.
07:24
Now one of the other things that you may think about
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ื“ื‘ืจ ื ื•ืกืฃ, ืฉืื•ืœื™ ืขืœื” ื‘ื“ืขืชื›ื:
07:26
is that, when you go to the supermarket and you buy things, they're scanned.
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ื›ืฉืืชื ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœืžืจื›ื•ืœ ื•ืงื•ื ื™ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื, ื”ื ื ืกืจืงื™ื,
07:29
And so there's a barcode on that product
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ื™ืฉ ื‘ืจืงื•ื“ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืžื•ืฆืจ
07:31
that tells the computer exactly what the product is.
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ืฉืื•ืžืจ ืœืžื—ืฉื‘ ืžื”ื• ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื”ืžื•ืฆืจ.
07:34
Geneticists have developed a similar tool called genetic barcoding.
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ื”ื’ื ื˜ื™ืงืื™ื ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื›ืœื™ ื“ื•ืžื” ื”ืงืจื•ื™ "ืงื™ื“ื•ื“ ื’ื ื˜ื™".
07:37
And what barcoding does
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ื•ื”ืงื™ื“ื•ื“ ื”ื–ื”
07:39
is use a specific gene called CO1
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ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื’ืŸ ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ ื‘ืฉื ืกื™-ืื•-1
07:41
that's consistent within a species, but varies among species.
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ืฉื ืžืฆื ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื ืืš ืฉื•ื ื” ืžืžื™ืŸ ืœืžื™ืŸ.
07:44
And so what that means is we can unambiguously identify
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ื•ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื—ื“ ืžืฉืžืขื™
07:46
which species are which
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ืžื”ื• ื”ืžื™ืŸ
07:48
even if they look similar to each other,
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ื’ื ืื ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžื™ื ื™ื ื–ื”ื™ื ืœื›ืื•ืจื”,
07:50
but may be biologically quite different.
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ืฉืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช.
07:52
Now one of the nicest examples I like to cite on this
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ืื—ืช ื”ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ื”ื ื—ืžื“ื•ืช ืฉื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื›ืš
07:54
is the story of two young women, high school students in New York City,
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ื”ื™ื ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืขืœ ืฉืชื™ ื ืขืจื•ืช, ืชืœืžื™ื“ื•ืช ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื ื™ื•-ื™ื•ืจืง,
07:57
who worked with the census.
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ืฉืขื‘ื“ื• ืขืœ ื”ืžื™ืคืงื“ ื”ื–ื”.
07:59
They went out and collected fish from markets and from restaurants in New York City
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ื”ืŸ ื™ืฆืื• ื•ืืกืคื• ื“ื’ื™ื ืžืฉื•ื•ืงื™ื ื•ืžืžืกืขื“ื•ืช
08:02
and they barcoded it.
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ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื ื™ื•-ื™ื•ืจืง ื•ืงื™ื“ื“ื• ืื•ืชื.
08:04
Well what they found was mislabeled fish.
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ื•ืื– ื’ื™ืœื• ื“ื’ ืฉืชื•ื™ื™ื’ ืœื ื ื›ื•ืŸ.
08:06
So for example,
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ืœืžืฉืœ,
08:08
they found something which was sold as tuna, which is very valuable,
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ื”ืŸ ืžืฆืื• ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื ืžื›ืจ ื‘ืชื•ืจ ื˜ื•ื ื”, ืฉื–ื” ื™ืงืจ ืžืื“,
08:10
was in fact tilapia, which is a much less valuable fish.
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ืฉื”ื™ื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ืืžื ื•ืŸ, ื“ื’ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคื—ื•ืช ื™ืงืจ.
08:13
They also found an endangered species
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ื”ื ื’ื ื’ื™ืœื• ืžื™ืŸ ื‘ืกื›ื ืช ื”ื›ื—ื“ื”
08:15
sold as a common one.
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ืฉื ืžื›ืจ ื›ื“ื’ ืคืฉื•ื˜.
08:17
So barcoding allows us to know what we're working with
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ืงื™ื“ื•ื“ ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื ื• ืœื“ืขืช ืขื ืžื” ืื ื• ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื
08:19
and also what we're eating.
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ื•ื’ื ืžื” ืื ื• ืื•ื›ืœื™ื.
08:22
The Ocean Biogeographic Information System
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ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื‘ื™ื•-ื’ื™ืื•ื’ืจืคื™ ื”ื™ืžื™
08:24
is the database for all the census data.
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ื”ื™ื ื‘ืกื™ืก ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ืžื™ืคืงื“.
08:26
It's open access; you can all go in and download data as you wish.
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ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ืช, ื•ื›ื•ืœื›ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื•ืจื™ื“ ืžืžื ื” ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื›ืจืฆื•ื ื›ื.
08:29
And it contains all the data from the census
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ื”ื™ื ืžื›ื™ืœื” ืืช ื›ืœ ื ืชื•ื ื™ ื”ืžื™ืคืงื“
08:32
plus other data sets that people were willing to contribute.
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ื•ืขื•ื“ ื›ืžื” ืžืขืจื›ื™ ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื’ื™ืœื• ื ื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืœืชืจื•ื.
08:34
And so what you can do with that
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ืžื” ืฉืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืขื ื–ื”
08:36
is to plot the distribution of species and where they occur in the oceans.
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ื”ื•ื ืœืขืงื•ื‘ ืื—ืจ ื”ืชืคืœื’ื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื ื•ืžืงื•ืžื ื‘ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก.
08:39
What I've plotted up here is the data that we have on hand.
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ืžื” ืฉืฉื™ืจื˜ื˜ืชื™ ื›ืืŸ ื”ื•ื ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื›ืจื’ืข.
08:41
This is where our sampling effort has concentrated.
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ื›ืืŸ ื”ืชืจื›ื– ืžืืžืฅ ื”ื“ื’ื™ืžื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•.
08:44
Now what you can see
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ืžื” ืฉืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ื”ื•ื,
08:46
is we've sampled the area in the North Atlantic,
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ืฉื“ื’ืžื ื• ืืช ืื–ื•ืจ ืฆืคื•ืŸ ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื”ืื˜ืœื ื˜ื™,
08:48
in the North Sea in particular,
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ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ื™ื ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™,
08:50
and also the east coast of North America fairly well.
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ื•ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืœืžื“ื™ ื’ื ื‘ื—ื•ืฃ ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™ ืฉืœ ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืืžืจื™ืงื”.
08:52
That's the warm colors which show a well-sampled region.
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ื”ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ื”ื—ืžื™ื ืžืกืžืœื™ื ืื–ื•ืจ ืฉื ื“ื’ื ื”ื™ื˜ื‘.
08:55
The cold colors, the blue and the black,
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ื”ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ื”ืงืจื™ื, ื”ื›ื—ื•ืœ ื•ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจ,
08:57
show areas where we have almost no data.
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ืžืจืื™ื ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœื’ื‘ื™ื”ื ืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ื›ืžืขื˜ ื ืชื•ื ื™ื.
08:59
So even after a 10-year census,
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ืื– ืืคื™ืœื• ืื—ืจื™ ืžื™ืคืงื“ ื‘ืŸ ืขืฉืจ ืฉื ื™ื,
09:01
there are large areas that still remain unexplored.
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ื™ืฉ ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื ืจื—ื‘ื™ื ืฉื˜ืจื ื ื—ืงืจื•.
09:04
Now there are a group of scientists living in Texas, working in the Gulf of Mexico
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ื™ืฉ ื‘ื˜ืงืกืก ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืฉืขื•ื‘ื“ืช ื‘ืžืคืจืฅ ืžืงืกื™ืงื•
09:07
who decided really as a labor of love
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ืฉื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื”, ื‘ืืžืช ืžืชื•ืš ืื”ื‘ื”,
09:09
to pull together all the knowledge they could
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ืœืฉืœื‘ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื“ืข ืฉื™ื›ืœื• ืœื”ืฉื™ื’
09:11
about biodiversity in the Gulf of Mexico.
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ืขืœ ื”ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ื‘ืžืคืจืฅ ืžืงืกื™ืงื•.
09:13
And so they put this together, a list of all the species,
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ื”ื ื™ืฆืจื• ืจืฉื™ืžื” ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื,
09:16
where they're known to occur,
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ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ื™ื“ื•ืข ืฉื”ื ื ืžืฆืื™ื,
09:18
and it really seemed like a very esoteric, scientific type of exercise.
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ื•ื–ื” ื ืจืื” ื›ืžื• ืื™ื–ื” ืชืจื’ื™ืœ ืžื“ืขื™ ืื–ื•ื˜ืจื™,
09:21
But then, of course, there was the Deep Horizon oil spill.
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ืืš ืื–, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ืื™ืจืขื” ื“ืœื™ืคืช ื”ื ืคื˜ ืฉืœ "ื“ื™ืค ื”ื•ืจื™ื™ื–ืŸ".
09:24
So all of a sudden, this labor of love
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ื•ืœืคืชืข ืคืชืื•ื, ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ื–ื• ืฉื ืขืฉืชื” ืžืชื•ืš ืื”ื‘ื”,
09:26
for no obvious economic reason
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ืœืœื ืฉื•ื ื˜ืขื ื›ืœื›ืœื™,
09:29
has become a critical piece of information
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ื”ืคื›ื” ืœืคื™ืกืช ืžื™ื“ืข ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืช
09:31
in terms of how that system is going to recover, how long it will take
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ื‘ืกื•ื’ื™ื” ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืชืฉืชืงื ืžืขืจื›ืช ื–ื•, ื›ืžื” ื–ืžืŸ ื–ื” ื™ืืจืš,
09:34
and how the lawsuits
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ื•ืื™ืš ื”ืชื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื•ืช
09:36
and the multi-billion-dollar discussions that are going to happen in the coming years
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ื•ื”ื“ื™ื•ื ื™ื ืขืœ ืžืื•ืช ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ื™ ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื ืฉื™ืชื ื”ืœื• ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช
09:39
are likely to be resolved.
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ืขืชื™ื“ื™ื ืœื”ื™ืคืชืจ.
09:42
So what did we find?
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ืื– ืžื” ืžืฆืื ื•?
09:44
Well, I could stand here for hours, but, of course, I'm not allowed to do that.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื™ ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื›ืืŸ ืฉืขื•ืช, ืืš ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืืกื•ืจ ืœื™.
09:46
But I will tell you some of my favorite discoveries
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ืื‘ืœ ืืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ืขืœ ื›ืžื” ืžื”ืชื’ืœื™ื•ืช ื”ืื”ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืขืœื™
09:48
from the census.
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ืžืื•ืชื• ืžื™ืคืงื“.
09:50
So one of the things we discovered is where are the hot spots of diversity?
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ืื—ื“ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื’ื™ืœื™ื ื• ื”ื•ื ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื—ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™
09:53
Where do we find the most species of ocean life?
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ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ืื ื• ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืืช ืจื•ื‘ ืžื™ื ื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ื.
09:56
And what we find if we plot up the well-known species
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ื•ืžื” ืฉืื ื• ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ื›ืฉืื ื• ืขื•ืงื‘ื™ื ืื—ืจ ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื ื”ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื
09:58
is this sort of a distribution.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืชืคืœื’ื•ืช ืžืขื™ืŸ ื–ื•.
10:00
And what we see is that for coastal tags,
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ืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืฉืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ืชื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ื—ื•ืฃ,
10:02
for those organisms that live near the shoreline,
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ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ืžื™ื ืฉื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืงืจื‘ืช ื”ื—ื•ืฃ,
10:04
they're most diverse in the tropics.
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ื”ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื’ื•ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื”ื˜ืจื•ืคื™ื™ื.
10:06
This is something we've actually known for a while,
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ื™ื“ืขื ื• ื–ืืช ืžื–ื” ื–ืžืŸ-ืžื”,
10:08
so it's not a real breakthrough.
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ื›ืš ืฉื–ื• ืื™ื ื ื” ืคืจื™ืฆืช-ื“ืจืš ืืžื™ืชื™ืช.
10:10
What is really exciting though
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ืืš ืžื” ืฉื‘ืืžืช ืžืจื’ืฉ
10:12
is that the oceanic tags, or the ones that live far from the coast,
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ื”ื•ื ืฉื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ืชื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื•ืช, ืื• ืืœื” ืฉื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืจื—ืง ืžื”ื—ื•ืฃ,
10:14
are actually more diverse at intermediate latitudes.
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ืžื’ื•ื•ื ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืฉื›ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื.
10:16
This is the sort of data, again, that managers could use
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ื–ื”ื• ืฉื•ื‘ ืžื™ื“ืข ืžื”ืกื•ื’ ืฉืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ื•ืขื™ืœ ืœืžื ื”ืœื™ื
10:19
if they want to prioritize areas of the ocean that we need to conserve.
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ืฉืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื™ื™ืขื“ ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื‘ืขื“ื™ืคื•ืช ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืจ.
10:22
You can do this on a global scale, but you can also do it on a regional scale.
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ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช ื‘ืงื ื”-ืžื™ื“ื” ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™, ืืš ื’ื ื‘ืงื ื”-ืžื™ื“ื” ืื–ื•ืจื™.
10:25
And that's why biodiversity data can be so valuable.
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื™ ืขืจืš.
10:28
Now while a lot of the species we discovered in the census
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ื•ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉืจื‘ื™ื ืžื”ืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉื’ื™ืœื™ื ื• ื‘ืžื™ืคืงื“
10:31
are things that are small and hard to see,
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ื”ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ืฉืงืฉื” ืœืจืื•ืชื,
10:33
that certainly wasn't always the case.
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ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉืœื ืชืžื™ื“ ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ืžืฆื‘.
10:35
For example, while it's hard to believe
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื’ื ืื ืงืฉื” ืœื”ืืžื™ืŸ
10:37
that a three kilogram lobster could elude scientists,
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ืฉืœื•ื‘ืกื˜ืจ ื‘ืžืฉืงืœ 3 ืง"ื’ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื—ืžื•ืง ืžืขื™ื ื™ ื”ืžื“ืขื ื™ื,
10:39
it did until a few years ago
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ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ื‘ื›ืš ืขื“ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื ื™ื ืžืกืคืจ
10:41
when South African fishermen requested an export permit
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ื›ืฉื“ื™ื™ื’ ืžืฆืคื•ืŸ ืืคืจื™ืงื” ื‘ื™ืงืฉ ืจืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื™ืฆื•ื
10:44
and scientists realized that this was something new to science.
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ื•ื”ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืชืคืกื• ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžืฉื”ื• ื—ื“ืฉ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืžื“ืขื™ืช.
10:47
Similarly this Golden V kelp
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ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื›ืš, ืืฆื” ื–ื•, "ื”ืืฆื” ื”ื–ื”ื•ื‘ื”",
10:49
collected in Alaska just below the low water mark
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ืฉื ืœืงื—ื” ืžืืœืกืงื”, ืžืžืฉ ืžืชื—ืช ืœืงื• ื”ืžื™ื ื”ืชื—ืชื•ืŸ
10:51
is probably a new species.
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ื”ื™ื ื›ื ืจืื” ืžื™ืŸ ื—ื“ืฉ.
10:53
Even though it's three meters long,
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืื•ืจื›ื” ื”ื•ื 3 ืžื˜ืจื™ื,
10:55
it actually, again, eluded science.
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ื”ื™ื ื‘ืขืฆื, ืฉื•ื‘, ื—ืžืงื” ืžืขื™ื ื™ ื”ืžื“ืข.
10:57
Now this guy, this bigfin squid, is seven meters in length.
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ื”ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื”ื–ื”, ื”ื“ื™ื•ื ื•ืŸ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื”ืกื ืคื™ืจ, ืื•ืจื›ื• 7 ืžื˜ืจื™ื.
11:00
But to be fair, it lives in the deep waters of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge,
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ืืš ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ื”ื’ื™ื ื•ืช, ื”ื•ื ื—ื™ ื‘ืžืขืžืงื™ ื”ืจื›ืก ื”ืื˜ืœื ื˜ื™ ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ,
11:03
so it was a lot harder to find.
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ื™ื” ืงืฉื” ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืœืžืฆื•ื ืื•ืชื•.
11:05
But there's still potential for discovery of big and exciting things.
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ืืš ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ืœื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื•ืžืœื”ื™ื‘ื™ื.
11:08
This particular shrimp, we've dubbed it the Jurassic shrimp,
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ื”ื—ืกื™ืœื•ืŸ ื”ืžืกื•ื™ื ื”ื–ื”, ื›ื™ื ื™ื ื• ืื•ืชื• "ื—ืกื™ืœื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื•ืจื”",
11:11
it's thought to have gone extinct 50 years ago --
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ื”ื•ื ื ื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ื˜ืขื•ืช ืœืžื™ืŸ ื ื›ื—ื“ ืœืคื ื™ 50 ืฉื ื” --
11:13
at least it was, until the census discovered
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ืœืคื—ื•ืช ื”ื™ื” ื›ื–ื”, ืขื“ ืฉื”ืžื™ืคืงื“ ื’ื™ืœื”
11:15
it was living and doing just fine off the coast of Australia.
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ืฉื”ื•ื ื—ื™ ื•ืžืฉื’ืฉื’ ืžื•ืœ ื—ื•ืคื™ ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ื”.
11:18
And it shows that the ocean, because of its vastness,
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ืžื” ืฉืžื•ื›ื™ื— ืฉื”ืื•ืงื™ื ื•ืก, ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื’ื•ื“ืœื• ื”ืขืฆื•ื,
11:21
can hide secrets for a very long time.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื˜ืžื•ืŸ ื‘ื—ื•ื‘ื• ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ืœืžืฉืš ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘ ืžืื“.
11:23
So, Steven Spielberg, eat your heart out.
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ืกื˜ื™ื‘ืŸ ืกืคื™ืœื‘ืจื’, ืชืื›ืœ ืืช ื”ืœื‘!
11:26
If we look at distributions, in fact distributions change dramatically.
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ื‘ืืฉืจ ืœืชืคื•ืฆื”, ื”ื™ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ืžืฉืชื ื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื“ืจืžื˜ื™.
11:29
And so one of the records that we had
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ื•ืื—ืช ื”ืจืฉื•ืžื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ืžืจืื”,
11:32
was this sooty shearwater, which undergoes these spectacular migrations
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ืฉื”ื™ืกืขื•ืจ ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจ ื”ื–ื”, ืฉื ื•ื“ื“ ืžืจื—ืงื™ื ืžืจืฉื™ืžื™ื ื›ืืœื”
11:35
all the way from New Zealand
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ืžื ื™ื• ื–ื™ืœื ื“
11:37
all the way up to Alaska and back again
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ื•ืขื“ ืืœืกืงื” ื•ื‘ื—ื–ืจื”
11:39
in search of endless summer
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ื‘ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ืื—ืจ ืงื™ืฅ ื ืฆื—ื™
11:41
as they complete their life cycles.
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ื‘ื”ืฉืœื™ืžื• ืืช ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื—ื™ื™ื•.
11:43
We also talked about the White Shark Cafe.
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ื“ื™ื‘ืจื ื• ื’ื ืขืœ "ืงืคื” ื”ืขืžืœืฅ ื”ืœื‘ืŸ".
11:45
This is a location in the Pacific where white shark converge.
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ื›ืืŸ, ื‘ืื•ืงื™ื ื•ืก ื”ืฉืงื˜, ืžืชื›ื ืกื™ื ื”ืขืžืœืฆื™ื ื”ืœื‘ื ื™ื.
11:48
We don't know why they converge there, we simply don't know.
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ืื™ื ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืžื“ื•ืข ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื›ืืŸ. ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืื™ื ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื.
11:50
That's a question for the future.
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ื–ื• ืฉืืœื” ืœืขืชื™ื“.
11:52
One of the things that we're taught in high school
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ืื—ื“ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืžืœืžื“ื™ื ืื•ืชื ื• ื‘ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ
11:54
is that all animals require oxygen in order to survive.
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ื”ื•ื ืฉื›ืœ ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ื–ืงื•ืงื•ืช ืœื—ืžืฆืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ื™ื•ืช.
11:57
Now this little critter, it's only about half a millimeter in size,
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ื’ื•ื“ืœื• ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ืงื˜ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืจืง ื—ืฆื™ ืžื™ืœื™ืžื˜ืจ,
12:00
not terribly charismatic.
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ืื™ืŸ ืœื• ืงืกื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“,
12:02
But it was only discovered in the early 1980s.
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ื”ื•ื ื ืชื’ืœื” ืจืง ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-80,
12:04
But the really interesting thing about it
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ื•ืžื” ืฉื‘ืืžืช ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื•
12:06
is that, a few years ago, census scientists discovered
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ื”ื•ื ืฉืœืคื ื™ ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื ืžื“ืขื ื™ ื”ืžื™ืคืงื“ ื’ื™ืœื•
12:09
that this guy can thrive in oxygen-poor sediments
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ืฉื”ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื”ื–ื” ืคื•ืจื— ื‘ืžืฉืงืขื™ื ื“ืœื™-ื—ืžืฆืŸ
12:11
in the deep Mediterranean Sea.
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ื‘ืžืขืžืงื™ ื”ื™ื ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ.
12:13
So now they know that, in fact,
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ืื– ื›ืขืช ื™ื“ื•ืข, ืœืžืขืฉื”,
12:15
animals can live without oxygen, at least some of them,
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ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืžืกื•ื’ืœื•ืช ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ืœืœื ื—ืžืฆืŸ, ืœืคื—ื•ืช ื›ืžื” ืžื”ื,
12:17
and that they can adapt to even the harshest of conditions.
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ื•ืฉื”ื ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื”ืกืชื’ืœ ืœืชื ืื™ื ื”ืงืฉื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
12:20
If you were to suck all the water out of the ocean,
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ืื™ืœื• ื”ื•ืฆืื ื• ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืžื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืกื™ื,
12:23
this is what you'd be left behind with,
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ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ื ืฉืืจ,
12:25
and that's the biomass of life on the sea floor.
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ื•ื–ื• ื”ื‘ื™ื•-ืžืกื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ืงืจืงืขื™ืช ื”ื™ื.
12:27
Now what we see is huge biomass towards the poles
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ื•ืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื™ื•-ืžืกื” ืขื ืงื™ืช ื›ื›ืœ ืฉืงืจื‘ื™ื ืœืงื˜ื‘ื™ื
12:30
and not much biomass in between.
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ื•ืœื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื‘ืืžืฆืข.
12:33
We found life in the extremes.
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ืžืฆืื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื ื”ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื.
12:35
And so there were new species that were found
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ื•ื ืžืฆืื• ืžื™ื ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื
12:37
that live inside ice
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ืฉื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืงืจื—
12:39
and help to support an ice-based food web.
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ื•ืžืกื™ื™ืขื™ื ืœื›ืœื›ืœ ืžืืจื’ ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืžื‘ื•ืกืก-ืงืจื—.
12:41
And we also found this spectacular yeti crab
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ื’ื™ืœื™ื ื• ื’ื ืืช ืกืจื˜ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ื˜ื™ ื”ืžื•ืคืœื ื”ื–ื”
12:43
that lives near boiling hot hydrothermal vents at Easter Island.
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ืฉื—ื™ ื‘ืงืจื‘ืช ืืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืžื™ื ืจื•ืชื—ื™ื ื”ื™ื“ืจื•-ืชืจืžื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื™ ื”ืคืกื—ื.
12:46
And this particular species
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ื•ื”ืžื™ืŸ ื”ืžืกื•ื™ื ื”ื–ื”
12:48
really captured the public's attention.
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ืžืฉืš ื‘ืืžืช ืืช ืชืฉื•ืžืช ืœื‘ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ.
12:51
We also found the deepest vents known yet -- 5,000 meters --
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ื’ื™ืœื™ื ื• ื’ื ืืช ื”ืืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืขืžื•ืงื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืžื•ื›ืจื•ืช - 5000 ืž' -
12:54
the hottest vents at 407 degrees Celsius --
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ื”ืืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ ื—ืžื•ืช, 407 ืžืขืœื•ืช ืฆืœื–ื™ื•ืก --
12:57
vents in the South Pacific and also in the Arctic
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ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ื”ืื•ืงื™ื ื•ืก ื”ืฉืงื˜ ื•ื’ื ื‘ื—ื•ื’ ื”ืืจืงื˜ื™
12:59
where none had been found before.
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ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืฉื‘ื”ื ืœื ื ืชื’ืœื• ื‘ืขื‘ืจ.
13:01
So even new environments are still within the domain of the discoverable.
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ื›ืš ืฉืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื’ืœื•ืช ื’ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช.
13:04
Now in terms of the unknowns, there are many.
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ื‘ืžื•ื ื—ื™ ื”ืœื-ื™ื“ื•ืข, ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื›ืืœื”.
13:06
And I'm just going to summarize just a few of them
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ืืกื›ื ืจืง ืื—ื“ื™ื ืžื”ื,
13:08
very quickly for you.
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ื‘ื–ืจื™ื–ื•ืช ืœืžืขื ื›ื.
13:10
First of all, we might ask, how many fishes in the sea?
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ืจืืฉื™ืช, ื›ืžื” ื“ื’ื™ื ื™ืฉ ื‘ื™ื?
13:13
We actually know the fishes better than we do any other group in the ocean
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ืื ื• ื‘ืขืฆื ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ื“ื’ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืžื›ืœ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื™ืžื™ืช ืื—ืจืช,
13:15
other than marine mammals.
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ืคืจื˜ ืœื™ื•ื ืงื™ื ื”ื™ืžื™ื™ื.
13:17
And so we can actually extrapolate based on rates of discovery
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ืื– ืขืœ ืกืžืš ื”ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ื™ืฆืขื ื• ื”ืขืจื›ื”
13:20
how many more species we're likely to discover.
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ื›ืžื” ืžื™ื ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืขื•ื“ ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืฉื ื’ืœื”.
13:23
And from that, we actually calculate
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ื•ืžื›ืืŸ ืื ื• ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื
13:25
that we know about 16,500 marine species
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ืฉืžื•ื›ืจื™ื ืœื ื• ื›-16,500 ืžื™ื ื™ื ื™ืžื™ื™ื
13:28
and there are probably another 1,000 to 4,000 left to go.
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ื•ื™ืฉ ื•ื“ืื™ ืขื•ื“ 1,000 ืขื“ 4,000 ืฉืžืžืชื™ื ื™ื ืœื’ื™ืœื•ื™.
13:30
So we've done pretty well.
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ืฆืœื—ื ื• ืœื ืจืข.
13:32
We've got about 75 percent of the fish,
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ื’ื™ืœื™ื ื• ื›-75% ืžื”ื“ื’ื™ื,
13:34
maybe as much as 90 percent.
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ืื•ืœื™ ืืคื™ืœื• 90%.
13:36
But the fishes, as I say, are the best known.
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ืืš ื”ื“ื’ื™ื, ื›ืคื™ ืฉืืžืจืชื™, ื”ื ื”ื›ื™ ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื.
13:39
So our level of knowledge is much less for other groups of organisms.
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ืื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืคื—ื•ืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ืžื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช.
13:42
Now this figure is actually based on a brand new paper
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ื”ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื–ื” ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืขืœ ืžืืžืจ ืขื“ื›ื ื™ ืžืื“
13:44
that's going to come out in the journal PLoS Biology.
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ืฉืขืชื™ื“ ืœื”ืชืคืจืกื ื‘ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืขืช "ืคืœื•ืก ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’'ื™".
13:47
And what is does is predict how many more species there are
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื—ื•ื–ื” ื›ืžื” ืžื™ื ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืขื•ื“ ื™ืฉื ื
13:49
on land and in the ocean.
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ื‘ื™ื‘ืฉื” ื•ื‘ื™ื.
13:51
And what they found
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ืžื” ืฉื”ื ื’ื™ืœื• ื”ื•ื,
13:53
is that they think that we know of about nine percent of the species in the ocean.
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ืฉืœื“ืขืชื ืื ื• ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ื›-9% ืžื”ืžื™ื ื™ื ื”ื™ืžื™ื™ื.
13:56
That means 91 percent, even after the census,
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ 91%, ื’ื ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืžื™ืคืงื“,
13:58
still remain to be discovered.
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ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื—ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืชื’ืœื•ืช.
14:00
And so that turns out to be about two million species
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ืžืฉืžืข ื›-2 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืžื™ื ื™ื
14:02
once all is said and done.
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ื‘ืกืš ื”ื›ืœ.
14:04
So we still have quite a lot of work to do
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ื›ืš ืฉืžืฆืคื” ืœื ื• ืขื•ื“ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”
14:06
in terms of unknowns.
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ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืœื-ื™ื“ื•ืข.
14:08
Now this bacterium
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ื”ื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ื” ื”ื–ื•
14:10
is part of mats that are found off the coast of Chile.
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ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ื—ืœืง ืžืžืจื‘ื“ื™ื ืฉื ืชื’ืœื• ืžื•ืœ ื—ื•ืคื™ ืฆ'ื™ืœื”.
14:13
And these mats actually cover an area the size of Greece.
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ื•ืžืจื‘ื“ื™ื ืืœื” ืžื›ืกื™ื ืฉื˜ื— ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื™ื•ื•ืŸ.
14:15
And so this particular bacterium is actually visible to the naked eye.
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ื”ื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ื” ื”ื–ื• ื‘ืขืฆื ื ืจืืช ื‘ืขื™ืŸ ืœื-ืžื–ื•ื™ื™ื ืช.
14:18
But you can imagine the biomass that represents.
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ืืš ืชืืจื• ืœืขืฆืžื›ื ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ื•-ืžืกื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ืช.
14:21
But the really intriguing thing about the microbes
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ื•ืžื” ืฉื‘ืืžืช ืžืกืงืจืŸ ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืœื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื
14:23
is just how diverse they are.
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ื”ื•ื ื›ืžื” ื”ื ืžื’ื•ื•ื ื™ื.
14:25
A single drop of seawater
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ื˜ื™ืคื” ืื—ืช ืฉืœ ืžื™ ื™ื
14:27
could contain 160 different types of microbes.
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ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœื”ื›ื™ืœ 160 ืกื•ื’ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื.
14:29
And the oceans themselves
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ื•ืœืคื™ ื”ืกื‘ืจื”, ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืกื™ื ืขืฆืžื
14:31
are thought potentially to contain as many as a billion different types.
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ืžื›ื™ืœื™ื ื›ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื.
14:34
So that's really exciting. What are they all doing out there?
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ื•ื–ื” ื‘ืืžืช ืžืจื’ืฉ. ืžื” ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ืขื•ืฉื”?
14:37
We actually don't know.
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ืื™ื ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื.
14:39
The most exciting thing, I would say, about this census
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื›ื™ ืžืœื”ื™ื‘, ืœื“ืขืชื™, ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืžื™ืคืงื“,
14:41
is the role of global science.
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ื”ื•ื ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ืžื“ืข ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™.
14:43
And so as we see in this image of light during the night,
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ื•ื›ืคื™ ืฉืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื” ื–ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืชืื•ืจื” ื”ืœื™ืœื™ืช,
14:45
there are lots of areas of the Earth
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ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ
14:47
where human development is much greater
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ื‘ื”ื ื”ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื”
14:50
and other areas where it's much less,
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ืœืขื•ืžืช ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื,
14:52
but between them we see large dark areas
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ืืš ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื—ืฉื•ื›ื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื
14:54
of relatively unexplored ocean.
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ืฉืœ ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืกื™ื ืฉื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืœื ื ื—ืงืจื•.
14:56
The other point I'd like to make about this
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ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ื ื•ืกืคืช ืฉื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื™ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืœื›ืš
14:58
is that this ocean's interconnected.
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ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืกื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื.
15:00
Marine organisms do not care about international boundaries;
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ื”ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ืžื™ื ื”ื™ืžื™ื™ื ืœื ืžืชื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ื‘ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ื™ื "ืœ;
15:02
they move where they will.
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ื”ื ื ืขื™ื ื›ืจืฆื•ื ื.
15:04
And so the importance then of global collaboration
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™
15:07
becomes all the more important.
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ืžืงื‘ืœืช ืžืฉื ื” ืชื•ืงืฃ.
15:09
We've lost a lot of paradise.
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ืื™ื‘ื“ื ื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื’ืŸ ื”ืขื“ืŸ.
15:11
For example, these tuna that were once so abundant in the North Sea
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ืœืžืฉืœ, ื“ื’ื™ ื”ื˜ื•ื ื” ื”ืืœื” ืฉืžื™ืœืื• ืคืขื ืืช ื”ื™ื ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™
15:14
are now effectively gone.
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ืœืžืขืฉื” ื ืขืœืžื• ื›ื‘ืจ.
15:16
There were trawls taken in the deep sea in the Mediterranean,
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ื”ื ื ืœื›ื“ื• ื‘ืžื›ืžื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ืžืขืžืงื™ ื”ื™ื ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ,
15:19
which collected more garbage than they did animals.
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ืžื›ืžื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืืกืคื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื–ื‘ืœ ืžืืฉืจ ื‘ืขืœื™-ื—ื™ื™ื.
15:21
And that's the deep sea, that's the environment that we consider to be
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ื•ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžืขืžืงื™ ื”ื™ื, ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœื“ืขืชื ื•
15:24
among the most pristine left on Earth.
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ื”ื™ื ื”ื‘ืชื•ืœื™ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื ื•ืชืจื” ืขืœื™ ืื“ืžื•ืช.
15:26
And there are a lot of other pressures.
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื—ืฆื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื.
15:28
Ocean acidification is a really big issue that people are concerned with,
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ื”ืชื—ืžืฆื ื•ืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื”ื™ื ื‘ืขื™ื” ืจืฆื™ื ื™ืช ืฉืจื‘ื™ื ืžื•ื“ืื’ื™ื ื‘ื’ื™ื ื”,
15:31
as well as ocean warming, and the effects they're going to have on coral reefs.
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ื›ืžื• ื’ื ื”ืชื—ืžืžื•ืชื, ื•ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ืขืœ ืฉื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื.
15:34
On the scale of decades, in our lifetimes,
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ื‘ืงื ื” ืžื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื, ื”ืจื™ ืฉื‘ื™ืžื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ื•,
15:37
we're going to see a lot of damage to coral reefs.
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ืขื•ื“ ื ืจืื” ื ื–ืง ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืœืฉื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื.
15:39
And I could spend the rest of my time, which is getting very limited,
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืงื“ื™ืฉ ืืช ื›ืœ ืฉืืจ ื”ื–ืžืŸ, ืฉืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืงืฆืจ,
15:42
going through this litany of concerns about the ocean,
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ืœืชื™ืื•ืจ ื”ืžื™ื™ื’ืข ื”ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื“ืื’ื•ืช ื‘ืืฉืจ ืœืื•ืงื™ื ื•ืก,
15:44
but I want to end on a more positive note.
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ืืš ื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื™ ืœืกื™ื™ื ื‘ื ื™ืžื” ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ.
15:46
And so the grand challenge then
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ืื ื›ืŸ, ื”ืืชื’ืจ ื”ื›ื‘ื™ืจ ื”ื•ื
15:48
is to try and make sure that we preserve what's left,
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ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืฉื ืฉืžืจ ืืช ืžื” ืฉื ื•ืชืจ,
15:50
because there is still spectacular beauty.
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ื›ื™ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉ ื™ื•ืคื™ ืžื“ื”ื™ื.
15:52
And the oceans are so productive,
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ื•ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื”ื ื›ื” ืคื•ืจื™ื™ื,
15:54
there's so much going on in there that's of relevance to humans
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ืงื•ืจื™ื ืฉื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ื” ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉื ื•ื’ืขื™ื ืœื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื
15:57
that we really need to, even from a selfish perspective,
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ืฉื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ื›ื“ืื™, ืืคื™ืœื• ืžื ืงื•ื“ืช ืžื‘ื˜ ืื ื•ื›ื™ืช,
16:00
try to do better than we have in the past.
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ืฉื ืฉืชืคืจ ืœืขื•ืžืช ื”ืขื‘ืจ.
16:02
So we need to recognize those hot spots
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ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื—ืžื•ืช ื”ืืœื”
16:04
and do our best to protect them.
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ื•ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ืžื™ื˜ื‘ ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื ื• ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ.
16:06
When we look at pictures like this, they take our breath away,
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ื›ืฉืื ื• ืžืชื‘ื•ื ื ื™ื ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืืœื”, ื”ืŸ ืขื•ืฆืจื•ืช ืืช ื ืฉื™ืžืชื ื•,
16:08
in addition to helping to give us breath
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ื•ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื”ื ืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ืœื ื• ืœื ืฉื•ื
16:10
by the oxygen that the oceans provide.
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ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื”ื—ืžืฆืŸ ืฉืžืกืคืงื™ื ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืกื™ื.
16:12
Census scientists worked in the rain, they worked in the cold,
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ืžื“ืขื ื™ ื”ืžื™ืคืงื“ ืขื‘ื“ื• ื‘ื’ืฉื ื•ื‘ืงื•ืจ,
16:15
they worked under water and they worked above water
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ื”ื ืขื‘ื“ื• ืžืชื—ืช ืœืžื™ื ื•ืžืขืœ ืœืžื™ื
16:17
trying to illuminate the wondrous discovery,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืคื•ืš ืื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืชื’ืœื™ื•ืช ื”ื ืคืœืื•ืช ื”ืืœื”,
16:19
the still vast unknown,
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ื•ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื-ื™ื“ื•ืข,
16:21
the spectacular adaptations that we see in ocean life.
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ืขืœ ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ื”ืกืชื’ืœื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื™ืžื™ื™ื
16:24
So whether you're a yak herder living in the mountains of Chile,
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ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ืืชื ืจื•ืขื™ ื™ืืงื™ื ื‘ื”ืจื™ ืฆ'ื™ืœื”,
16:27
whether you're a stockbroker in New York City
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ืื• ืกื•ื›ื ื™ ืžื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื ื™ื•-ื™ื•ืจืง
16:30
or whether you're a TEDster living in Edinburgh,
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ืื• ื—ื‘ืจื™ TED ืฉื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืื“ื™ื ื‘ื•ืจื•,
16:32
the oceans matter.
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ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื—ืฉื•ื‘.
16:34
And as the oceans go so shall we.
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ื•ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื™ืฉืจื•ื“, ื›ืš ื’ื ืื ื•.
16:36
Thanks for listening.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืขืœ ื”ื”ืงืฉื‘ื”.
16:38
(Applause)
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[ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื]
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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