Reed Kroloff: Architecture, modern and romantic

翻译人员: Miao Li 校对人员: Chunlei Chang

To be new at TED -- it's like being the last high-school virgin.

在TED新手上路--就象做高中的最后一个处男

(Laughter)

（笑）

You know that all of the cool people are -- they're doing it.

你知道那些酷小子们都在做那事

And you're on the outside, you're at home.

可你被排除在外，你待在家里--

You're like the Raspyni Brothers,

象Raspyni兄弟似的

where you've got your balls in cold water. And --

把那里浸在冷水里。然后--

(Laughter) --

（笑）

you just play with your fingers all day. And then you get invited.

整天拿手指玩儿。忽然有一天你被邀请了

And you're on the inside, and it's everything you hoped it would be.

然后你终于入流了，一切都如你所愿

It's exciting and there's music playing all of the time

真刺激，音乐放个不停

and then suddenly it's over. And it's only taken five minutes.

可是突然就没了，只过了五分钟

And you want to go back and do it again.

你想倒回去再来一次

But I really appreciate being here. And thank you, Chris,

无论如何，真的很感谢你们邀请我。谢谢你克丽丝

and also, thank you, Deborah Patton, for making this possible.

也感谢你狄波拉·佩顿，把这个变为可能

So anyway, today we'll talk about architecture a little bit,

所以我今天要讲一点关于建筑的东西

within the subject of creation and optimism.

是在创作和乐观主义的范畴内

And if you put creation and optimism together,

如果你把创作(creation)和乐观主义(optimism)两个词放一块儿

you've got two choices that you can talk about.

你有两个能谈的东西

You can talk about creationism --

一个是“神创论”（creationism) --

which I think wouldn't go down well with this audience,

我不觉得在你们这些听众里有什么市场

at least not from a view where you were a proponent of it --

至少你们不会是铁杆支持者--

or you can talk about optimisations, spelled the British way, with an S, instead of a Z.

或者你可以谈优化设计(optimisations), 用英式拼法的s而不是z

And I think that's what I'd like to talk about today.

这个就是我今天想说的

But any kind of conversation about architecture --

可是任何一种关于建筑的谈话--

which is, in fact, what you were just talking about, what was going on here,

比如现在我们在说着的

setting up TED, small-scale architecture --

搭一个TED会场，小规模建筑--

at the present time can't really happen without a conversation about this,

似乎总不能避免谈到这个：

the World Trade Center, and what's been going on there, what it means to us.

世贸中心和那边在进行的事情，它对我们的意义

Because if architecture is what I believe it to be,

因为如果建筑是象我所理解的

which is the built form of our cultural ambitions,

是我们文化野心的筑成品

what do you do when presented with an opportunity to rectify a situation

而现在你有个机会改善一个情况

that represents somebody else's cultural ambitions relative to us?

它正代表着另外一群人针对我们的文化野心

And our own opportunity to make something new there?

你现在有机会从头再来，你会做什么？

This has been a really galvanizing issue for a long time.

这事在很长时间里令人激动不已

I think that the World Trade Center in, rather an unfortunate way,

我觉得世贸中心用一种挺不幸的方式

brought architecture into focus

吸引了人们对建筑的兴趣

in a way that I don't think people had thought of in a long time,

人们很久没有这样思考过建筑了

and made it a subject for common conversation.

日常谈话里也很少触及

I don't remember, in my 20-year career of practicing and writing about architecture,

我做建筑和写评论20年，也想不起来

a time when five people sat me down at a table

哪一次人们让我在桌边坐下

and asked me very serious questions about zoning, fire exiting,

问我一些严肃的问题：分区，火灾逃生通道

safety concerns and whether carpet burns.

安全问题，还有地毯会不会引火

These are just not things we talked about very often.

我们从前不经常说这些的

And yet, now, it's talked about all the time.

可是现在大家总是大谈特谈

At the point where you can weaponize your buildings,

直到要把房子全副武装

you have to suddenly think about architecture in a very different way.

你突然要对建筑另眼相看了

And so now we're going to think about architecture in a very different way,

现在我们就用新的眼光审视建筑

we're going to think about it like this.

就得这样想

How many of you saw USA Today, today? There it is. Looks like that.

你们中多少人今天看了《今日美国》？这就是

There's the World Trade Center site, on the front cover.

这是世贸中心地段，印在封面上

They've made a selection.

有关部门挑了挑

They've chosen a project by Daniel Libeskind,

然后选了Daniel Libeskind的设计（TED上有其演讲--译者注）

the enfant terrible of the moment of architecture.

当代建筑领域的可怕顽童

Child-prodigy piano player, he started on the squeezebox,

曾经的钢琴神童，他从六角手风琴玩起

and moved to a little more serious issue, a bigger instrument,

然后找了一个正经些的事情，一个大些的乐器

and now to an even larger instrument,

现在又转到更大的乐器上来

upon which to work his particular brand of deconstructivist magic,

展示他独此一家的解构主义魔法

as you see here.

如你所见

He was one of six people who were invited to participate in this competition,

他是六个受邀参加竞标的设计师之一

after six previous firms struck out

从前有六个公司都已经退出了

with things that were so stupid and banal

这些人的东西愚蠢陈腐到了极点

that even the city of New York was forced to go,

以至于连纽约市政府都不得不说

"Oh, I'm really sorry, we screwed up."

噢，实在是抱歉，我们搞砸了

Right. Can we do this again from the top,

好。我们能不能还是自上而下地做

except use some people with a vague hint of talent,

只是这次用哪怕有一丁点才气的人

instead of just six utter boobs like we brought in last time,

而不是先前弄进来的六个大白痴

real estate hacks of the kind who usually plan our cities.

那些通常规划我们城市的房地产商的狗腿子

Let's bring in some real architects for a change.

是时候让货真价实的建筑师来改变一下情况了

And so we got this, or we had a choice of that. Oh, stop clapping.

然后就有了这个，那个也是备选的。不要鼓掌！

(Laughter)

（笑）

It's too late. That is gone.

太晚了。这个没希望了

This was a scheme by a team called THINK, a New York-based team,

这是一个叫THINK(思考)的团队的方案，他们总部在纽约

and then there was that one, which was the Libeskind scheme.

而这个是Libeskind的方案

This one, this is going to be the new World Trade Center:

它被选中即将成为新的世贸中心

a giant hole in the ground with big buildings falling into it.

地上一个大洞，大楼一个个栽在里面

Now, I don't know what you think, but I think this is a pretty stupid decision,

我不知道你们怎么看，但我觉得这个决定挺傻的

because what you've done is just made a permanent memorial to destruction

因为这无非造久了一个永久性的毁灭纪念碑

by making it look like the destruction is going to continue forever.

让建筑看起来仿佛在无限期地自毁，永不停止

But that's what we're going to do.

可是我们就得建这玩意儿了

But I want you to think about these things

但我想让你想想这些东西

in terms of a kind of ongoing struggle that American architecture represents,

把它当作美国建筑业持续奋斗的表现

and that these two things talk about very specifically.

这两个东西总是被很明确地说到

And that is the wild divergence in how we choose our architects,

就是我们选择建筑师时考虑的两个方面

in trying to decide whether we want architecture

是想要我们的建筑物产生于

from the kind of technocratic solution to everything --

技术流的问题解决方案--

that there is a large, technical answer that can solve all problems,

创造一个解决所有问题的技术答案

be they social, be they physical, be they chemical --

无论社会问题、物理的、化学的--

or something that's more of a romantic solution.

或者是找一个浪漫主义的解决方案

Now, I don't mean romantic as in, this is a nice place to take someone on a date.

我说的“浪漫主义”不是指某个地方用来约会不错

I mean romantic in the sense of, there are things larger and grander than us.

我的意思是“浪漫”指有些东西比我们要伟大、壮丽

So, in the American tradition,

在美国传统中

the difference between the technocratic and the romantic,

技术流与浪漫主义的区别

would be the difference between Thomas Jefferson's

就像托马斯·杰佛逊的

Cartesian grids spreading across the United States,

横跨合众国的笛卡尔式坐标系

that gives us basically the whole shape

留给我们几乎是

of every western state in the United States,

所有西部州的版图形状

as a really, truly, technocratic solution, a bowing to the --

这是个真正的，技术流的办法，一种--

in Jefferson's time -- current, popular philosophy of rationalism.

在杰佛逊的时代--是一种对当时流行的理性主义哲学的服膺

Or the way we went to describe that later: manifest destiny.

要不，就像我们在那个时代之后的评价--“天定命运”

Now, which would you rather be? A grid, or manifest destiny?

看看你们更喜欢什么？一个坐标系，还是“天定命运”？

Manifest destiny.

“天定命运”

(Laughter)

（笑）

It's a big deal. It sounds big, it sounds important,

很了不起的！听起来这么猛，这么重要

it sounds solid. It sounds American. Ballsy, serious, male.

听着实在，由美国味儿。有种，正经，爷们儿

And that kind of fight has gone on back and forth in architecture all the time.

建筑界就始终为这个闹腾着

I mean, it goes on in our private lives, too, every single day.

这也进入了我们日常的个人生活

We all want to go out and buy an Audi TT, don't we?

我们都想去买辆奥迪TT，不是吗？

Everyone here must own one, or at least they craved one

这儿每个人都得买一俩，至少都想要

the moment they saw one.

看到了就想

And then they hopped in it, turned the little electronic key,

然后就爬上车，转动一下小小的电子钥匙

rather than the real key, zipped home on their new superhighway,

而不是真钥匙，在新修的超级高速公路上狂飙回家

and drove straight into a garage that looks like a Tudor castle.

一头开进一个象都铎风格城堡的车库

(Laughter)

（笑）

Why? Why? Why do you want to do that?

为什么大家都想这样呢？

Why do we all want to do that? I even owned a Tudor thing once myself.

干嘛都想这样呢？我也曾经有个都铎式的玩意儿

(Laughter)

（笑）

It's in our nature to go ricocheting

我们天性中就喜欢

back and forth between this technocratic solution

在技术流的答案

and a larger, sort of more romantic image of where we are.

和一种更壮观的，浪漫式的意象之间反复跳跃

So we're going to go straight into this.

所以切入正题

Can I have the lights off for a moment?

麻烦关一下灯可以吗？

I'm going to talk about two architects very, very briefly

我会很简短地介绍一下两位建筑师

that represent the current split, architecturally,

他们代表着当今建筑界的这一分歧

between these two traditions of a technocratic

在技术流

or technological solution and a romantic solution.

和浪漫主义方案间的分歧

And these are two of the top architectural practices in the United States today.

而他们堪称今天美国建筑业的领袖

One very young, one a little more mature.

一个很年轻，一个更加成熟

This is the work of a firm called SHoP,

这是一家叫SHop的公司的作品

and what you're seeing here, is their isometric drawings

你现在看到的是他们设计的

of what will be a large-scale camera obscura in a public park.

公园里的一个特大号的暗箱的等角图

Does everybody know what a camera obscura is?

大家都知道暗箱是什么吧？

Yeah, it's one of those giant camera lenses

就是一个巨大的相机镜头一样的东西

that takes a picture of the outside world --

可以照出外面的世界

it's sort of a little movie, without any moving parts --

就像个小电影机一样，只是没有任何移动部件--

and projects it on a page, and you can see the world outside you as you walk around it.

它把图象投在一张纸上，你绕着它走过时就能看到外面的景象

This is just the outline of it, and you can see,

这只是个粗略的概括，你看得见的

does it look like a regular building? No.

它看上去象普通的房子吗？当然不象

It's actually non-orthogonal: it's not up and down,

它没有直角，不是由上到下

square, rectangular, anything like that,

方方正正的

that you'd see in a normal shape of a building.

而一般房子是那种形状

The computer revolution, the technocratic, technological revolution,

电脑科技的革命，一种技术流的革命

has allowed us to jettison normal-shaped buildings,

已经允许我们抛弃普通的

traditionally shaped buildings, in favor of non-orthogonal buildings such as this.

传统的建筑造型，转而采用像这样的非直角的设计

What's interesting about it is not the shape.

最有趣的还不是它的形状

What's interesting about it is how it's made. How it's made.

而是它的建造方法，它是怎么被造出来的

A brand-new way to put buildings together,

这是一种崭新的建造方法

something called mass customization. No, it is not an oxymoron.

一种叫“集中个性化”的东西。我可没自相矛盾

What makes the building expensive, in the traditional sense,

在传统意义上，建造的昂贵费用

is making individual parts custom, that you can't do over and over again.

是出于部件的个性化，你无法重复制造

That's why we all live in developer houses.

这就是为什么我们都情愿去住开发商的房子

They all want to save money by building the same thing 500 times.

而他们都通过把同样的东西造个500份来节省成本

That's because it's cheaper.

因为这样便宜得多

Mass customization works by an architect feeding into a computer,

“集中个性化”就是说建筑师把一个程序放进电脑

a program that says, manufacture these parts.

指令是：“给我制造这些部件。”

The computer then talks to a machine --

电脑然后发指令给一个机器

a computer-operated machine, a cad-cam machine --

就是那种计算机化的辅助设计和制造的机器（cad-cam是computer aided design and manufacturing的缩写 --译者注）

that can make a zillion different changes, at a moment's notice,

可以在一瞬间作出数不清的动作

because the computer is just a machine.

因为电脑就是个机器

It doesn't care. It's manufacturing the parts.

它才不管呢。它只负责生产部件

It doesn't see any excess cost. It doesn't spend any extra time.

它看不见什么额外成本，不懂什么叫加班

It's not a laborer -- it's simply an electronic lathe,

连个工人都不是，只是个电子化的车床

so the parts can all be cut at the same time.

所以所有的部件都能同时被裁剪

Meanwhile, instead of sending someone working drawings,

同时，我们用不着找人画图纸

which are those huge sets of blueprints that you've seen your whole life,

就是你一辈子与之打交道的大叠大叠的工程图

what the architect can do is send a set of assembly instructions,

建筑师要做的只是发出一套组装指令

like you used to get when you were a child,

就象你童年时所遇到的

when you bought little models that said, "Bolt A to B, and C to D."

小玩具模型上的说明，比如“把A固定在B上，C固定在D上”

And so what the builder will get is every single individual part

这样建筑工人拿到的是每一个单独的部件

that has been custom manufactured off-site and delivered on a truck

都在别的地方被个性化设计生产出来，然后用卡车运来

to the site, to that builder, and a set of these instruction manuals.

运到工地，工人这边。还有一套说明手册

Just simple "Bolt A to B" and they will be able to put them together.

就是简简单单的“把A固定在B”，工人们就能组装了

Here's the little drawing that tells them how that works --

这里有一个示意图

and that's what will happen in the end.

这个是完成品

You're underneath it, looking up into the lens of the camera obscura.

你站在下面，抬头看暗箱的镜头

Lest you think this is all fiction, lest you think this is all fantasy, or romance,

除非你认为这些都是虚构的，都是幻想，白日梦

these same architects were asked to produce something

同样的一群建筑师们还受邀

for the central courtyard of PS1, which is a museum in Brooklyn, New York,

去建PS1的中庭，是在纽约布鲁克林的一个博物馆

as part of their young architects summer series.

这群年轻建筑师夏日档期的作品之一

And they said, well, it's summer, what do you do?

他们就说，好吧，现在是夏天，你会干什么？

In the summer, you go to the beach.

夏天当然是去海滩了

And when you go to the beach, what do you get? You get sand dunes.

到了海滩有什么呢？沙丘

So let's make architectural sand dunes and a beach cabana.

那么我们就做沙丘建筑和一个沙滩小屋

So they went out and they modeled a computer model of a sand dune.

于是他们就去做了一个沙丘的电脑模型

They took photographs, they fed the photographs into their computer program,

他们拍照片，把照片输入软件里

and that computer program shaped a sand dune

然后软件就绘制出一个沙丘的形状

and then took that sand dune shape and turned it into --

接着他们用这个沙丘的形状，把它变成 --

at their instructions, using standard software with slight modifications --

就是用标准化的软件，发出指令，再加些许变化 --

a set of instructions for pieces of wood.

就变成切割木料的一系列指令

And those are the pieces of wood. Those are the instructions.

现在我们有一块块木头和一些指令

These are the pieces, and here's a little of that blown up.

这里都是木料，有一点是爆炸形的

What you can see is there's about six different colors,

你能看到这里有六种不同的颜色

and each color represents a type of wood to be cut, a piece of wood to be cut.

每一种代表着等待切割的一种木料

All of which were delivered by flat bed, on a truck,

都装在平板上，用卡车运来

and hand assembled in 48 hours by a team of eight people,

八个人手工花了了48小时就组装好了

only one of whom had ever seen the plans before.

其中只有一个人见过图纸

Only one of whom had ever seen the plans before.

就一个人见过

And here comes dune-scape, coming up out of the courtyard,

然后名为Dunescape的建筑就在中庭里诞生了

and there it is fully built.

完全竣工

There are only 16 different pieces of wood,

只用了16种不同的木料

only 16 different assembly parts here.

只有16个组装部件

Looks like a beautiful piano sounding board on the inside.

从里面看上去象个漂亮的钢琴共鸣板

It has its own built-in swimming pool, very, very cool.

有一个内嵌式的游泳池，非常非常酷

It's a great place for parties -- it was, it was only up for six weeks.

是派对的绝佳场所 -- 只开六个星期而已 --

It's got little dressing rooms and cabanas,

附带一些小更衣室和凉台小屋

where lots of interesting things went on, all summer long.

各种各样有意思的事整夏都在发生

Now, lest you think that this is only for the light at heart, or just temporary installations,

好吧，如果你认为这些只适合存心寻欢作乐的人，或者是临时搭建

this is the same firm working at the World Trade Center,

我告诉你同样的一家公司正在世贸中心遗址工作

replacing the bridge that used to go across West Street,

更换曾经穿越西街的那座桥

that very important pedestrian connection

很重要的行人通道

between the city of New York and the redevelopment of the West Side.

在纽约市和西区的重建工程之间举足轻重

They were asked to design, replace that bridge in six weeks,

他们被要求在六个星期内设计取代那座桥

building it, including all of the parts, manufactured.

建好，把所有部件都造出来

And they were able to do it. That was their design,

他们做成了。这就是他们的设计

using that same computer modeling system

用了同样的电脑建模技术

and only five or six really different kinds of parts,

和仅仅五六个不同的部件

a couple of struts, like this, some exterior cladding material

几个骨架结构，象这样，一些表面包层材料

and a very simple framing system

和一个很简单的框架系统

that was all manufactured off-site and delivered by truck.

这些都是别处造好，用卡车运过来的

They were able to create that.

他们能够弄出这些来

They were able to create something wonderful.

弄出这些不可思议的东西

They're now building a 16-story building on the side of New York,

他们现在在纽约建一幢16层的楼

using the same technology.

用同样的技术

Here we're going to walk across the bridge at night.

想象我们在夜间走过这座桥

It's self-lit, you don't need any overhead lighting,

它可以自己发光，你不需要任何头顶照明

so the neighbors don't complain about metal-halide lighting in their face.

街坊邻里就不会因为光污染而抱怨

Here it is going across. And there, down the other side,

这样跨过街去，然后下到另一边

and you get the same kind of grandeur.

你看到的是一样的壮观

Now, let me show you, quickly, the opposite, if I may.

现在让我赶紧让你们看看另一种情况，如果时间还够

Woo, pretty, huh. This is the other side of the coin.

喔，漂亮吧，呵。这就是硬币的另一面

This is the work of David Rockwell from New York City,

这就是来自纽约的David Rockwell的作品

whose work you can see out here today.

他的作品我们今天在这儿就能看到

The current king of the romantics, who approaches his work

当今的浪漫主义者之王，他对待工作

in a very different fashion.

采取一种不同的态度

It's not to create a technological solution, it's to seduce you

不是创造一个技术的答案，而是去诱惑你

into something that you can do, into something that will please you,

吸引你进入一个你能完成的事情，一个取悦你的事情中

something that will lift your spirits,

能让你为之一振的东西

something that will make you feel as if are in another world --

能让你感觉仿佛来到另一个世界 --

such as his Nobu restaurant in New York,

比方说他在纽约的Nobu饭店

which is supposed to take you from the clutter of New York City

是要把你带出纽约的喧嚣

to the simplicity of Japan and the elegance of Japanese tradition.

进入日本文化传统的简约与优雅

"When it's all said and done, it's got to look like seaweed," said the owner.

“所有话说回来，这建筑看起来就是象海藻，” 酒店的拥有者说

Or his restaurant, Pod, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

再看看他的Pod酒店，在宾州的费城

I want you to know the room you're looking at is stark white.

我要告诉你你现在看见的屋子是纯白的

Every single surface of this restaurant is white.

饭店的每一面墙都是白的

The reason it has so much color is that it changes using lighting.

而有这么多颜色的原因就是灯光可以变色

It's all about sensuality. It's all about transforming.

一切都围绕着感觉和变化

Watch this -- I'm not touching any buttons, ladies and gentlemen.

看这个 -- 我什么键也没按，女士先生们

This is happening by itself.

这是自己发生的

It transforms through the magic of lighting.

在灯光的魔法中变色

It's all about sensuality. It's all about touch.

都围绕着感官和触觉

Rosa Mexicano restaurant, where he transports us to the shores of Acapulco,

Rosa Mexicano, 这是他设法把我们带到阿卡普尔科海岸的酒店设计大作

up on the Upper West Side,

在西区上段

with this wall of cliff divers who -- there you go, like that.

墙上是悬崖跳水者 -- 谁喜欢这个？

Let's see it one more time.

我们再来一遍

Okay, just to make sure that you've enjoyed it.

好吧，只是想确定一下你们喜欢

And finally, it's about comfort, it's about making you feel good

最后，这些布置都围绕着舒适，都是要让你

in places that you wouldn't have felt good before.

在原本不会的地方感觉好

It's about bringing nature to the inside.

是要把大自然带到室内来

In the Guardian Tower of New York, converted to a W Union Square --

纽约的Guardian大厦，已经改成西联合广场

I'm sorry I'm rushing -- where we had to bring in the best horticulturists in the world

对不起我有点儿赶 --我们得把全世界最好的园艺家召集起来

to make sure that the interior of this dragged the garden space

一定要让内部装修

of the court garden of the Union Square into the building itself.

把联合广场的庭院布景拉近大楼里

It's about stimulation.

这是一种灵感诱发

This is a wine-buying experience simplified by color and taste.

一次卖葡萄酒的经历简化为色彩和味觉 --

Fizzy, fresh, soft, luscious, juicy, smooth, big and sweet wines,

冒泡，新鲜，甜美，多汁，顺滑，有名又迷人的好酒

all explained to you by color and texture on the wall.

都用墙体的颜色质地向你一一介绍了

And finally, it's about entertainment, as in his headquarters

最后，这是关于娱乐的，就象在他设计的

for the Cirque du Soleil, Orlando, Florida,

太阳马戏团的总部，佛罗里达的奥兰多

where you're asked to enter the Greek theater,

你被带到一个希腊式的剧院

look under the tent and join the magic world of Cirque du Soleil.

往帐篷下看去，加入太阳马戏团的魔幻世界

And I think I'll probably leave it at that. Thank you very much.

我想我就在这里结束吧。谢谢大家！