Reed Kroloff: Architecture, modern and romantic

譯者: Tsai-Ling Hsu 審譯者: Faye LIN

To be new at TED -- it's like being the last high-school virgin.

在TED新手上路--就像做高中的最後一個處男。

(Laughter)

(笑)

You know that all of the cool people are -- they're doing it.

你知道所有夠酷的人都在做，

And you're on the outside, you're at home.

可你被排除在外，待在家里--

You're like the Raspyni Brothers,

就像Raspyni兄弟一樣

where you've got your balls in cold water. And --

把丸子浸在冷水裡。然後--

(Laughter) --

(笑)

you just play with your fingers all day. And then you get invited.

整天拿手指玩。忽然有一天你被邀請了

And you're on the inside, and it's everything you hoped it would be.

然後你終於入流了，一切都如你所願

It's exciting and there's music playing all of the time

一切很刺激，音樂放個不停

and then suddenly it's over. And it's only taken five minutes.

可是突然就沒了，只過了五分鐘

And you want to go back and do it again.

你想倒回去再來一次

But I really appreciate being here. And thank you, Chris,

無論如何，真的很感謝你們邀請我，謝謝你，Chris,

and also, thank you, Deborah Patton, for making this possible.

也感謝你Deborah Patton，把這變為可能

So anyway, today we'll talk about architecture a little bit,

所以我今天要講一點關於建築的東西

within the subject of creation and optimism.

是在創作跟樂觀主義範圍內

And if you put creation and optimism together,

如果你把創作(creation)跟優化(optimism)兩個詞放在一起

you've got two choices that you can talk about.

你有兩個選擇可以談論

You can talk about creationism --

你可以談論創作性

which I think wouldn't go down well with this audience,

但我不覺得這會在你們這些聽眾裡有什麼市場

at least not from a view where you were a proponent of it --

至少你們不會是鐵杆支持者--

or you can talk about optimisations, spelled the British way, with an S, instead of a Z.

或者你可以談優化設計(optimisations)，英式拼法是s而不是z

And I think that's what I'd like to talk about today.

而我認為這就是今天我所想談的

But any kind of conversation about architecture --

可是任何一種關於建築的談話--

which is, in fact, what you were just talking about, what was going on here,

比如我們現在正在談論的

setting up TED, small-scale architecture --

搭一個TED會場，小規模建築--

at the present time can't really happen without a conversation about this,

目前，對話中不可避免談到這個

the World Trade Center, and what's been going on there, what it means to us.

世貿中心和那邊正在進行的事，它對我們的意義

Because if architecture is what I believe it to be,

因為如果建築如我所信仰的一樣，

which is the built form of our cultural ambitions,

應該是我們文化野心的建築形式，

what do you do when presented with an opportunity to rectify a situation

是當我們有機會去更正代表他人的文化野心的情況下

that represents somebody else's cultural ambitions relative to us?

可做些什麽，及

And our own opportunity to make something new there?

你現在有機會從頭再來，你會做什麼？

This has been a really galvanizing issue for a long time.

這是在很長時間裡令人激動不已

I think that the World Trade Center in, rather an unfortunate way,

我覺得世貿中心用一種挺不幸的方式

brought architecture into focus

吸引了人們對建築的興趣

in a way that I don't think people had thought of in a long time,

人們很久沒這樣思考過建築了

and made it a subject for common conversation.

日常談話裡也很少觸及

I don't remember, in my 20-year career of practicing and writing about architecture,

我做建築和寫評論20年，也想不起來

a time when five people sat me down at a table

哪一次人們讓我在桌邊坐下

and asked me very serious questions about zoning, fire exiting,

問我一些嚴肅的問題：分區，消防出口

safety concerns and whether carpet burns.

安全問題，還有地毯會不會引火

These are just not things we talked about very often.

我們以前不常說這些的

And yet, now, it's talked about all the time.

可是現在大家總是大談特談

At the point where you can weaponize your buildings,

直到要把房子全副武裝

you have to suddenly think about architecture in a very different way.

你突然要對建築另眼相看

And so now we're going to think about architecture in a very different way,

現在我們就用新的眼光審視建築

we're going to think about it like this.

就要這樣想

How many of you saw USA Today, today? There it is. Looks like that.

你們中多少人今天看了《今日美國》？這就是

There's the World Trade Center site, on the front cover.

這是世貿中心地段，印在封面上

They've made a selection.

有關部門挑了挑

They've chosen a project by Daniel Libeskind,

然後選了Daniel Libeskind的設計

the enfant terrible of the moment of architecture.

當代建築領域的可怕頑童

Child-prodigy piano player, he started on the squeezebox,

曾經的鋼琴神童，他從六角風琴玩起

and moved to a little more serious issue, a bigger instrument,

然後找了一個一正經的事情，一個大一點的樂器

and now to an even larger instrument,

現在又轉到更大的樂器上

upon which to work his particular brand of deconstructivist magic,

展示他獨此一家的解構主義魔法

as you see here.

如你所見

He was one of six people who were invited to participate in this competition,

他是六個受邀參加競標的設計師之一

after six previous firms struck out

在六個公司都退出

with things that were so stupid and banal

這些人的東西愚蠢庸俗到了極點

that even the city of New York was forced to go,

以致於連紐約市政府都不得不悅

"Oh, I'm really sorry, we screwed up."

噢，實在是抱歉，我們搞砸了

Right. Can we do this again from the top,

我們是否能從頭再做一次

except use some people with a vague hint of talent,

只是這次用哪怕有一些才氣的人

instead of just six utter boobs like we brought in last time,

而不是之前弄進來的六個大白癡

real estate hacks of the kind who usually plan our cities.

那些通常規畫我們城市的房地產黑客

Let's bring in some real architects for a change.

是時候讓貨真價實的建築師來改變一下情況了

And so we got this, or we had a choice of that. Oh, stop clapping.

然後就有了這個，那個也是慎選的。不要鼓掌！

(Laughter)

(笑)

It's too late. That is gone.

太晚了。這個沒希望了

This was a scheme by a team called THINK, a New York-based team,

這是一個叫思考(THINK)設在紐約的團隊的方案

and then there was that one, which was the Libeskind scheme.

而這個是Libeskind的方案

This one, this is going to be the new World Trade Center:

它被選中即將成為新的世貿中心

a giant hole in the ground with big buildings falling into it.

大樓一個個落入地上巨大的大洞

Now, I don't know what you think, but I think this is a pretty stupid decision,

我不知道妳們怎麼看，但我覺得這個決定挺傻的

because what you've done is just made a permanent memorial to destruction

因為這無非是造就了一個永久性的毀滅紀念碑

by making it look like the destruction is going to continue forever.

讓建築看起來彷彿在無限期的自毀，永不停止

But that's what we're going to do.

可是這就是我們要做的

But I want you to think about these things

但我想讓你想想這些東西

in terms of a kind of ongoing struggle that American architecture represents,

把它當作美國建築業持續奮鬥的表現

and that these two things talk about very specifically.

這兩個東西總是被很明確的說道

And that is the wild divergence in how we choose our architects,

就是我們選擇建築師時考慮的兩個方面

in trying to decide whether we want architecture

是想要我們的建築物產生於

from the kind of technocratic solution to everything --

技術的問題解決方案--

that there is a large, technical answer that can solve all problems,

創造一個解決所有問題的技術答案

be they social, be they physical, be they chemical --

無論社會問題、物理的、化學的--

or something that's more of a romantic solution.

或是找一個浪漫主義的解決方案

Now, I don't mean romantic as in, this is a nice place to take someone on a date.

我說的"浪漫主義"不是指某個地方用來約會不錯

I mean romantic in the sense of, there are things larger and grander than us.

我的意思是"浪漫"指有些東西比我們要偉大、壯麗

So, in the American tradition,

在美國傳統中

the difference between the technocratic and the romantic,

技術與浪漫主義的區別

would be the difference between Thomas Jefferson's

就像Thomas Jefferson的

Cartesian grids spreading across the United States,

橫跨合眾國笛卡爾坐標系

that gives us basically the whole shape

留給我們幾乎是

of every western state in the United States,

所有西部州的版圖形狀

as a really, truly, technocratic solution, a bowing to the --

這是個真正的，技術的辦法，一種--

in Jefferson's time -- current, popular philosophy of rationalism.

在Jefferson的時代--是一種對當時流行的理性主義哲學的服膺

Or the way we went to describe that later: manifest destiny.

要不，就像我們在那個時代之後的評價--"天命"

Now, which would you rather be? A grid, or manifest destiny?

看看你們更喜歡什麼?一個座標系，還是"天命"?

Manifest destiny.

"天命"

(Laughter)

(笑)

It's a big deal. It sounds big, it sounds important,

很了不起的！聽起來這麼猛，這麼重要

it sounds solid. It sounds American. Ballsy, serious, male.

聽起來很實在，有美國的感覺。有種，正經，男性

And that kind of fight has gone on back and forth in architecture all the time.

建築業就始終為這個鬥爭著

I mean, it goes on in our private lives, too, every single day.

這也進入我們日常的個人生活

We all want to go out and buy an Audi TT, don't we?

我們都希望去買輛奧迪TT，不是嗎？

Everyone here must own one, or at least they craved one

這裡的每個人必須擁有一輛，至少都想要

the moment they saw one.

看到了就想

And then they hopped in it, turned the little electronic key,

然後跳上車，轉動一下小小的電子鑰匙

rather than the real key, zipped home on their new superhighway,

而不是真的鑰匙，在新修的超級高速公路上狂飆回家

and drove straight into a garage that looks like a Tudor castle.

直接開進一個像都鐸風格城堡的車庫

(Laughter)

(笑)

Why? Why? Why do you want to do that?

為什麼大家都想這樣呢？

Why do we all want to do that? I even owned a Tudor thing once myself.

為什麼我們都希望這樣做呢？ 我也曾經擁有都鐸式的東西

(Laughter)

(笑)

It's in our nature to go ricocheting

我們天性中就喜歡

back and forth between this technocratic solution

在技術的答案

and a larger, sort of more romantic image of where we are.

和一種更壯觀的，浪漫式的意象之間反覆跳躍

So we're going to go straight into this.

所以切入主題

Can I have the lights off for a moment?

麻煩關燈一下可以嗎？

I'm going to talk about two architects very, very briefly

我會很簡短的介紹一下兩位建築師

that represent the current split, architecturally,

他們代表著當今建築界的分歧

between these two traditions of a technocratic

在技術

or technological solution and a romantic solution.

和浪漫主義的分歧

And these are two of the top architectural practices in the United States today.

而他們堪稱今天美國建築業的領袖

One very young, one a little more mature.

一個很年輕，一個更加成熟

This is the work of a firm called SHoP,

這是一家叫SHop的公司的作品

and what you're seeing here, is their isometric drawings

你現在看到的是他們的設計

of what will be a large-scale camera obscura in a public park.

公園裡的一個特大號的暗箱的等角圖

Does everybody know what a camera obscura is?

大家都知道暗箱是什麼吧?

Yeah, it's one of those giant camera lenses

就是一個巨大的相機鏡頭一樣的東西

that takes a picture of the outside world --

可以照出外面的世界

it's sort of a little movie, without any moving parts --

就像個小電影機一樣，只是沒有任何移動部件--

and projects it on a page, and you can see the world outside you as you walk around it.

它把圖像投在一張紙上，你繞著它走過時就能看到外面的景象

This is just the outline of it, and you can see,

這只是概述它，你可以看見

does it look like a regular building? No.

它看上去像普通的房子嗎？當然不像

It's actually non-orthogonal: it's not up and down,

它沒有直角，不是由上到下

square, rectangular, anything like that,

方方正正的

that you'd see in a normal shape of a building.

而一般房子是正常形狀

The computer revolution, the technocratic, technological revolution,

電腦科技的革命，一種技術的革命

has allowed us to jettison normal-shaped buildings,

已經允許我們拋棄普通的

traditionally shaped buildings, in favor of non-orthogonal buildings such as this.

傳統的建築造型，轉而採用這種非直角的設計

What's interesting about it is not the shape.

最有趣的還不是它的形狀

What's interesting about it is how it's made. How it's made.

而是它的建造方法，它是怎麼被造出來的

A brand-new way to put buildings together,

這是一種嶄新的建造方法

something called mass customization. No, it is not an oxymoron.

一種叫＂集中個性化＂的東西。我可沒自相矛盾

What makes the building expensive, in the traditional sense,

在傳統意義上，建造的昂貴費用

is making individual parts custom, that you can't do over and over again.

是出於部件的個性化，你無法重複製造

That's why we all live in developer houses.

這就是為什麼我們都情願去住開發商的房子

They all want to save money by building the same thing 500 times.

而他們都希望建造500次同樣的東西來節省成本

That's because it's cheaper.

因為這樣便宜多了

Mass customization works by an architect feeding into a computer,

＂集中個性化＂就是說建築師把一個程序放進電腦

a program that says, manufacture these parts.

指令是：＂給我製造這些部件＂

The computer then talks to a machine --

然後電腦發指令給一個機器

a computer-operated machine, a cad-cam machine --

就是那種計算機化的輔助設計和製造的機器

that can make a zillion different changes, at a moment's notice,

可以在一瞬間做出數不清的動作

because the computer is just a machine.

因為電腦就是個機器

It doesn't care. It's manufacturing the parts.

它才不管呢。它只負責生產部件

It doesn't see any excess cost. It doesn't spend any extra time.

他看不見什麼額外成本，不懂什麼叫加班

It's not a laborer -- it's simply an electronic lathe,

連工人都不是，只是個電子化的車床

so the parts can all be cut at the same time.

所以所有的部件都能同時被裁剪

Meanwhile, instead of sending someone working drawings,

同時，我們用不著找人畫圖畫紙

which are those huge sets of blueprints that you've seen your whole life,

就是你一輩子與之打交道的大疊大疊的工程圖

what the architect can do is send a set of assembly instructions,

建築師要做的只是發出一套組裝指令

like you used to get when you were a child,

就像你童年時所遇到的

when you bought little models that said, "Bolt A to B, and C to D."

小玩具模型上的說明，比如＂把Ａ固定在Ｂ上，Ｃ固定在Ｄ上＂

And so what the builder will get is every single individual part

這樣建築工人拿到的是每一個單獨的部件

that has been custom manufactured off-site and delivered on a truck

都在別的地方被個性化設計生產出來，然後用卡車運來

to the site, to that builder, and a set of these instruction manuals.

運到工地，工人這邊。還有一套說明手冊

Just simple "Bolt A to B" and they will be able to put them together.

就是簡簡單單的＂把Ａ固定在Ｂ＂，工人們就能組裝了

Here's the little drawing that tells them how that works --

這裡有一個示意圖

and that's what will happen in the end.

這個是完成品

You're underneath it, looking up into the lens of the camera obscura.

你站在下面，抬頭看暗箱的鏡頭

Lest you think this is all fiction, lest you think this is all fantasy, or romance,

除非你認為這些都是虛構的，都是幻想，白日夢

these same architects were asked to produce something

同樣的一群建築師們還受邀

for the central courtyard of PS1, which is a museum in Brooklyn, New York,

去建PS1的中庭，是在紐約布魯克林的一個博物館

as part of their young architects summer series.

這群年輕建築師夏日檔期的作品之一

And they said, well, it's summer, what do you do?

他們就說，好吧，現在是夏天，你會做什麼？

In the summer, you go to the beach.

夏天當然是去海灘了

And when you go to the beach, what do you get? You get sand dunes.

到了海灘有什麼呢？沙丘

So let's make architectural sand dunes and a beach cabana.

那麼我們就做沙丘和一個沙灘小屋

So they went out and they modeled a computer model of a sand dune.

於是他們就去做了一個沙丘的電腦模型

They took photographs, they fed the photographs into their computer program,

他們拍照片，把照片輸入軟體裡

and that computer program shaped a sand dune

然後軟體就繪製出一個沙丘的形狀

and then took that sand dune shape and turned it into --

接著他們用這個沙丘的形狀，把它變成--

at their instructions, using standard software with slight modifications --

就是用標準化的軟體，發出指令，再加些許變化--

a set of instructions for pieces of wood.

就變成切割木料的一系列指令

And those are the pieces of wood. Those are the instructions.

現在我們有一塊塊木頭和一些指令

These are the pieces, and here's a little of that blown up.

這裡都是木料，有一點是爆炸型的

What you can see is there's about six different colors,

你能看到這裡有六種不同的顏色

and each color represents a type of wood to be cut, a piece of wood to be cut.

每一種代表著等待切割的一種木料

All of which were delivered by flat bed, on a truck,

都裝在平板上，用卡車運來

and hand assembled in 48 hours by a team of eight people,

八個人手工花了48小時就組裝好了

only one of whom had ever seen the plans before.

其中只有一個人見過圖紙

Only one of whom had ever seen the plans before.

就一個人見過

And here comes dune-scape, coming up out of the courtyard,

然後名為Dunescape的建築就在中庭誕生了

and there it is fully built.

完全竣工

There are only 16 different pieces of wood,

只用了16種不同木料

only 16 different assembly parts here.

只有16個組裝部件

Looks like a beautiful piano sounding board on the inside.

從裡面看上去像個漂亮的鋼琴共鳴板

It has its own built-in swimming pool, very, very cool.

有一個內嵌式的游泳池，非常非常酷

It's a great place for parties -- it was, it was only up for six weeks.

是派對的絕佳場所--只開六個星期而已--

It's got little dressing rooms and cabanas,

附帶一些小更衣室和小屋

where lots of interesting things went on, all summer long.

各種各樣有意思的事整夏都在發生

Now, lest you think that this is only for the light at heart, or just temporary installations,

好吧，如果你認為這些只適合存心尋歡作樂的人，或者是臨時搭建

this is the same firm working at the World Trade Center,

我告訴你同樣的一家公司正在世貿中心遺址工作

replacing the bridge that used to go across West Street,

更換曾經穿越西街的那座橋

that very important pedestrian connection

很重要的行人通道

between the city of New York and the redevelopment of the West Side.

在紐約市和西區的重建工作之間舉足輕重

They were asked to design, replace that bridge in six weeks,

他們被要求在六個星期內設計取代那座橋

building it, including all of the parts, manufactured.

建好，把所有部件都造出來

And they were able to do it. That was their design,

他們做成了。這就是他們的設計

using that same computer modeling system

用了同樣的電腦模擬系統

and only five or six really different kinds of parts,

和僅僅五六個不同的部件

a couple of struts, like this, some exterior cladding material

幾個骨架結構，像這樣，一些表面包層材料

and a very simple framing system

和一個很簡單的框架系統

that was all manufactured off-site and delivered by truck.

這些都是別處造好，用卡車運過來的

They were able to create that.

他們能夠弄出這些來

They were able to create something wonderful.

弄出這些不可思議的東西

They're now building a 16-story building on the side of New York,

他們現在在紐約建一幢16層的大樓

using the same technology.

用同樣的技術

Here we're going to walk across the bridge at night.

想像我們在夜間走過這座橋

It's self-lit, you don't need any overhead lighting,

它可以自己發光，你不需要任何頭頂照明

so the neighbors don't complain about metal-halide lighting in their face.

鄰居就不會因為光汙染而抱怨

Here it is going across. And there, down the other side,

這樣跨街過去，然後下到另一邊

and you get the same kind of grandeur.

你看到的是一樣的壯觀

Now, let me show you, quickly, the opposite, if I may.

現在讓我趕緊讓你們看看另一種情況，如果時間還夠

Woo, pretty, huh. This is the other side of the coin.

喔，漂亮吧，呵。這就是硬幣的另一面

This is the work of David Rockwell from New York City,

這就是來自紐約的David Rockwell的作品

whose work you can see out here today.

他的作品我們今天在這裡就能看到

The current king of the romantics, who approaches his work

當今的浪漫主義者之王，他對待工作

in a very different fashion.

採取一種不同的態度

It's not to create a technological solution, it's to seduce you

不是創造一個技術的答案，而是去誘惑你

into something that you can do, into something that will please you,

吸引你進入一個你能完成的事情，一個取悅你的事情中

something that will lift your spirits,

能讓你為之一振的東西

something that will make you feel as if are in another world --

能讓你感受到彷彿來到另一個世界--

such as his Nobu restaurant in New York,

比如說他在紐約的Nobu飯店

which is supposed to take you from the clutter of New York City

是要把你帶出紐約的喧囂

to the simplicity of Japan and the elegance of Japanese tradition.

進入日本文化傳統的簡約與優雅

"When it's all said and done, it's got to look like seaweed," said the owner.

"所有話說回來，這建築看起來就是像海藻"酒店的擁有者說

Or his restaurant, Pod, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

再看看他的Pod酒店，在賓州的費城

I want you to know the room you're looking at is stark white.

我要告訴你你現在看見的屋子是純白的

Every single surface of this restaurant is white.

飯店的每一面牆都是白的

The reason it has so much color is that it changes using lighting.

而有這麼多顏色的原因就是燈光可以變色

It's all about sensuality. It's all about transforming.

一切都圍繞著感覺和變化

Watch this -- I'm not touching any buttons, ladies and gentlemen.

看這個--我什麼鍵也沒按，女士先生們

This is happening by itself.

這是自己發生的

It transforms through the magic of lighting.

在燈光的魔法中變色

It's all about sensuality. It's all about touch.

都圍繞著感官和觸覺

Rosa Mexicano restaurant, where he transports us to the shores of Acapulco,

Rosa Mexicano，這是他設法把我們帶到阿卡普爾科海岸的酒店設計大作

up on the Upper West Side,

在西區上段

with this wall of cliff divers who -- there you go, like that.

牆上是懸崖跳水者--誰喜歡這個？

Let's see it one more time.

我們再來一遍

Okay, just to make sure that you've enjoyed it.

好吧，只是想確定一下你們喜歡

And finally, it's about comfort, it's about making you feel good

最後，這些布置都圍繞著舒適，都是要讓你感覺良好

in places that you wouldn't have felt good before.

在原本不會感覺好的地方

It's about bringing nature to the inside.

是要把大自然帶到室內來

In the Guardian Tower of New York, converted to a W Union Square --

紐約的Guardian大廈，已經改成西聯合廣場

I'm sorry I'm rushing -- where we had to bring in the best horticulturists in the world

對不起我有點趕--我們得把全世界的園藝家召集起來

to make sure that the interior of this dragged the garden space

一定要讓內部整修

of the court garden of the Union Square into the building itself.

把聯合廣場的庭院布景拉近大樓裡

It's about stimulation.

這是關於刺激

This is a wine-buying experience simplified by color and taste.

這是一個葡萄酒的購買體驗，簡化了顏色和味道

Fizzy, fresh, soft, luscious, juicy, smooth, big and sweet wines,

氣泡，清新，柔和，甜美多汁，光滑，大又甜的葡萄酒

all explained to you by color and texture on the wall.

都用牆上的顏色質地向你一一介紹

And finally, it's about entertainment, as in his headquarters

最後，這是關於娛樂的，就像在他設計的

for the Cirque du Soleil, Orlando, Florida,

太陽馬戲團的總部，佛羅里達的奧蘭多

where you're asked to enter the Greek theater,

你被帶到一個希臘式的劇院

look under the tent and join the magic world of Cirque du Soleil.

往帳篷看下去，加入太陽馬戲團的魔幻世界

And I think I'll probably leave it at that. Thank you very much.

我想我就在這裡結束吧。謝謝。