Reed Kroloff: Architecture, modern and romantic

16,414 views ใƒป 2008-07-28

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Zeeva Livshitz ืžื‘ืงืจ: Ido Dekkers
00:12
To be new at TED -- it's like being the last high-school virgin.
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ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ื˜ื“ -- ื–ื” ื›ืžื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืชื•ืœื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื‘ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ.
00:18
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
00:20
You know that all of the cool people are -- they're doing it.
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ืืชื” ื™ื•ื“ืข ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืžื’ื ื™ื‘ื™ื -- ื”ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืืช ื–ื”.
00:24
And you're on the outside, you're at home.
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ื•ืืชื” ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ, ืืชื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช.
00:26
You're like the Raspyni Brothers,
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ืืชื” ื›ืžื• ื”ืื—ื™ื ืจืกืคื™ื ื™,
00:28
where you've got your balls in cold water. And --
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ื›ืฉื”ื‘ื™ืฆื™ื ืฉืœืš ื‘ืžื™ื ืงืจื™ื. ื• --
00:32
(Laughter) --
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง) --
00:34
you just play with your fingers all day. And then you get invited.
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ืืชื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžืฉื—ืง ืขื ื”ืืฆื‘ืขื•ืช ืฉืœืš ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื•ื. ื•ืื– ืืชื” ืžื•ื–ืžืŸ.
00:39
And you're on the inside, and it's everything you hoped it would be.
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ื•ืืชื” ื‘ืคื ื™ื, ื•ื–ื” ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื—ืœืžืช ืฉื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื”.
00:45
It's exciting and there's music playing all of the time
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ื–ื” ืžืจื’ืฉ ื•ื™ืฉ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืฉืžืชื ื’ื ืช ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ
00:48
and then suddenly it's over. And it's only taken five minutes.
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ื•ืื– ืœืคืชืข ื–ื” ื ื’ืžืจ. ื•ื–ื” ืืจืš ืจืง ื—ืžืฉ ื“ืงื•ืช.
00:52
And you want to go back and do it again.
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ื•ืืชื” ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ื•ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื” ืฉื•ื‘.
00:55
But I really appreciate being here. And thank you, Chris,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ื‘ืืžืช ืžืชื›ื‘ื“ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ืืŸ. ื•ืชื•ื“ื” ืœืš, ื›ืจื™ืก,
00:59
and also, thank you, Deborah Patton, for making this possible.
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ื•ื’ื, ืชื•ื“ื” ืœืš, ื“ื‘ื•ืจื” ืคืื˜ื•ืŸ, ืขืœ ืฉืื™ืคืฉืจืชื ื–ืืช.
01:03
So anyway, today we'll talk about architecture a little bit,
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ืื– ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงืจื”, ื”ื™ื•ื ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืงืฆืช ืขืœ ืืจื›ื™ื˜ืงื˜ื•ืจื”
01:07
within the subject of creation and optimism.
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ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ื ื•ืฉื ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื™ืื” ื•ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ื•ืช.
01:11
And if you put creation and optimism together,
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ื•ืื ืืชื” ืฉื ื‘ืจื™ืื” ื•ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื—ื“,
01:14
you've got two choices that you can talk about.
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ื™ืฉ ืœืš ืฉืชื™ ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืขืœื™ื”ืŸ ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื“ื‘ืจ.
01:16
You can talk about creationism --
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ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืืชื ื•ืช --
01:19
which I think wouldn't go down well with this audience,
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ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืœื ื™ืœืš ื˜ื•ื‘ ืขื ื”ืงื”ืœ ื”ื–ื”,
01:21
at least not from a view where you were a proponent of it --
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ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืœื ืžื”ืขืžื“ื” ืฉืœ ืชื•ืžืš
01:24
or you can talk about optimisations, spelled the British way, with an S, instead of a Z.
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ืื• ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืื•ืคื˜ืžื™ื–ืฆื™ื”, ืœืื™ื™ืช ื–ืืช ื‘ื“ืจืš ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ืช, ืขื ืก' ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื–'.
01:30
And I think that's what I'd like to talk about today.
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ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืขืœ ื–ื” ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื•ื.
01:32
But any kind of conversation about architecture --
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืœ ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื—ื” ืขืœ ืืจื›ื™ื˜ืงื˜ื•ืจื” --
01:37
which is, in fact, what you were just talking about, what was going on here,
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ืฉื”ื™ื, ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืžื” ืฉืืชื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœื™ื•, ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื” ื›ืืŸ,
01:40
setting up TED, small-scale architecture --
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ืœืืจื’ืŸ ืืช ื˜ื“, ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื•ืช ื‘ืงื ื” ืžื™ื“ื” ืงื˜ืŸ-
01:42
at the present time can't really happen without a conversation about this,
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ื›ืจื’ืข ืœื ืžืžืฉ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืงืจื•ืช ื‘ืœื™ ืฉื™ื—ื” ืขืœ ื–ื”,
01:50
the World Trade Center, and what's been going on there, what it means to us.
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"ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืกื—ืจ ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™", ื•ืžื” ื”ื•ืœืš ืฉื, ืžื” ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืœื ื•.
01:57
Because if architecture is what I believe it to be,
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ื›ื™ ืื ื”ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืžื” ืื ื™ ืžืืžื™ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื ืชื”ื™ื”,
02:01
which is the built form of our cultural ambitions,
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ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ืฆื•ืจื” ื”ื‘ื ื•ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืฉืื™ืคื•ืชื™ื ื• ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื•ืช,
02:05
what do you do when presented with an opportunity to rectify a situation
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ืžื” ืขืœื™ืš ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ืืฉืจ ืžื•ืฆื’ืช ื‘ืคื ื™ืš ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืœืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ืžืฆื‘
02:13
that represents somebody else's cultural ambitions relative to us?
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ืฉืžื™ื™ืฆื’ ืฉืื™ืคื•ืช ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืื—ืจ ืฉืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ืืœื™ื ื•?
02:18
And our own opportunity to make something new there?
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ื•ื”ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืฉื ืžืฉื”ื• ื—ื“ืฉ?
02:23
This has been a really galvanizing issue for a long time.
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ื–ื”ื• ื›ื‘ืจ ืžื–ื” ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘ ื ื•ืฉื ืžื“ื•ืจื‘ืŸ.
02:27
I think that the World Trade Center in, rather an unfortunate way,
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉ"ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืกื—ืจ ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™" , ืืœื ื“ืจืš ื‘ื™ืฉ ืžื–ืœ,
02:31
brought architecture into focus
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ื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื•ืช ืœืžื™ืงื•ื“
02:33
in a way that I don't think people had thought of in a long time,
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ื‘ื“ืจืš ืฉืื ื™ ืœื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœื™ื” ืžื–ื” ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘,
02:35
and made it a subject for common conversation.
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ื•ื”ืคื›ื• ืื•ืชื” ื ื•ืฉื ืœืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื•ืช.
02:38
I don't remember, in my 20-year career of practicing and writing about architecture,
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ืื ื™ ืœื ื–ื•ื›ืจ, ื‘ืžืฉืš 20 ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืงืจื™ื™ืจื” ืฉืœื™ ื‘ืชืจื’ื•ืœ ื•ื›ืชื™ื‘ื” ืขืœ ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื•ืช,
02:42
a time when five people sat me down at a table
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ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื•ืฉื™ื‘ื• ืื•ืชื™ ืœื™ื“ ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ
02:44
and asked me very serious questions about zoning, fire exiting,
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ื•ืฉืืœื• ืื•ืชื™ ืฉืืœื•ืช ืจืฆื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืžืื•ื“ ืื•ื“ื•ืช ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืขืจื™ื, ื™ืฆื™ืืช ื—ื™ืจื•ื,
02:50
safety concerns and whether carpet burns.
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ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช, ื•ืื ื”ืฉื˜ื™ื—ื™ื ื“ืœื™ืงื™ื.
02:53
These are just not things we talked about very often.
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ืืœื” ื”ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื ื“ื™ื‘ืจื ื• ืขืœื™ื”ื ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื›"ื›.
02:57
And yet, now, it's talked about all the time.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช, ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื–ื” ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ.
02:59
At the point where you can weaponize your buildings,
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ื‘ื ืงื•ื“ื” ืฉื‘ื” ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื—ืžืฉ ืืช ื”ืžื‘ื ื™ื,
03:04
you have to suddenly think about architecture in a very different way.
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ืืชื” ืคืชืื•ื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื•ืช ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉื•ื ื” ืžืื•ื“.
03:07
And so now we're going to think about architecture in a very different way,
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ืื– ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืื ื—ื ื• ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื•ืช ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉื•ื ื” ืžืื•ื“,
03:12
we're going to think about it like this.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื–ื” ื›ื›ื”.
03:14
How many of you saw USA Today, today? There it is. Looks like that.
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ื›ืžื” ืžื›ื ืจืื• ื”ื™ื•ื ืืช "ื™ื•.ืืก.ืื™ื™ ื˜ื•ื“ื™ื™"? ื”ื ื” ื”ื•ื . ื ืจืื” ื›ืš.
03:19
There's the World Trade Center site, on the front cover.
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ื™ืฉื ื• ืืชืจ "ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืกื—ืจ ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™", ื‘ื—ื–ื™ืช ื”ืขืชื•ืŸ.
03:21
They've made a selection.
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ื”ื ืขืฉื• ืืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื”.
03:23
They've chosen a project by Daniel Libeskind,
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ืฉื‘ื—ืจื• ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ ืฉืชื›ื ืŸ ื“ื ื™ืืœ ืœื™ื‘ืกืงื™ื ื“,
03:26
the enfant terrible of the moment of architecture.
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ื”ื™ืœื“ ื”ื ื•ืจื ืฉืœ ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื•ืช ื”ืจื’ืข .
03:30
Child-prodigy piano player, he started on the squeezebox,
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ื™ืœื“ ืคืœื ื‘ื ื’ื™ื ื” ืขืœ ืคืกื ืชืจ ืฉื”ื—ืœ ื‘ื ื’ื™ื ื” ืขืœ ืืงื•ืจื“ื™ื•ืŸ.
03:33
and moved to a little more serious issue, a bigger instrument,
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ื•ืขื‘ืจ ืœื ื•ืฉื ืงืฆืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืจืฆื™ื ื™, ื›ืœื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ,
03:36
and now to an even larger instrument,
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ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืœื›ืœื™ ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ,
03:38
upon which to work his particular brand of deconstructivist magic,
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ืฉืขืœื™ื• ื”ื•ื ื‘ื•ื ื” ืืช ื”ืžื•ืชื’ ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืฉืœื• ืฉืœ ื“ื”-ืงื•ื ืกื˜ืจื•ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื–ื ืงืกื•ื,
03:44
as you see here.
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ื›ืคื™ ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ื›ืืŸ.
03:46
He was one of six people who were invited to participate in this competition,
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืื—ื“ ืžืฉื™ืฉื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื–ืžื ื• ืœื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ืชื—ืจื•ืช ื–ื•,
03:49
after six previous firms struck out
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ืœืื—ืจ ืฉ-6 ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืงื•ื“ืžื•ืช ื™ืฆืื• ืขื
03:54
with things that were so stupid and banal
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ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื˜ื™ืคืฉื™ื™ื ื•ื‘ื ืืœื™ื
03:56
that even the city of New York was forced to go,
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ืฉืืคื™ืœื• ื”ืขื™ืจ ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง ื ืืœืฆื” ืœืœื›ืช,
03:58
"Oh, I'm really sorry, we screwed up."
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"ื”ื•, ืื ื™ ื‘ืืžืช ืžืฆื˜ืขืจ, ืคื™ืฉืœื ื•."
04:00
Right. Can we do this again from the top,
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ื˜ื•ื‘, ืืคืฉืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช ืฉื•ื‘ ืžืœืžืขืœื”,
04:04
except use some people with a vague hint of talent,
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ืคืจื˜ ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืื ืฉื™ื ืขื ืจืžื– ืžืขื•ืจืคืœ ืฉืœ ื›ื™ืฉืจื•ืŸ,
04:06
instead of just six utter boobs like we brought in last time,
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืจืง ืฉื™ืฉื” ืฉื•ื˜ื™ื ื’ืžื•ืจื™ื ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ื‘ืื ื• ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื”,
04:11
real estate hacks of the kind who usually plan our cities.
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ื›ืจื™ืฉื™ ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ ืฉื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืžืชื›ื ื ื™ื ืืช ื”ืขืจื™ื ืฉืœื ื•.
04:14
Let's bring in some real architects for a change.
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื•ื ื‘ื™ื ื›ืžื” ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื™ื ืืžื™ืชื™ื™ื ืœืฉื ืฉื™ื ื•ื™.
04:16
And so we got this, or we had a choice of that. Oh, stop clapping.
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ื•ื›ืš ืงื™ื‘ืœื ื• ืืช ื–ื”, ืื• ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ืœื ื• ื‘ืจื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื•ื. ืื• ื”ืคืกื™ืงื• ืœืžื—ื•ื ื›ืคื™ื™ื.
04:24
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
04:26
It's too late. That is gone.
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ื›ื‘ืจ ืžืื•ื—ืจ ืžื“ื™. ื–ื” ื›ื‘ืจ ืขื‘ืจ.
04:28
This was a scheme by a team called THINK, a New York-based team,
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ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉื ืงืจื "ื—ื•ืฉื‘" , ืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉื™ื•ืฉื‘ ื‘ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง,
04:31
and then there was that one, which was the Libeskind scheme.
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ื•ืื– ื”ื™ื” ื”ืื—ื“ ื”ื–ื” , ืฉื”ื™ื” ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืœื™ื‘ืกืงื™ื ื“.
04:34
This one, this is going to be the new World Trade Center:
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ื–ื”, ื–ื” ืขื•ืžื“ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืกื—ืจ ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ:
04:38
a giant hole in the ground with big buildings falling into it.
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ื—ื•ืจ ืขื ืง ื‘ืื“ืžื” ืขื ื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื™ ืขื ืง ื ื•ืคืœื™ื ืœืชื•ื›ื•.
04:42
Now, I don't know what you think, but I think this is a pretty stupid decision,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืื ื™ ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืข ืžื” ืืชื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื–ื• ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืžื˜ื•ืคืฉืช ืœืžื“ื™,
04:46
because what you've done is just made a permanent memorial to destruction
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ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืžื” ืฉืขืฉื™ืชื ืื ื“ืจื˜ืช ืงื‘ืข ืœื”ืจืก
04:51
by making it look like the destruction is going to continue forever.
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ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ื–ื” ืฉื’ืจืžืชื ืœื” ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื”ืจืก ืฉืขื•ืžื“ ืœื”ื™ืžืฉืš ืœื ืฆื—.
04:55
But that's what we're going to do.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช.
04:57
But I want you to think about these things
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉืชื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”
05:00
in terms of a kind of ongoing struggle that American architecture represents,
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ื‘ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ืฉืœ ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื‘ืง ื”ืžืชืžืฉืš ืฉื”ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื•ืช ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ืช,
05:04
and that these two things talk about very specifically.
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ื•ื›ื™ ืฉื ื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœื™ื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™.
05:06
And that is the wild divergence in how we choose our architects,
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ื•ื–ื• ื”ืžื‘ื—ืจ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ืื ื• ื‘ื•ื—ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื™ื ืฉืœื ื•,
05:11
in trying to decide whether we want architecture
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ื‘ื ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืื ืื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื•ืช
05:14
from the kind of technocratic solution to everything --
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ืžืŸ ื”ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืงืจื˜ื™ ืœื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ -
05:17
that there is a large, technical answer that can solve all problems,
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ืฉื™ืฉ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื”, ื˜ื›ื ื™ืช, ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืคืชื•ืจ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช,
05:22
be they social, be they physical, be they chemical --
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ื”ืŸ ื”ื ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช, ืคื™ื–ื™ื•ืช, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ื™ื”ื™ื• ื›ื™ืžื™ื•ืช --
05:26
or something that's more of a romantic solution.
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ืื• ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืคื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™.
05:29
Now, I don't mean romantic as in, this is a nice place to take someone on a date.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืื ื™ ืœื ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™ ื›ืžื•, ื–ื”ื• ืžืงื•ื ื ื—ืžื“ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื—ืช ืืœื™ื• ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืœื™ืฆื™ืื”.
05:33
I mean romantic in the sense of, there are things larger and grander than us.
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ืื ื™ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™ ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉืœ, ื™ืฉ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื•ืžืจืฉื™ืžื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืžืืฉืจ ืื ื—ื ื•.
05:39
So, in the American tradition,
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ื›ืš, ื‘ืžืกื•ืจืช ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช,
05:41
the difference between the technocratic and the romantic,
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ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืงืจื˜ื™ ื•ื”ืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™
05:43
would be the difference between Thomas Jefferson's
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ื™ื”ื™ื” ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ืจื™ื ื”ืงืจื˜ื–ื™ืื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืชื•ืžืืก ื’'ืคืจืกื•ืŸ
05:46
Cartesian grids spreading across the United States,
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ืฉืžืชืคืฉื˜ื™ื ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช,
05:49
that gives us basically the whole shape
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ืฉื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืœื ื• ืœืžืขืฉื” ืืช ื”ืฆื•ืจื” ื›ื•ืœื”
05:52
of every western state in the United States,
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ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืช ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช,
05:54
as a really, truly, technocratic solution, a bowing to the --
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ื›ืคื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ืžืžืฉื™, ืืžื™ืชื™ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืงืจื˜ื™, ื‘ืืžืช, ืžื—ื•ื•ื” ืœ --
06:00
in Jefferson's time -- current, popular philosophy of rationalism.
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ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืชื• ืฉืœ ื’'ืคืจืกื•ืŸ -- ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื” ื”ืขื›ืฉื•ื•ื™ืช ื”ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืจืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ื–ื.
06:06
Or the way we went to describe that later: manifest destiny.
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ืื• ื”ื“ืจืš ืฉื‘ื” ื™ืฆืื ื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืืจ ื–ืืช ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ: ื™ืขื•ื“ ื’ืœื•ื™.
06:13
Now, which would you rather be? A grid, or manifest destiny?
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ื›ืขืช, ืžื™ ืืชื” ืžืขื“ื™ืฃ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช? ืจืฉืช, ืื• ื™ืขื•ื“ ื’ืœื•ื™?
06:18
Manifest destiny.
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ื™ืขื•ื“ ื’ืœื•ื™.
06:20
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
06:21
It's a big deal. It sounds big, it sounds important,
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ื–ื”ื• ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ื“ื•ืœ. ื–ื” ื ืฉืžืข ื’ื“ื•ืœ, ื–ื” ื ืฉืžืข ื—ืฉื•ื‘,
06:25
it sounds solid. It sounds American. Ballsy, serious, male.
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ื–ื” ื ืฉืžืข ืžื•ืฆืง. ื–ื” ื ืฉืžืข ืืžืจื™ืงืื™. ืขื ื‘ื™ืฆื™ื, ืจืฆื™ื ื™, ื’ื‘ืจื™.
06:31
And that kind of fight has gone on back and forth in architecture all the time.
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ื•ืžืื‘ืง ื–ื” ื”ืชื ื”ืœ ื”ืœื•ืš ื•ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืืจื›ื™ื˜ืงื˜ื•ืจื” ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ.
06:36
I mean, it goes on in our private lives, too, every single day.
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ืื ื™ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ, ื–ื” ืงื•ืจื” ื’ื ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื• ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื™ื, ืžื“ื™ ื™ื•ื.
06:39
We all want to go out and buy an Audi TT, don't we?
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ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืฆืืช ื•ืœืงื ื•ืช ืืื•ื“ื™ TT, ืœื ื›ืš?
06:42
Everyone here must own one, or at least they craved one
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ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื›ืืŸ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืฉืชื”ื™ื” ืœื• ืื—ืช ื›ื–ื• ืื• ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืžืฉืชื•ืงืง ืœื›ืš
06:45
the moment they saw one.
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ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื”ื ืจืื• ืื—ืช.
06:47
And then they hopped in it, turned the little electronic key,
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ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื”ื ื”ืชืงื“ืžื• ื‘ืชื•ื›ื”, ืกื•ื‘ื‘ื• ืืช ื”ืžืคืชื— ื”ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ ื”ืงื˜ืŸ,
06:49
rather than the real key, zipped home on their new superhighway,
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืืช ื”ืžืคืชื— ื”ืืžื™ืชื™, ื•ื ืขื• ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ืชื” ืขืœ ื”ืื•ื˜ื•ืกื˜ืจื“ื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ืฉืœื”ื,
06:53
and drove straight into a garage that looks like a Tudor castle.
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ื•ื ืกืขื• ื™ืฉืจ ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืžื•ืกืš ืฉื ืจืื” ื›ืžื• ื˜ื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื˜ื™ื•ื“ื•ืจ.
06:58
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
07:00
Why? Why? Why do you want to do that?
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ืœืžื”? ืœืžื”? ืœืžื” ืืชื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”?
07:04
Why do we all want to do that? I even owned a Tudor thing once myself.
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ืžื“ื•ืข ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”? ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื™ ื”ื™ื” ืคืขื ืžืฉื”ื• ื˜ื™ื•ื“ื•ืจื™ ืคืขื.
07:08
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
07:09
It's in our nature to go ricocheting
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ื–ื” ื‘ื˜ื‘ืข ืฉืœื ื• ืœื ืชืจ
07:13
back and forth between this technocratic solution
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ื”ืœื•ืš ื•ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืงืจื˜ื™ ื–ื”
07:18
and a larger, sort of more romantic image of where we are.
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ื•ืžืฉื”ื• ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืื ื—ื ื• ื ืžืฆืื™ื.
07:21
So we're going to go straight into this.
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ื›ืš ืื ื—ื ื• ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ื™ืฉืจ ืœืชื•ืš ื–ื”.
07:23
Can I have the lights off for a moment?
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ื”ืื ืืคืฉืจ ืœื›ื‘ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืื•ืจื•ืช ืœืจื’ืข?
07:25
I'm going to talk about two architects very, very briefly
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ืื ื™ ืขื•ืžื“ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืฉื ื™ ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื™ื ืžืื•ื“, ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ืงืฆืจื”
07:28
that represent the current split, architecturally,
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ืฉืžื™ื™ืฆื’ื™ื ืืช ื”ืคื™ืฆื•ืœ ื”ืขื›ืฉื•ื•ื™, ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืืจื›ื™ื˜ืงื˜ื•ื ื™ืช,
07:30
between these two traditions of a technocratic
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืชื™ ืžืกื•ืจื•ืช ืืœื• ืฉืœ ืคืชืจื•ืŸ
07:32
or technological solution and a romantic solution.
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ื˜ื›ื ื•ืจื˜ื™ ืื• ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™, ื•ืคื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™.
07:36
And these are two of the top architectural practices in the United States today.
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ื•ืืœื” ื”ื ืฉื ื™ื™ื ืžื”ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื™ื ืฉื‘ืคืกื’ืช ื”ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื•ืช ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘.
07:39
One very young, one a little more mature.
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ืื—ื“ ืฆืขื™ืจ ืžืื•ื“, ืื—ืช ืงืฆืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจ.
07:41
This is the work of a firm called SHoP,
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื” ื‘ืฉื "ืฉื•ืค" ื”ืกื“ื ื”),
07:43
and what you're seeing here, is their isometric drawings
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ื•ืžื” ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ื›ืืŸ, ื”ื•ื ื”ืฉืจื˜ื•ื˜ื™ื ื”ืื™ื–ื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืฉืœื”ื
07:47
of what will be a large-scale camera obscura in a public park.
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ืฉืœ ืžื” ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืงืžืจื” ืื•ื‘ืกืงื•ืจื” ื‘ืงื ื” ืžื™ื“ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืคืืจืง ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™.
07:51
Does everybody know what a camera obscura is?
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ื”ืื ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื™ื•ื“ืข ืžื”ื™ ืงืžืจื” ืื•ื‘ืกืงื•ืจื”?
07:54
Yeah, it's one of those giant camera lenses
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ื›ืŸ, ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืื—ืช ืžืขื“ืฉื•ืช ื”ืขื ืง ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฆืœืžื”
07:56
that takes a picture of the outside world --
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ืฉืžืฆืœืžืช ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™--
07:58
it's sort of a little movie, without any moving parts --
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ื–ื”ื• ืžืขื™ืŸ ืกืจื˜ ืงื˜ืŸ, ืœืœื ื—ืœืงื™ื ื ืขื™ื ื›ืœืฉื”ื-
08:01
and projects it on a page, and you can see the world outside you as you walk around it.
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ื•ืžืงืจื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื• ืขืœ ื“ืฃ, ื•ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ืฉืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื›ื ื›ืื™ืœื• ืืชื ืžื˜ื™ื™ืœื™ื ื‘ื•.
08:05
This is just the outline of it, and you can see,
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ื–ื”ื• ืจืง ื”ืชืจืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ื–ื”, ื•ื‘ืืคืฉืจื•ืชื›ื ืœืจืื•ืช,
08:08
does it look like a regular building? No.
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ื”ืื ื–ื” ื ืจืื” ื›ืžื• ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืจื’ื™ืœ? ืœื.
08:10
It's actually non-orthogonal: it's not up and down,
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ื–ื”ื• ืœืžืขืฉื” ืœื-ืื•ืจื˜ื•ื’ื•ื ืœื™: ื”ื•ื ืœื ืžืขืœื” ื•ืžื˜ื”,
08:12
square, rectangular, anything like that,
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ืžืจื•ื‘ืข, ืžืœื‘ืŸ, ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื›ื–ื”,
08:14
that you'd see in a normal shape of a building.
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ืฉืืชื ืชืจืื• ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืจื’ื™ืœื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ.
08:16
The computer revolution, the technocratic, technological revolution,
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ืžื”ืคื›ืช ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘, ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืงืจื˜ื™ืช ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช,
08:19
has allowed us to jettison normal-shaped buildings,
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ืืคืฉืจื” ืœื ื• ืœื”ืฉืœื™ืš ืžื‘ื ื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืจื’ื™ืœื”,
08:22
traditionally shaped buildings, in favor of non-orthogonal buildings such as this.
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ืžื‘ื ื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ืช , ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ืžื‘ื ื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ืื•ืจื˜ื•ื’ื•ื ืœื™ื ื›ืžื• ื–ื”.
08:26
What's interesting about it is not the shape.
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ืžื” ืฉืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืœื ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืฆื•ืจื”.
08:28
What's interesting about it is how it's made. How it's made.
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ืžื” ืฉืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื–ื” ื ืขืฉื”. ืื™ืš ื–ื” ื ืขืฉื”.
08:32
A brand-new way to put buildings together,
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ื“ืจืš ื—ื“ืฉื” ืœื’ืžืจื™ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืงื™ื ื‘ื ื™ื ื™ื,
08:34
something called mass customization. No, it is not an oxymoron.
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ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื ืงืจื ืงืกื˜ื•ืžื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ื”ืžื•ื ื™ืช. ืœื, ื–ื” ืœื ืื•ืงืกื™ืžื•ืจื•ืŸ.
08:37
What makes the building expensive, in the traditional sense,
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ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ืคืš ืืช ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื™ืงืจ, ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื”ืžืกื•ืจืชื™,
08:40
is making individual parts custom, that you can't do over and over again.
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ื”ื•ื ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื—ืœืงื™ื ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื ื‘ื”ืชืืžื” ืื™ืฉื™ืช, ืฉืืชื” ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘.
08:43
That's why we all live in developer houses.
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ืœื›ืŸ ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื™ื–ืžื™ ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ.
08:45
They all want to save money by building the same thing 500 times.
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ื”ื ื›ื•ืœื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื—ืกื•ืš ื›ืกืฃ ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ืื•ืชื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ 500 ืคืขื .
08:49
That's because it's cheaper.
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ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื–ื” ื–ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
08:51
Mass customization works by an architect feeding into a computer,
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ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ืงืกื˜ื•ืžื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ื”ืžื•ื ื™ืช ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœ ืฉืžื•ื–ื ื•ืช ืœืžื—ืฉื‘,
08:55
a program that says, manufacture these parts.
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ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืฉืœืคื™ื”, ืžื™ื™ืฆืจื™ื ื—ืœืงื™ื ืืœื”.
08:58
The computer then talks to a machine --
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ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืœืžื›ืฉื™ืจ --
09:00
a computer-operated machine, a cad-cam machine --
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ืžื›ื•ื ื” ืฉืžื•ืคืขืœืช ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ืžื—ืฉื‘, ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ืชื™ื‘"ื-
09:04
that can make a zillion different changes, at a moment's notice,
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ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื‘ืฆืข ืื™ืŸ ืกื•ืฃ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื‘ื”ืชืจืื” ืฉืœ ืจื’ืข,
09:07
because the computer is just a machine.
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืžื—ืฉื‘ ื”ื•ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ.
09:09
It doesn't care. It's manufacturing the parts.
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ืฉืœื ืื›ืคืช ืœื•. ื”ื•ื ืžื™ื™ืฆืจ ืืช ื”ื—ืœืงื™ื.
09:12
It doesn't see any excess cost. It doesn't spend any extra time.
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ื”ื•ื ืœื ืจื•ืื” ื›ืœ ืขื•ื“ืฃ ืขืœื•ืช. ื”ื•ื ืœื ืžื‘ื–ื‘ื– ื–ืžืŸ ื ื•ืกืฃ.
09:15
It's not a laborer -- it's simply an electronic lathe,
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ื”ื•ื ืื™ื ื• ืคื•ืขืœ ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ - ื–ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžื—ืจื˜ื” ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ืช,
09:19
so the parts can all be cut at the same time.
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ื—ืœืงื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ื›ื•ืœื ืœื”ื™ื—ืชืš ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ.
09:21
Meanwhile, instead of sending someone working drawings,
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ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื, ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœืฉืœื•ื— ืœืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืฉืจื˜ื•ื˜ื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”,
09:24
which are those huge sets of blueprints that you've seen your whole life,
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ืฉื”ื ืกื“ืจื•ืช ืขื ืง ืฉืœ ืฉืจื˜ื•ื˜ื™ื ืฉืจืื™ืชื ืชืžื™ื“,
09:27
what the architect can do is send a set of assembly instructions,
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ืžื” ืฉื”ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืœืฉืœื•ื— ืกื“ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ื”ืจื›ื‘ื”,
09:32
like you used to get when you were a child,
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ื›ืคื™ ืฉื ื”ื’ืชื ืœืงื‘ืœ ื›ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื ื™ืœื“ื™ื,
09:34
when you bought little models that said, "Bolt A to B, and C to D."
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ื›ืฉืงื ื™ืชื ืžื•ื“ืœื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ืขื ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ืฉืืžืจื•: "ื”ื‘ืจื’ A ืœ- B, ื•- C ืœ-D."
09:38
And so what the builder will get is every single individual part
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ื•ื›ืš ืžื” ืฉื™ืงื‘ืœ ื”ื‘ื ืื™ ื”ื•ื ื›ืœ ื—ืœืง ื‘ื•ื“ื“ ื™ื—ื™ื“
09:42
that has been custom manufactured off-site and delivered on a truck
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ืฉื™ื•ืฆืจ ื‘ื”ืชืืžื” ืื™ืฉื™ืช ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืืชืจ ื•ื ืฉืœื— ื‘ืžืฉืื™ืช
09:46
to the site, to that builder, and a set of these instruction manuals.
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ืœืืชืจ, ืœื‘ื ืื™, ื•ืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ื“ืจื›ื” ืฉื›ืืœื”.
09:50
Just simple "Bolt A to B" and they will be able to put them together.
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ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืจืง "ื”ื‘ืจื’ A ืœ- B" ื•ื”ื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื—ื‘ืจ ืื•ืชื ื™ื—ื“.
09:53
Here's the little drawing that tells them how that works --
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ื”ื ื” ืฉืจื˜ื•ื˜ ืงื˜ืŸ ืฉืื•ืžืจ ืœื”ื ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื–ื” ืคื•ืขืœ --
09:56
and that's what will happen in the end.
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ื•ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื™ืงืจื” ื‘ืกื•ืฃ.
09:58
You're underneath it, looking up into the lens of the camera obscura.
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ืืชื ืžืชื—ืชื™ื•, ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ืœืžืขืœื” ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืขื“ืฉื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืงืžืจื” ืื•ื‘ืกืงื•ืจื”.
10:01
Lest you think this is all fiction, lest you think this is all fantasy, or romance,
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ืื ืืชื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื›ืœ ื–ื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ื ื™, ืฉื›ืœ ื–ื” ืื™ื ื• ืืœื ืคื ื˜ื–ื™ื” ืื• ืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™ืงื”,
10:06
these same architects were asked to produce something
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ืื•ืชื ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื™ื ื”ืชื‘ืงืฉื• ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืžืฉื”ื•
10:09
for the central courtyard of PS1, which is a museum in Brooklyn, New York,
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ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื—ืฆืจ ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช ืฉืœ PS1,ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื‘ืจื•ืงืœื™ืŸ, ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง,
10:13
as part of their young architects summer series.
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ื›ื—ืœืง ืžืกื“ืจื•ืช ื”ืงื™ืฅ ืฉืœ ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื™ื ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื.
10:15
And they said, well, it's summer, what do you do?
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ื•ื”ื ืืžืจื•, ื˜ื•ื‘, ื–ื” ืงื™ืฅ, ืžื” ืชืขืฉื•?
10:17
In the summer, you go to the beach.
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ื‘ืงื™ืฅ, ื‘ืืคืฉืจื•ืชื›ื ืœืœื›ืช ืœื—ื•ืฃ.
10:19
And when you go to the beach, what do you get? You get sand dunes.
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ื•ื›ืฉืืชื ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœื—ื•ืฃ, ืžื” ืืชื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ? ืืชื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ื“ื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืœ.
10:21
So let's make architectural sand dunes and a beach cabana.
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ืื– ื‘ื•ืื• ื•ื ืขืฉื” ื“ื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื—ื•ืœ ืืจื›ื™ื˜ืงื˜ื•ื ื™ื•ืช, ื•ื‘ืงืชืช ื—ื•ืฃ.
10:24
So they went out and they modeled a computer model of a sand dune.
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ืื– ื”ื ื”ืœื›ื•, ื•ืขื™ืฆื‘ื• ื“ื’ื ืžื—ืฉื‘ ืฉืœ ื“ื™ื•ื ืช ื—ื•ืœ.
10:28
They took photographs, they fed the photographs into their computer program,
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ื”ื ืฆื™ืœืžื• ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช, ื”ื ื”ื–ื™ื ื• ืืช ื”ืฆื™ืœื•ืžื™ื ืœืชื•ืš ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ ืฉืœื”ื,
10:31
and that computer program shaped a sand dune
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ื•ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืžื—ืฉื‘ ื–ื• ืขื™ืฆื‘ื” ื“ื™ื•ื ืช ื—ื•ืœ
10:35
and then took that sand dune shape and turned it into --
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ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืœืงื—ื• ืืช ืื•ืชื” ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื“ื™ื•ื ืช ื—ื•ืœ ื•ื”ืคื›ื• ืื•ืชื” ืœ -
10:38
at their instructions, using standard software with slight modifications --
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ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื, ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืชื•ื›ื ื” ืจื’ื™ืœื” ืขื ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืงืœื™ื -
10:42
a set of instructions for pieces of wood.
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ืกื“ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื—ืชื™ื›ื•ืช ืขืฅ.
10:45
And those are the pieces of wood. Those are the instructions.
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ื•ืืœื” ื”ืŸ ืคื™ืกื•ืช ื”ืขืฅ. ืืœื• ื”ืŸ ื”ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช.
10:47
These are the pieces, and here's a little of that blown up.
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ืืœื” ื”ื ื”ื—ืœืงื™ื, ื•ื–ื”ื• ืงืฆืช ืžื–ื” ืžื•ื’ื“ืœ.
10:50
What you can see is there's about six different colors,
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ืžื” ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ืขืจืš ืฉื™ืฉื” ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื,
10:52
and each color represents a type of wood to be cut, a piece of wood to be cut.
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ื•ื›ืœ ืฆื‘ืข ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืขืฅ ืœื’ื–ื™ืจื”, ืคื™ืกืช ืขืฅ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื’ื–ื•ืจ.
10:56
All of which were delivered by flat bed, on a truck,
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ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื ืฉืœื—ื• ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื™ ืžืฉื˜ื— ืฉื˜ื•ื— , ื‘ืžืฉืื™ืช,
10:59
and hand assembled in 48 hours by a team of eight people,
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ื•ื”ื•ืจื›ื‘ื• ื‘ื™ื“ ืชื•ืš 48 ืฉืขื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืื ืฉื™ื,
11:05
only one of whom had ever seen the plans before.
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ืฉืจืง ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ืจืื” ืื™ ืคืขื ืืช ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืŸ.
11:08
Only one of whom had ever seen the plans before.
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ืจืง ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ืจืื” ืืช ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืŸ.
11:11
And here comes dune-scape, coming up out of the courtyard,
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ื•ื”ื ื” ืžื’ื™ืข ืžืจืื” ื“ื™ื•ื ื”, ื‘ื•ืงืข ืžื”ื—ืฆืจ,
11:14
and there it is fully built.
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ื•ื”ื ื” ื”ื•ื ื‘ื ื•ื™ ืœืชืคืืจืช.
11:17
There are only 16 different pieces of wood,
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ื™ืฉ ืจืง 16 ื—ืœืงื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืขืฅ,
11:21
only 16 different assembly parts here.
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ืจืง 16 ื—ืœืงื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืœื”ืจื›ื‘ื” ื›ืืŸ.
11:24
Looks like a beautiful piano sounding board on the inside.
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ื ืจืื” ื›ืžื• ืชื™ื‘ืช ืชื”ื•ื“ื” ื™ืคื” ืฉืœ ืคืกื ืชืจ ืžื‘ืคื ื™ื.
11:27
It has its own built-in swimming pool, very, very cool.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื” ื‘ืจื™ื›ืช ืฉื—ื™ื” ืžื•ื‘ื ื™ืช, ืžืื•ื“, ืžืื•ื“ ืžื’ื ื™ื‘.
11:31
It's a great place for parties -- it was, it was only up for six weeks.
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ื–ื”ื• ืžืงื•ื ื ื”ื“ืจ ืœืžืกื™ื‘ื•ืช โ€“ ื–ื” ื”ื™ื”, ื”ื•ื ืขืžื“ ืจืง ืฉื™ืฉื” ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช.
11:36
It's got little dressing rooms and cabanas,
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ื™ืฉ ืœื• ื—ื“ืจื™ ื”ืœื‘ืฉื” ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื•ื‘ืงืชื•ืช,
11:39
where lots of interesting things went on, all summer long.
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ืฉื”ืžื•ืŸ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื• ืฉื ืœืื•ืจืš ื›ืœ ื”ืงื™ืฅ.
11:44
Now, lest you think that this is only for the light at heart, or just temporary installations,
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ื›ืขืช, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ืชื—ืฉื‘ื• ืฉื–ื” ืจืง ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืœืฉืžื— ืืช ื”ืœื‘, ืื• ืฉืืœื” ืžืชืงื ื™ื ื–ืžื ื™ื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“,
11:49
this is the same firm working at the World Trade Center,
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืื•ืชื” ื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉืขื•ื‘ื“ืช ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืกื—ืจ ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™,
11:52
replacing the bridge that used to go across West Street,
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ื‘ื”ื—ืœืคืช ื”ื’ืฉืจ ืฉื—ืฆื” ืืช ืจื—ื•ื‘ ื•ื•ืกื˜,
11:56
that very important pedestrian connection
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ืื•ืชื• ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืžืื“ ืœื”ื•ืœื›ื™ ืจื’ืœ
11:58
between the city of New York and the redevelopment of the West Side.
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืขื™ืจ ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง ื•ื”ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื“ ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™.
12:04
They were asked to design, replace that bridge in six weeks,
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ื”ื ื”ืชื‘ืงืฉื• ืœืขืฆื‘, ืœื”ื—ืœื™ืฃ ื’ืฉืจ ื–ื” ืชื•ืš ืฉื™ืฉื” ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช,
12:07
building it, including all of the parts, manufactured.
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ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ื–ืืช, ื›ื•ืœืœ ื›ืœ ื—ืœืงื™ื•, ืฉื™ื•ืฆืจื•.
12:11
And they were able to do it. That was their design,
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ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช. ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืฉืœื”ื,
12:13
using that same computer modeling system
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ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืžืขืจื›ืช ืžื•ื“ืœื™ื ืžืžื•ื—ืฉื‘ืช
12:15
and only five or six really different kinds of parts,
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ื•ืจืง ื‘ืืžืช ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืื• ืฉื™ืฉื” ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ืœืงื™ื,
12:18
a couple of struts, like this, some exterior cladding material
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ื›ืžื” ืชื•ืžื›ื•ืช, ื›ืžื• ืืœื”, ืžืขื˜ ื—ื•ืžืจ ืฆื™ืคื•ื™ ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™
12:22
and a very simple framing system
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ื•ืžืขืจื›ืช ืžืกื’ื•ืจ ืคืฉื•ื˜ื” ืžืื•ื“
12:24
that was all manufactured off-site and delivered by truck.
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ื›ืœ ื–ื” ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืืชืจ ื•ื ืฉืœื— ื‘ืžืฉืื™ืช.
12:26
They were able to create that.
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ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื–ืืช.
12:29
They were able to create something wonderful.
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ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžืฉื”ื• ื ืคืœื.
12:31
They're now building a 16-story building on the side of New York,
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ื”ื ื‘ื•ื ื™ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื‘ื ื™ืŸ ื‘ืŸ 16 ืงื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ืคืืชื™ ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง,
12:34
using the same technology.
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ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืื•ืชื” ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”.
12:36
Here we're going to walk across the bridge at night.
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ื›ืืŸ ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœื—ืฆื•ืช ืืช ื”ื’ืฉืจ ื‘ืœื™ืœื”.
12:38
It's self-lit, you don't need any overhead lighting,
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ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืชืื•ืจื” ืขืฆืžื™ืช, ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืชืื•ืจื” ืขื™ืœื™ืช,
12:40
so the neighbors don't complain about metal-halide lighting in their face.
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ืฉื›ื ื™ื ืœื ืžืชืœื•ื ื ื™ื ืขืœ ืชืื•ืจืช ื”ืœื™ื“ ืฉืžืื™ืจื” ืœื”ื ื‘ืคื ื™ื.
12:43
Here it is going across. And there, down the other side,
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ื›ืืŸ ื–ื” ื”ื•ืœืš ืœืจื•ื—ื‘. ื•ืฉื, ื‘ืžื•ืจื“ ื”ืฆื“ ื”ืื—ืจ,
12:46
and you get the same kind of grandeur.
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ื•ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืืช ืื•ืชื• ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืคืืจ.
12:48
Now, let me show you, quickly, the opposite, if I may.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื”ืจืฉื• ืœื™ ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื, ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช, ืืช ื”ื”ืคืš, ืื ื™ื•ืจืฉื” ืœื™.
12:52
Woo, pretty, huh. This is the other side of the coin.
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ื•ื•ื™, ื™ืคื”, ื”ื. ื–ื” ื”ืฆื“ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื˜ื‘ืข.
12:55
This is the work of David Rockwell from New York City,
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื“ื™ื™ื•ื™ื“ ืจื•ืงื•ื•ืœ ืž-ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง,
12:58
whose work you can see out here today.
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ืฉืืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื• ื‘ืืคืฉืจื•ืชื›ื ืœืจืื•ืช ื›ืืŸ ื”ื™ื•ื.
13:00
The current king of the romantics, who approaches his work
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ื”ืžืœืš ื”ืขื›ืฉื•ื•ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™ืงื ื™ื,ืฉื’ื™ืฉืชื• ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื•
13:03
in a very different fashion.
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ืฉื•ื ื” ืžืื•ื“.
13:05
It's not to create a technological solution, it's to seduce you
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ื–ื” ืœื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™, ื–ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืคืชื•ืช ืื•ืชืš
13:08
into something that you can do, into something that will please you,
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ืœืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช, ืœืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื™ื’ืจื•ื ืœืš ื”ื ืื”,
13:12
something that will lift your spirits,
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ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื™ืจื•ืžื ืืช ื”ืจื•ื—,
13:14
something that will make you feel as if are in another world --
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ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื™ื’ืจื•ื ืœืš ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ื›ืื™ืœื• ืืชื” ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืื—ืจ -
13:17
such as his Nobu restaurant in New York,
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ื›ืžื• ื”ืžืกืขื“ื” ืฉืœื• ื ื•ื‘ื• ื‘ื ื™ื•-ื™ื•ืจืง,
13:20
which is supposed to take you from the clutter of New York City
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ืฉืืžื•ืจื” ืœืงื—ืช ืืชื›ื ืžื”ืื ื“ืจืœืžื•ืกื™ื” ืฉืœ ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง
13:24
to the simplicity of Japan and the elegance of Japanese tradition.
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ืœืคืฉื˜ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื™ืคืŸ ื•ืœืืœื’ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืกื•ืจืช ื”ื™ืคื ื™ืช.
13:29
"When it's all said and done, it's got to look like seaweed," said the owner.
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"ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื›ืœ ื ืืžืจ ื•ื ืขืฉื”, ื–ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ืจืื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืืฆื•ืช," ืืžืจ ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื.
13:34
Or his restaurant, Pod, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
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ืื• ื”ืžืกืขื“ื” ืฉืœื•, "ืคื•ื“" (ืชืจืžื™ืœ), ื‘ืคื™ืœื“ืœืคื™ื”, ืคื ืกื™ืœื‘ื ื™ื”.
13:38
I want you to know the room you're looking at is stark white.
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ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉืชื“ืขื• ืฉื”ื—ื“ืจ ืฉืืชื ืžื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื ื‘ื• ื”ื•ื ืœื‘ืŸ ืœืžืฉืขื™.
13:41
Every single surface of this restaurant is white.
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ื›ืœ ืžืฉื˜ื— ื•ืžืฉื˜ื— ืฉืœ ื”ืžืกืขื“ื” ื”ื–ื• ื”ื•ื ืœื‘ืŸ.
13:44
The reason it has so much color is that it changes using lighting.
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ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉื™ืฉ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ืฆื‘ืข ื”ื™ื ืฉื–ื” ืžืฉืชื ื” ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืชืื•ืจื”.
13:49
It's all about sensuality. It's all about transforming.
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ื–ื” ื”ื›ืœ ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืฉื ื™ื•ืช. ื›ืœ ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื˜ืจื ืกืคื•ืจืžืฆื™ื”.
13:53
Watch this -- I'm not touching any buttons, ladies and gentlemen.
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ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื• ื‘ื–ื” -- ืื ื™ ืœื ืื ื™ ื ื•ื’ืข ื‘ืฉื•ื ืœื—ืฆื ื™ื, ื’ื‘ื™ืจื•ืชื™ ื•ืจื‘ื•ืชื™.
13:56
This is happening by itself.
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ื–ื” ืงื•ืจื” ืžืขืฆืžื•.
13:58
It transforms through the magic of lighting.
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ื–ื” ืžืฉืชื ื” ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืงืกื ืฉืœ ื”ืชืื•ืจื”.
14:00
It's all about sensuality. It's all about touch.
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ื”ื›ืœ ื›ืืŸ ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืฉื ื™ื•ืช. ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžื’ืข.
14:03
Rosa Mexicano restaurant, where he transports us to the shores of Acapulco,
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ืžืกืขื“ืช "ืจื•ื–ื” ืžื›ืกื™ืงื ื•", ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื•ื ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืื•ืชื ื• ืœื—ื•ืคื™ ืืงืคื•ืœืงื•,
14:08
up on the Upper West Side,
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ืœืžืขืœื”-ื‘ืืคืจ ื•ื•ืกื˜ ืกื™ื™ื“,
14:10
with this wall of cliff divers who -- there you go, like that.
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ืขื ืงื™ืจ ืฉืœ ืงื•ืคืฆื™ื ืžืฆื•ืงื™ื -- ื”ื ื”, ื›ื›ื”.
14:15
Let's see it one more time.
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื•ื ืจืื” ืื•ืชื• ืคืขื ื ื•ืกืคืช.
14:17
Okay, just to make sure that you've enjoyed it.
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ืื•ืงื™ื™, ืจืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœื•ื•ื“ื ืฉื ื”ื ื™ืชื ืžื–ื”.
14:20
And finally, it's about comfort, it's about making you feel good
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ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ื–ื” ื‘ืขื ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื ื•ื—ื•ืช, ื–ื” ืืžื•ืจ ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ื˜ื•ื‘
14:24
in places that you wouldn't have felt good before.
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ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืฉื‘ื”ื ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืช ืžืจื’ื™ืฉ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืŸ.
14:26
It's about bringing nature to the inside.
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ื–ื” ืขืœ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ืคื ื™ืžื”.
14:28
In the Guardian Tower of New York, converted to a W Union Square --
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ื‘ื’ืจื“ื™ืืŸ ื˜ืื•ืืจ ืฉืœ ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง, ืฉื”ื•ืกื‘ ืœ-W ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืŸ ืกืงื•ื•ืจ--
14:32
I'm sorry I'm rushing -- where we had to bring in the best horticulturists in the world
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ืื ื™ ืžืฆื˜ืขืจ ืฉืื ื™ ืžืžื”ืจ- ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ื’ื ื ื™ื ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืขื•ืœื
14:37
to make sure that the interior of this dragged the garden space
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื•ื•ื“ื ื›ื™ ื”ืคื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื–ื” ื’ืจืจ ืืช ืฉื˜ื— ื”ื’ืŸ
14:40
of the court garden of the Union Square into the building itself.
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ืฉืœ ื’ื™ื ืช ื”ื—ืฆืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืŸ ืกืงื•ื•ืจ ืœืชื•ืš ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืขืฆืžื•.
14:44
It's about stimulation.
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ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืกื˜ื™ืžื•ืœืฆื™ื”.
14:48
This is a wine-buying experience simplified by color and taste.
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ื” ืฉืœ ืงื ื™ื™ืช ื™ื™ืŸ ืขืœ-ืคื™ ืฆื‘ืข ื•ื˜ืขื.
14:53
Fizzy, fresh, soft, luscious, juicy, smooth, big and sweet wines,
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ื™ื™ื ื•ืช ืชื•ืกืกื™ื, ื—ื“ืฉื ื™ื™ื, ืจื›ื™ื,ื—ื•ืฉื ื™ื™ื, ืขืกื™ืกื™ื™ื, ื—ืœืงื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื•ืžืชื•ืงื™ื,
14:57
all explained to you by color and texture on the wall.
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ื”ื›ืœ ืžื•ืกื‘ืจ ืœื›ื ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ืฆื‘ืข ื•ืžืจืงื ืขืœ ื”ืงื™ืจ.
15:01
And finally, it's about entertainment, as in his headquarters
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ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ื–ื” ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืจ, ื›ืžื• ื‘ืžืคืงื“ื” ืฉืœื•
15:05
for the Cirque du Soleil, Orlando, Florida,
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ืขื‘ื•ืจ "ืกื™ืจืง ื“ื” ืกื•ืœื™ื™" (ืงืจืงืก ื”ืฉืžืฉ), ืื•ืจืœื ื“ื•, ืคืœื•ืจื™ื“ื”,
15:07
where you're asked to enter the Greek theater,
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ืฉื‘ื• ืชืชื‘ืงืฉ ืœื”ื›ื ืก ืœืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™,
15:09
look under the tent and join the magic world of Cirque du Soleil.
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ืœื”ืกืชื›ืœ ืชื—ืช ื”ืื•ื”ืœ ื•ืœื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืœืขื•ืœื ื”ืงืกื ืฉืœ ื”"ืกื™ืจืง ื“ื” ืกื•ืœื™ื™".
15:12
And I think I'll probably leave it at that. Thank you very much.
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื›ื ืจืื” ืืฉืื™ืจ ื–ืืช ื›ืืŸ. ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืžืื“.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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