Itamar Mann: A new approach to defending the human rights of migrants | TED Fellows

翻译人员: 学逸 邸 校对人员: Jiasi Hao

[SHAPE YOUR FUTURE]

【塑造我们的未来】

A decade ago,

十年前，一场和平的革命

after a peaceful revolution toppled the longtime Tunisian dictator Ben Ali,

推翻了突尼斯长年独裁者 本 · 阿里（Ben Ali）后，

I was sitting in an orange grove outside of Athens, Greece.

我正坐在希腊雅典郊外的一片橘林里。

Undocumented migrants were hiding there.

未登记的非法移民们正藏在那里。

I came to interview them

我采访了他们，

about human rights abuses they had suffered while entering Europe.

来了解他们进入欧洲时 遭受的人权侵犯。

One of them, a Tunisian fellow in a leather jacket, explained.

其中一个穿着皮夹克的 突尼斯男人解释到：

那些人们推翻本 · 阿里

The people who overthrew Ben Ali,

they want democracy and a dignified life.

是因为他们想要 一个民主的、有尊严的生活。

“We, who have crossed the Mediterranean, want democracy and a dignified life.”

“我们不远千里穿过地中海， 只是想要一个民主的、有尊严的生活。”

What is the difference?

有何不同？

The migrant is a kind of revolutionary.

这些移民也是一类革命者。

This idea stuck with me

这个问题从此一直伴随着我

and informed my work as a lawyer and a scholar ever since.

并对我以律师和学者身份 进行的工作带来了很大影响。

As Middle Eastern revolutions turned into civil wars,

当中东革命转变成内战后，

the refugee crisis unfolded in the Mediterranean.

难民危机在地中海蔓延。

This exacerbated political pressures against asylum seekers.

这加重了针对寻求庇护者的 政治压力。

Initially, the European Court of Human Rights

最初，欧洲人权法院

took a strong stand against border violence.

强力反对边境暴力。

In 2012, the court decided

在 2012 年，法院裁决

that Italy cannot turn asylum seekers back from the Mediterranean

在未了解寻求庇护者的情况下， 意大利不能将他们

to dangerous Libyan territory, without first hearing them.

从地中海 遣送回危险的利比亚领土。

The human rights community cheered.

人权社群为此高声欢呼，

I was not one of those who cheered.

而我却不在其中。

In my scholarship,

在我的学术研究中，

I predicted that this kind of decision could also generate bad results.

我预测这项裁决 可能也会导致不好的结果。

States determined to enforce their own borders

各国下定决心巩固边防，

could turn back asylum seekers

以此期盼避难者调转目的地，

even before they enter the supervision of their own courts.

甚至是在避难者 进入本国法院的监督之前。

I was regretfully correct.

很遗憾，我是对的。

In recent years,

最近几年，意大利政府依靠利比亚民兵 在做一些见不得人的工作。

the Italians have relied on Libyan militias to do their dirty work.

So eager are some European governments

一些欧洲政府很急切地

to ditch their own human rights obligations,

想要卸下他们自己的人权工作义务，

they've equipped and armed Libyan militia,

所以他们为利比亚民兵 配备装备与武器，

ignoring their rampant use of torture.

而忽视了他们对酷刑的滥用。

这也是为什么

This is also why, since January 2014,

自 2014 年 1 月，至少有 3.4 万难民 在地中海中溺水身亡。

more than 34,000 migrants have died by drowning in the Mediterranean.

And since COVID-19 began,

另外，在新冠疫情开始之后，

the militarized border in the Mediterranean

地中海的武装边境线

has become in some ways even more extreme.

在某种程度上变得更加极端。

But how does the militarized border cause deaths by drowning?

但是这些武装边境线 是怎么造成这些溺亡的呢？

I'd like to illustrate by a reference to a case I'm currently working on.

我想用一个我手头上的案子 来详细说明。

On November 6, 2017,

2017 年 11 月 6 日，

a group of asylum seekers left the Libyan coast

一群寻求庇护者离开了利比亚海岸线，

and traveled through the Mediterranean, hoping to reach Europe.

渡过地中海，希望抵达欧洲。

As the overcrowded boat started to break down,

在这艘超载的船快要沉没的时候，

they sent a distress signal,

他们发送了一个求救信号。

and under international law,

根据国际法，

states are obligated to facilitate the rescue of vessels in distress.

各国有责任 对船只的求救信号伸以援手。

Now, a strange confrontation followed.

现在，一场奇怪的对抗出现了。

Two vessels, not one,

不止一艘，有两艘船只

came to pick up the asylum seekers in distress.

前去营救那些遇险的避难者。

One of them was sailing under a European flag,

其中一艘船悬挂着欧盟的旗帜，

its crew in civilian clothing.

上面的船员穿着普通的便装。

The other was a Libyan vessel with its crew armed

另外一艘是利比亚的船，

船上是一群穿着政府制服的武装船员， 让这群避难者一看就逃跑了。

and in the very uniform of the government that these people had fled.

For the asylum seekers, the choice was clear.

对这些寻求庇护者来说， 最终选择显而易见。

Many jumped into the water,

很多人怀着 绝对不能被利比亚政府抓住的决心，

determined at all costs not to let the Libyans pick them up.

跳进了海里。

Twenty people drowned,

二十人溺亡，

victims of a contemporary struggle for liberation across borders.

他们是当代国界间 为自由而战的受害者。

What I didn't predict a few years back

而我几年前没有预测到的是

was the courageous response of civil society volunteers

民间社会志愿者对此的勇敢响应：

such as members of Sea-Watch,

例如救援船所属 海洋观察组织（Sea-Watch）的成员

who have literally inserted their bodies between the Libyan forces

用自己的身躯，

强力介入了利比亚武装力量 和避难者间的矛盾。

and the migrants in the water.

Crucially, they've also brought back images

关键是，他们还 从船上和随身的相机

from cameras on board and body cams.

带回了影像。

These images allowed my colleagues,

这些影像让我的同事 查尔斯 · 海勒（Charles Heller）

Charles Heller and Lorenzo Pezzani

和洛伦佐 · 佩扎尼（Lorenzo Pezzani）

to visually reconstruct the events of November 2017.

能够在视觉上重构当时的场景。

When they came to my team and me

当他们找到我们团队

asking that we go back to the European Court of Human Rights,

并希望我们能够去欧洲人权法法院 进行上诉的时候，

I was hesitant.

我是犹豫的。

States always have ways to circumvent progressive human rights decisions,

各国总是能够设法规避那些 进步性的人权裁决，

but the evidence spoke for itself.

但证据不言自明。

With my colleagues Violeta Moreno-Lax and Loredana Leo,

我的同事维尔塔 · 莫雷诺（Violeta Moreno-Lax）， 拉克丝 · 罗蕾达娜（Loredana Leo）

we filed the case at the European Court of Human Rights.

和我一起 在欧洲人权法院提起了诉讼。

We argue that Italy, as well as Europe,

我们认为意大利，和欧洲一样，

cannot rely on Libyan militia to sidestep their own accountability.

不能依靠利比亚民兵 逃避自己的责任。

On a high level of generality,

在更高层面上，

the question is when is a point of contact established

真正的问题是 什么时候能够建立

between a person in need of protection

寻求庇护的人们 和能够提供保护的国家间的沟通点。

and a state that can protect them.

I've called this moment the human rights encounter.

我称此次事件为“人权交锋”。

It is a dramatic moment

这是一个引人注目的时刻——

in which legal commitments are put to an existential test.

法律承诺正经历着存在性检测。

It's not about human rights law generally,

这无关于笼统的人权法本身，

but a particular person in a particular time.

而是关乎着 一群特定的人，一个特定的时间，

About simple commitments we have to each other as persons.

以及我们作为人， 对彼此的一份简单承诺。

It is not merely by chance that the sea becomes the environment

海洋成为大规模跨越国界 为自由征战的场所

for this large-scale struggle for liberation across borders.

并不仅是偶然。

As for the court, it has recognized the human rights encounter,

人权法院 考虑到人权事件的客观性、直接性，

when it's physical and direct.

认可了“人权交锋”的用语。

In the case I just told you about,

在上述分享的案件中，

we go further.

我们的工作愈行愈远。

Even when mediated by technology or by proxy forces,

即使能通过技术或者代理部队 进行调解，

the underlying commitments to human rights should not change.

根本性的人权承诺也不应改变。

In my organization, the Global Legal Action Network,

我的全球法律行动网络组织 （Global Legal Action Network）

we pursue this case I told you about

将此案件视为 战略诉讼计划的一部分，

as part of a strategic litigation program.

追踪此案。

We consider international law and the laws of many countries.

我们顾及国际法以及多国法律，

We collaborate with researchers

同时与研究人员和活动家们合作——

and activists who use cutting edge technologies

他们使用前沿科技

to document violations across many borders.

来记录国界线上的暴力冲突。

As war, persecution and climate change continue,

大小战争、政府迫害和气候变化 仍未停止，

we believe this strategy will redefine the future of human rights lawyering.

我们相信这项战略行动将 重新定义人权律师行业。

The future of human rights lawyering

人权律师行业的未来

is not only about a struggle against one corrupt leader or another.

不只在于对一个个腐败领袖的抗争，

It's also about questions concerning

同时也关乎于

how do we all inhabit this planet together?

我们怎样共同居住在这个星球。

Thank you.

谢谢。