Itamar Mann: A new approach to defending the human rights of migrants | TED Fellows

Translator: miss srimaryanti Reviewer: Maria Nainggolan

[SHAPE YOUR FUTURE]

[TENTUKAN MASA DEPANMU]

A decade ago,

Sepuluh tahun lalu,

after a peaceful revolution toppled the longtime Tunisian dictator Ben Ali,

setelah sebuah revolusi damai menumbangkan diktator Tunisia, Ben Ali,

I was sitting in an orange grove outside of Athens, Greece.

aku duduk di sebuah kebun jeruk di luar kota Athena, Yunani.

Undocumented migrants were hiding there.

Para imigran ilegal sedang bersembunyi di situ.

I came to interview them

Lalu aku menanyakan

about human rights abuses they had suffered while entering Europe.

tentang kekerasan HAM yang mereka alami ketika masuk Eropa.

One of them, a Tunisian fellow in a leather jacket, explained.

Seorang pria berjaket kulit asal Tunisia menjelaskan.

The people who overthrew Ben Ali,

Orang-orang yang menggulingkan Ben Ali

they want democracy and a dignified life.

ingin demokrasi dan hidup bermartabat.

“We, who have crossed the Mediterranean, want democracy and a dignified life.”

“Kami yang menyeberangi Laut Mediterania, ingin demokrasi dan hidup bermartabat.”

What is the difference?

Apa bedanya?

The migrant is a kind of revolutionary.

Imigran sifatnya revolusioner.

This idea stuck with me

Gagasan ini selalu kubawa

and informed my work as a lawyer and a scholar ever since.

dan mempengaruhi kerjaku sebagai pengacara dan sarjana.

As Middle Eastern revolutions turned into civil wars,

Ketika revolusi di Timur Tengah berubah menjadi perang sipil,

the refugee crisis unfolded in the Mediterranean.

krisis pengungsi muncul di Laut Tengah

This exacerbated political pressures against asylum seekers.

memperburuk tekanan politik terhadap para pencari suaka.

Initially, the European Court of Human Rights

Awalnya Mahkamah HAM Eropa

took a strong stand against border violence.

sangat menentang tindak kekerasan di perbatasan.

In 2012, the court decided

Pada 2012 Mahkamah memutuskan

that Italy cannot turn asylum seekers back from the Mediterranean

Italia tidak boleh mengembalikan para pencari suaka dari Laut Mediterania

to dangerous Libyan territory, without first hearing them.

ke Libia yang berbahaya tanpa mendengar mereka dahulu.

The human rights community cheered.

Komunitas HAM bersorak.

I was not one of those who cheered.

Aku bukan salah satu dari mereka.

In my scholarship,

Menurut ilmu yang kudapat,

I predicted that this kind of decision could also generate bad results.

keputusan semacam ini kuramalkan juga memiliki dampak buruk.

States determined to enforce their own borders

Negara-negara memutuskan untuk memperkuat perbatasan

could turn back asylum seekers

bisa mengembalikan pencari suaka

even before they enter the supervision of their own courts.

bahkan sebelum mereka mendapat “Court Supervision”.

I was regretfully correct.

Sayangnya ramalanku benar.

In recent years,

Beberapa tahun terakhir

the Italians have relied on Libyan militias to do their dirty work.

Italia mengandalkan milisi Libia untuk menjalankan aksi licik mereka.

So eager are some European governments

Beberapa negara Eropa begitu bersemangat

to ditch their own human rights obligations,

untuk lepas tanggung jawab dari penegakan HAM

they've equipped and armed Libyan militia,

hingga milisi Libia pun mereka persenjatai

ignoring their rampant use of torture.

meski kekerasan makin merajalela.

This is also why, since January 2014,

Ini juga mengapa sejak Januari 2014

more than 34,000 migrants have died by drowning in the Mediterranean.

lebih dari 34.000 imigran mati tenggelam di Laut Mediterania.

And since COVID-19 began,

Dan sejak pandemi COVID-19

the militarized border in the Mediterranean

perbatasan yang diperkuat militer

has become in some ways even more extreme.

bahkan makin ketat penjagaannya.

But how does the militarized border cause deaths by drowning?

Bagaimana perbatasan yang ketat membuat orang mati tenggelam?

I'd like to illustrate by a reference to a case I'm currently working on.

Kuberi gambaran lewat sebuah kasus yang sedang kutangani.

On November 6, 2017,

Pada 6 November 2017

a group of asylum seekers left the Libyan coast

sekumpulan pencari suaka meninggalkan Laut Libia

and traveled through the Mediterranean, hoping to reach Europe.

dan melewati Laut Mediterania, dengan harapan bisa mencapai Eropa.

As the overcrowded boat started to break down,

Ketika kapal yang penuh sesak itu mulai tenggelam

they sent a distress signal,

mereka mengirim isyarat bahaya,

and under international law,

dan dalam hukum internasional

states are obligated to facilitate the rescue of vessels in distress.

negara diwajibkan untuk memfasilitasi penyelamatan kapal dalam bahaya.

Now, a strange confrontation followed.

Berikutnya terjadi konfrontasi yang aneh.

Two vessels, not one,

Bukan hanya satu tapi dua buah kapal

came to pick up the asylum seekers in distress.

datang menyelamatkan pencari suaka yang dalam bahaya.

One of them was sailing under a European flag,

Salah satunya berbendera sebuah negara di Eropa,

its crew in civilian clothing.

dan krunya berpakaian sipil.

The other was a Libyan vessel with its crew armed

Satunya lagi adalah kapal Libia dengan kru yang bersenjata

and in the very uniform of the government that these people had fled.

dan berseragam pemerintah yang sama dengan orang-orang yang kabur itu.

For the asylum seekers, the choice was clear.

Bagi pencari suaka itu pilihannya sudah jelas.

Many jumped into the water,

Banyak yang terjun ke laut,

determined at all costs not to let the Libyans pick them up.

bersikeras tidak ingin diselamatkan oleh kru Libia.

Twenty people drowned,

Dua puluh orang mati tenggelam,

victims of a contemporary struggle for liberation across borders.

korban perjuangan masa kini demi kemerdekaan di luar perbatasan.

What I didn't predict a few years back

Yang tidak kuramalkan waktu itu adalah

was the courageous response of civil society volunteers

respons para sukarelawan masyarakat sipil yang sangat berani,

such as members of Sea-Watch,

seperti anggota Sea Watch,

who have literally inserted their bodies between the Libyan forces

yang secara nyata menempatkan tubuh mereka di antara pasukan Libia

and the migrants in the water.

dan para imigran di laut.

Crucially, they've also brought back images

Mereka juga dengan susah payah membawakan gambar-gambar

from cameras on board and body cams.

dari kamera kapal dan kamera tubuh.

These images allowed my colleagues,

Dengan gambar-gambar ini kolegaku,

Charles Heller and Lorenzo Pezzani

Charles Heller and Lorenzo Pezzani,

to visually reconstruct the events of November 2017.

dapat merekonstruksi peristiwa di bulan November 2017.

When they came to my team and me

Ketika mereka mendatangiku dan tim,

asking that we go back to the European Court of Human Rights,

meminta kami kembali ke Mahkamah HAM Eropa,

I was hesitant.

aku tidak yakin.

States always have ways to circumvent progressive human rights decisions,

Negara selalu memiliki cara untuk lari dari keputusan HAM

but the evidence spoke for itself.

tetapi buktinya sudah jelas.

With my colleagues Violeta Moreno-Lax and Loredana Leo,

Bersama kolegaku, Violeta Moreno-Lax dan Loredana Leo,

we filed the case at the European Court of Human Rights.

kami mengajukan gugatan kepada Mahkamah HAM Eropa.

We argue that Italy, as well as Europe,

Kami berargumen bahwa Italia dan Eropa

cannot rely on Libyan militia to sidestep their own accountability.

dilarang mengandalkan milisi Libia demi terhindar dari tanggung jawab mereka.

On a high level of generality,

Secara umum,

the question is when is a point of contact established

pertanyaannya adalah kapan waktunya untuk mengadakan kontak

between a person in need of protection

antara orang yang memerlukan perlindungan

and a state that can protect them.

dengan negara yang bisa melindungi mereka.

I've called this moment the human rights encounter.

Momen ini kusebut pertemuan HAM.

It is a dramatic moment

Momen dramatis

in which legal commitments are put to an existential test.

ketika komitmen hukum diuji secara nyata.

It's not about human rights law generally,

Pada dasarnya ini bukan tentang aturan HAM

but a particular person in a particular time.

melainkan orang tertentu pada waktu tertentu.

About simple commitments we have to each other as persons.

Tentang komitmen kita terhadap orang lain.

It is not merely by chance that the sea becomes the environment

Bukan kebetulan laut menjadi tempat

for this large-scale struggle for liberation across borders.

perjuangan berskala besar demi kemerdekaan di luar perbatasan.

As for the court, it has recognized the human rights encounter,

Pengadilan juga mengenali pertemuan HAM

when it's physical and direct.

ketika bersifat fisik dan langsung.

In the case I just told you about,

Pada kasus yang kuceritakan tadi,

we go further.

kami melakukan lebih.

Even when mediated by technology or by proxy forces,

Bahkan ketika dimediasi teknologi atau delegasi berupa pasukan

the underlying commitments to human rights should not change.

komitmen awal mengenai HAM tidak boleh berubah.

In my organization, the Global Legal Action Network,

Dalam organisasiku, Global Legal Action Network,

we pursue this case I told you about

kami mengikuti kasus yang kuceritakan tadi

as part of a strategic litigation program.

sebagai bagian dari program litigasi strategis.

We consider international law and the laws of many countries.

Kami memperhitungkan hukum internasional dan hukum di banyak negara.

We collaborate with researchers

Kami berkerjasama dengan peneliti

and activists who use cutting edge technologies

dan aktivis yang dilengkapi dengan teknologi canggih

to document violations across many borders.

dalam merekam pelanggaran dalam perbatasan negara.

As war, persecution and climate change continue,

Sementara perang, persekusi, dan perubahan iklim berlanjut,

we believe this strategy will redefine the future of human rights lawyering.

kami yakin strategi ini akan mengubah arti advokasi HAM di masa depan.

The future of human rights lawyering

Masa depan advokasi HAM

is not only about a struggle against one corrupt leader or another.

bukan hanya tentang perjuangan melawan pemimpin korup dan sebagainya.

It's also about questions concerning

Namun juga tentang pertanyaan

how do we all inhabit this planet together?

bagaimana caranya kita mendiami planet ini bersama-sama?

Thank you.

Terima kasih.