Itamar Mann: A new approach to defending the human rights of migrants | TED Fellows

30,755 views ・ 2021-06-16

TED


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譯者: Zoe Walmsley 審譯者: Helen Chang
00:14
[SHAPE YOUR FUTURE]
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[塑造未來]
00:17
A decade ago,
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十年前
00:18
after a peaceful revolution toppled the longtime Tunisian dictator Ben Ali,
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突尼西亞的一場和平革命 推翻了獨裁多年的班·阿里
00:22
I was sitting in an orange grove outside of Athens, Greece.
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我當時在希臘雅典郊外的一個橘林中
00:26
Undocumented migrants were hiding there.
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那是許多無證移民的藏身之處
00:28
I came to interview them
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我去採訪他們
00:29
about human rights abuses they had suffered while entering Europe.
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關於歐洲邊界的人權迫害
00:33
One of them, a Tunisian fellow in a leather jacket, explained.
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其中一個身著皮夾克的突尼西亞人說
00:37
The people who overthrew Ben Ali,
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那些推翻班·阿里的人
00:39
they want democracy and a dignified life.
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想要的是民主和有尊嚴的生活
00:41
“We, who have crossed the Mediterranean, want democracy and a dignified life.”
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「而我們渡過地中海來此 就是要民主和有尊嚴的生活。」
00:45
What is the difference?
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到底哪裡不同?
00:47
The migrant is a kind of revolutionary.
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移民本身就是一種革命
00:49
This idea stuck with me
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這念頭始終環繞不去
00:51
and informed my work as a lawyer and a scholar ever since.
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從那以後,我成為了一位律師和學者
00:55
As Middle Eastern revolutions turned into civil wars,
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隨著中東的革命運動轉為內戰
00:58
the refugee crisis unfolded in the Mediterranean.
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難民危機也在地中海展開來
01:01
This exacerbated political pressures against asylum seekers.
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加劇了難民尋求庇護時 面對的政治壓力
01:05
Initially, the European Court of Human Rights
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一開始歐洲人權法庭
01:08
took a strong stand against border violence.
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強烈譴責邊界暴力
01:10
In 2012, the court decided
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2012 年,法庭決定
01:12
that Italy cannot turn asylum seekers back from the Mediterranean
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義大利不能未經審訊就將難民
01:16
to dangerous Libyan territory, without first hearing them.
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從地中海遣送回危險的利比亞境內
01:19
The human rights community cheered.
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人權團體同聲叫好
01:21
I was not one of those who cheered.
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我沒有
01:23
In my scholarship,
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我的學術研究預測
01:24
I predicted that this kind of decision could also generate bad results.
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這種決定可能帶來不良後果
01:29
States determined to enforce their own borders
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那些決心加強邊防的國家
01:31
could turn back asylum seekers
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可能會將尋求庇護的難民
01:33
even before they enter the supervision of their own courts.
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在進入法令管轄區前就驅離
01:36
I was regretfully correct.
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很遺憾地這預測是正確的
01:39
In recent years,
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最近幾年
01:40
the Italians have relied on Libyan militias to do their dirty work.
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義大利倚賴利比亞民兵替他們幹壞事
01:44
So eager are some European governments
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ㄧ些歐洲政府
01:46
to ditch their own human rights obligations,
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迫切地想逃脫人權義務
01:48
they've equipped and armed Libyan militia,
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不惜花費武裝利比亞民兵
01:51
ignoring their rampant use of torture.
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無視難民被以酷刑對待
01:54
This is also why, since January 2014,
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這正是為何 2014 年一月以來
01:57
more than 34,000 migrants have died by drowning in the Mediterranean.
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已經有超過 34,000 名 難民在地中海溺斃
02:02
And since COVID-19 began,
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而且從 Covid-19 疫情開始
02:04
the militarized border in the Mediterranean
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地中海邊界的武裝控管
02:06
has become in some ways even more extreme.
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某方面來說更為加劇
02:08
But how does the militarized border cause deaths by drowning?
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邊界的武裝防衛怎會導致溺斃?
02:11
I'd like to illustrate by a reference to a case I'm currently working on.
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讓我用個手邊的案例來說明
02:15
On November 6, 2017,
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2017 年 11 月 6 日
02:18
a group of asylum seekers left the Libyan coast
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一群難民從利比亞海岸出發
02:20
and traveled through the Mediterranean, hoping to reach Europe.
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希望經由地中海進入歐洲
02:24
As the overcrowded boat started to break down,
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超載的船隻開始瓦解下沉時
02:27
they sent a distress signal,
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他們發出了求救信號
02:28
and under international law,
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按照國際法
02:30
states are obligated to facilitate the rescue of vessels in distress.
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各國政府有義務對受難船隻提供救援
02:34
Now, a strange confrontation followed.
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一場奇怪的衝突發生了
02:36
Two vessels, not one,
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不只一艘而是兩艘船隻
02:38
came to pick up the asylum seekers in distress.
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前來援救危急的難民
02:41
One of them was sailing under a European flag,
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其中一艘打著歐洲的旗幟
02:43
its crew in civilian clothing.
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船員是普通百姓裝扮
02:45
The other was a Libyan vessel with its crew armed
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另一艘利比亞的船上 載的是武裝的士兵
02:48
and in the very uniform of the government that these people had fled.
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身著難民要逃離的利比亞政府制服
02:54
For the asylum seekers, the choice was clear.
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難民們很清楚該選哪方
02:56
Many jumped into the water,
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許多人跳進海裡
02:58
determined at all costs not to let the Libyans pick them up.
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不顧一切想逃脫利比亞民兵
03:02
Twenty people drowned,
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二十個人淹死了
03:04
victims of a contemporary struggle for liberation across borders.
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他們是近代史上跨越邊境 投奔自由的受害者
03:07
What I didn't predict a few years back
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幾年前我所沒想到的是
03:09
was the courageous response of civil society volunteers
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非政府組織及義工會挺身而出
03:13
such as members of Sea-Watch,
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例如海上救援組織 Sea-Watch 的成員
03:14
who have literally inserted their bodies between the Libyan forces
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他們幾乎是把自己的身軀
03:18
and the migrants in the water.
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擺在利比亞民兵與海中難民之間
03:19
Crucially, they've also brought back images
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更重要的是他們還將 船上和成員身上揹的相機
03:22
from cameras on board and body cams.
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拍到的照片帶回來了
03:24
These images allowed my colleagues,
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這些照片讓我和我的同僚
03:26
Charles Heller and Lorenzo Pezzani
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查理斯·海勒和羅倫佐·貝薩尼
03:28
to visually reconstruct the events of November 2017.
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得以重建 2017 年 11 月發生的事件
03:32
When they came to my team and me
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當他們來找我及我的團隊
03:33
asking that we go back to the European Court of Human Rights,
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請我們重回歐洲人權法庭時
03:36
I was hesitant.
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我猶豫了一下
03:37
States always have ways to circumvent progressive human rights decisions,
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各國總有辦法巧妙規避 與時俱進的人權責任
03:41
but the evidence spoke for itself.
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但證據會說話
03:44
With my colleagues Violeta Moreno-Lax and Loredana Leo,
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在我的同事維拉塔·莫蘭諾拉斯、 洛芮丹納·里奧陪同下
03:47
we filed the case at the European Court of Human Rights.
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我們向歐洲人權法庭提出訴訟
03:50
We argue that Italy, as well as Europe,
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我們認為義大利甚至整個歐洲
03:52
cannot rely on Libyan militia to sidestep their own accountability.
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都不應該倚賴利比亞民兵 來規避自身的責任
03:57
On a high level of generality,
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籠統地說
03:58
the question is when is a point of contact established
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關鍵在於雙方聯絡上的時間點
04:01
between a person in need of protection
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一方是需要被保護的人
04:03
and a state that can protect them.
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一方是能提供保護的國家
04:06
I've called this moment the human rights encounter.
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我將這個時間點稱為人權面對面
04:08
It is a dramatic moment
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這驚心動魄的片刻
04:09
in which legal commitments are put to an existential test.
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是對法律承諾的現實考驗
04:13
It's not about human rights law generally,
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重點不在於人權法
04:16
but a particular person in a particular time.
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而是在於那當下、那一個人
04:19
About simple commitments we have to each other as persons.
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那是人與人之間的一個簡單的承諾
04:23
It is not merely by chance that the sea becomes the environment
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而海洋之所以成為大批難民跨越邊界
04:27
for this large-scale struggle for liberation across borders.
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追求自由的場景並非湊巧
04:31
As for the court, it has recognized the human rights encounter,
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當人權碰到肢體上、直接的衝突時
04:35
when it's physical and direct.
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法庭就能依法介入處理
04:37
In the case I just told you about,
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在剛才所舉的案例中
04:39
we go further.
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我們有更進一步的進展
04:40
Even when mediated by technology or by proxy forces,
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即使援用科技或代理人部隊
04:43
the underlying commitments to human rights should not change.
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對人權最基本的承諾都不可動搖
04:47
In my organization, the Global Legal Action Network,
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我所屬的全球法律行動網
04:50
we pursue this case I told you about
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將剛才提到的案子
04:52
as part of a strategic litigation program.
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視為策略訴訟計畫的一部分
04:55
We consider international law and the laws of many countries.
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我們研究國際法及各國法律
04:58
We collaborate with researchers
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同時與研究調查人員
05:00
and activists who use cutting edge technologies
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及善用尖端科技的社會活動者合作
05:03
to document violations across many borders.
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記錄下違法的邊境跨越
05:06
As war, persecution and climate change continue,
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隨著戰爭、迫害及氣候變遷的延續
05:08
we believe this strategy will redefine the future of human rights lawyering.
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我們相信這策略 將會重新定義人權訴訟的方式
05:13
The future of human rights lawyering
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未來的人權訴訟
05:15
is not only about a struggle against one corrupt leader or another.
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不會只是抗衡一兩個貪腐的政府領袖
05:20
It's also about questions concerning
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同時還包含了一個重要議題
05:22
how do we all inhabit this planet together?
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那就是人類整體 該如何共居於這個星球上
05:25
Thank you.
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