How mRNA Medicine Will Change the World | Melissa J. Moore | TED

340,627 views ・ 2022-05-18

TED


Please double-click on the English subtitles below to play the video.

Prevodilac: Relja Ugarak Lektor: Milenka Okuka
00:04
Now, many of the people watching this talk
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Mnogi ljudi koji gledaju ovaj govor
00:07
by now will have had one, two, three or even four doses
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do sada su verovatno dobili jednu, dve, tri ili čak četiri doze
00:12
of a messenger RNA vaccine.
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mRNA vakcine.
00:14
With billions of these shots now in arms.
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A sada kada su milijarde ljudi već primili vakcinu,
00:17
it’s clear that this new way of making vaccines
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jasno je da ovaj novi način pravljenja vakcina
00:20
is both remarkably safe and incredibly effective.
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veoma bezbedan i efikasan.
00:24
But did you know it's not the vaccine itself that's keeping you safe?
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Ali da li ste znali da nije vakcina ono što vas štiti?
00:29
It's actually you.
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To ste u stvari vi.
00:32
Because the human body has amazing powers
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Zato što ljudsko telo ima sposobnost
00:34
to both prevent and cure disease by making its own medicines.
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da spreči i izleči bolesti tako što pravi sopstvene lekove.
00:39
You just need to know what medicine to make.
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Samo treba da znate koji lek želite da napravite.
00:43
And that's what your vaccine gave you.
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I to je ono što vam je vakcina dala.
00:45
Simply a set of instructions
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Samo je potreban komplet instrukcija
00:47
for how to protect yourself against SARS-CoV-2.
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koji govori kako da se odbranite od SARS-CoV-2.
00:52
Now vaccines are only the beginning.
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Vakcine su tek početak.
00:55
As I said before, the advent of mRNA vaccines
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Kao što sam i rekla, napredak mRNA vakcina
01:00
is heralding in an entirely new era of medicines.
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dovodi do potpuno nove ere u lečenju bolesti.
01:04
mRNAs give us the ability to not only prevent disease
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mRNA vakcine daju nam sposobnost ne samo da sprečimo bolesti
01:08
but also treat previously intractable disorders.
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već i da lečimo prethodno teške bolesti.
01:14
But before I get to that,
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Ali pre toga,
01:16
let's talk about what is this new way of medicines really about?
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porazgovarajmo o čemu se uopšte radi u ovom novom tipu lekova.
01:21
Well, it all comes down to proteins.
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Sve se svodi na proteine.
01:25
Now, you may think of protein
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Verovatno mislite da su proteini
01:27
as simply something that you need to eat,
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samo nešto što morate da jedete
01:30
an important part of your diet,
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kao bitan deo vaše dijete,
01:32
something that's important for you to build muscle.
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nešto što je bitno za vas da povećate mišiće.
01:36
But it's not just muscle that contains protein.
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Ali nisu mišići jedini koji sadrže proteine.
01:39
Protein makes up a huge fraction of the incredibly complicated ecosystem
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Proteini čine ogroman deo neverovatno kompleksnog ekosistema
01:45
that's your entire body.
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koji je čitavo vaše telo.
01:47
In many ways, your body functions like a large city,
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Na razne načine vaše telo funkcioniše kao jedan veliki grad,
01:52
full of myriad buildings, interconnected buildings,
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sa bezbrojnim zgradama međusobno povezanim,
01:56
with lots of different structures.
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sa mnogobrojnim različitim strukturama.
01:59
Now, just as the word "building"
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Kao što reč zgrada ne može da obuhvati raznolikost
02:01
fails to capture the incredible variety of structures that make up any large city,
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struktura koje čine jedan veći grad, tako i termin protein
02:07
the generic term "protein" gives no clue
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ne može da dočara raznolikost molekularnih struktura
02:10
as to the incredible variety of molecular architectures
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02:14
at the molecular level.
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na molekulskom nivou.
02:16
Like buildings, proteins are not monolithic.
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Kao i zgrade, telo se ne sastoji od samo jednog dela.
02:19
Our body makes many proteins.
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Naše telo pravi mnogo proteina.
02:23
Some, like the collagen in our skin
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Poput kolagena u našoj koži,
02:26
that makes our skin tough but pliable.
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koji čini našu kožu čvrstom i gipkom.
02:29
Like the actin and myosin in our muscles that enable us to move.
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Kao aktin i miozin u mišićima koji nam omogućavaju da se krećemo.
02:34
Or our blood is full of hemoglobin, ferrying oxygen around.
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Ili hemoglobin u krvi koji transportuje kiseonik.
02:40
Antibodies protecting us from disease,
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Antitela koja nas štite od oboljenja
02:43
and clotting factors that close up our wounds.
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i mehanizmi zgrušavanja koji zatvaraju rane.
02:47
And for any of you that have ever cracked a biochemistry textbook,
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I za sve vas koji su nekad otvorili udžbenik iz biohemije,
02:51
this should look familiar.
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verovatno vam je ovo poznato.
02:53
This is the metabolic chart of the human body.
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Ovo je metabolička mreža ljudskog tela.
02:57
These are all of the reactions in your body that are keeping you
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Ovo su sve reakcije u vašem telu koje vas održavaju
03:01
alive and well right now.
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živim i zdravim u svakom trenutku.
03:05
And each one of those reactions is catalyzed by a different protein
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I svaka od ovih reakcija je katalizovana od strane nekog proteina,
03:10
whose names are shown here in blue.
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čiji su nazivi prikazani plavom bojom.
03:13
So proteins are not only what makes up the bulk of your body,
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Dakle, proteini nisu samo ono što čini većinu vašeg tela,
03:18
they’re also what make your body tick and keep you well.
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oni su takođe odgovorni za mehanizme u vašem telu i da vas čine zdravim.
03:25
Now, if we think again about buildings,
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Ako ponovo razmislimo o zgradama,
03:28
the structures of buildings may look quite different in the end,
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strukture zgrada možda izgledaju različito,
03:33
but they're all made of a limited set of building materials
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ali su sve one napravljene od svega nekoliko materijala,
03:38
and which of those building materials are used
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a koji su materijali korišćeni,
03:41
and how they're arranged, and how they're attached to one another
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kako su raspoređeni i kako su međusobno pričvršćeni,
03:45
gives the buildings their final form.
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daju zgradama njihov konačni oblik.
03:48
The same is true of proteins.
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Isto važi i za proteine.
03:50
If we zoom down to the molecular level,
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Ako zumiramo do molekulskog nivoa,
03:53
we can see that proteins,
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možemo da vidimo da ako proteine
03:55
if we unravel their three-dimensional architecture,
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prikažemo kao trodimenzionlne strukture,
03:59
are actually just long strings of building blocks.
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oni su ustvari samo dugačke linije gradivnih blokova.
04:03
And these building blocks have different shapes
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A ti gradivni blokovi imaju različite oblike
04:05
and different propensities to interact with one another.
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i različite sklonosti za međusobnu interakciju.
04:08
So it's which building blocks are used
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To znači da gradivni blokovi koji se koriste
04:11
and the order in which they are in the chain
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i njihov redosled u lancu
04:14
that gives a protein is three-dimensional shape.
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je on što daje proteinu njegov trodimenzionalni oblik.
04:18
Now here I'm only showing three proteins,
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Ovde prikazujem samo tri proteina,
04:21
but creating and maintaining a healthy human
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ali da se napravi i održi jedan zdrav čovek
04:24
requires the combined action
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potrebno je učestvovanje
04:26
of over 100,000 different types of protein.
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preko sto hiljada različitih tipova proteina.
04:31
And our bodies make them all.
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I naše telo ih proizvodi sve.
04:34
Thus our bodies are remarkable protein factories.
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Stoga su naša tela izuzetne fabrike proteina.
04:39
At the molecular level, the numbers are truly mind-blowing.
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Na molekulskom nivou, brojke su stvarno zapanjujuće.
04:44
Each of the 30 trillion cells in your body --
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Svaka od 30 triliona ćelija u vašem telu,
04:47
that's three with 13 zeros --
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što je broj tri sa 13 nula,
04:50
contains between one and 10 billion protein molecules.
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sadrži između jedan i deset milijardi proteinskih molekula.
04:55
That means that you have as many protein molecules in your body
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To znači da vi imate isti broj proteinskih molekula u vašem telu
04:59
as there are stars in the known universe.
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koliko ima zvezda u poznatom univerzumu.
05:05
Now each different cell type in your body makes a different kind of protein,
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Svaka različita vrsta ćelije u vašem telu pravi različitu vrstu proteina,
05:11
a different set of proteins,
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različitu garnituru proteina,
05:13
like the rods and cones in my eye that are detecting light right now
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kao fotoreceptori u mom oku koji detektuju svetlo u ovom trenutku
05:17
and the neurons in my brain that are interpreting that light
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i neuroni u mom mozgu koji tumače to svetlo
05:22
and enabling me to see you right now.
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i omogućavaju mi da vas vidim u ovom trenutku.
05:24
So they make a particular set of proteins unique to it.
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Dakle, oni prave posebnu garnituru proteina.
05:29
And like any complex building project,
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I kao bilo koji složen građevinski projekat,
05:32
you can imagine that the process of protein synthesis
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možete zamisliti da proces sinteze proteina
05:37
needs to be tightly regulated
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mora da bude precizno regulisan
05:39
so that the right protein is made at the right time and in the right place.
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tako da se odgovarajući protein napravi u pravom trenutku na pravom mestu.
05:45
But of course, with anything so complicated,
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Naravno, kao i kod bilo čega toliko komplikovanog,
05:48
it's perhaps not surprising that there's an occasional mistake,
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verovatno nije iznenađujuće da se desi povremena greška,
05:52
a fault in the algorithm.
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neka greška u algoritmu.
05:55
Let's go back to that metabolic chart.
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Hajde da se vratimo na metaboličku mrežu.
05:58
It’s estimated that one in 1,000 newborns
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Procenjuje se da jedno u hiljadu novorođančadi
06:00
are born without the ability to make one of the proteins on this chart.
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se rodi bez sposobnosti da napravi neki od proteina prikazanih u ovoj mreži.
06:07
Therefore, they have lifelong complications
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Stoga, oni će imati doživotne komplikacije
06:10
due to inborn metabolic errors.
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zbog urođenih metaboličkih grešaka.
06:13
Let's take just one of those.
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Uzmimo samo jedan od ovih.
06:16
Let's talk about von Gierke's disease or glycogen storage disease I.
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Na primer, von Girkerova bolest ili bolest skladištenja glikogena I.
06:21
This is due to the lack of a protein circled here in red,
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Nastaje zbog manjka proteina koji je zaokružen crvenom bojom,
06:25
whose job it is to release stored sugars
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čiji je posao da izbacuje skladišten šećer
06:31
so that you can maintain a healthy blood sugar level
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da biste mogli da održavate zdravu količinu šećera u krvi
06:34
while you're fasting.
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dok postite.
06:36
So von Gierke's disease patients can't fast.
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A to znači da pacijenti sa von Girkerovom bolešću ne mogu da poste.
06:40
They must constantly eat small amounts of carbohydrates,
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Oni sve vreme moraju da jedu malu količinu ugljenih hidrata,
06:44
including getting up every one or two hours during the night
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kao i da ustaju svakih sat-dva tokom noći
06:47
to eat raw cornstarch.
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da jedu sirovi kukuruzni skrob.
06:50
Now, imagine the toll that this takes on parents.
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Sada zamislite ovo kao obavezu koja je pala na roditelje.
06:53
If they are ever to miss a feeding of their child,
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Ako ikada propuste da nahrane svoje dete,
06:56
their child could slip into severe hypoglycemia,
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njihovo dete može dobiti tešku hipoglikemiju,
07:00
seizures and possibly death.
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iznenadni napad ili može čak umreti.
07:03
But even if these patients can keep up this endless feeding cycle,
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Ali čak i da ovi pacijenti mogu da održe ovu rutinu,
07:07
they are plagued by lifelong complications,
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oni će trpeti razne komplikacije,
07:09
including delayed puberty,
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uključujući odloženi pubertet,
07:11
frequent infections, kidney disease and liver cancer.
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česte infekcije, bolesti bubrega i rak jetre.
07:16
So von Gierke's disease is just one example of a disorder
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Von Girkeova bolest je samo jedan od primera bolesti
07:20
where we know what protein is missing.
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kod kojih znamo koji protein nedostaje.
07:24
What if we could give those patients back the ability to make that missing protein?
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Šta ako bi tim pacijentima dali mogućnost da sami naprave protein koji nedostaje?
07:30
Then we could actually treat their disease instead of just managing their symptoms.
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Tako bismo bolest zapravo lečili umesto ublažavali.
07:36
And that's where mRNA comes in.
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I tu dolazi mRNA.
07:38
That's also where I come in.
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Tu i ja dolazim.
07:40
You see, I spent the better part of my career as an academic
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Većinu svoje akademske karijere sam provodila
07:44
doing curiosity-based research
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radeći istraživanja iz znatiželje
07:47
into the fundamental principles of how proteins are made.
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o fundamentalnim principima pravljenja proteina.
07:51
And my specialty was messenger RNA.
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Specijlizovala sam se za informacionu RNK.
07:55
Like proteins, messenger RNAs are long chainlike molecules
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Kao i proteini, informacioni RNK molekuli su dugački lanci molekula
08:01
composed of building blocks.
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koji čine gradivne blokove.
08:03
The four building blocks that make up messenger RNAs
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Četiri gradivna bloka koja čine informacionu RNK
08:06
form what is known as the genetic code.
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formiraju nešto što se zove genetski kod.
08:10
As their name implies,
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Kao što ime nagoveštava,
08:12
messenger RNAs carry messages:
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informaciona RNK prenosi informacije:
08:15
messages that are translated by your body in order to create proteins.
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informacije koje vaše telo prevede da bi napravilo proteine.
08:22
Thus messenger RNAs are the language of life.
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Informaciona RNK je jezik života.
08:28
And the human body has a lot to say.
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I naše telo ima mnogo toga da kaže.
08:32
So, like proteins,
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Kao i proteini,
08:35
your cells are chock-full of messenger RNA.
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vaše ćelije su krcate informacionom RNK.
08:40
Every one of your 30 trillion cells
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Svaka od vaših 30 triliona ćelija
08:42
has hundreds of thousands of messenger RNA molecules.
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ima stotine hiljada informacionih RNK molekula.
08:47
Messenger RNAs are an essential component of all living organisms.
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Informacione RNK su neophodne komponente svih živih organizama.
08:52
So when you are eating protein-rich foods,
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Kada jedete hranu bogatu proteinima,
08:55
you're not only eating protein,
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ne unosite samo proteine,
08:58
you're also eating lots of messenger RNA.
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već i mnogo informacione RNK.
09:02
Your body takes the messenger RNA in the food that you consumed,
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Vaše telo uzima informacionu RNK iz hrane koju ste uneli,
09:06
breaks it down into those component parts
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razlaže je na komponente
09:09
and then builds new messenger RNAs specific to your needs.
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i onda gradi nove informacione RNK specifične za vaše potrebe.
09:15
Now this continual destruction and rebuilding
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Ovaj trajni proces destrukcije i obnavljanja
09:22
is a feature true of almost all proteins and messenger RNAs in your body.
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je odlika svih proteina i informacione RNK u vašem telu.
09:27
Let's take, for example, the circadian clock.
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Recimo, na primer, cirkadijalni ritam.
09:31
This is the timer in your body
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To je sat u vašem telu
09:34
that tells you when to be active and when to sleep.
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koji vam kaže kada treba da ste budni, a kada treba da spavate.
09:39
The proteins that make up this clock
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Proteini koji grade ovaj sat
09:42
appear and disappear with remarkable regularity every day.
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pojavljuju se i nestaju redovno svaki dan.
09:48
The way that this is accomplished is that your body makes the messenger RNAs
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Način kojim se ovo postiže je da vaše telo napravi informacionu RNK
09:54
that encode those proteins
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koja kodira te proteine
09:56
appear and disappear every day.
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tako da se pojavljuju i nestaju svaki dan.
09:59
Every day for your entire life,
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Svakog dana u vašem životu,
10:02
you get your daily dose of clock messenger RNAs
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dobijate dnevnu dozu informacione RNK
10:06
producing clock proteins.
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koja proizvodi te proteine.
10:09
Now three properties of proper medicines
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Tri svojstva pogodnih lekova
10:13
are that their effects are of limited duration,
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je da je njihovo dejstvo kratkotrajno,
10:17
that their effects are dose-dependent
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da njihovo dejstvo zavisi od količine doze
10:20
and that they can be given over and over again
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i da se mogu davati iznova i iznova
10:22
to produce the same effect.
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da bi se dobilo isto dejstvo.
10:25
mRNA's are transient.
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mRNA molekuli su prolazni.
10:28
The amount of protein produced
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Količina napravljenih proteina
10:30
is dependent on how much of that mRNA is present.
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zavisi od prisutnog broja mRNA.
10:33
And they can be induced over and over again
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I oni se mogu izazvati iznova i iznova
10:36
to produce the same effect.
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da bi se dobio isti efekat.
10:39
So wow, it seems so simple.
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Ala zvuči jednostavno.
10:42
If we could treat a disease,
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Ako bismo mogli lečiti jednu bolest,
10:46
if there's a protein that's missing to treat a disease,
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i ako fali protein koji može da izleči tu bolest,
10:50
then we could simply give a few copies of an mRNA to the body
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onda bismo mogli samo da damo par kopija mRNA telu
10:54
for it to produce that protein.
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da bi moglo da proizvede protein koji nedostaje.
10:57
If that protein's only needed once,
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Ako je taj protein potreban samo jednom,
10:59
then maybe a single dose would suffice.
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onda možda i samo jedna doza bi bila dovoljna.
11:01
If a protein is needed multiple times,
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Ako je protein potreban više puta,
11:04
then we can dose mRNA over and over again.
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onda možemo dati više mRNA doza iznova i iznova.
11:11
And that's exactly what's happening.
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I to je upravo ono što trenutno radimo.
11:13
So when I went on clinicaltrials.gov this morning,
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Kada sam jutros otišla na clinicaltrials.gov,
11:17
it turns out that there are over 175 clinical trials now open
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izgleda da ima preko 175 otvorenih kliničkih ispitivanja
11:23
using mRNA-based medicines
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koja koriste mRNA lekove
11:27
that are recruiting patients.
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i koja regrutuju pacijente.
11:29
Another 54 clinical trials are waiting in the [wings],
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I još 54 klinička ispitivanja čekaju da budu odobrena.
11:32
ready to be opened.
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11:34
So there is a coming tsunami of mRNA medicines.
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Nadolazi cunami mRNA lekova.
11:42
Last year, Moderna and AstraZeneca reported positive results
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Prošle godine, Moderna i Astrazeneka dobili su pozitivne rezultate
11:46
from a clinical trial where patients during open heart surgery
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u kliničkom ispitivanju kod operacija na otvorenom srcu
11:51
were dosed with messenger RNA injected directly into their heart muscles,
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gde su pacijenti dobili dozu informacione RNK direktno u srčane mišiće
11:56
that told their heart muscles to grow new blood vessels
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koja je govorila srčanim mišićima da stvore nove krvne sudove
12:00
in order to get around clogged arteries.
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kako bi se zaobišle začepljene arterije.
12:03
In other clinical trials we're repeatedly dosing patients
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U drugim kliničkim ispitivanjima konstantno doziramo pacijente
12:08
with inborn metabolic errors
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sa urođenim metaboličkim manama
12:10
to treat their metabolic disease.
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da bi lečili njihov metabolički poremećaj.
12:12
In fact, one of those clinical trials that's currently recruiting patients
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Štaviše, jedno od ispitivanja kojima su trenutno potrebni ispitanici
12:16
is for von Gierke's disease.
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je za lečenje von Girkeove bolesti.
12:20
And for cancer patients, we're creating personalized cancer vaccines.
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I za pacijente sa rakom, pravimo individulne vakcine protiv raka.
12:26
These vaccines are meant to train their bodies,
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Te vakcine su namenjene da obučavaju njihova tela
12:28
their immune systems, to attack their cancers.
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i njihov imunitet da napada kancere.
12:32
These are truly personalized medicines, one vaccine for one person.
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To su vrlo specifični lekovi, jedna vakcina za samo jednu osobu.
12:39
Now for personalized cancer vaccines to be the most effective,
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Da bi personalizovane vakcine za kancer bile najučinkovitije,
12:43
we need to get them made and back to the patient as quickly as possible.
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moramo ih napraviti i dati pacijentu što je pre moguće.
12:48
We aim for a turnaround time of 45 days.
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Cilj nam je rok od 45 dana.
12:53
By January of 2020,
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Do januara 2020,
12:55
we had already manufactured, quality-controlled and delivered
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već smo proizveli, izvršili kontrolu kvaliteta i dostavili
13:00
to several dozen patients personalized cancer vaccines.
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za više desetina pacijenata individualne vakcine za kancer.
13:05
So we had the know-how and the capacity
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Imali smo znanje i kapacitet
13:10
to manufacture vaccines quickly.
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da proizvedemo te vakcine brzo.
13:14
Thus, when the sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 virus
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I onda kada je sekvenca SARS-CoV-2 virusa
13:18
was posted to a public web server on January 10, 2020,
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objavljena na javnom veb-serveru 10. januara 2020,
13:24
we got immediately to work.
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odmah smo se bacili na posao.
13:26
Within two days, we had agreed with our collaborators at NIH
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U roku od dva dana smo se dogovorili sa našim saradnicima u NIH-u
13:31
on exactly which form of the spike protein to put in our vaccine.
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koji tip peplomera ćemo staviti u našu vakcinu.
13:37
Because we had done so so many times before,
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Pošto smo mnogo puta već ovo radili,
13:41
it then took our mRNA design team
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našem mRNA dizajnerskom timu je bilo potrebno
13:44
just one hour to design the mRNA
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samo jedan sat da dizajnira mRNA -
13:49
that we immediately --
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13:51
(Applause)
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(Aplauz)
13:56
That we immediately put on to our manufacturing equipment.
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Koju smo odmah stavili na našu opremu za proizvodnju.
14:02
We were then able to make that RNA,
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Onda smo uspeli da proizvedemo tu RNK,
14:05
get it quality-controlled,
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da uradimo kontrolu kvaliteta,
14:08
fill-finished and shipped off to NIH for the clinical trial in 45 days.
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dovršimo i isporučimo Institutima za zdravlje
radi kliničkih ispitivanja sve u roku od 45 dana.
14:14
Now what I find --
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(Aplauz)
14:15
(Applause)
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14:18
What I find truly remarkable is that that mRNA sequence
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Nešto što je po mom mišljenju izuzetno jeste da mRNA sekvenca
14:23
that took us one hour to design
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za koju je bilo potrebno samo sat vremena da se napravi
14:26
is the same mRNA sequence that went into your arms,
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je ista mRNA sekvenca koja je išla u vaša ramena,
14:30
that ended up in Spikevax, our now fully approved vaccine.
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koja je završila u spajkvaksu, našoj sad potpuno odobrenoj vakcini.
14:35
One hour to design a medicine that has saved countless lives.
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Jedan sat da se dizajnira lek koji je spasio mnogobrojne živote.
14:40
(Applause)
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(Aplauz)
14:47
It still gives me goosebumps every time I talk about it.
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I dalje se ježim kada pričam o tome.
14:51
So what does the future hold?
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Šta sledi u budućnosti?
14:53
Well, I've already told you about regenerative medicine
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Već sam vam govorila o regenerativnom lečenju
14:58
and personalized cancer vaccines.
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i personalizovanim vakcinama za kancer.
15:01
For cancer patients, we can send in -- by directly injecting
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Za pacijente sa rakom, možemo direktno ubrizgati
15:07
messenger RNA into their tumors --
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informacionu RNK u njihove tumore.
15:09
we can send in instructions telling the tumor cells to self-destruct,
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Možemo poslati instrukcije ćelijama tumora da se samounište.
15:14
Or having the tumor cells send out signals to the immune system,
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Ili da ćelije tumora pošalju signal imunom sistemu
15:18
beckoning the immune system to attack.
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da ih napadne.
15:22
For patients with autoimmune disorders,
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Za pacijente sa autoimunim bolestima,
15:25
we can send in signals that tamp down their overactive immune systems.
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možemo poslati signale koji će usporiti njihove preaktivne imune sisteme.
15:32
And we and others are rapidly making many more messenger RNA vaccines.
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I mi i ostali ubrzano pravimo još mnogo mRNA vakcina.
15:38
Because messenger RNA vaccines can be produced so quickly and rapidly,
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Pošto se mRNA vakcine mogu brzo proizvoditi,
15:44
they're really well suited for newly emerging diseases
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one su idealne za novonastale bolesti
15:50
as well as other viruses, like the flu,
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kao i za ostale viruse, poput gripa,
15:54
where new variants come out every year, and the vaccines need to be updated.
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gde nove varijante izlaze svake godine i vakcine se moraju prilagođavati.
16:00
But one of the exciting things about mRNA medicines
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Jedna od najuzbudljivijih stvari kod mRNA vakcina
16:04
is we're not limited to sending in the instructions
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jeste da nismo ograničeni na slanje instrukcija
16:06
for one protein at a time.
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za jedan protein pojedinačno.
16:08
mRNA medicines can be easily multiplexed.
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mRNA lekovi se lako mogu kombinovati.
16:12
Therefore, we're working on a combination vaccine
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Već radimo na kombinovanoj vakcini
16:16
for COVID, flu
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za kovid, grip,
16:19
and respiratory syncytial virus, or RSV:
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i za respiratorni sincicijalni virus ili RSV,
16:23
all leading causes of hospitalization and death in the elderly.
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koji su glavni uzroci hospitalizacije i smrti starijih osoba.
16:28
And we're hoping that this will then be an annual booster,
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I nadamo se da će to biti godišnji buster,
16:31
that you will get, just like the flu vaccine.
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koji ćete dobijati, baš kao vakcinu protiv gripa.
16:35
(Applause)
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(Aplauz)
16:40
So finally, the very modest footprint
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I na kraju, skromna oprema
16:44
of the manufacturing equipment
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16:48
for making messenger RNAs
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za proizvodnju informacione RNK
16:51
means that they can be made almost anywhere in the world.
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znači da se ona može proizvoditi skoro bilo gde na svetu.
16:56
And to take this to an extreme,
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I da dovedemo to do ekstrema,
16:58
the American Defense Department started a program in 2019,
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Američko ministarstvo odbrane je započelo program 2019,
17:01
and we're working with them to miniaturize the entire process
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i radimo sa njima da smanjimo čitav proces
17:06
so that it can be fit into a single shipping container
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tako da može stati u jedan kontejner
17:10
for rapid deployment anywhere in the world.
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za brzo raspoređivanje bilo gde na svetu.
17:15
So --
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17:16
(Applause)
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(Aplauz)
17:17
So to finish, I hope I've convinced you
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I na kraju, nadam se da sam vas nagovorila
17:20
that we have entered an entirely new era of medicine.
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da smo ušli u potpuno novu eru medicine.
17:25
Having learned to speak the language of mRNA, the language of life,
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Kako smo naučili da govorimo jezik mRNA, jezik života,
17:29
we can now use it to create medicines that are just for one person,
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možemo ga koristiti da pravimo lekove koji mogu biti samo za jednu osobu,
17:34
like a personalized cancer vaccine,
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poput personalizovane vakcine za kancer,
17:36
or can be rapidly produced and distributed to entire populations,
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ili za lekove koje možemo ubrzano da proizvedemo i distribuiramo globalno,
17:42
like the COVID-19 vaccines.
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poput kovid-19 vakcine.
17:44
And the best part?
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A najbolji deo?
17:46
The best part is we're simply tapping into your body's own ability
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Najbolji deo je da koristimo sposobnost vašeg tela
17:51
to make its own medicines.
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da proizvodi sopstvene lekove.
17:54
Thank you.
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Hvala vam.
17:55
(Applause)
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(Aplauz)
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