How mRNA Medicine Will Change the World | Melissa J. Moore | TED

345,963 views ใƒป 2022-05-18

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ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: zeeva livshitz ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Naama Lieberman
00:04
Now, many of the people watching this talk
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ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืฆื•ืคื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ื—ื” ื–ื•
00:07
by now will have had one, two, three or even four doses
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ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ื›ืขืช ืื—ืช, ืฉืชื™ื™ื, ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืื• ืืคื™ืœื• ืืจื‘ืข ืžื ื•ืช
00:12
of a messenger RNA vaccine.
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ืฉืœ ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ mRNA (ืจื โ€œื ืฉืœื™ื—).
00:14
With billions of these shots now in arms.
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ืขื ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ื™ ื”ื–ืจื™ืงื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื‘ื–ืจื•ืขื•ืช
00:17
itโ€™s clear that this new way of making vaccines
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ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ื”ื–ื• ืœื”ื›ื ืช ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื
00:20
is both remarkably safe and incredibly effective.
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ื”ื™ื ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื” ื•ื™ืขื™ืœื” ืœื”ืคืœื™ื.
00:24
But did you know it's not the vaccine itself that's keeping you safe?
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืื ื™ื“ืขืชื ืฉืœื ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืขืฆืžื• ื”ื•ื ื–ื” ืฉืฉื•ืžืจ ืขืœื™ื›ื?
00:29
It's actually you.
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ื–ื” ื‘ืขืฆื ืืชื.
00:32
Because the human body has amazing powers
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ื›ื™ ืœื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืื“ื ื™ืฉ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื™ื
00:34
to both prevent and cure disease by making its own medicines.
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ื’ื ืœืžื ื•ืข ื•ื’ื ืœืจืคื ืžื—ืœื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืžืฉืœื•.
00:39
You just need to know what medicine to make.
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ืืชื ืจืง ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื“ืขืช ืื™ื–ื• ืชืจื•ืคื” ืœื”ื›ื™ืŸ.
00:43
And that's what your vaccine gave you.
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ื•ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืฉืœื›ื ื ืชืŸ ืœื›ื.
00:45
Simply a set of instructions
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ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืกื“ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช
00:47
for how to protect yourself against SARS-CoV-2.
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ืื™ืš ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื›ื ืžืคื ื™ ืกืืจืก ืงื•ื‘ื™ื“-2.
00:52
Now vaccines are only the beginning.
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ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื ื”ื ืจืง ื”ื”ืชื—ืœื”.
00:55
As I said before, the advent of mRNA vaccines
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ื›ืคื™ ืฉืืžืจืชื™ ืงื•ื“ื, ื”ื•ืคืขืช ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ mRNA
01:00
is heralding in an entirely new era of medicines.
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ืžื‘ืฉืจื™ื ืขืœ ืขื™ื“ืŸ ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉ ืœื’ืžืจื™.
01:04
mRNAs give us the ability to not only prevent disease
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mRNA ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื ืจืง ืœืžื ื•ืข ืžื—ืœื•ืช
01:08
but also treat previously intractable disorders.
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ืืœื ื’ื ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ืžื—ืœื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื• ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ื™ืชื ื•ืช ืœืคืชืจื•ืŸ.
01:14
But before I get to that,
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืื’ื™ืข ืœื–ื”,
01:16
let's talk about what is this new way of medicines really about?
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืžื”ื™ ืฆื•ืจืช ื”ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ื”ื–ื•?
01:21
Well, it all comes down to proteins.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื”ื›ืœ ืžืกืชื›ื ื‘ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื.
01:25
Now, you may think of protein
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืื•ืœื™ ืชื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื—ืœื‘ื•ืŸ
01:27
as simply something that you need to eat,
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ื›ืขืœ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืืชื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืื›ื•ืœ,
01:30
an important part of your diet,
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ื—ืœืง ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืžื”ืชื–ื•ื ื” ืฉืœื›ื,
01:32
something that's important for you to build muscle.
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ืžืฉื”ื• ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืฉืจื™ืจ.
01:36
But it's not just muscle that contains protein.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื ืจืง ืฉืจื™ืจ ืฉืžื›ื™ืœ ื—ืœื‘ื•ืŸ.
01:39
Protein makes up a huge fraction of the incredibly complicated ecosystem
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ื—ืœื‘ื•ืŸ ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ื—ืœืง ืขืฆื•ื ืžื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ื”ืžืกื•ื‘ื›ืช ืœื”ืคืœื™ื
01:45
that's your entire body.
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ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืฉืœื ืฉืœื›ื.
01:47
In many ways, your body functions like a large city,
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ื‘ืžื•ื‘ื ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื, ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื›ื ืžืชืคืงื“ ื›ืžื• ืขื™ืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœื”,
01:52
full of myriad buildings, interconnected buildings,
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ืžืœื ื‘ืื™ื ืกืคื•ืจ ื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจื™ื,
01:56
with lots of different structures.
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ืขื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื‘ื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื.
01:59
Now, just as the word "building"
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ืžื™ืœื” โ€œื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸโ€
02:01
fails to capture the incredible variety of structures that make up any large city,
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ืœื ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื” ืœืชืคื•ืก ืืช ื”ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื“ื”ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื‘ื ื™ื ื”ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ื›ืœ ืขื™ืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœื”,
02:07
the generic term "protein" gives no clue
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ื”ืžื•ื ื— ื”ื’ื ืจื™ โ€œื—ืœื‘ื•ืŸโ€ ืื™ื ื• ื ื•ืชืŸ ืจืžื–
02:10
as to the incredible variety of molecular architectures
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ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื“ื”ื™ื ืฉืœ ืืจื›ื™ื˜ืงื˜ื•ืจื•ืช ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœืจื™ื•ืช
02:14
at the molecular level.
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ื‘ืจืžื” ื”ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœืจื™ืช.
02:16
Like buildings, proteins are not monolithic.
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ื›ืžื• ื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื, ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื ืื™ื ื ืžื•ื ื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื™ื.
02:19
Our body makes many proteins.
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ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื ื• ืžื™ื™ืฆืจ ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื.
02:23
Some, like the collagen in our skin
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ื—ืœืงื, ื›ืžื• ื”ืงื•ืœื’ืŸ ื‘ืขื•ืจ ืฉืœื ื•
02:26
that makes our skin tough but pliable.
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ืฉื”ื•ืคืš ืืช ื”ืขื•ืจ ืฉืœื ื• ืœืงืฉื” ืืš ื’ืžื™ืฉ.
02:29
Like the actin and myosin in our muscles that enable us to move.
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ื›ืžื• ื”ืืงื˜ื™ืŸ ื•ื”ืžื™ื•ื–ื™ืŸ ื‘ืฉืจื™ืจื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ืฉืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ืœื ื• ืœื ื•ืข.
02:34
Or our blood is full of hemoglobin, ferrying oxygen around.
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ืื• ื”ื“ื ืฉืœื ื• ื”ืžืœื ื‘ื”ืžื•ื’ืœื•ื‘ื™ืŸ, ืฉืžืขื‘ื™ืจ ื—ืžืฆืŸ ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘.
02:40
Antibodies protecting us from disease,
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ื ื•ื’ื“ื ื™ื ืžื’ื ื™ื ืขืœื™ื ื• ืžืคื ื™ ืžื—ืœื•ืช,
02:43
and clotting factors that close up our wounds.
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ื•ื’ื•ืจืžื™ ืงืจื™ืฉื” ืฉืกื•ื’ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืคืฆืขื™ื ืฉืœื ื•.
02:47
And for any of you that have ever cracked a biochemistry textbook,
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ื•ืœื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื›ื ืฉืื™ ืคืขื ืคื™ืฆื— ืกืคืจ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื‘ื™ื•ื›ื™ืžื™ื”,
02:51
this should look familiar.
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ื–ื” ืืžื•ืจ ืœื”ื™ืจืื•ืช ืžื•ื›ืจ.
02:53
This is the metabolic chart of the human body.
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ื˜ื‘ืœื” ื”ืžื˜ื‘ื•ืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืื“ื.
02:57
These are all of the reactions in your body that are keeping you
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ืืœื• ื›ืœ ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื›ื ืฉืฉื•ืžืจื•ืช ืขืœื™ื›ื
03:01
alive and well right now.
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ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื›ืจื’ืข.
03:05
And each one of those reactions is catalyzed by a different protein
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ื•ื›ืœ ืื—ืช ืžื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ืžื–ื•ืจื–ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ืœื‘ื•ืŸ ืื—ืจ
03:10
whose names are shown here in blue.
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ืฉืฉืžื•ืชื™ื”ื ืžื•ืฆื’ื™ื ื›ืืŸ ื‘ื›ื—ื•ืœ.
03:13
So proteins are not only what makes up the bulk of your body,
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ืื– ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื ื”ื ืœื ืจืง ืžื” ืฉืžืจื›ื™ื‘ ืืช ื—ืœืง ื”ืืจื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ,
03:18
theyโ€™re also what make your body tick and keep you well.
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ื”ื ื’ื ืžื” ืฉื’ื•ืจื ืœื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื›ื ืœืคืขื•ืœ ื•ืฉื•ืžืจ ืขืœื™ื›ื ื‘ืจื™ืื™ื.
03:25
Now, if we think again about buildings,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืื ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื,
03:28
the structures of buildings may look quite different in the end,
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ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืื•ืœื™ ื ืจืื” ืฉื•ื ื” ืœื’ืžืจื™ ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ,
03:33
but they're all made of a limited set of building materials
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ื•ืœื ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืžืกื˜ ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœ ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืžืจื™ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ
03:38
and which of those building materials are used
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ื•ื‘ืื™ืœื• ื—ื•ืžืจื™ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืชื•ื›ื ื ืขืฉื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ
03:41
and how they're arranged, and how they're attached to one another
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ื•ืื™ืš ื”ื ืžืกื•ื“ืจื™ื, ื•ืื™ืš ื”ื ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื–ื” ืœื–ื”
03:45
gives the buildings their final form.
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ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื ื•ืชืŸ ืœื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืืช ืฆื•ืจืชื ื”ืกื•ืคื™ืช.
03:48
The same is true of proteins.
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื ื›ื•ืŸ ื’ื ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื.
03:50
If we zoom down to the molecular level,
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ืื ื ืขืฉื” ื–ื•ื ืœืจืžื” ื”ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœืจื™ืช,
03:53
we can see that proteins,
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ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื,
03:55
if we unravel their three-dimensional architecture,
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ืื ื ืคืจื•ื ืืช ื”ืืจื›ื™ื˜ืงื˜ื•ืจื” ื”ืชืœืช ืžื™ืžื“ื™ืช ืฉืœื”ื,
03:59
are actually just long strings of building blocks.
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ื”ื ื‘ืขืฆื ืจืง ืฉืจืฉืจืื•ืช ืืจื•ื›ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื‘ื ื™ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ.
04:03
And these building blocks have different shapes
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ื•ืื‘ื ื™ ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืืœื” ื”ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช
04:05
and different propensities to interact with one another.
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ื•ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืœืงื™ื™ื ืื™ื ื˜ืจืืงืฆื™ื” ืื—ื“ ืขื ื”ืฉื ื™.
04:08
So it's which building blocks are used
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ืื– ื–ื” ื‘ืื™ืœื• ืื‘ื ื™ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื
04:11
and the order in which they are in the chain
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ื•ื”ืกื“ืจ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื ืžืกื•ื“ืจื™ื ื‘ืฉืจืฉืจืช
04:14
that gives a protein is three-dimensional shape.
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ื”ื•ื ื–ื” ืฉื ื•ืชืŸ ืœื—ืœื‘ื•ืŸ ืฆื•ืจื” ืชืœืช ืžื™ืžื“ื™ืช.
04:18
Now here I'm only showing three proteins,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื›ืืŸ ืื ื™ ืžืจืื” ืจืง ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื,
04:21
but creating and maintaining a healthy human
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื•ืชื—ื–ื•ืงื” ืฉืœ ืื“ื ื‘ืจื™ื
04:24
requires the combined action
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ื“ื•ืจืฉื•ืช ืืช ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ื”ืžืฉื•ืœื‘ืช
04:26
of over 100,000 different types of protein.
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ืฉืœ ืœืžืขืœื” ืž-100,000 ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ืœื‘ื•ืŸ.
04:31
And our bodies make them all.
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ื•ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื ื• ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืืช ื›ื•ืœื.
04:34
Thus our bodies are remarkable protein factories.
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ื›ืš ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื ื• ื”ื•ื ืžืคืขืœ ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื ื™ื•ืฆื ื“ื•ืคืŸ.
04:39
At the molecular level, the numbers are truly mind-blowing.
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ื‘ืจืžื” ื”ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœืจื™ืช, ื”ืžืกืคืจื™ื ื‘ืืžืช ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื™ื.
04:44
Each of the 30 trillion cells in your body --
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ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืž-30 ื˜ืจื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืชืื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื›ื --
04:47
that's three with 13 zeros --
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ื–ื” ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืขื 13 ืืคืกื™ื --
04:50
contains between one and 10 billion protein molecules.
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ืžื›ื™ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื—ื“ ืœ-10 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ื—ืœื‘ื•ืŸ.
04:55
That means that you have as many protein molecules in your body
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ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื™ืฉ ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ื—ืœื‘ื•ืŸ ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื›ื
04:59
as there are stars in the known universe.
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ื›ืžื• ืฉื™ืฉ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ืงื•ื ื”ื™ื“ื•ืข.
05:05
Now each different cell type in your body makes a different kind of protein,
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ื›ืœ ืกื•ื’ ืชื ืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ื’ื•ืคื›ื ืžื™ื™ืฆืจ ื—ืœื‘ื•ืŸ ืžืกื•ื’ ืื—ืจ,
05:11
a different set of proteins,
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ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื,
05:13
like the rods and cones in my eye that are detecting light right now
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ื›ืžื• ื”ืงื ื™ื ื•ื”ืžื“ื•ื›ื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืŸ ืฉืœื™ ืฉืžื–ื”ื™ื ืื•ืจ ื›ืจื’ืข
05:17
and the neurons in my brain that are interpreting that light
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ื•ื”ื ื•ื™ืจื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืžื•ื— ืฉืœื™ ืฉืžืคืจืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ืื•ืจ ื”ื–ื”
05:22
and enabling me to see you right now.
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ื•ืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ืœื™ ืœืจืื•ืช ืืชื›ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื•.
05:24
So they make a particular set of proteins unique to it.
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ืื– ื”ื ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืกื˜ ืžืกื•ื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื™ื ืœื•.
05:29
And like any complex building project,
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ื•ื›ืžื• ื›ืœ ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ืžื•ืจื›ื‘,
05:32
you can imagine that the process of protein synthesis
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉืœ ืกื™ื ืชื–ืช ื—ืœื‘ื•ืŸ
05:37
needs to be tightly regulated
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ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืกื“ืจ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื”ื“ื•ืงื”
05:39
so that the right protein is made at the right time and in the right place.
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ื—ืœื‘ื•ืŸ ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ ื ื•ืฆืจ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ.
05:45
But of course, with anything so complicated,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉืขื ื“ื‘ืจ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžืกื•ื‘ืš,
05:48
it's perhaps not surprising that there's an occasional mistake,
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ื–ื” ืื•ืœื™ ืœื ืžืคืชื™ืข ืฉืงื•ืจื™ืช ื˜ืขื•ืช ืžื“ื™ ืคืขื,
05:52
a fault in the algorithm.
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ืชืงืœื” ื‘ืืœื’ื•ืจื™ืชื.
05:55
Let's go back to that metabolic chart.
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืชืจืฉื™ื ื”ืžื˜ื‘ื•ืœื™ ื”ื–ื”.
05:58
Itโ€™s estimated that one in 1,000 newborns
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ื”ื”ืขืจื›ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉืื—ื“ ืžื›ืœ 1,000 ื™ื™ืœื•ื“ื™ื
06:00
are born without the ability to make one of the proteins on this chart.
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ื ื•ืœื“ ืœืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืืช ืื—ื“ ื”ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืชืจืฉื™ื ื–ื”.
06:07
Therefore, they have lifelong complications
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ื•ืžืฉื•ื ื›ืš, ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ื›ื™ื ืœื›ืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื
06:10
due to inborn metabolic errors.
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ืขืงื‘ ืฉื’ื™ืื•ืช ืžื˜ื‘ื•ืœื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืœื“ื•ืช.
06:13
Let's take just one of those.
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื™ืงื— ืจืง ืื—ื“ ืžืืœื”.
06:16
Let's talk about von Gierke's disease or glycogen storage disease I.
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืžื—ืœืช ืคื•ืŸ ื’ื™ืจืงื” ืื• ืžื—ืœืช ืื’ื™ืจืช ื’ืœื™ืงื•ื’ืŸ I.
06:21
This is due to the lack of a protein circled here in red,
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ื–ื” ื ื•ื‘ืข ืžื—ื•ืกืจ ื‘ื—ืœื‘ื•ืŸ ืฉืžื•ืงืฃ ื›ืืŸ ื‘ืื“ื•ื,
06:25
whose job it is to release stored sugars
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ืฉืชืคืงื™ื“ื• ืœืฉื—ืจืจ ืกื•ื›ืจื™ื ืžืื•ื—ืกื ื™ื
06:31
so that you can maintain a healthy blood sugar level
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ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ืจืžืช ืกื•ื›ืจ ื‘ืจื™ืื” ื‘ื“ื
06:34
while you're fasting.
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ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืืชื ื‘ืฆื•ื.
06:36
So von Gierke's disease patients can't fast.
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ืื– ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืžื—ืœืช ืคื•ืŸ ื’ื™ืจืงื” ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฆื•ื.
06:40
They must constantly eat small amounts of carbohydrates,
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ื”ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืื›ื•ืœ ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืคื—ืžื™ืžื•ืช,
06:44
including getting up every one or two hours during the night
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ื›ื•ืœืœ ืœืงื•ื ื›ืœ ืฉืขื” ืื• ืฉืขืชื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืœื™ืœื”
06:47
to eat raw cornstarch.
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ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืขืžื™ืœืŸ ืชื™ืจืก ื ื.
06:50
Now, imagine the toll that this takes on parents.
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ืชืืจื• ืœืขืฆืžื›ื ืืช ื”ืžื—ื™ืจ ืฉื–ื” ื’ื•ื‘ื” ืžื”ื”ื•ืจื™ื.
06:53
If they are ever to miss a feeding of their child,
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ืื ืื™ ืคืขื ื™ื—ืžื™ืฆื• ื”ืื›ืœื” ืฉืœ ื™ืœื“ื,
06:56
their child could slip into severe hypoglycemia,
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ื”ื™ืœื“ ืฉืœื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืชื“ืจื“ืจ ืœื”ื™ืคื•ื’ืœื™ืงืžื™ื” ื—ืžื•ืจื”,
07:00
seizures and possibly death.
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ืคืจื›ื•ืกื™ื ื•ืื•ืœื™ ืžื•ื•ืช.
07:03
But even if these patients can keep up this endless feeding cycle,
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ืื‘ืœ ื’ื ืื ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื™ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื‘ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ื”ืื›ืœื” ื”ืื™ื ืกื•ืคื™,
07:07
they are plagued by lifelong complications,
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ื”ื ืจื“ื•ืคื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืกื™ื‘ื•ื›ื™ื ืœื›ืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื,
07:09
including delayed puberty,
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ื›ื•ืœืœ ืขื™ื›ื•ื‘ ื‘ื”ืชื‘ื’ืจื•ืช,
07:11
frequent infections, kidney disease and liver cancer.
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ื–ื™ื”ื•ืžื™ื ืชื›ื•ืคื™ื, ืžื—ืœืช ื›ืœื™ื•ืช ื•ืกืจื˜ืŸ ื”ื›ื‘ื“.
07:16
So von Gierke's disease is just one example of a disorder
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ืื– ืžื—ืœืช ืคื•ืŸ ื’ื™ืจืงื” ื”ื™ื ืจืง ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืื—ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจืขื”
07:20
where we know what protein is missing.
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ืฉื‘ื” ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืื™ื–ื” ื—ืœื‘ื•ืŸ ื—ืกืจ.
07:24
What if we could give those patients back the ability to make that missing protein?
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ืžื” ืื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืœื—ื•ืœื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืืช ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืืช ื”ื—ืœื‘ื•ืŸ ื”ื—ืกืจ ื”ื–ื”?
07:30
Then we could actually treat their disease instead of just managing their symptoms.
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ืื– ื‘ืืžืช ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ืžื—ืœื” ืฉืœื”ื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืจืง ืœื ื”ืœ ืืช ื”ืกื™ืžืคื˜ื•ืžื™ื ืฉืœื”ื.
07:36
And that's where mRNA comes in.
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ื•ื›ืืŸ ื ื›ื ืก mRNA ืœืชืžื•ื ื”.
07:38
That's also where I come in.
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ื–ื” ื’ื ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืฉืื ื™ ื ื›ื ืกืช.
07:40
You see, I spent the better part of my career as an academic
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ื‘ื™ืœื™ืชื™ ืืช ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืงืจื™ื™ืจื” ืฉืœื™ ื›ืืฉืช ืืงื“ืžื™ื”
07:44
doing curiosity-based research
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ืžื ื”ืœืช ืžื—ืงืจ ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืกืงืจื ื•ืช
07:47
into the fundamental principles of how proteins are made.
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ืœืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื.
07:51
And my specialty was messenger RNA.
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ื•ื”ื”ืชืžื—ื•ืช ืฉืœื™ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” mRNA.
07:55
Like proteins, messenger RNAs are long chainlike molecules
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ื›ืžื• ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื, mRNA ื”ืŸ ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ืืจื•ื›ื•ืช ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืจืฉืจืช
08:01
composed of building blocks.
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ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ืžืื‘ื ื™ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ.
08:03
The four building blocks that make up messenger RNAs
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ืืจื‘ืขืช ืื‘ื ื™ ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”-mRNA
08:06
form what is known as the genetic code.
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ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืืช ืžื” ืฉืžื›ื•ื ื” ื”ืงื•ื“ ื”ื’ื ื˜ื™.
08:10
As their name implies,
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ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ืฉื ืฉืœื”ื ืžืจืžื–,
08:12
messenger RNAs carry messages:
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mRNA ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืžืกืจื™ื:
08:15
messages that are translated by your body in order to create proteins.
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ื”ื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืฉืžืชื•ืจื’ืžื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื›ื ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื.
08:22
Thus messenger RNAs are the language of life.
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ืžื›ืืŸ ืฉ mRNA ื”ื ืฉืคืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื.
08:28
And the human body has a lot to say.
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ื•ืœื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืื“ื ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื” ืœื•ืžืจ.
08:32
So, like proteins,
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ืื–, ื›ืžื• ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื,
08:35
your cells are chock-full of messenger RNA.
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ื”ืชืื™ื ืฉืœื›ื ืžืœืื™ื ื‘mRNA.
08:40
Every one of your 30 trillion cells
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ืœื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืž-30 ื˜ืจื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืชืื™ื ืฉืœื›ื;
08:42
has hundreds of thousands of messenger RNA molecules.
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ื™ืฉ ืžืื•ืช ืืœืคื™ ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช mRNA.
08:47
Messenger RNAs are an essential component of all living organisms.
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mRNA ื”ื•ื ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ื”ื—ื™ื™ื.
08:52
So when you are eating protein-rich foods,
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ืื– ื›ืฉืืชื ืื•ื›ืœื™ื ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืขืฉื™ืจ ื‘ื—ืœื‘ื•ืŸ,
08:55
you're not only eating protein,
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ืืชื ืœื ืื•ื›ืœื™ื ืจืง ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื,
08:58
you're also eating lots of messenger RNA.
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ืืชื ื’ื ืื•ื›ืœื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” mRNA.
09:02
Your body takes the messenger RNA in the food that you consumed,
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ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื›ื ืœื•ืงื— ืืช ื”-mRNA ืฉื‘ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืฉืฆืจื›ืชื,
09:06
breaks it down into those component parts
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ืžืคืจืง ืื•ืชื• ืœื—ืœืงื™ ื”ืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ื”ืืœื”
09:09
and then builds new messenger RNAs specific to your needs.
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ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื‘ื•ื ื” mRNA ื—ื“ืฉ ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ ืœืฆืจื›ื™ื ืฉืœื›ื.
09:15
Now this continual destruction and rebuilding
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ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืžืชืžืฉืš ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืจืก ื•ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ืžื—ื“ืฉ
09:22
is a feature true of almost all proteins and messenger RNAs in your body.
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ื”ื•ื ืชื›ื•ื ื” ืฉื ื›ื•ื ื” ื›ืžืขื˜ ืœื›ืœ ื”ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื ื•ืœ mRNA ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื›ื.
09:27
Let's take, for example, the circadian clock.
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื™ืงื— ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืืช ื”ืฉืขื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™.
09:31
This is the timer in your body
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ื–ื” ื”ื˜ื™ื™ืžืจ ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื›ื
09:34
that tells you when to be active and when to sleep.
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ืฉืื•ืžืจ ืœื›ื ืžืชื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืคืขื™ืœื™ื ื•ืžืชื™ ืœื™ืฉื•ืŸ.
09:39
The proteins that make up this clock
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ื”ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉืขื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื”
09:42
appear and disappear with remarkable regularity every day.
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ืžื•ืคื™ืขื™ื ื•ื ืขืœืžื™ื ื‘ืงื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ื™ื•ืฆืืช ื“ื•ืคืŸ ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื.
09:48
The way that this is accomplished is that your body makes the messenger RNAs
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ื”ื“ืจืš ืฉื‘ื” ื–ื” ืžื•ืฉื’ ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื›ื ื’ื•ืจื ืœ-mRNA
09:54
that encode those proteins
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ืฉืžืงื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื”
09:56
appear and disappear every day.
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ืœื”ื•ืคื™ืข ื•ืœื”ื™ืขืœื ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื.
09:59
Every day for your entire life,
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ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ื‘ืžืฉืš ื›ืœ ื—ื™ื™ื›ื,
10:02
you get your daily dose of clock messenger RNAs
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ืืชื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื ื” ื”ื™ื•ืžื™ืช ืฉืœื›ื ืฉืœ ืฉืขื•ืŸ mRNA
10:06
producing clock proteins.
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ืฉืžื™ื™ืฆืจ ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ ืฉืขื•ืŸ.
10:09
Now three properties of proper medicines
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืžืชืื™ืžื•ืช
10:13
are that their effects are of limited duration,
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ื”ืŸ ื›ืืœื• ืฉื”ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ืฉืœื”ืŸ ื”ืŸ ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืžืฉืš ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœ,
10:17
that their effects are dose-dependent
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ืฉื”ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ืฉืœื”ืŸ ืชืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžื™ื ื•ืŸ
10:20
and that they can be given over and over again
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ื•ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืชืช ืื•ืชืŸ ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘
10:22
to produce the same effect.
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ื•ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืืช ืื•ืชื• ืืคืงื˜.
10:25
mRNA's are transient.
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mRNA ื”ื ื–ืžื ื™ื™ื.
10:28
The amount of protein produced
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ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ื—ืœื‘ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื™ื•ืฆืจืช
10:30
is dependent on how much of that mRNA is present.
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ืชืœื•ื™ื” ื‘ื›ืžื” ืžื”-mRNA ื”ื–ื” ืงื™ื™ื.
10:33
And they can be induced over and over again
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ื•ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื”ื ืœืคืขื•ืœ ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘
10:36
to produce the same effect.
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ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืืช ืื•ืชื• ืืคืงื˜.
10:39
So wow, it seems so simple.
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ืื– ื•ื•ืื•, ื–ื” ื ืจืื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืคืฉื•ื˜.
10:42
If we could treat a disease,
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ืื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ืžื—ืœื”,
10:46
if there's a protein that's missing to treat a disease,
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ืื ื™ืฉ ื—ืœื‘ื•ืŸ ืฉื—ืกืจ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ืžื—ืœื”,
10:50
then we could simply give a few copies of an mRNA to the body
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ืื– ื ื•ื›ืœ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœืชืช ื›ืžื” ืขื•ืชืงื™ื ืฉืœ mRNA ืœื’ื•ืฃ
10:54
for it to produce that protein.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ืคื™ืง ืืช ื”ื—ืœื‘ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื”.
10:57
If that protein's only needed once,
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ืื ื™ืฉ ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ื—ืœื‘ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ืจืง ืคืขื ืื—ืช,
10:59
then maybe a single dose would suffice.
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ืื– ืื•ืœื™ ืžื ื” ื‘ื•ื“ื“ืช ืชืกืคื™ืง.
11:01
If a protein is needed multiple times,
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ืื ื™ืฉ ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ื—ืœื‘ื•ืŸ ืžืกืคืจ ืคืขืžื™ื,
11:04
then we can dose mRNA over and over again.
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ืื– ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืชืช ืžื™ื ื•ื ื™ mRNA ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘.
11:11
And that's exactly what's happening.
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ื•ื–ื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื”.
11:13
So when I went on clinicaltrials.gov this morning,
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ืื– ื›ืฉื ื›ื ืกืชื™ ื”ื‘ื•ืงืจ ืœ-Clinicaltrials.gov
11:17
it turns out that there are over 175 clinical trials now open
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ื”ืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉื™ืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-175 ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ืงืœื™ื ื™ื™ื ืคืชื•ื—ื™ื ื›ืขืช
11:23
using mRNA-based medicines
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ืขืœ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื•ืช mRNA
11:27
that are recruiting patients.
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ืฉืžื’ื™ื™ืกื™ื ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื.
11:29
Another 54 clinical trials are waiting in the [wings],
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ืขื•ื“ 54 ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ืงืœื™ื ื™ื™ื ืžื—ื›ื™ื ื‘[ืื’ืคื™ื],
11:32
ready to be opened.
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ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ืœื”ื™ืคืชื—.
11:34
So there is a coming tsunami of mRNA medicines.
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ืื– ืžืชืงืจื‘ ืฆื•ื ืืžื™ ืฉืœ ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช mRNA.
11:42
Last year, Moderna and AstraZeneca reported positive results
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ื‘ืฉื ื” ืฉืขื‘ืจื” ืžื•ื“ืจื ื” ื•ืืกื˜ืจื”ื–ื ื™ืงื” ื“ื™ื•ื•ื—ื• ืขืœ ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช
11:46
from a clinical trial where patients during open heart surgery
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ืžื ื™ืกื•ื™ ืงืœื™ื ื™ ืฉื‘ื• ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืœื‘ ืคืชื•ื—
11:51
were dosed with messenger RNA injected directly into their heart muscles,
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ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ืžื ื” ืฉืœ mRNA ืฉื”ื•ื–ืจืง ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืœืชื•ืš ืฉืจื™ืจื™ ื”ืœื‘ ืฉืœื”ื,
11:56
that told their heart muscles to grow new blood vessels
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ืฉื”ื•ืจื” ืœืฉืจื™ืจื™ ื”ืœื‘ ืฉืœื”ื ืœื”ืฆืžื™ื— ื›ืœื™ ื“ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื
12:00
in order to get around clogged arteries.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืงื•ืฃ ืขื•ืจืงื™ื ืกืชื•ืžื™ื.
12:03
In other clinical trials we're repeatedly dosing patients
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ื‘ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ืงืœื™ื ื™ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืื ื—ื ื• ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘ ืžื™ื ื•ืŸ ืœื—ื•ืœื™ื
12:08
with inborn metabolic errors
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ืขื ืฉื’ื™ืื•ืช ืžื˜ื‘ื•ืœื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืœื“ื•ืช
12:10
to treat their metabolic disease.
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ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืžื—ืœื” ื”ืžื˜ื‘ื•ืœื™ืช ืฉืœื”ื.
12:12
In fact, one of those clinical trials that's currently recruiting patients
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืื—ื“ ืžืื•ืชื ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ืงืœื™ื ื™ื™ื ืฉื›ืจื’ืข ืžื’ื™ื™ืก ื—ื•ืœื™ื
12:16
is for von Gierke's disease.
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ืžื™ื•ืขื“ ืœืžื—ืœืช ืคื•ืŸ ื’ื™ืจืงื”.
12:20
And for cancer patients, we're creating personalized cancer vaccines.
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ื•ืœื—ื•ืœื™ ืกืจื˜ืŸ, ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื ืžื•ืชืืžื™ื ืื™ืฉื™ืช ืœืกืจื˜ืŸ.
12:26
These vaccines are meant to train their bodies,
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ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื ื•ืขื“ื• ืœืืžืŸ ืืช ื’ื•ืคื,
12:28
their immune systems, to attack their cancers.
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ืืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืฉืœื”ื, ืœืชืงื•ืฃ ืืช ืกื•ื’ื™ ื”ืกืจื˜ืŸ ืฉืœื”ื.
12:32
These are truly personalized medicines, one vaccine for one person.
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ืืœื• ื‘ืืžืช ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืžื•ืชืืžื•ืช ืื™ืฉื™ืช, ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืื—ื“ ืœืื“ื ืื—ื“.
12:39
Now for personalized cancer vaccines to be the most effective,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื ืžื•ืชืืžื™ื ืื™ืฉื™ืช ืœืกืจื˜ืŸ ื™ื”ื™ื• ื”ื›ื™ ื™ืขื™ืœื™ื,
12:43
we need to get them made and back to the patient as quickly as possible.
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ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ื›ื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื ื•ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืืคืฉืจื™ืช.
12:48
We aim for a turnaround time of 45 days.
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ืื ื• ืฉื•ืืคื™ื ืœื–ืžืŸ ืืกืคืงื” ืฉืœ 45 ื™ืžื™ื.
12:53
By January of 2020,
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ืขื“ ื™ื ื•ืืจ 2020,
12:55
we had already manufactured, quality-controlled and delivered
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ื›ื‘ืจ ื™ื™ืฆืจื ื•, ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื ืžื‘ื•ืงืจื™ ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื•ืกื™ืคืงื ื•
13:00
to several dozen patients personalized cancer vaccines.
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ืœื›ืžื” ืขืฉืจื•ืช ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ ืกืจื˜ืŸ ืžื•ืชืืžื™ื ืื™ืฉื™ืช.
13:05
So we had the know-how and the capacity
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ืื– ื”ื™ื• ืœื ื• ื”ื™ื“ืข ื•ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช
13:10
to manufacture vaccines quickly.
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ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช.
13:14
Thus, when the sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 virus
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ืœืคื™ื›ืš, ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืจืฆืฃ ืฉืœ ื•ื™ืจื•ืก ื” SARS-CoV-2
13:18
was posted to a public web server on January 10, 2020,
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ืคื•ืจืกื ื‘ืฉืจืช ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ื‘-10 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 2020,
13:24
we got immediately to work.
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ื”ืชื—ืœื ื• ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืžื™ื“.
13:26
Within two days, we had agreed with our collaborators at NIH
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ืชื•ืš ื™ื•ืžื™ื™ื ื”ืกื›ืžื ื• ืขื ื”ืฉื•ืชืคื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืœืื•ืžื™
13:31
on exactly which form of the spike protein to put in our vaccine.
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ืื™ื–ื• ืฆื•ืจื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืฉืœ ื—ืœื‘ื•ืŸ ื”ืกืคื™ื™ืง ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืก ื‘ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ื•.
13:37
Because we had done so so many times before,
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ื›ื™ ืขืฉื™ื ื• ืืช ื–ื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคืขืžื™ื ื‘ืขื‘ืจ,
13:41
it then took our mRNA design team
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ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืœืงื— ืœืฆื•ื•ืช ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื”-mRNA ืฉืœื ื•
13:44
just one hour to design the mRNA
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ืฉืขื” ืื—ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืœืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื”-mRNA
13:49
that we immediately --
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ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื™ื“ --
13:51
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
13:56
That we immediately put on to our manufacturing equipment.
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ืฉืžื™ื“ ืฉืžื ื• ืขืœ ืฆื™ื•ื“ ื”ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืฉืœื ื•.
14:02
We were then able to make that RNA,
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ื”ืฆืœื—ื ื• ืื– ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœ-RNA ื”ื–ื”,
14:05
get it quality-controlled,
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ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ืงืจืช ืื™ื›ื•ืช,
14:08
fill-finished and shipped off to NIH for the clinical trial in 45 days.
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ืœืžืœื ืืช ื”ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืงื•ื ื™ื ื•ืœืฉืœื•ื— ืœ-NIH ืœื ื™ืกื•ื™ ื”ืงืœื™ื ื™ ืชื•ืš 45 ื™ื•ื.
14:14
Now what I find --
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ื›ืขืช ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืžื•ืฆืืช --
14:15
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
14:18
What I find truly remarkable is that that mRNA sequence
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ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืžื•ืฆืืช ื‘ืืžืช ืžื“ื”ื™ื ื”ื•ื ืฉืจืฆืฃ ื”-mRNA ื”ื–ื”
14:23
that took us one hour to design
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ืฉืœืงื— ืœื ื• ืฉืขื” ืื—ืช ืœืขืฆื‘
14:26
is the same mRNA sequence that went into your arms,
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ื”ื•ื ืื•ืชื• ืจืฆืฃ mRNA ืฉื”ื•ื›ื ืก ืœื–ืจื•ืขื•ืชื™ื›ื,
14:30
that ended up in Spikevax, our now fully approved vaccine.
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ืฉื”ืกืชื™ื™ื ื‘-Spikevax, ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ื• ืฉืื•ืฉืจ ื›ืขืช ื‘ืžืœื•ืื•.
14:35
One hour to design a medicine that has saved countless lives.
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ืฉืขื” ืื—ืช ืœืขืฆื‘ ืชืจื•ืคื” ืฉื”ืฆื™ืœื” ืื™ื ืกืคื•ืจ ื—ื™ื™ื.
14:40
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
14:47
It still gives me goosebumps every time I talk about it.
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ืื ื™ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืงื‘ืœืช ืขื•ืจ ื‘ืจื•ื•ื– ื‘ื›ืœ ืคืขื ืฉืื ื™ ืžื“ื‘ืจืช ืขืœ ื–ื”.
14:51
So what does the future hold?
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ืื– ืžื” ืฆื•ืคืŸ ื”ืขืชื™ื“?
14:53
Well, I've already told you about regenerative medicine
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื›ื‘ืจ ืกื™ืคืจืชื™ ืœื›ื ืขืœ ืจืคื•ืื” ืจื’ื ืจื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช
14:58
and personalized cancer vaccines.
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ื•ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ ืกืจื˜ืŸ ืžื•ืชืืžื™ื ืื™ืฉื™ืช.
15:01
For cancer patients, we can send in -- by directly injecting
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ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื—ื•ืœื™ ืกืจื˜ืŸ, ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉืœื•ื— -- ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื–ืจืงื” ื™ืฉื™ืจื”
15:07
messenger RNA into their tumors --
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mRNA ืœืชื•ืš ื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืฉืœื”ื --
15:09
we can send in instructions telling the tumor cells to self-destruct,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉืœื•ื— ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ืฉืื•ืžืจื•ืช ืœืชืื™ ื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ืœื”ืจื•ืก ืืช ืขืฆืžื,
15:14
Or having the tumor cells send out signals to the immune system,
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ืื• ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืชืื™ ื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ืœืฉืœื•ื— ืื•ืชื•ืช ืœืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ,
15:18
beckoning the immune system to attack.
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ืฉืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืœืชืงื•ืฃ.
15:22
For patients with autoimmune disorders,
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ืœื—ื•ืœื™ื ืขื ื”ืคืจืขื•ืช ืื•ื˜ื•ืื™ืžื•ื ื™ื•ืช,
15:25
we can send in signals that tamp down their overactive immune systems.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉืœื•ื— ืื•ืชื•ืช ืฉื™ื“ื›ืื• ืืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืฉืœื”ื ื”ืคืขื™ืœื” ื‘ื™ืชืจ.
15:32
And we and others are rapidly making many more messenger RNA vaccines.
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื•ืื—ืจื™ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ mRNA.
15:38
Because messenger RNA vaccines can be produced so quickly and rapidly,
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ื›ื™ ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ mRNA ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžื”ืจ,
15:44
they're really well suited for newly emerging diseases
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ื”ื ื‘ืืžืช ืžืชืื™ืžื™ื ืœืžื—ืœื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืฉืฆืฆื•ืช
15:50
as well as other viruses, like the flu,
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ื›ืžื• ื’ื ืœื•ื•ื™ืจื•ืกื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื, ื›ืžื• ืฉืคืขืช,
15:54
where new variants come out every year, and the vaccines need to be updated.
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ืฉืฉื ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื•ืจื™ืื ื˜ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉื ื”, ื•ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืขื“ื›ืŸ ืืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื.
16:00
But one of the exciting things about mRNA medicines
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ืื‘ืœ ืื—ื“ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืžืจื’ืฉื™ื ื‘ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช mRNA
16:04
is we're not limited to sending in the instructions
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ื”ื•ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœื™ื ื‘ืฉืœื™ื—ืช ื”ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช
16:06
for one protein at a time.
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ืœื—ืœื‘ื•ืŸ ืื—ื“ ื‘ื›ืœ ืคืขื.
16:08
mRNA medicines can be easily multiplexed.
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ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช mRNA ื ื™ืชื ื•ืช ืœืจื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ื‘ืงืœื•ืช.
16:12
Therefore, we're working on a combination vaccine
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ืœื›ืŸ, ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืขืœ ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืžืฉื•ืœื‘
16:16
for COVID, flu
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ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืงื•ื‘ื™ื“, ืฉืคืขืช
16:19
and respiratory syncytial virus, or RSV:
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ื•ื™ืจื•ืก ืกื™ื ืฆื™ืฆื™ืืœื™ ื ืฉื™ืžืชื™, ืื• RSV:
16:23
all leading causes of hospitalization and death in the elderly.
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ื›ืœ ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื•ืช ืœืืฉืคื•ื– ื•ืžื•ื•ืช ื‘ืงืฉื™ืฉื™ื.
16:28
And we're hoping that this will then be an annual booster,
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืงื•ื•ื™ื ืฉื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื•ืกื˜ืจ ืฉื ืชื™,
16:31
that you will get, just like the flu vaccine.
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ืฉืชืงื‘ืœื• ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืžื• ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ื ื’ื“ ืฉืคืขืช.
16:35
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
16:40
So finally, the very modest footprint
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ืื– ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ื˜ื‘ื™ืขืช ื”ืจื’ืœ ื”ืฆื ื•ืขื” ืžืื•ื“
16:44
of the manufacturing equipment
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ืฉืœ ืฆื™ื•ื“ ื”ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ
16:48
for making messenger RNAs
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ืœื”ื›ื ืช mRNA
16:51
means that they can be made almost anywhere in the world.
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ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื” ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืื•ืชื ื›ืžืขื˜ ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
16:56
And to take this to an extreme,
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ื•ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื—ืช ืืช ื–ื” ืœืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื•ืช,
16:58
the American Defense Department started a program in 2019,
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ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ื”ื—ืœ ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื‘ืฉื ืช 2019,
17:01
and we're working with them to miniaturize the entire process
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืื™ืชื ืœืžื–ืขืจ ืืช ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื›ื•ืœื•
17:06
so that it can be fit into a single shipping container
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ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื–ื” ื™ื™ื›ื ืก ืœืชื•ืš ืžื›ื•ืœื” ืื—ืช
17:10
for rapid deployment anywhere in the world.
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ืœืคืจื™ืกื” ืžื”ื™ืจื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
17:15
So --
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ืื– --
17:16
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
17:17
So to finish, I hope I've convinced you
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ืื– ืœืกื™ื•ื, ืื ื™ ืžืงื•ื•ื” ืฉืฉื›ื ืขืชื™ ืืชื›ื
17:20
that we have entered an entirely new era of medicine.
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ืฉื ื›ื ืกื ื• ืœืขื™ื“ืŸ ื—ื“ืฉ ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ืจืคื•ืื”.
17:25
Having learned to speak the language of mRNA, the language of life,
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ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืœืžื“ื ื• ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืืช ื”ืฉืคื” ืฉืœ mRNA, ืฉืคืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื,
17:29
we can now use it to create medicines that are just for one person,
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ื ื•ื›ืœ ื›ืขืช ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืฉื”ืŸ ืจืง ืœืื“ื ืื—ื“,
17:34
like a personalized cancer vaccine,
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ื›ืžื• ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืžื•ืชืื ืื™ืฉื™ืช ืœืกืจื˜ืŸ,
17:36
or can be rapidly produced and distributed to entire populations,
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ืื• ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื•ืœื”ืคื™ืฅ ืœืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช ืฉืœืžื•ืช,
17:42
like the COVID-19 vaccines.
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ื›ืžื• ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ ืงื•ื‘ื™ื“-19.
17:44
And the best part?
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ื•ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘?
17:46
The best part is we're simply tapping into your body's own ability
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ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื”ื•ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžืชื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืœื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื›ื
17:51
to make its own medicines.
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ืœื”ื›ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืฉืœื•.
17:54
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื”.
17:55
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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