Inside the massive (and unregulated) world of surveillance tech | Sharon Weinberger

Prevodilac: Milenka Okuka Lektor: Ivana Korom

A few years ago,

Pre nekoliko godina,

an American defense consultant I know

američki savetnik za odbranu kog poznajem

told me about a trip he took to Uzbekistan.

mi je ispričao o svom putovanju u Uzbekistan.

His role there was to help sell technology

Njegova uloga je bila da pospeši prodaju tehnologije

that the Uzbek government could use to spy on its own citizens.

koju je uzbekistanska vlada mogla da koristi

za špijuniranje sopstvenih građana.

He eventually shared with me the marketing material

Naposletku je podelio sa mnom marketinški materijal

he'd presented to the Uzbek government.

koji je predstavio uzbekistanskoj vladi.

One glossy brochure featured technology that could not just intercept phone calls,

Jedna moderna brošura je sadržala tehnologiju

koja ne samo da je mogla da presreće telefonske razgovore

but identify the caller,

već i da identifikuje govornika,

regardless of what phone number they were using,

bez obzira na to koji telefonski broj koristio,

based on their unique voiceprint,

putem jedinstvenog zvučnog otiska

and then identify their exact geographic location.

i da potom identifikuje njegovu tačnu geografsku lokaciju.

This is a guy who had been involved with the arms trade for years.

Ovaj tip je uključen u trgovinu oružjem godinama.

He wasn't some Hollywood-type gunrunner doing backroom deals.

Nije bio nekakav holivudski krijumčar oružja koji sklapa zakulisne ugovore.

He was just a guy that worked with legitimate Western companies

Bio je samo tip koji je sarađivao sa legitimnim zapadnim firmama

to help sell their weapons abroad.

kako bi im pomogao u inostranoj prodaji oružja.

But he wasn't bothered by marketing this sort of technology.

Međutim, nije mu smetalo reklamiranje ove tehnologije.

For him, it was just the next step in the arms trade.

Za njega, to je bio tek sledeći korak u trgovini oružjem.

And it was even easier than, say, selling weapons to Iraq,

A bilo je čak i jednostavnije od recimo prodaje oružja Iraku

because it didn't require an export license

jer nije zahtevalo izvoznu licencu

from the US State Department,

američkog Stejt departmenta,

the way most arms sales would.

koju većina oružja zahteva.

It turns out that these tools of surveillance

Ispostavlja se da su ova oruđa za nadzor

are almost completely unregulated,

gotovo u potpunosti neregulisana

because as of today, they're not defined as weapons.

jer trenutno nisu definisana kao oružja.

But they should be, and we need to regulate them that way.

Ali trebalo bi da budu, i moramo ih regulisati na taj način.

I'm a journalist who has spent the last two decades

Ja sam novinarka i provela sam poslednje dve decenije

looking at how the military and intelligence world

posmatrajući kako vojska i svet obaveštajaca

spurs the development of new science and technology.

podstiču razvoj nove nauke i tehnologije.

I've tracked the emergence of new weapons

Pratila sam pojavljivanje novog oružja

and looked to see what happens

i posmatrala šta se dešava

when companies start to market these weapons abroad.

kada firme počnu da reklamiraju to oružje u inostranstvu.

But what is a weapon in the information age?

Međutim, šta je oružje u dobu informacija?

We know that armed drones are weapons,

Znamo da su naoružani dronovi oružje,

missiles and bombs are weapons,

projektili i bombe su oružje,

but the State Department actually classifies

ali Stejt department zapravo klasifikuje

broad categories of technologies as weapons.

široku kategoriju tehnologije kao oružje.

So for example, a scientist going abroad on an oceanographic research vessel,

Na primer, ako naučnik ide u inostranstvo na okeanografski istraživački brod

they want to take the latest night-vision goggles?

i želi da ponese najnoviji noćni dvogled?

That, according to the State Department, is potentially a weapon.

To je prema Stejt departmentu potencijalno oružje.

Why?

Zašto?

Well, because though night-vision goggles are used today by scientists

Zato što, iako noćni dvogled trenutno koriste naučnici

and hunters around the world,

i lovci širom sveta,

it was a capability first developed for the military.

radi se o pomagalu koje je prvo razvila vojska.

And yet, tools of surveillance

Pa ipak, oruđa za nadzor

that an authoritarian regime could use to spy on its own citizens,

koje autoritarni režim može da koristi da špijunira sopstvene građane,

on dissidents, on journalists,

disidente, novinare,

that, according to the US government today, is not a weapon.

to se prema vladi SAD-a trenutno ne smatra oružjem.

And yet, these tools of surveillance

Pa ipak, ova oruđa za nadzor

are part of a growing secretive multi-billion-dollar industry.

su deo rastuće tajne industrije vredne više milijardi dolara.

The genesis of this spy bazaar goes back some 18 years,

Koreni ovog špijunskog sajma sežu nekih 18 godina unazad

to a Hilton hotel in northern Virginia,

do hotela Hilton u severnoj Virdžiniji,

just a few miles away from the US Central Intelligence Agency.

svega nekoliko kilometara od američke Centralne obaveštajne agencije.

A few dozen people, mostly dark-suited men,

Nekoliko desetina ljudi, uglavnom muškaraca u tamnim odelima

gathered there in the spring of 2002

se tu okupilo u proleće 2002. godine

for a conference with the unassuming name of ISS World.

radi konferencije skromnog naziva OSP svet.

You know, at first glance, this conference probably looked like dozens of events

Znate, na prvi pogled, konferencija je verovatno izgledala kao desetine događaja

that used to take place around the Washington, DC area.

koji su se organizovali u okolini grada Vašingtona.

But this event was unique.

Ovaj događaj je, pak, bio jedinstven.

ISS stands for Intelligence Support Systems,

OSP znači Obaveštajni sistemi podrške,

and the people who were there

a ljudi koji su bili tamo

were from companies that built technologies to spy

su bili iz firmi koje su pravile tehnologiju za špijuniranje

on private communications.

privatnih komunikacija.

In other words, these were sort of wire-tappers for hire.

Drugim rečima, radilo se o nekavim najamskim prisluškivačima.

And the reason they were there was that less than a year earlier,

A razlog zašto su bili tu je što je manje od godinu dana ranije

the 9/11 terrorist attacks on New York and Washington

teroristički napad na Njujork i Vašington, 9. septembar,

had spurred the Congress to press through legislation

podstakao kongres da progura zakon

known as the Patriot Act.

poznat kao Patriotski zakon.

This gave the government broad new authorities

Ovo je obezbedilo vladi nova šira nadleštva

to monitor communications.

za praćenje komunikacija.

Emails, internet activity, phone calls,

Imejlove, internet aktivnost, telefonske pozive,

even financial transactions.

čak i finansijske transakcije.

This created an instant demand for data.

Ovo je stvorilo trenutnu potražnju za podacima.

And in the true American entrepreneurial spirit,

A u istinskom američkom preduzetničkom duhu,

an industry rose up to help collect this data.

industrija je priskočila u pomoć u sakupljanju podataka.

But back in 2002,

Međutim, 2002. godine,

this was still a pretty modest affair.

radilo se i dalje o prilično skromnom poslu.

Only about 10 percent of the world's population

Svega oko 10 procenata svetske populacije

was even online using the internet.

je uopšte bilo ulogovano na internet.

So most of what was being collected were simple emails and phone calls

Te ono što su sakupljali su uglavom bili jednostavni mejlovi i telefonski pozivi

over landlines and cell phones.

putem fiksne i mobilne telefonije.

But over the next few years,

Tokom narednih nekoliko godina,

the way that we communicate began to change rapidly.

način na koji komuniciramo ubrzano je počeo da se menja.

There was the introduction of Skype, Facebook

Pojavili su se Skajp, Fejsbuk,

and then, crucially, the iPhone,

a potom i najvažnije ajfon,

and within a few years,

i za nekoliko godina,

billions of us were walking around with little computers in our pockets

milijarde nas je hodalo unaokolo sa malim kompjuterima u džepovima

that do everything from monitor our exercise habits

koji su obavljali sve, od praćenja naših fitnes navika

to help us find romantic partners.

do pomoći u traženju romantičnih partnera.

And suddenly, you didn't necessarily need the advanced capability

I iznenada vam više nije bila nužna napredna sposobnost

of the National Security Agency or big telecoms

Nacionalne bezbednosne agencije ili velikih telekoma

to monitor everyone's communication.

da pratite svačiju komunikaciju.

In some cases,

U nekim slučajevima,

all you needed was access to that device in their pockets.

samo vam je bio potreban pristup tom uređaju u njihovim džepovima.

And that gave birth to an entirely new type of industry.

A to je iznedrilo sasvim novi vid industrije.

You know, not many companies can build missiles or aircraft,

Znate, retke firme mogu da grade projektile ili avione,

but it doesn't take a lot of capital to create software

ali ne treba vam mnogo novca da napravite softver

that can hack into someone's smartphone.

koji može da hakuje nečiji pametni telefon.

Computer hackers have been around for years,

Kompjuterski hakeri su prisutni godinama,

but now their skills could be used to build technologies

ali sada su njihove veštine mogle da se koriste za izgradnju tehnologije

that were in high demand by law enforcement

za koju je vladala velika potražnja u policiji i obaveštajnim agencijama.

and intelligence agencies.

And soon, dozens and even hundreds of companies

I uskoro, desetine, pa čak i stotine firmi

were getting into this wire-tappers' market.

su ulazile u ovo tržište prisluškivanja.

And that little conference in Virginia,

A ta mala konferencija u Virdžiniji

it grew and soon became known as the Wiretappers' Ball.

je rasla i uskoro je postala poznata kao Bal prisluškivača.

Well, not much was known about the Wiretappers' Ball

Nije se mnogo znalo o Balu prisluškivača

in those early years,

tih ranih godina

because the conferences were closed to everyone

jer su konferencije bile zatvorene za sve

except the companies and their government customers.

osim firmi i njhovih mušterija iz vlade.

But journalists did begin to see and hear reports

No, novinari su počeli da gledaju i slušaju izveštaje

of companies getting into this private spy market.

o firmama koje su ulazile u ovo privatno špijunsko tržište.

Spooky entrepreneurs going around the world,

Mračni preduzetnici koji su išli svetom,

doing deals,

sklapajući dogovore često sa autoritarnim režimima.

often with authoritarian regimes.

And it was, from the start, a really loosely regulated market.

I od starta se radilo o zaista labavo regulisanom tržištu.

Some countries do require permission to sell these technologies abroad,

Neke države zahtevaju dozvolu za prodaju ove tehnologije u inostranstvu,

but rarely with the type of scrutiny that is given to traditional arms.

ali retko sa proverama koje prolazi tradicionalno oružje.

So for example, the Italian-based company Hacking Team

Na primer, firma Hacking Team iz Italije

reportedly sold its technology to authoritarian regimes

je navodno prodala svoju tehnologiju autoritarnim režimima

in Egypt and Kazakhstan.

u Egiptu i Kazahstanu.

The Israeli-based company NSO Group has reportedly sold its technology

Izraelska firma NSO grupa navodno je prodala svoju tehnologiju

to the regime in Saudi Arabia,

režimu u Saudijskoj Arabiji

which has been accused of harassing,

koga optužuju za maltretiranje,

and even, in one case, killing one of its political opponents.

a u jednom slučaju i za ubistvo jednog svog političkog protivnika.

And we do think of weapons as things that kill people.

A o oružju razmišljamo kao o nečemu što ubija ljude.

But in the information age,

Međutim, u dobu informacija,

some of the most powerful weapons are things that can track and identify us.

neka od najmoćnijih oružja su stvari koje mogu da nas prate i identifikuju.

This is something that the Pentagon and CIA have recognized for years,

Radi se o nečemu što su Pentagon i CIA prepoznali pre više godina

and they've tried to build technologies

i pokušali su da naprave tehnologiju

that can track people, suspected terrorists, around the globe.

koja može da prati ljude, osumnjičene teroriste širom sveta.

The Pentagon has invested in something called smart dust,

Pentagon je uložio u nešto što se zove pametna prašina,

little microsensors the size of specs of dust

malene mikrosenzore veličine čestica prašine

that you could scatter on people without them knowing it,

koji mogu da se razaspu po ljudima, a da oni to ne znaju

and then use it to track their location.

i potom to koriste da prate njihovu lokaciju.

The Pentagon, through its venture capital firm,

Pentagon je preko svoje preduzetničke firme

has invested in a beauty products company once featured in "Oprah Magazine"

uložio u proizvode kozmetičke firme koji su se jednom pojavili u Oprinom časopisu

to build a device that could surreptitiously collect DNA

kako bi napravili uređaj koji može tajno da sakuplja DNK

just by swiping across the skin.

prosto prelaskom preko kože.

But something remarkable has happened over the past decade.

Nešto se, pak, izvanredno desilo tokom prošle decenije.

In many cases, what the private marketplace has been able to do

U mnogim slučajevima privatno tržište je postiglo nešto što je daleko nadmašilo

has far outstripped what the Pentagon or CIA even thought was possible.

ono što su Pentagon ili CIA uopšte smatrali mogućim.

Back in 2008,

Godine 2008,

the Pentagon had a secretive database of DNA from terrorists.

Pentagon je imao tajnu DNK bazu terorista.

It had about 80,000 samples.

Imali su oko 80 000 uzoraka.

Well, the private company AncestryDNA

Pa, privatna firma AncestryDNA

today has samples from over 15 million people.

trenutno ima uzorke od preko 15 miliona ljudi.

23andMe, the second-largest genealogical database,

23andMe, druga najveća genealoška baza podataka

has samples from over 10 million people.

ima uzorke od preko 10 miliona ljudi.

So now, maybe you don't need these James Bond-worthy techniques

Sada vam možda i nisu potrebne te Džejms Bondove tehnike

of collecting DNA

za sakupljanje DNK,

if we're willingly handing it over to private companies

ako smo mi voljni da ga predamo privatnim firmama,

and even paying for the honor of doing it.

pa čak i da platimo to zadovoljstvo.

Well, what could you do with a sample of someone's DNA?

Dakle, šta možete da postignete sa uzorkom nečije DNK?

In the United States and China,

U Sjedinjenim Državama i Kini

researchers are working on using DNA samples

istraživači rade na upotrebi DNK uzoraka

to build images of people's faces.

kako bi napravili slike ljudskih lica.

So if you pair DNA with facial recognition technology,

Dakle, ukoliko spojite DNK sa tehnologijom za identifikaciju lica,

you have the basis of a really powerful surveillance system

imate osnovu za veoma moćan sistem za nadzor

that could be used to track individuals or entire ethnic groups.

koji može da se koristi za praćenje pojedinaca ili čitavih etničkih grupa.

And if you think that sounds a little bit paranoid,

A ako mislite da to zvuči malčice paranoično,

keep in mind that the Pentagon last year sent out a memo

imajte na umu da je Pentagon prošle godine poslao memorandum

to all of its service members,

svim svojim službenicima

warning them precisely not to use those commercial DNA kits

upozoravajući ih upravo da ne koriste komercijalne DNK komplete

over concerns that information could be used to track them

zbog zabrinutosti od korišćenja informacija za praćenje njih

or their family members.

ili njihovih članova porodice.

And yet, even with the Pentagon raising concerns about this technology,

Pa ipak, čak i sa rastućom zabrinutosti Pentagona zbog ove tehnologije,

almost nothing has been done to reign in this market.

skoro da ništa nije urađeno da se ovlada ovim tržištem.

One American company, Clearview AI,

Jedna američka firma, Clearview AI,

has been collecting billions of images of people's faces

sakuplja milijarde slika ljudskih lica

from across the internet,

širom interneta,

like those pictures you post on Instagram of you and your friends and family,

poput slika vas i vaše porodice koje postavljate na Instagramu,

and then selling its facial recognition services

a potom prodaju svoje usluge identifikacije lica

to US government and law-enforcement agencies.

američkoj vladi i policiji.

And even if you think

A čak iako smatrate

that's a perfectly acceptable application of this technology,

da je to sasvim prihvatljiva primena ove tehnologije,

there's nothing to stop them from selling to private individuals,

ništa ih ne sprečava da je prodaju privatnim pojedincima,

corporations or even foreign governments.

korporacijama ili čak stranim vladama.

And that's exactly what some companies are doing.

A to je upravo ono što firme rade.

That Wiretappers' Ball that started in northern Virginia?

Taj Bal prisluškivača koji je osnovan u severnoj Virdžiniji?

Today, it's held in multiple cities around the globe.

Danas se održava u više gradova širom sveta.

Thousands of people now attend the ISS trainings and conferences.

Hiljade ljudi trenutno pohađa OSP obuke i konferencije.

And more of the companies showing up are coming from the Middle East and China.

A sve češće firme koje se pojavljuju stižu sa Bliskog istoka i iz Kine.

The spy bazaar has gone global.

Sajam špijuna je postao globalan.

And at arms shows now around the world,

A trenutno na festivalima oružja širom sveta

you'll see companies displaying facial recognition technology

videćete kompanije kako izlažu tehnologiju za prepoznavanje lica

and phone hacking software,

i softvere za hakovanje telefona,

displaying right next to traditional arms manufacturers

sve to izlažu uz tradicionalne proizvođače oružja

with tanks and missiles.

sa tenkovima i projektilima.

And walking around these arms shows,

A šetajući po ovim festivalima oružja,

it's pretty easy to go down dystopian rabbit holes,

lako je upasti u distopijske paranoje

thinking about future surveillance technology

i razmišljati o budućoj tehnologiji za nadzor

that will track our every move.

koja će da prati svaki naš pokret.

And I remember one Pentagon adviser telling me

Sećam se da mi je jedan savetnik iz Pentagona rekao

that what the military really needed were space-based satellites

da su vojsci zaista potrebni sateliti iz svemira

that could track people anywhere on earth based just on their DNA.

koji bi pratili ljude bilo gde na zemlji samo na osnovu njihove DNK.

It's enough to make you invest in tinfoil hats.

To je dovoljan razlog da uložite u kape od alufolije.

But the truth is,

Međutim, istina je

we don't know what sort of technology the future will bring.

da mi ne znamo koji će oblik tehnologije doneti budućnost.

But we know that today, in the absence of regulation,

No znamo da danas, u odsustvu regulacije,

this marketplace is already exploding.

ovo tržište je već u procvatu.

And in fact, one of those companies accused of selling surveillance technology

I zapravo, jedna od firmi optuženih za prodaju tehnologije za nadzor

to authoritarian regimes,

autoritarnim režimima,

today, it's offering to help track those infected with COVID-19.

trenutno nudi pomoć u praćenju zaraženih kovidom-19.

And of course, technology does offer the tantalizing promise

I naravno da tehnologija nudi varljivo obećanje

of helping control a pandemic through contact tracing.

pomoći u kontroli pandemije preko praćenja kontakata.

But it also opens up another door, to privatized mass surveillance.

Međutim, takođe otvara dodatna vrata privatizovanom masovnom nadzoru.

So what do we do about this private spy bazaar?

Dakle, šta da uradimo povodom ovog privatnog sajma špijuna?

Možemo da se sakrijemo, isključimo internet,

We can hide, go offline,

get off social media, ditch our smartphones,

pogasimo društvene mreže, bacimo naše pametne telefone,

go live in a cave,

odemo da živimo u pećini,

but the truth is, we're not trained to be professional spies,

ali istina je da mi nismo obučeni da budemo profesionalni špijuni,

we can't live under false identities or with no identities.

ne možemo da živimo sa lažnim identitetima ili bez identiteta.

And even real spies are having a hard time staying below the radar, these days.

A čak je i pravim špijunima teško ovih dana da budu neprimećeni.

It doesn't matter how many passports Jason Bourne has

Nebitno je koliko pasoša Džejson Born ima,

if his face or DNA is in someone's database.

ako je njegovo lice ili DNK u nečijoj bazi podataka.

But if even governments have lost control of the tools of spying,

Ali ako su čak i vlade izgubile kontrolu nad špijunskim oruđima,

is there anything we can do about it?

možemo li mi da uradimo nešto povodom toga?

One argument I've heard

Čula sam argument

is that even if the US were to restrict companies

da čak i kad bi SAD ograničila firme

from selling this sort of technology abroad,

da prodaju ovaj vid tehnologije u inostranstvu,

companies based in China might simply step in.

firme iz Kine bi možda prosto uskočile.

But we regulate the arms trade today,

Međutim, trentuno regulišemo trgovinu oružja,

even if we do it imperfectly.

čak iako to ne radimo savršeno.

And in fact, there was a multilateral proposal several years ago

I zapravo, pre nekoliko godina postojao je multilateralni predlog

to do just that,

da se uradi baš to,

to require export licenses for surveillance software.

da se zahtevaju izvozne licence za softvere za nadzor.

The United States was among those countries

Sjedinjene Države su bile među državama

that agreed to these voluntary regulations,

koje su pristale na te dobrovoljne regulacije,

but back in Washington, this proposal has simply languished.

ali kod kuće u Vašingotnu, predlog je naprosto iščileo.

We have an administration that would rather sell more weapons abroad

Imamo administraciju koja bi radije prodavala više oružja u inostranstvu

with fewer restrictions,

sa što manje restrikcija,

including to some of those countries

uključujući nekim od država

accused of abusing surveillance technology.

optuženim za zloupotrebu tehnologije za nadzor.

I think to move forward, we would need to revive that proposal,

Smatram, da bismo išli npared, moramo da oživimo taj predlog,

but even go one step further.

ali i da odemo korak dalje.

We need to fundamentally change how we think of surveillance technology

Moramo temeljno da promenimo način razmišljanja o tehnologiji za nadzor

and define these tools as weapons.

i da definišemo ova oruđa kao oružja.

This would allow government

To bi omogućilo vladi

to regulate and control their sale and export

da reguliše i kontroliše njihovu prodaju i izvoz

the way that they control traditional arms,

na način na koji kontrolišu tradicionalno oružje,

advanced aircraft and missiles.

savremene letelice i projektile.

But that means recognizing that technology that tracks who we are,

Ali to bi značilo priznanje da tehnologija koja prati ko smo,

what we do, what we say,

šta radimo, šta govorimo,

and even in some cases, what we think,

pa čak u nekim slučajevima i šta mislimo

is a form of advanced weaponry.

jeste oblik naprednog naoružanja.

And these weapons are growing too powerful,

A ova oružja postaju suviše moćna,

available to the highest bidder,

dostupna najboljem ponuđaču,

and according to the whims of the spy bazaar.

i podložna su hirovima sajma špijuna.

Thank you.

Hvala vam.