Inside the massive (and unregulated) world of surveillance tech | Sharon Weinberger

120,292 views ・ 2020-12-28

TED


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譯者: Lilian Chiu 審譯者: Helen Chang
00:13
A few years ago,
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幾年前,我認識的 美國防禦顧問跟我談到
00:14
an American defense consultant I know
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00:16
told me about a trip he took to Uzbekistan.
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他到烏茲別克斯坦的一趟行程。
00:18
His role there was to help sell technology
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他到那裡的角色是要協助銷售技術,
00:21
that the Uzbek government could use to spy on its own citizens.
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讓烏茲別克斯坦政府 用來監視其公民。
00:25
He eventually shared with me the marketing material
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後來他給我看了
他向烏茲別克斯坦政府 簡報用的行銷素材。
00:27
he'd presented to the Uzbek government.
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00:30
One glossy brochure featured technology that could not just intercept phone calls,
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一本亮光紙印刷的小冊子,
強調科技不只能攔截電話,
00:35
but identify the caller,
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還能辨識來電者,
00:36
regardless of what phone number they were using,
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不論他們用什麼電話號碼,
00:39
based on their unique voiceprint,
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只要他們獨特的聲紋即可,
00:41
and then identify their exact geographic location.
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接著還能找出他們明確的地理所在。
00:44
This is a guy who had been involved with the arms trade for years.
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這個傢伙已經參與軍火貿易多年。
他不是好萊塢式的軍火走私販 在背後進行秘密交易。
00:48
He wasn't some Hollywood-type gunrunner doing backroom deals.
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00:51
He was just a guy that worked with legitimate Western companies
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他只是和合法的西方公司合作,
00:54
to help sell their weapons abroad.
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協助將它們的武器銷售到國外。
00:56
But he wasn't bothered by marketing this sort of technology.
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但行銷這類技術 並不會讓他感到困擾。
00:59
For him, it was just the next step in the arms trade.
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對他而言,那只是 軍火貿易中的下一步。
01:02
And it was even easier than, say, selling weapons to Iraq,
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比銷售武器到伊拉克還更容易,
01:05
because it didn't require an export license
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因為毋需美國國務院的出口許可,
01:07
from the US State Department,
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01:08
the way most arms sales would.
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銷售大部分的軍火都需要許可。
01:11
It turns out that these tools of surveillance
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結果發現,這些監視工具 幾乎完全不受管制,
01:13
are almost completely unregulated,
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01:15
because as of today, they're not defined as weapons.
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因為,截至目前為止, 它們都不被定義為武器。
01:18
But they should be, and we need to regulate them that way.
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但我們應該要把它們 當成武器來管制才對。
01:21
I'm a journalist who has spent the last two decades
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我是記者,在過去二十年間
研究軍事和情報世界
01:24
looking at how the military and intelligence world
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01:26
spurs the development of new science and technology.
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如何刺激新科學和技術的發展。
01:28
I've tracked the emergence of new weapons
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我曾經追蹤新武器的出現,
01:31
and looked to see what happens
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並追查一旦公司開始 把這些武器賣到國外會怎樣。
01:32
when companies start to market these weapons abroad.
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01:35
But what is a weapon in the information age?
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但在資訊時代,什麼是武器?
01:37
We know that armed drones are weapons,
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我們知道武裝無人機是武器,
01:39
missiles and bombs are weapons,
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飛彈和炸彈是武器,
01:41
but the State Department actually classifies
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但美國國務院其實將 許多科技類別也歸類為武器。
01:43
broad categories of technologies as weapons.
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01:46
So for example, a scientist going abroad on an oceanographic research vessel,
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比如,
科學家搭乘海洋學研究船艦出國,
01:50
they want to take the latest night-vision goggles?
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想要帶著最新的夜視鏡,
01:53
That, according to the State Department, is potentially a weapon.
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根據國務院,那有可能是武器。
01:56
Why?
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為什麼?
01:57
Well, because though night-vision goggles are used today by scientists
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因為儘管現今世界各地的 科學家和獵人使用夜視鏡,
02:01
and hunters around the world,
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這種功能最早是為了軍隊而開發的。
02:02
it was a capability first developed for the military.
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02:05
And yet, tools of surveillance
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然而監視工具,
02:06
that an authoritarian regime could use to spy on its own citizens,
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獨裁政權可以用來監視其公民、
02:10
on dissidents, on journalists,
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異議份子、記者,
02:12
that, according to the US government today, is not a weapon.
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但根據現今的美國政府卻不是武器。
02:15
And yet, these tools of surveillance
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然而這些監視工具
02:17
are part of a growing secretive multi-billion-dollar industry.
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屬於一個偷偷摸摸的產業, 該產業價值數十億且還在成長。
02:21
The genesis of this spy bazaar goes back some 18 years,
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這種監視市場的起源 可追溯到十八年前,
02:24
to a Hilton hotel in northern Virginia,
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在維吉尼亞州的希爾頓飯店,
02:26
just a few miles away from the US Central Intelligence Agency.
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距離美國中情局只有幾哩的距離。
02:30
A few dozen people, mostly dark-suited men,
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幾十個人,多半穿著深色西服,
02:33
gathered there in the spring of 2002
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於 2002 年春天時聚集在那裡,
02:35
for a conference with the unassuming name of ISS World.
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參與一場會議, 用低調名稱 ISS World。
02:38
You know, at first glance, this conference probably looked like dozens of events
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乍看之下,這場會議可能就像
華盛頓特區以前舉辦的數十場活動。
02:42
that used to take place around the Washington, DC area.
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02:45
But this event was unique.
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但這個活動卻很獨特。
02:46
ISS stands for Intelligence Support Systems,
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ISS 代表情報支援系統,
02:49
and the people who were there
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參與者所屬的公司
02:51
were from companies that built technologies to spy
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都在打造監控私人通訊的技術。
02:53
on private communications.
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02:55
In other words, these were sort of wire-tappers for hire.
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換言之,這裡是在做竊聽交易的。
02:58
And the reason they were there was that less than a year earlier,
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他們會到那裡的原因, 是因為一年之前,
03:01
the 9/11 terrorist attacks on New York and Washington
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紐約及華盛頓遭受九一一恐怖攻擊,
03:04
had spurred the Congress to press through legislation
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促使國會施壓通過了
愛國者法案的立法。
03:07
known as the Patriot Act.
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03:09
This gave the government broad new authorities
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這個法案讓政府有更廣泛的 新權限,來監控通訊。
03:11
to monitor communications.
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03:13
Emails, internet activity, phone calls,
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電子郵件、網路活動、電話,
03:16
even financial transactions.
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甚至財務交易。
03:18
This created an instant demand for data.
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這馬上造成了對資料的需求。
03:21
And in the true American entrepreneurial spirit,
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本著真正的美國企業家精神,
03:23
an industry rose up to help collect this data.
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有一個產業興起, 來協助收集這些資料。
03:27
But back in 2002,
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但,在 2002 年時,這還算是小事。
03:28
this was still a pretty modest affair.
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03:30
Only about 10 percent of the world's population
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全世界只有 10% 的人
03:32
was even online using the internet.
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會使用網路。
03:34
So most of what was being collected were simple emails and phone calls
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所以,被收集的資料多半只是
電子郵件和有線電話及手機的通話。
03:38
over landlines and cell phones.
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03:41
But over the next few years,
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但,接下來幾年, 我們通訊的方式開始快速改變。
03:42
the way that we communicate began to change rapidly.
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03:45
There was the introduction of Skype, Facebook
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Skype 和臉書問世,
03:47
and then, crucially, the iPhone,
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接著,很重要的,iPhone 出現了,
03:49
and within a few years,
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短短幾年內,數十億人
03:51
billions of us were walking around with little computers in our pockets
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出門時口袋中都帶著小小的電腦,
03:54
that do everything from monitor our exercise habits
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做什麼都要透過它, 從監控運動習慣,
03:57
to help us find romantic partners.
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到協助我們找另一半。
04:00
And suddenly, you didn't necessarily need the advanced capability
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突然間,不需要國家安全局
或大型電信公司的先進能力
04:03
of the National Security Agency or big telecoms
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04:05
to monitor everyone's communication.
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就可以監控每個人的通訊了。
04:08
In some cases,
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在某些情況中,你只需要
04:09
all you needed was access to that device in their pockets.
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取得他們口袋中的那台裝置即可。
04:12
And that gave birth to an entirely new type of industry.
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那就造成了一種全新產業的誕生。
04:15
You know, not many companies can build missiles or aircraft,
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要知道,沒有幾家公司 能建造飛彈或飛機,
04:19
but it doesn't take a lot of capital to create software
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但不需要太多資本就可以開發出軟體
04:22
that can hack into someone's smartphone.
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來駭入某人的智慧手機。
04:25
Computer hackers have been around for years,
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電腦駭客已經存在多年,
04:27
but now their skills could be used to build technologies
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但現在,他們的技能能被用來建造
執法單位和情報單位 極度需求的技術。
04:30
that were in high demand by law enforcement
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04:32
and intelligence agencies.
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04:34
And soon, dozens and even hundreds of companies
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很快的,數十甚至數百間公司
04:37
were getting into this wire-tappers' market.
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開始投入這個竊聽市場。
04:40
And that little conference in Virginia,
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維吉尼亞的小型會議
04:42
it grew and soon became known as the Wiretappers' Ball.
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很快就成長成為「竊聽者的舞會」。
04:46
Well, not much was known about the Wiretappers' Ball
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在早年,大家對於 竊聽者的舞會知道的不多,
04:48
in those early years,
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04:49
because the conferences were closed to everyone
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因為該會議是不開放的,
只限那些公司和其政府客戶。
04:52
except the companies and their government customers.
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04:54
But journalists did begin to see and hear reports
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但,記者確實開始 看見聽見一些傳聞,
04:57
of companies getting into this private spy market.
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說有公司進入這個私人的監視市場。
05:00
Spooky entrepreneurs going around the world,
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幽靈企業家到世界各地,
05:03
doing deals,
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進行交易,對象通常是獨裁政權。
05:04
often with authoritarian regimes.
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05:06
And it was, from the start, a really loosely regulated market.
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打從一開始,這個市場 就沒有受到嚴謹的管制。
05:10
Some countries do require permission to sell these technologies abroad,
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在某些國家,確實需要取得許可 才能將這些技術銷售到國外,
05:14
but rarely with the type of scrutiny that is given to traditional arms.
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但監督的程度 很少像對傳統軍火那麼嚴謹。
05:18
So for example, the Italian-based company Hacking Team
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比如,據說,位在義大利的公司
Hacking Team 就將其技術
05:22
reportedly sold its technology to authoritarian regimes
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銷售給埃及和哈薩克的獨裁政權。
05:24
in Egypt and Kazakhstan.
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05:27
The Israeli-based company NSO Group has reportedly sold its technology
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據說以色列公司 NSO Group
將其技術銷售給沙烏地阿拉伯政權,
05:30
to the regime in Saudi Arabia,
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05:32
which has been accused of harassing,
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該政權被指控騷擾,
05:34
and even, in one case, killing one of its political opponents.
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甚至,有個案例, 是被指控殺害其政治對手。
05:37
And we do think of weapons as things that kill people.
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我們確實認為武器是能殺人的東西。
05:42
But in the information age,
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但,在資訊時代,
05:43
some of the most powerful weapons are things that can track and identify us.
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有些最強大的武器 是能夠追蹤和辨識我們身分的東西。
05:47
This is something that the Pentagon and CIA have recognized for years,
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五角大廈和中情局 早在數年前就知道這一點,
且他們都在嘗試開發技術,
05:51
and they've tried to build technologies
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05:52
that can track people, suspected terrorists, around the globe.
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來追蹤全世界可疑的恐怖分子。
05:56
The Pentagon has invested in something called smart dust,
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五角大廈已經在投資 所謂的智慧微塵,
05:59
little microsensors the size of specs of dust
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即尺寸只有灰塵大小的微型感測器,
06:02
that you could scatter on people without them knowing it,
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可以撒在人的身上也不會被察覺,
06:05
and then use it to track their location.
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接著就可以用來追蹤人的所在。
06:07
The Pentagon, through its venture capital firm,
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五角大廈透過它的創投公司
06:10
has invested in a beauty products company once featured in "Oprah Magazine"
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投資了一間曾被《O:歐普拉雜誌》 特別報導過的美容產品公司,
06:14
to build a device that could surreptitiously collect DNA
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目的是要開發一種只要擦過皮膚
06:17
just by swiping across the skin.
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就可暗中收集 DNA 的裝置。
06:20
But something remarkable has happened over the past decade.
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但,在過去十年發生了 很不可思議的事。
06:23
In many cases, what the private marketplace has been able to do
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在許多情況下, 私人市場所能做到的事
06:26
has far outstripped what the Pentagon or CIA even thought was possible.
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已經遠超過五角大廈 或中情局認為可能做到的事。
06:30
Back in 2008,
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在 2008 年,
06:31
the Pentagon had a secretive database of DNA from terrorists.
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五角大廈有一個秘密的 恐怖分子 DNA 資料庫,
06:36
It had about 80,000 samples.
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內有約八萬個樣本。
06:38
Well, the private company AncestryDNA
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私人公司 AncestryDNA
06:41
today has samples from over 15 million people.
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現今有超過一千五百萬人的樣本。
06:44
23andMe, the second-largest genealogical database,
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23andMe,第二大的系譜資料庫,
06:48
has samples from over 10 million people.
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有超過一千萬人的樣本。
06:50
So now, maybe you don't need these James Bond-worthy techniques
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所以,也許你並不需要 那些詹姆士龐德技能
06:54
of collecting DNA
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來收集 DNA,
06:55
if we're willingly handing it over to private companies
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因為人們願意將之交給私人公司,
06:58
and even paying for the honor of doing it.
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甚至樂於付款來做。
07:01
Well, what could you do with a sample of someone's DNA?
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拿到別人的 DNA 樣本能做什麼?
07:05
In the United States and China,
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在美國和中國,研究者在研究
07:06
researchers are working on using DNA samples
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如何使用 DNA 樣本 來建造出人的臉孔。
07:09
to build images of people's faces.
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07:11
So if you pair DNA with facial recognition technology,
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所以,如果結合 DNA 和面部辨識技術,
07:15
you have the basis of a really powerful surveillance system
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就有了開發強大監視系統的基礎,
07:18
that could be used to track individuals or entire ethnic groups.
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用來追蹤個人或整個人種族群。
07:22
And if you think that sounds a little bit paranoid,
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如果你覺得那聽起來太妄想了,
07:24
keep in mind that the Pentagon last year sent out a memo
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別忘了,五角大廈去年 發出一份備忘錄給它的所有人員,
07:27
to all of its service members,
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07:29
warning them precisely not to use those commercial DNA kits
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明確警告他們不要使用 那些商業 DNA 產品組,
07:32
over concerns that information could be used to track them
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因為擔心資訊會被用來追蹤他們
07:35
or their family members.
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或他們的家庭成員。
07:37
And yet, even with the Pentagon raising concerns about this technology,
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但就算五角大廈 提出對這項技術的顧慮,
07:41
almost nothing has been done to reign in this market.
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幾乎沒有人做什麼來駕馭這個市場。
07:44
One American company, Clearview AI,
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美國公司 Clearview AI
07:47
has been collecting billions of images of people's faces
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已經從網路上收集了 數十億張人類臉孔的影像,
07:49
from across the internet,
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07:51
like those pictures you post on Instagram of you and your friends and family,
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比如你刊在 IG 上的照片, 上面有你、你的朋友和家人。
07:55
and then selling its facial recognition services
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接著,該公司把其面孔辨識服務
07:57
to US government and law-enforcement agencies.
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銷售給美國政府和執法單位。
08:00
And even if you think
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就算你認為把這項技術 應用在此是合情合理的,
08:01
that's a perfectly acceptable application of this technology,
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08:04
there's nothing to stop them from selling to private individuals,
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卻沒有什麼能阻止他們 將之銷售給私人個體戶、
08:08
corporations or even foreign governments.
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企業,或甚至外國政府。
08:11
And that's exactly what some companies are doing.
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有些公司就在這麼做。
08:13
That Wiretappers' Ball that started in northern Virginia?
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至於那個在北維吉尼亞 創始的竊聽者舞會,
08:17
Today, it's held in multiple cities around the globe.
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現今全球多個城市 都會舉辦該舞會。
08:20
Thousands of people now attend the ISS trainings and conferences.
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數千人會參加 ISS 訓練和會議。
08:25
And more of the companies showing up are coming from the Middle East and China.
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且出席的公司中越來越多 是來自中東和中國。
08:28
The spy bazaar has gone global.
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監視市場已經擴展向全球。
08:31
And at arms shows now around the world,
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在世界各地的軍火展上,
08:33
you'll see companies displaying facial recognition technology
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會看到有些公司展示面部辨識技術
08:36
and phone hacking software,
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和駭入電話用的軟體,
08:38
displaying right next to traditional arms manufacturers
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就在坦克和飛彈的 傳統軍火製造商旁邊展示。
08:41
with tanks and missiles.
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08:42
And walking around these arms shows,
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到這些軍火展走走,
08:44
it's pretty easy to go down dystopian rabbit holes,
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很容易就會掉進反烏托邦的無底洞,
08:47
thinking about future surveillance technology
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想著能夠追蹤我們 每一步的未來監視技術。
08:49
that will track our every move.
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08:51
And I remember one Pentagon adviser telling me
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我記得有位五角大廈顧問告訴我
08:53
that what the military really needed were space-based satellites
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軍隊真正需要的是太空衛星,
08:56
that could track people anywhere on earth based just on their DNA.
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能夠根據 DNA 追蹤 地球任何一個角落的人。
09:00
It's enough to make you invest in tinfoil hats.
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這已經足夠讓你想去 買頂鍻箔帽子了。
09:03
But the truth is,
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但事實上我們不知道 未來會帶來什麼樣的技術。
09:04
we don't know what sort of technology the future will bring.
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09:07
But we know that today, in the absence of regulation,
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但知道現今在沒有管制的情況下,
09:10
this marketplace is already exploding.
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這個市場已迅速擴大。
09:13
And in fact, one of those companies accused of selling surveillance technology
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事實上,被指控銷售監視技術
09:16
to authoritarian regimes,
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給獨裁政權的公司之一,
09:18
today, it's offering to help track those infected with COVID-19.
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現今也在提供協助追蹤 被新型冠狀病毒感染的人。
09:23
And of course, technology does offer the tantalizing promise
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當然科技能保證透過聯絡追蹤
09:26
of helping control a pandemic through contact tracing.
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來協助控制疫情,這點十分誘人。
09:29
But it also opens up another door, to privatized mass surveillance.
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但另一扇門也同時被開啟: 大規模監控民營化。
09:33
So what do we do about this private spy bazaar?
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對於這個私人監視市場, 我們該怎麼做?
09:37
We can hide, go offline,
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我們可以躲起來,別上網,
09:38
get off social media, ditch our smartphones,
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脫離社群媒體,丟掉智慧手機,
09:41
go live in a cave,
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生活在洞穴中,
09:43
but the truth is, we're not trained to be professional spies,
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但事實是我們沒受過專業間諜訓練,
09:46
we can't live under false identities or with no identities.
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無法用假身分或不用身分過日子。
09:49
And even real spies are having a hard time staying below the radar, these days.
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現今,就連真正的間諜 也很難不被偵測到。
09:53
It doesn't matter how many passports Jason Bourne has
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不論傑森包恩有多少本護照,
09:56
if his face or DNA is in someone's database.
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如果某人的資料庫中有他的臉孔 或 DNA,他就沒輒了。
09:59
But if even governments have lost control of the tools of spying,
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但如果連政府 都無法管控監視的工具,
10:02
is there anything we can do about it?
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我們還能做什麼?
10:04
One argument I've heard
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我聽過一種論點:
10:06
is that even if the US were to restrict companies
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就算美國要限制公司 將這類技術賣到國外去,
10:08
from selling this sort of technology abroad,
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10:10
companies based in China might simply step in.
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在中國的公司很可能就會接手。
10:13
But we regulate the arms trade today,
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然而現今我們管制軍火貿易,
10:15
even if we do it imperfectly.
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即使沒做得完美。
10:18
And in fact, there was a multilateral proposal several years ago
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事實上,幾年前有一項多國提案,
10:21
to do just that,
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就是提議監視軟體的出口 必須要獲得許可。
10:22
to require export licenses for surveillance software.
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10:26
The United States was among those countries
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美國是其中一個同意
10:28
that agreed to these voluntary regulations,
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這些自願性管制的國家,
10:30
but back in Washington, this proposal has simply languished.
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但回到華盛頓,這項提案就停滯了。
10:33
We have an administration that would rather sell more weapons abroad
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我們的政府寧可少點管制, 對國外銷售更多武器,
10:37
with fewer restrictions,
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10:38
including to some of those countries
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包括銷售到被指控 濫用監視技術的國家。
10:40
accused of abusing surveillance technology.
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10:42
I think to move forward, we would need to revive that proposal,
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我認為,若要向前走, 就得讓這個提案復活,
10:45
but even go one step further.
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甚至還要再做更多。
10:47
We need to fundamentally change how we think of surveillance technology
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我們得要從根本上改變 我們對監視技術的看法,
10:51
and define these tools as weapons.
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並將那些工具定義為武器。
10:53
This would allow government
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這樣就能讓政府
10:55
to regulate and control their sale and export
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能管制和控制它們的銷售與出口,
10:57
the way that they control traditional arms,
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套用控制傳統軍火、 先進飛機與飛彈的方式。
11:00
advanced aircraft and missiles.
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11:03
But that means recognizing that technology that tracks who we are,
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但,那就表示要承認, 用來追蹤我們做什麼、說什麼,
11:06
what we do, what we say,
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甚至在某些情況還能追蹤 我們想什麼的這種技術,
11:08
and even in some cases, what we think,
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11:10
is a form of advanced weaponry.
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是一種先進武器的形式。
11:12
And these weapons are growing too powerful,
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這些武器變得太強大,
11:14
available to the highest bidder,
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出價最高的人就能取得,
11:16
and according to the whims of the spy bazaar.
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且會配合監視市場異想天開的需求。
11:19
Thank you.
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謝謝。
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