Todd Kuiken: A prosthetic arm that "feels"

Prevodilac: Ivana Gadjanski Lektor: Ana Zivanovic-Nenadovic

So today, I would like to talk with you

Dakle, danas bih želeo da sa vama razgovaram

about bionics,

o bionici,

which is the popular term

što je popularan naziv

for the science of replacing part of a living organism

za nauku koja se bavi zamenjivanjem delova živog organizma

with a mechatronic device, or a robot.

mehatroničkim uredjajima, ili robotima.

It is essentially

To praktično znači

the stuff of life meets machine.

da se živa materija spaja sa mašinom.

And specifically, I'd like to talk with you

I posebno bih želeo da vam govorim

about how bionics is evolving

o tome kako bionika napreduje

for people with arm amputations.

u odnosu na ljude kojima je amputirana ruka.

This is our motivation.

To je naš motiv.

Arm amputation causes a huge disability.

Amputacija ruke je uzrok velikog invaliditeta.

I mean, the functional impairment is clear.

Mislim, jasno je da dolazi do narušavanja funkcije.

Our hands are amazing instruments.

Naše šake su zadivljujući instrumenti.

And when you lose one, far less both,

I ako izgubite jednu, ili još gore obe,

it's a lot harder to do the things

mnogo je teže raditi stvari

we physically need to do.

koje fizički moramo da radimo.

There's also a huge emotional impact.

Postoji takodje i ogroman emotivni efekat.

And actually, I spend as much of my time in clinic

Ja, zapravo, provodim isto toliko vremena u klinici

dealing with the emotional adjustment of patients

baveći se emotivnim prilagodjavanjem pacijenata,

as with the physical disability.

koliko i baveći se samim fizičkim invaliditetom.

And finally, there's a profound social impact.

I konačno, postoji i značajan socijalni efekat.

We talk with our hands.

Mi govorimo šakama.

We greet with our hands.

Pozdravljamo se šakama.

And we interact with the physical world with our hands.

U kontaktu smo sa fizičkim svetom preko svojih šaka.

And when they're missing,

A ako nam šake nedostaju,

it's a barrier.

to predstavlja prepreku.

Arm amputation is usually caused by trauma,

Najčešći uzrok amputacije ruke je povreda,

with things like industrial accidents,

nastala u industrijskim nesrećama,

motor vehicle collisions

sudarima motornih vozila

or, very poignantly, war.

ili, što je vrlo žalosno, u ratu.

There are also some children who are born without arms,

Postoje takodje neka deca rodjena bez ruku,

called congenital limb deficiency.

što se naziva kongenitalna deficijencija ekstremiteta.

Unfortunately, we don't do great

Na žalost, ne ide nam sjajno

with upper-limb prosthetics.

u vezi sa protezama gornjih ekstremiteta.

There are two general types.

Postoje dva opšta tipa.

They're called body-powered prostheses,

Takozvane proteze-koje-pokreću-mišići

which were invented just after the Civil War,

izmišljene su neposredno posle Gradjanskog rata

refined in World War I and World War II.

a usavršene u Prvom i Drugom svetskom ratu.

Here you see a patent

Ovde vidite patent

for an arm in 1912.

za ruku iz 1912. godine.

It's not a lot different

Ne razlikuje se mnogo

than the one you see on my patient.

od one koju vidite na mom pacijentu.

They work by harnessing shoulder power.

Ove proteze koriste snagu ramenih mišića.

So when you squish your shoulders, they pull on a bicycle cable.

Pa tako, kad stisnete ramena, to povlači kabl iz bicikla.

And that bicycle cable can open or close a hand or a hook

I taj kabl iz bicikla može da otvara ili zatvara šaku ili kuku

or bend an elbow.

ili da savije lakat.

And we still use them commonly,

I dalje ih često koristimo,

because they're very robust

jer su to vrlo čvrsti

and relatively simple devices.

i relativno jednostavni uređaji.

The state of the art

Najsavremenije su

is what we call myoelectric prostheses.

takozvane mioelektrične proteze.

These are motorized devices

To su motorizovani uredjaji

that are controlled

kontrolisani

by little electrical signals from your muscle.

putem slabih električnih signala iz mišića.

Every time you contract a muscle,

Svaki put kad se mišić kontrahuje,

it emits a little electricity

to proizvodi slabu struju

that you can record with antennae or electrodes

koju možemo da zabeležimo pomoću antena ili elektroda

and use that to operate the motorized prosthesis.

i da koristimo da bi upravljali motorizovanim protezama.

They work pretty well

Ove proteze rade prilično dobro

for people who have just lost their hand,

kod ljudi koji su upravo izgubili šaku,

because your hand muscles are still there.

jer su mišići šake i dalje prisutni.

You squeeze your hand, these muscles contract.

Kada stisnete šaku, ovi mišići se kontrahuju.

You open it, these muscles contract.

Kada je otvorite, ovi mišići se kontrahuju.

So it's intuitive, and it works pretty well.

vrlo je intuitivno i radi prilično dobro.

Well how about with higher levels of amputation?

Ali, šta je sa slučajevima kada je amputacija veća?

Now you've lost your arm above the elbow.

Ako ste izgubili ruku iznad lakta.

You're missing not only these muscles,

Nedostaju vam, ne samo ovi mišići,

but your hand and your elbow too.

nego i šaka i lakat.

What do you do?

Šta ćete tada?

Well our patients have to use

Pa, naši pacijenti moraju da koriste

very code-y systems

neke zastarele sisteme

of using just their arm muscles

koji koriste samo mišiće ruke

to operate robotic limbs.

da upravljaju robotičkim ekstremitetima.

We have robotic limbs.

Imamo robotičke ekstremitete.

There are several available on the market, and here you see a few.

Na tržištu ih ima nekoliko, i ovde vidite neke od njih.

They contain just a hand that will open and close,

Sastoje se samo od šake koja se otvara i zatvara,

a wrist rotator and an elbow.

od obrtnog ručnog zgloba i lakta.

There's no other functions.

Nema drugih funkcija.

If they did, how would we tell them what to do?

A i da imaju druge funkcije, kako upravljati njima?

We built our own arm at the Rehab Institute of Chicago

Mi smo našu ruku napravili na Institutu za rehabilitaciju u Čikagu (IRČ)

where we've added some wrist flexion and shoulder joints

u koju smo dodali funkciju savijanja ručnog zgloba i ramene zglobove

to get up to six motors, or six degrees of freedom.

i dodali smo šest motora, odnosno šest stepeni slobode.

And we've had the opportunity to work with some very advanced arms

A takodje radimo i sa nekim vrlo naprednim veštačkim rukama

that were funded by the U.S. military, using these prototypes,

koje je finansirala američka vojska, koristeći ove prototipe,

that had up to 10 different degrees of freedom

koji su imali i do 10 različitih stepeni slobode

including movable hands.

uključujući i pokretne šake.

But at the end of the day,

Ali, sve u svemu,

how do we tell these robotic arms what to do?

kako reći ovim robotičkim rukama šta treba da rade?

How do we control them?

Kako da ih kontrolišemo?

Well we need a neural interface,

Pa, potreban nam je nervni priključak

a way to connect to our nervous system

način da se povežu sa našim nervnim sistemom

or our thought processes

ili sa našim procesima mišljenja

so that it's intuitive, it's natural,

tako da to bude intuitivno, prirodno.

like for you and I.

kao što je za vas ili za mene.

Well the body works by starting a motor command in your brain,

Dakle, telo radi tako što započne komandu za pokret u vašem mozgu,

going down your spinal cord,

i to se spušta niz kičmenu moždinu,

out the nerves and to your periphery.

ide kroz nerve u periferne delove.

And your sensation's the exact opposite.

A potpuno obrnuto se dešava kad imate neki osećaj.

You touch yourself, there's a stimulus

Dodirnete sebe, to je stimulus,

that comes up those very same nerves back up to your brain.

koji se penje kroz one iste nerve gore do vašeg mozga.

When you lose your arm, that nervous system still works.

I kad čovek izgubi ruku, taj nervni sistem i dalje radi.

Those nerves can put out command signals.

Ti nervi mogu da šalju komandne signale.

And if I tap the nerve ending

I ako dotaknem nervni završetak

on a World War II vet,

kod veterana iz Drugog svetskog rata,

he'll still feel his missing hand.

on će i dalje osećati šaku koja mu nedostaje.

So you might say,

Prema tome, moglo bi se reći

let's go to the brain

"pa, 'ajmo u mozak"

and put something in the brain to record signals,

i moglo bi da se nešto stavi u mozak da beleži signale,

or in the end of the peripheral nerve and record them there.

ili na krajeve perifernih nerava da tamo beleži signale.

And these are very exciting research areas,

I to su sve vrlo uzbudljiva područja istraživanja,

but it's really, really hard.

ali to je veoma, veoma teško.

You have to put in

Morali biste da stavite

hundreds of microscopic wires

stotine mikroskopskih žica

to record from little tiny individual neurons -- ordinary fibers

da snimaju iz malih, sićušnih pojedinačnih neurona - običnih vlakana

that put out tiny signals

koji provode sićušne signale

that are microvolts.

koji se nazivaju mikrovolti.

And it's just too hard

I prosto rečeno, suviše je teško

to use now and for my patients today.

da se to sada koristi za pacijente.

So we developed a different approach.

Tako da smo razvili drugačiji pristup.

We're using a biological amplifier

Koristimo biološki pojačivač

to amplify these nerve signals -- muscles.

da bismo pojačali ove nervne signale -- mišiće.

Muscles will amplify the nerve signals

Mišići će pojačati ove nervne signale

about a thousand-fold,

oko hiljadu puta,

so that we can record them from on top of the skin,

tako da možemo da ih zabeležimo na površini kože,

like you saw earlier.

kao što ste videli ranije.

So our approach is something we call targeted reinnervation.

Dakle, naš pristup je nešto što nazivamo ciljanom reinervacijom.

Imagine, with somebody who's lost their whole arm,

Zamislite, kod nekog ko je izgubio celu ruku,

we still have four major nerves

i dalje imamo četiri glavna nerva

that go down your arm.

koji idu do ruke.

And we take the nerve away from your chest muscle

Pa tako, uklonimo nerve iz grudnog mišića

and let these nerves grow into it.

i omogućimo ovim nervima iz ruke da urastu u grudni mišić.

Now you think, "Close hand," and a little section of your chest contracts.

I sada ako se pomisli "Zatvori šaku", mali deo grudnog mišića će se kontrahovati.

You think, "Bend elbow,"

Ako se pomisli "Savij lakat,"

a different section contracts.

kontrahovaće se drugi deo.

And we can use electrodes or antennae

I možemo da koristimo elektrode ili antene

to pick that up and tell the arm to move.

da to zabeležimo i da naredimo ruci da se pokrene.

That's the idea.

To je ideja.

So this is the first man that we tried it on.

Dakle, ovo je prvi čovek na kome smo to probali.

His name is Jesse Sullivan.

Zove se Džesi Salivan.

He's just a saint of a man --

On je pravi svetac --

54-year-old lineman who touched the wrong wire

54-godišnji monter strujnih kablova koji je pipnuo pogrešnu žicu

and had both of his arms burnt so badly

zbog čega su mu obe ruke tako jako izgorele

they had to be amputated at the shoulder.

da je bilo neophodno da se amputiraju u ramenu.

Jesse came to us at the RIC

Džesi je došao kod nas u IRČ

to be fit with these state-of-the-art devices, and here you see them.

da bi dobio ove savremene uredjaje, i ovde ih vidite.

I'm still using that old technology

I dalje koristim tu staru tehnologiju

with a bicycle cable on his right side.

sa kablom iz bicikla na Džesijevoj desnoj strani.

And he picks which joint he wants to move with those chin switches.

I on bira koji zglob hoće da pomeri preko ovih prekidača koje pritiska bradom.

On the left side he's got a modern motorized prosthesis

Sa leve strane, Džesi ima modernu motorizovanu protezu

with those three joints,

sa ova tri zgloba,

and he operates little pads in his shoulder

i koristi male jastučiće u ramenu

that he touches to make the arm go.

koje dodiruje da bi pokrenuo ruku.

And Jesse's a good crane operator,

Džesi dobro upravlja dizalicama,

and he did okay by our standards.

i dobro mu je išlo, po našim standardima.

He also required a revision surgery on his chest.

Takodje, Džesiju je trebala dodatna operacija na grudnom košu.

And that gave us the opportunity

To nam je dalo priliku

to do targeted reinnervation.

da izvršimo ciljanu reinervaciju.

So my colleague, Dr. Greg Dumanian, did the surgery.

Dakle, moj kolega, dr Greg Dumanijan, je uradio operaciju.

First, we cut away the nerve to his own muscle,

Prvo smo odsekli nerve za Džesijev mišić,

then we took the arm nerves

onda smo uzeli nerve za ruku

and just kind of had them shift down onto his chest

i, na neki način, smo ih samo preusmerili ka grudnom košu

and closed him up.

i završili operaciju.

And after about three months,

I posle oko tri meseca,

the nerves grew in a little bit and we could get a twitch.

ti nervi su pomalo urasli i mogli smo da dobijemo grčenje mišića.

And after six months, the nerves grew in well,

A posle šest meseci, nervi su već dobro urasli,

and you could see strong contractions.

i mogle su se videti jake kontrakcije.

And this is what it looks like.

I evo kako to izgleda.

This is what happens when Jesse thinks

Evo šta se dešava kada Džesi pomisli

open and close his hand,

da otvara i zatvara svoju šaku,

or bend or straighten your elbow.

ili savija i ispravlja lakat.

You can see the movements on his chest,

Mogu se videti pokreti grudnog mišića,

and those little hash marks

i ovih malih oznaka

are where we put our antennae, or electrodes.

gde smo stavili naše antene, ili elektrode.

And I challenge anybody in the room

I, ne verujem da bi iko iz publike

to make their chest go like this.

mogao da ovako pokreće grudne mišiće.

His brain is thinking about his arm.

Njegov mozak misli o njegovoj ruci.

He has not learned how to do this with the chest.

Džesi nije naučio kako da ovo radi preko grudnih mišića.

There is not a learning process.

To nije naučen proces.

That's why it's intuitive.

Zato je to intuitivno.

So here's Jesse in our first little test with him.

I evo ga Džesi u našem prvom malom testu za njega.

On the left-hand side, you see his original prosthesis,

Na levoj strani se vidi njegova originalna proteza,

and he's using those switches

i kako on koristi te prekidače

to move little blocks from one box to the other.

da pomera kockice iz jedne kutije u drugu.

He's had that arm for about 20 months, so he's pretty good with it.

Tu ruku ima već oko 20 meseci, pa je prilično dobro koristi.

On the right side,

Sa desne strane,

two months after we fit him with his targeted reinnervation prosthesis --

dva meseca pošto smo ga opremili ovom protezom sa ciljanom reinervacijom --

which, by the way, is the same physical arm,

koja je, uzgred, fizički ista kao ova druga,

just programmed a little different --

samo programirana na malo drugačiji način --

you can see that he's much faster

vidite da je Džesi mnogo brži

and much smoother as he moves these little blocks.

i pokreti su mu ravnomerniji dok pomera te kockice.

And we're only able to use three of the signals at this time.

A u to vreme smo mogli da koristimo samo tri signala.

Then we had one of those little surprises in science.

I onda se desilo jedno od onih malih iznenadjenja u nauci.

So we're all motivated to get motor commands

Znači, mi smo svi motivisani da usmerimo komande za pokret

to drive robotic arms.

da bi upravljali robotičkim rukama.

And after a few months,

A, posle nekoliko meseci,

you touch Jesse on his chest,

ako biste dotakli Džesijev grudni koš,

and he felt his missing hand.

on bi osetio šaku koja mu nedostaje.

His hand sensation grew into his chest again

Osećaj posedovanja šake se ponovo javio u njegovom grudnom mišiću

probably because we had also taken away a lot of fat,

verovatno zato što smo uklonili i dosta masnog tkiva,

so the skin was right down to the muscle

pa je koža bila neposredno uz mišić

and deinnervated, if you would, his skin.

i takodje smo de-inervisali njegovu kožu.

So you touch Jesse here, he feels his thumb;

Tako da, ako dotaknete Džesija ovde, on oseća svoj palac;

you touch it here, he feels his pinky.

ako ga pipnete ovde, oseća svoj mali prst.

He feels light touch

Oseća i vrlo blag dodir

down to one gram of force.

čak i samo pritisak od jednog grama.

He feels hot, cold, sharp, dull,

Oseća vruće, hladno, oštro, tupo,

all in his missing hand,

sve to u šaci koja mu nedostaje,

or both his hand and his chest,

ili u obe šake i u grudnom košu,

but he can attend to either.

ali ne može da reaguje ni na jedno.

So this is really exciting for us,

Dakle, ovo je zaista uzbudljivo za nas,

because now we have a portal,

jer sada imamo portal,

a portal, or a way to potentially give back sensation,

portal ili način da, eventualno, vratimo osećaj,

so that he might feel what he touches

tako da on može da oseti šta dodiruje

with his prosthetic hand.

svojom prostetičkom rukom.

Imagine sensors in the hand

Zamislite senzore u šaci

coming up and pressing on this new hand skin.

koji se penju i pritiskaju ovaj novi prikaz šake.

So it was very exciting.

To je bilo vrlo uzbudljivo.

We've also gone on

Takodje smo nastavili

with what was initially our primary population

sa onim što je prvobitno bila naša primarna populacija

of people with above-the-elbow amputations.

ljudi sa amputacijama iznad ramena.

And here we deinnervate, or cut the nerve away,

I tu smo de-inervisali, odnosno odsekli, nerv

just from little segments of muscle

iz samo malog segmenta mišića,

and leave others alone

a druge smo ostavili tu,

that give us our up-down signals

druge koji prenose signale gore-dole

and two others that will give us a hand open and close signal.

i još dva druga koji će prenositi signal za otvaranje i zatvaranje šake.

This was one of our first patients, Chris.

Ovo je jedan od naših prvih pacijenata, Kris.

You see him with his original device

Vidite ga sa njegovim originalnim uredjajem

on the left there after eight months of use,

sa leve strane, posle osam meseci upotrebe,

and on the right, it is two months.

a sa desne strane je posle dva meseca.

He's about four or five times as fast

Tu je oko četiri ili pet puta brži

with this simple little performance metric.

sa ovim jednostavnim malim sistemom.

All right.

Dobro.

So one of the best parts of my job

Dakle, jedna od najboljih strana mog posla

is working with really great patients

je to što radim sa zaista sjajnim pacijentima

who are also our research collaborators.

koji su takodje i naši saradnici u istraživanju.

And we're fortunate today

I danas imamo privilegiju

to have Amanda Kitts come and join us.

što će Amanda Kits doći da nam se pridruži.

Please welcome Amanda Kitts.

Molim vas pozdravite Amandu Kits.

(Applause)

(aplauz)

So Amanda, would you please tell us how you lost your arm?

Pa, Amanda, možeš li nam, molim te, reći kako si izgubila ruku?

Amanda Kitts: Sure. In 2006, I had a car accident.

Amanda Kits: Da, naravno. Imala sam saobraćajnu nesreću 2006. godine.

And I was driving home from work,

Vozila sam kući sa posla,

and a truck was coming the opposite direction,

a kamion je dolazio iz suprotnog smera,

came over into my lane,

skrenuo je u moju traku,

ran over the top of my car and his axle tore my arm off.

prešao je preko krova mog automobila i osovina kamiona mi je otkinula ruku.

Todd Kuiken: Okay, so after your amputation, you healed up.

Tod Kuiken: U redu, i posle amputacije, oporavila si se.

And you've got one of these conventional arms.

i dobila si jednu od onih konvencionalnih proteza za ruku.

Can you tell us how it worked?

Možeš li nam reći kako je to funkcionisalo?

AK: Well, it was a little difficult,

AK: Pa, bilo je pomalo teško,

because all I had to work with was a bicep and a tricep.

jer su mi preostali samo biceps i triceps.

So for the simple little things like picking something up,

Tako bih, za proste stvarčice, kao što je podizanje nečega,

I would have to bend my elbow,

morala da savijam lakat,

and then I would have to cocontract

onda bih morala da ga ponovo savijam

to get it to change modes.

da bi promenio način kretanja.

When I did that,

Kada sam to radila,

I had to use my bicep

morala sam da koristim biceps

to get the hand to close,

da bih zatvorila šaku,

use my tricep to get it to open,

i da koristim triceps da bih je otvorila,

cocontract again

pa ponovo da kontrahujem

to get the elbow to work again.

da bi lakat ponovo funkcionisao.

TK: So it was a little slow?

TK: Znači bilo je pomalo sporo?

AK: A little slow, and it was just hard to work.

AK: pomalo sporo i bilo je vrlo teško da se radi s tim.

You had to concentrate a whole lot.

Morali ste da se dobro koncentrišete.

TK: Okay, so I think about nine months later

TK: U redu, onda posle otprilike devet meseci

that you had the targeted reinnervation surgery,

imala si operaciju za ciljanu reinervaciju,

took six more months to have all the reinnervation.

trebalo je još šest meseci da bi se uradila sva reinervacija.

Then we fit her with a prosthesis.

Onda smo joj dali protezu.

And how did that work for you?

I kako je to funkcionisalo?

AK: It works good.

AK: Dobro funkcioniše.

I was able to use my elbow

Mogla sam da koristim lakat

and my hand simultaneously.

i šaku u isto vreme.

I could work them just by my thoughts.

Mogla sam da upravljam njima samo preko misli.

So I didn't have to do any of the cocontracting and all that.

Tako da nisam morala da radim sve ono grčenje i kontrahovanje.

TK: A little faster?

TK: Bilo je malo brže?

AK: A little faster. And much more easy, much more natural.

AK: Malo brže. I mnogo jednostavnije, mnogo prirodnije.

TK: Okay, this was my goal.

TK: U redu, to je i bio moj cilj.

For 20 years, my goal was to let somebody

Već 20 godina, moj cilj je da omogućim ljudima

[be] able to use their elbow and hand in an intuitive way

da koriste lakat i šaku na intuitivan način

and at the same time.

i to u isto vreme.

And we now have over 50 patients around the world who have had this surgery,

I sada imamo preko 50 pacijenata širom sveta koji su imali ovu operaciju,

including over a dozen of our wounded warriors

uključujući preko desetine naših ranjenih vojnika

in the U.S. armed services.

u službi američke vojske.

The success rate of the nerve transfers is very high.

Uspešnost ovih nervnih transfera je vrlo visoka.

It's like 96 percent.

Oko 96 odsto.

Because we're putting a big fat nerve onto a little piece of muscle.

Jer stavljamo veliki debeli nerv na mali komad mišića.

And it provides intuitive control.

I to omogućava intuitivnu kontrolu.

Our functional testing, those little tests,

Naše funkcionalno testiranje, ti mali testovi,

all show that they're a lot quicker and a lot easier.

svi pokazuju da su pacijenti mnogo brži i da im lakše ide.

And the most important thing

I najvažnija stvar

is our patients have appreciated it.

je to što i naši pacijenti to potpuno prepoznaju.

So that was all very exciting.

Dakle, to je sve bilo veoma uzbudljivo.

But we want to do better.

Ali, želeli bismo da radimo još bolje.

There's a lot of information in those nerve signals,

U tim nervnim signalima ima mnogo informacija,

and we wanted to get more.

i hteli smo da dobijemo još više.

You can move each finger. You can move your thumb, your wrist.

Svaki prst može da se pomera. Palac može da se pomera, može i zglob.

Can we get more out of it?

Možemo li dobiti još više?

So we did some experiments

Pa smo tako uradili eksperimente

where we saturated our poor patients with zillions of electrodes

gde smo stavili našim sirotim pacijentima milijarde elektroda

and then had them try to do two dozen different tasks --

i onda im dali da rade desetine različitih zadataka --

from wiggling a finger to moving a whole arm

od vrtenja prsta do pokretanja cele ruke

to reaching for something --

i dohvatanja nečega --

and recorded this data.

i to smo sve beležili.

And then we used some algorithms

I onda smo koristili neke algoritme

that are a lot like speech recognition algorithms,

koji su slični algoritmima za prepoznavanje govora,

called pattern recognition.

što se naziva prepoznavanje obrasca.

See.

Vidite.

(Laughter)

(smeh)

And here you can see, on Jesse's chest,

I ovde možete videti, na Džesijevim grudima,

when he just tried to do three different things,

kad pokušava da uradi tri različite stvari,

you can see three different patterns.

možete videti tri različita obrasca.

But I can't put in an electrode

Ali, ne mogu da ubacim elektrodu

and say, "Go there."

i da kažem, "Idi tamo."

So we collaborated with our colleagues in University of New Brunswick,

Zato smo saradjivali sa kolegama na Univerzitetu u Nju Bransviku,

came up with this algorithm control,

formulisali smo ovakvo kontrolisanje algoritma,

which Amanda can now demonstrate.

koje Amanda sada može da demonstrira.

AK: So I have the elbow that goes up and down.

AK: Dakle, lakat može da ide gore i dole.

I have the wrist rotation

Ovaj obrtni zglob

that goes -- and it can go all the way around.

koji ide ovako -- može da napravi pun krug.

And I have the wrist flexion and extension.

I mogu da vršim savijanje i opružanje ručnog zgloba.

And I also have the hand closed and open.

I mogu da zatvorim i otvorim šaku.

TK: Thank you, Amanda.

TK: Hvala ti, Amanda.

Now this is a research arm,

Ovo je ruka korišćena u istraživanju,

but it's made out of commercial components from here down

ali je napravljena od komercijalnih komponenti odavde do dole

and a few that I've borrowed from around the world.

i nekoliko koje sam pozajmio širom sveta.

It's about seven pounds,

Ima oko 3.2 kilograma

which is probably about what my arm would weigh

što je, verovatno, slično težini moje ruke

if I lost it right here.

ako bih je odavde izgubio.

Obviously, that's heavy for Amanda.

Očigledno, to je teško za Amandu.

And in fact, it feels even heavier,

I u stvari, deluje još teže,

because it's not glued on the same.

jer nije zalepljeno na ostatak ruke.

She's carrying all the weight through harnesses.

Ona nosi svu težinu preko sistema kablova.

So the exciting part isn't so much the mechatronics,

Dakle, uzbudljivi deo nije toliko u vezi sa mehatronikom,

but the control.

već u vezi sa kontrolom.

So we've developed a small microcomputer

Mi smo napravili mali mikrokompjuter

that is blinking somewhere behind her back

koji svetluca negde iza njenih ledja

and is operating this

i koji upravlja svim ovim,

all by the way she trains it

a ona ga trenira

to use her individual muscle signals.

da koristi njene pojedinačne mišićne signale.

So Amanda, when you first started using this arm,

Dakle, Amanda, kada si prvi put počela da koristiš ovu ruku,

how long did it take to use it?

koliko dugo ti je trebalo da je zaista koristiš?

AK: It took just about probably three to four hours

AK: Trebalo je oko tri do četiri sata

to get it to train.

da je istreniram.

I had to hook it up to a computer,

Morala sam da je prikačim za kompjuter,

so I couldn't just train it anywhere.

pa nisam mogla da je treniram bilo gde.

So if it stopped working, I just had to take it off.

Tako da, ako bi prestala da radi, morala sam da je skinem.

So now it's able to train

A sada može da se trenira

with just this little piece on the back.

samo ovim malim delom na ledjima.

I can wear it around.

To mogu svuda da nosim.

If it stops working for some reason, I can retrain it.

Ako, iz nekog razloga, prestane da radi, mogu da ponovo istreniram ruku.

Takes about a minute.

u roku od oko jednog minuta.

TK: So we're really excited,

TK: Mi smo veoma uzbudjeni,

because now we're getting to a clinically practical device.

jer sada praktično dolazimo do uredjaja za kliničku primenu.

And that's where our goal is --

A to je upravo naš cilj --

to have something clinically pragmatic to wear.

da imamo nešto što je klinički upotrebljivo.

We've also had Amanda able to use

Takodje smo omogućili Amandi da koristi

some of our more advanced arms that I showed you earlier.

neke od naših naprednijih proteza koje sam vam ranije pokazao.

Here's Amanda using an arm made by DEKA Research Corporation.

Evo Amande dok koristi protezu koju je napravila "DEKA" Istraživačka korporacija.

And I believe Dean Kamen presented it at TED a few years ago.

I mislim da je Din Kejmen prezentovao ovu protezu na TEDu pre nekoliko godina.

So Amanda, you can see,

Dakle, Amanda ima, kao što vidite,

has really good control.

vrlo dobru kontrolu.

It's all the pattern recognition.

To je sve prepoznavanje obrazaca.

And it now has a hand that can do different grasps.

A, sada imamo šaku koja može da izvodi različite načine hvatanja.

What we do is have the patient go all the way open

Ono što radimo je da pustimo pacijenta da potpuno otvori šaku

and think, "What hand grasp pattern do I want?"

i da pomisli, "Na koji način želim da uhvatim ovom šakom?"

It goes into that mode,

I proteza kreće u taj proces,

and then you can do up to five or six different hand grasps with this hand.

i sa ovom protezom je moguće izvesti do pet ili šest različitih zahvata šakom.

Amanda, how many were you able to do with the DEKA arm?

Amanda, koliko si ti mogla da izvedeš sa "DEKA" rukom?

AK: I was able to get four.

AK: ja sam mogla da uradim četiri.

I had the key grip, I had a chuck grip,

Mogla sam da uhvatim bočno, da uhvatim sa tri prsta

I had a power grasp

mogla sam da snažno obuhvatim

and I had a fine pinch.

i da nežno uštinem.

But my favorite one was just when the hand was open,

Ali moj omiljeni zahvat je bilo kad mi je šaka potpuno otvorena,

because I work with kids,

jer radim sad decom,

and so all the time you're clapping and singing,

i sve vreme ima tapšanja i pevanja,

so I was able to do that again, which was really good.

pa sam tako mogla da to sve ponovo radim, što je bilo stvarno dobro.

TK: That hand's not so good for clapping.

TK: Ta ruka nije baš dobra za tapšanje.

AK: Can't clap with this one.

AK: Ne može se tapšati sa ovom.

TK: All right. So that's exciting

TK: Dobro. Dakle to je uzbudljivo

on where we may go with the better mechatronics,

u smislu kuda bismo mogli da idemo sa boljom mehatronikom,

if we make them good enough

ako ih napravimo da budu dovoljno dobre

to put out on the market and use in a field trial.

da bismo mogli da ih pustimo na tržište i za upotrebu u praksi.

I want you to watch closely.

Želeo bih da pažljivo pogledate.

(Video) Claudia: Oooooh!

(Video) Klaudija: Uuuuuu!

TK: That's Claudia,

TK: To je Klaudija,

and that was the first time

i to je prvi put

she got to feel sensation through her prosthetic.

kada je osetila nešto kroz svoju protezu.

She had a little sensor at the end of her prosthesis

Imala je mali senzor na kraju proteze

that then she rubbed over different surfaces,

koji je trljala na različite površine,

and she could feel different textures

i mogla je da oseti različitu strukturu

of sandpaper, different grits, ribbon cable,

šmirgle, raznih vrsta šljunka, trakastog kabla,

as it pushed on her reinnervated hand skin.

kad bi nešto od toga pritisnulo njen reinervisani prikaz šake.

She said that when she just ran it across the table,

Rekla je da kad samo prelazi protezom preko stola,

it felt like her finger was rocking.

ima osećaj da joj se prst ljulja.

So that's an exciting laboratory experiment

Dakle to je uzbudljiv laboratorijski eksperiment

on how to give back, potentially, some skin sensation.

koji pokazuje kako mogu da se, potencijalno, vrate neki osećaji preko kože.

But here's another video that shows some of our challenges.

Ali, evo drugog video snimka koji pokazuje neke od naših izazova.

This is Jesse, and he's squeezing a foam toy.

Ovo je Džesi, stiska penastu igračku.

And the harder he squeezes -- you see a little black thing in the middle

I što jače stisne -- vidite crnu stvarčicu u sredini

that's pushing on his skin proportional to how hard he squeezes.

to jače pritiska na njegovu kožu, srazmerno tome koliko jako on stiska.

But look at all the electrodes around it.

Ali, pogledajte sve te elektrode okolo.

I've got a real estate problem.

Imam pravi prostorni problem.

You're supposed to put a bunch of these things on there,

Trebalo bi da stavimo gomilu svih tih stvari tu,

but our little motor's making all kinds of noise

a naš mali motor pravi razne zvukove

right next to my electrodes.

tačno pored mojih elektroda.

So we're really challenged on what we're doing there.

Tako da je to što radimo priličan izazov.

The future is bright.

Budućnost je svetla.

We're excited about where we are and a lot of things we want to do.

Uzbudjeni smo time gde se sad nalazimo i mnogim stvarima koje želimo da uradimo.

So for example,

Tako na primer,

one is to get rid of my real estate problem

jedna od stvari je da se rešim mog prostornog problema

and get better signals.

i da dobijem bolje signale.

We want to develop these little tiny capsules

Hoćemo da razvijemo ove malecke kapsule,

about the size of a piece of risotto

otprilike veličine komadića iz rižota

that we can put into the muscles

koje možemo da stavimo u mišiće

and telemeter out the EMG signals,

i da prenosimo EMG signale,

so that it's not worrying about electrode contact.

tako da nema brige o kontaktu sa elektrodom.

And we can have the real estate open

I možemo da oslobodimo prostor

to try more sensation feedback.

i pokušamo da dobijemo bolju povratnu reakciju za osećaj.

We want to build a better arm.

Hoćemo da napravimo bolju ruku.

This arm -- they're always made for the 50th percentile male --

Ova ruka -- uvek se prave za 50 procenata muškaraca --

which means they're too big for five-eighths of the world.

što znači da su prevelike za 5/8 svetske populacije.

So rather than a super strong or super fast arm,

I tako, umesto super snažne ili super brze ruke,

we're making an arm that is --

mi pravimo ruku, tačnije --

we're starting with,

počinjemo sa,

the 25th percentile female --

25 procenata žena

that will have a hand that wraps around,

koje će imati šaku koja može da obuhvati,

opens all the way,

može da se potpuno otvori,

two degrees of freedom in the wrist and an elbow.

ima dva stepena slobode u zglobu i laktu.

So it'll be the smallest and lightest

Tako da će to biti najmanja i najlakša

and the smartest arm ever made.

i najpametnija ruka ikad napravljena.

Once we can do it that small,

Jednom kad budemo mogli da to napravimo tako malo,

it's a lot easier making them bigger.

mnogo je jednostavnije posle ih napraviti veće.

So those are just some of our goals.

Dakle, to su samo neki od naših ciljeva.

And we really appreciate you all being here today.

I stvarno cenimo što ste svi vi danas ovde.

I'd like to tell you a little bit about the dark side,

Želeo bih da vam ispričam nešto i o mračnoj strani,

with yesterday's theme.

sa jučerašnjom temom.

So Amanda came jet-lagged,

Znači Amanda je stigla sa džet-legom od puta,

she's using the arm,

koristi ruku,

and everything goes wrong.

i sve ide naopako.

There was a computer spook,

Desio se kvar na kompjuteru,

a broken wire,

pukla je žica,

a converter that sparked.

transformator je varničio.

We took out a whole circuit in the hotel

Izvadili smo celo strujno kolo u hotelu

and just about put on the fire alarm.

i skoro aktivirali požarni alarm.

And none of those problems could I have dealt with,

I nijedan od ovih problema ne bih mogao da rešim,

but I have a really bright research team.

da nemam zaista sjajan tim istraživača.

And thankfully Dr. Annie Simon was with us

I, na sreću, Dr Eni Sajmon je bila sa nama

and worked really hard yesterday to fix it.

i juče smo se stvarno naradili da to sredimo.

That's science.

To je nauka.

And fortunately, it worked today.

I srećom, danas radi.

So thank you very much.

Hvala vam mnogo.

(Applause)

(aplauz)