Todd Kuiken: A prosthetic arm that "feels"

翻译人员: Chunxiang Qian 校对人员: Qi Gu

So today, I would like to talk with you

今天，我想谈谈

about bionics,

仿生学

which is the popular term

仿生学被广泛用来

for the science of replacing part of a living organism

描述用机械设备，或者机器人

with a mechatronic device, or a robot.

来替代有机体组成部分的科学

It is essentially

实质上

the stuff of life meets machine.

它是生物和机器的交汇点

And specifically, I'd like to talk with you

今天特别要说说的是

about how bionics is evolving

仿生学是怎样不断发展

for people with arm amputations.

来为手臂截肢病人服务的

This is our motivation.

这是我们的动力

Arm amputation causes a huge disability.

手臂截肢带来极大不便

I mean, the functional impairment is clear.

功能受损是毋庸置疑的

Our hands are amazing instruments.

我们的手是很奇妙的工具

And when you lose one, far less both,

当你失去一只手

it's a lot harder to do the things

日常生活

we physically need to do.

变得困难的多

There's also a huge emotional impact.

另外感情上的伤害也很大

And actually, I spend as much of my time in clinic

事实上，当我在诊所工作的时候

dealing with the emotional adjustment of patients

我花在抚慰病人情感的时间

as with the physical disability.

几乎和治疗身体残疾一样多

And finally, there's a profound social impact.

最后，受部残疾还有很大的社会影响

We talk with our hands.

我们用手势交谈

We greet with our hands.

用手打招呼

And we interact with the physical world with our hands.

我们通过手和世界交流

And when they're missing,

没有了手

it's a barrier.

这是个巨大障碍

Arm amputation is usually caused by trauma,

手部截肢通常是因为外伤

with things like industrial accidents,

比如工伤事故

motor vehicle collisions

汽车相撞

or, very poignantly, war.

还有更揪心的 战争

There are also some children who are born without arms,

有些孩子出生就没有胳膊

called congenital limb deficiency.

这叫先天性肢体缺失

Unfortunately, we don't do great

不幸的是

with upper-limb prosthetics.

上肢假体的发展不大

There are two general types.

这种假肢主要有两种

They're called body-powered prostheses,

被称为自身力源假肢

which were invented just after the Civil War,

这是美国南北战争之后不久发明的

refined in World War I and World War II.

在两次世界大战期间有所改进

Here you see a patent

这是1912年的

for an arm in 1912.

一个假臂的专利

It's not a lot different

这跟我的病人使用的

than the one you see on my patient.

没有多大区别

They work by harnessing shoulder power.

通过肩部力量驱动

So when you squish your shoulders, they pull on a bicycle cable.

当你扯动肩膀时 就带动了一个自行车缆线

And that bicycle cable can open or close a hand or a hook

这个自行车缆线就能收放手掌或者是钩子

or bend an elbow.

或者弯曲手肘

And we still use them commonly,

我们仍广泛应用这些

because they're very robust

因为这些装置很有力

and relatively simple devices.

也相对简单

The state of the art

目前最尖端的科技

is what we call myoelectric prostheses.

是肌电假肢

These are motorized devices

这种机械装置

that are controlled

是通过

by little electrical signals from your muscle.

肌肉的微小电信号来控制

Every time you contract a muscle,

每当收缩肌肉的时候

it emits a little electricity

它就发出微电流

that you can record with antennae or electrodes

可以通过天线或者电极接受

and use that to operate the motorized prosthesis.

然后来控制机械臂

They work pretty well

这个装置对

for people who have just lost their hand,

只是刚失去手的人来说十分好用

because your hand muscles are still there.

因为控制手的肌肉还在

You squeeze your hand, these muscles contract.

握紧手 这里的肌肉就收缩

You open it, these muscles contract.

摊开手 这里的肌肉收缩

So it's intuitive, and it works pretty well.

完全是通过直觉产生的 效果很不错

Well how about with higher levels of amputation?

但是如果是高度截肢呢？

Now you've lost your arm above the elbow.

一直截到手肘上方

You're missing not only these muscles,

失去的就不仅是这些肌肉

but your hand and your elbow too.

手和手肘都失去了

What do you do?

这该怎么办呢？

Well our patients have to use

病人就得通过

very code-y systems

非常精密的系统

of using just their arm muscles

用上臂肌肉

to operate robotic limbs.

来控制机械臂

We have robotic limbs.

机械臂有很多种

There are several available on the market, and here you see a few.

这是市面上常见的几种

They contain just a hand that will open and close,

它包括一个可以收放的手

a wrist rotator and an elbow.

一个旋转手腕和一个肘部

There's no other functions.

没有其他功能了

If they did, how would we tell them what to do?

那么怎样才能让手拥有原先的那些其他功能呢？

We built our own arm at the Rehab Institute of Chicago

我们在芝加哥的康复中心做了我们自己的假肢

where we've added some wrist flexion and shoulder joints

加入了几个手腕弯曲和肩膀关节

to get up to six motors, or six degrees of freedom.

有了六个机械部分 或者说有了六个自由度了

And we've had the opportunity to work with some very advanced arms

我们有幸操作了美军资助的

that were funded by the U.S. military, using these prototypes,

一些先进假肢 有了这几个模型

that had up to 10 different degrees of freedom

我们得到了包括可活动手掌在内的

including movable hands.

10个自由度

But at the end of the day,

但是归根结底

how do we tell these robotic arms what to do?

怎么才能告诉这些机械手做什么呢？

How do we control them?

怎么控制他们呢？

Well we need a neural interface,

我们需要的是一个神经界面

a way to connect to our nervous system

一种能连接神经系统

or our thought processes

或者说思维过程的途径

so that it's intuitive, it's natural,

这样才能变得像本能一样自然

like for you and I.

像你我一样

Well the body works by starting a motor command in your brain,

身体是这样运作的：从大脑发出运动信号

going down your spinal cord,

信号通过脊椎

out the nerves and to your periphery.

传给神经和边缘系统

And your sensation's the exact opposite.

而你的触觉的工作方式正好相反

You touch yourself, there's a stimulus

触碰自己 就有一个刺激

that comes up those very same nerves back up to your brain.

通过与原先一样的神经反射回大脑

When you lose your arm, that nervous system still works.

就算失去了手臂 神经系统还是可以工作的

Those nerves can put out command signals.

那些神经可以输出命令信号

And if I tap the nerve ending

如果碰一个二战老兵的

on a World War II vet,

神经末端

he'll still feel his missing hand.

他仍然能感觉到失去的手

So you might say,

你也许会说

let's go to the brain

那就从大脑着手吧

and put something in the brain to record signals,

弄个设备记录大脑信号

or in the end of the peripheral nerve and record them there.

或者在边缘神经的末端用设备纪录

And these are very exciting research areas,

这些都是令人振奋的研究领域

but it's really, really hard.

但是非常非常艰难

You have to put in

你得用上百条

hundreds of microscopic wires

微观结构的线路

to record from little tiny individual neurons -- ordinary fibers

来记录非常细小的单个神经原－

that put out tiny signals

这些纤维能输出

that are microvolts.

只有微伏的微小信号

And it's just too hard

现在想在病人身上实现这个

to use now and for my patients today.

还无比困难

So we developed a different approach.

于是我们开发另外一条途径

We're using a biological amplifier

我们用一个生物放大器

to amplify these nerve signals -- muscles.

来放大神经信号－也就是肌肉

Muscles will amplify the nerve signals

肌肉能把神经信号

about a thousand-fold,

放大约一千倍

so that we can record them from on top of the skin,

这样我们就能在表皮检测到信号

like you saw earlier.

就像你之前看到的

So our approach is something we call targeted reinnervation.

我们把这个方法称为定向神经移植术

Imagine, with somebody who's lost their whole arm,

试想一下 有人失去了整个手臂

we still have four major nerves

但仍然还有

that go down your arm.

四条主神经

And we take the nerve away from your chest muscle

我们从胸肌取出这些神经

and let these nerves grow into it.

然后让其生长

Now you think, "Close hand," and a little section of your chest contracts.

你会想 “握手” 你胸肌的一小块就会收缩

You think, "Bend elbow,"

你想“弯手肘”

a different section contracts.

另一个部分就收缩

And we can use electrodes or antennae

我们能用电极或者天线

to pick that up and tell the arm to move.

来接受信号然后让胳膊动起来

That's the idea.

这就大体概念

So this is the first man that we tried it on.

这是我们尝试的第一个对象

His name is Jesse Sullivan.

他叫杰西･苏利文

He's just a saint of a man --

他是了不起的人－

54-year-old lineman who touched the wrong wire

54岁的线路工人 不小心拿错了线

and had both of his arms burnt so badly

双臂严重烧伤

they had to be amputated at the shoulder.

从肩部以下全部切除

Jesse came to us at the RIC

杰西来到芝加哥康复中心

to be fit with these state-of-the-art devices, and here you see them.

与最先进的装备匹配

I'm still using that old technology

右边我仍然使用的

with a bicycle cable on his right side.

自行车缆线的旧技术

And he picks which joint he wants to move with those chin switches.

他用下巴那边的开关来控制关节移动

On the left side he's got a modern motorized prosthesis

左边是一个现代机械假臂

with those three joints,

有三个关节

and he operates little pads in his shoulder

通过肩膀上的小垫子♪

that he touches to make the arm go.

他触碰垫子来控制胳膊

And Jesse's a good crane operator,

杰西能是个不错的吊车司机

and he did okay by our standards.

按我们的标准他做得很不错了

He also required a revision surgery on his chest.

他也要求在胸肌上实行修正手术

And that gave us the opportunity

这给了我们一个机会

to do targeted reinnervation.

来实行定向神经移植术

So my colleague, Dr. Greg Dumanian, did the surgery.

我的同事格雷格･杜马尼安做了这个手术

First, we cut away the nerve to his own muscle,

首先取出连接到他自身肌肉的神经

then we took the arm nerves

然后把胳膊神经

and just kind of had them shift down onto his chest

放入胸腔里

and closed him up.

然后缝合上

And after about three months,

三个月后

the nerves grew in a little bit and we could get a twitch.

神经开始生长 肌肉能抽动了

And after six months, the nerves grew in well,

六个月后 神经长得很好了

and you could see strong contractions.

可以看到很强烈的收缩

And this is what it looks like.

就是这样的

This is what happens when Jesse thinks

杰西要收放手掌的话

open and close his hand,

或者弯曲手肘的话

or bend or straighten your elbow.

就会是这样

You can see the movements on his chest,

可以看到他胸肌的运动

and those little hash marks

皮肤上的标记

are where we put our antennae, or electrodes.

指的是我们放天线或者电极的地方

And I challenge anybody in the room

我想让诸位挑战一下

to make their chest go like this.

看看是否有人能这么做

His brain is thinking about his arm.

他的大脑想的是手臂

He has not learned how to do this with the chest.

没有学过怎么控制胸肌

There is not a learning process.

这不是学习过程

That's why it's intuitive.

所以完全是本能的

So here's Jesse in our first little test with him.

下面是对杰西的第一个测试

On the left-hand side, you see his original prosthesis,

左手边是他原来的假臂

and he's using those switches

他用开关来把

to move little blocks from one box to the other.

小物块从一个盒子移到另一个

He's had that arm for about 20 months, so he's pretty good with it.

他装上那个假臂已有20个月 使用相当熟练

On the right side,

在右边

two months after we fit him with his targeted reinnervation prosthesis --

是装了定向神经移植假臂后的两个月－

which, by the way, is the same physical arm,

这是同一个胳膊

just programmed a little different --

只是操控系统不一样了－

you can see that he's much faster

可以看出来他移动小块

and much smoother as he moves these little blocks.

可以更快更顺畅

And we're only able to use three of the signals at this time.

这里我们只用到了3个信号

Then we had one of those little surprises in science.

下面就是科学小惊喜了

So we're all motivated to get motor commands

我们的初衷都是用运动指令

to drive robotic arms.

来指挥机械臂

And after a few months,

几个月后

you touch Jesse on his chest,

触碰杰西的胸部

and he felt his missing hand.

他能感觉到失去的手

His hand sensation grew into his chest again

他的手部触觉渐渐在胸部恢复

probably because we had also taken away a lot of fat,

也许是因为我们取下了不少脂肪

so the skin was right down to the muscle

皮肤直接接触到肌肉

and deinnervated, if you would, his skin.

神经生长起来

So you touch Jesse here, he feels his thumb;

如果你碰碰杰西这里 他惠感觉到手指

you touch it here, he feels his pinky.

这里是小指

He feels light touch

他可以感受到从轻轻触碰

down to one gram of force.

到大概一克重量的触碰

He feels hot, cold, sharp, dull,

他能感受到热、冷、尖锐、钝

all in his missing hand,

就如同他失去的手

or both his hand and his chest,

或者是手和胸同时感受到的

but he can attend to either.

但两者他都能注意到

So this is really exciting for us,

这让我们很兴奋

because now we have a portal,

因为现在我们有办法

a portal, or a way to potentially give back sensation,

有可能恢复触觉

so that he might feel what he touches

这样他就通过假手

with his prosthetic hand.

感觉物体

Imagine sensors in the hand

试想一下手上的感应器

coming up and pressing on this new hand skin.

只要按压新的手部皮肤

So it was very exciting.

这挺令人兴奋

We've also gone on

同时针对

with what was initially our primary population

我们本来的主要研究人群——截肢至手肘上部人群的

of people with above-the-elbow amputations.

研究也进行着

And here we deinnervate, or cut the nerve away,

我们进行神经培养

just from little segments of muscle

从很小的肌肉组织中切走神经

and leave others alone

其它的不动

that give us our up-down signals

这样就有了指挥上下移动的信号

and two others that will give us a hand open and close signal.

另外两个用于手的握紧张开信号

This was one of our first patients, Chris.

这是我们早期的病人中一位 克里斯

You see him with his original device

左边是他原先的装置

on the left there after eight months of use,

使用了八个月

and on the right, it is two months.

右边是两个月的（新装置）

He's about four or five times as fast

有了这个他的行动速度

with this simple little performance metric.

大概快了四到五倍

All right.

好的

So one of the best parts of my job

我工作最好的一部分

is working with really great patients

是与非常棒的病人合作

who are also our research collaborators.

他们也是我们研究的合作者

And we're fortunate today

今天有幸

to have Amanda Kitts come and join us.

请来阿曼达･奇兹

Please welcome Amanda Kitts.

欢迎阿曼达･奇兹

(Applause)

（掌声）

So Amanda, would you please tell us how you lost your arm?

阿曼达 能说说是怎么失去手臂的吗？

Amanda Kitts: Sure. In 2006, I had a car accident.

阿曼达･奇兹：好的。2006年的时候我出了场车祸

And I was driving home from work,

我下班开车回家

and a truck was coming the opposite direction,

一辆卡车迎面而来

came over into my lane,

开进了我的车道

ran over the top of my car and his axle tore my arm off.

辗过我的车 车轴把我的胳膊扯了下来

Todd Kuiken: Okay, so after your amputation, you healed up.

托德･库伊肯：好的。截肢以后你恢复了健康

And you've got one of these conventional arms.

装了一个传统假臂

Can you tell us how it worked?

能说说怎么使用的么？

AK: Well, it was a little difficult,

AK：恩 有点困难

because all I had to work with was a bicep and a tricep.

因为我能使用的只是二头肌和肱三头肌

So for the simple little things like picking something up,

所以如果我想拿起什么的话

I would have to bend my elbow,

就得弯曲手肘

and then I would have to cocontract

然后收缩

to get it to change modes.

来切换模式

When I did that,

我要这么做

I had to use my bicep

就得用上二头肌

to get the hand to close,

来握紧手

use my tricep to get it to open,

三头肌来打开手

cocontract again

然后共同收缩

to get the elbow to work again.

来调动手肘

TK: So it was a little slow?

TK：所以这样有点慢是吧？

AK: A little slow, and it was just hard to work.

AK：有点慢，而且操作难。

You had to concentrate a whole lot.

很费神

TK: Okay, so I think about nine months later

TK：那么九个月后

that you had the targeted reinnervation surgery,

你实行了神经移植手术

took six more months to have all the reinnervation.

然后又花了六个月来生长神经

Then we fit her with a prosthesis.

然后我们为她装了一个假肢

And how did that work for you?

这个效果如何呢？

AK: It works good.

AK：非常好

I was able to use my elbow

我可以同时运用

and my hand simultaneously.

手肘和手了

I could work them just by my thoughts.

直接用思维控制

So I didn't have to do any of the cocontracting and all that.

这样我就不用集中精力去调动假肢

TK: A little faster?

TK：快了些是吧？

AK: A little faster. And much more easy, much more natural.

AK：快点了。而且方便，自然得多。

TK: Okay, this was my goal.

TK：好的。这就是我的目标。

For 20 years, my goal was to let somebody

这20年间，我的目标就是让一些人

[be] able to use their elbow and hand in an intuitive way

能自然地同时使用

and at the same time.

手肘和手

And we now have over 50 patients around the world who have had this surgery,

目前在全世界有五十余人接受了这个手术

including over a dozen of our wounded warriors

包括一些服役于美军

in the U.S. armed services.

负过伤的战士

The success rate of the nerve transfers is very high.

移植神经的成功率非常高

It's like 96 percent.

大约是96％

Because we're putting a big fat nerve onto a little piece of muscle.

因为我们把大量的神经放到一小块肌肉上

And it provides intuitive control.

并提供自然控制

Our functional testing, those little tests,

我们进行的功能小测试里

all show that they're a lot quicker and a lot easier.

假肢都表现得更加快速、灵便

And the most important thing

最重要的是

is our patients have appreciated it.

我们的患者对此很满意

So that was all very exciting.

所以这挺让人兴奋的

But we want to do better.

不过我们希望做得更好

There's a lot of information in those nerve signals,

神经的信号里有很多信息

and we wanted to get more.

我们想要更多的信息

You can move each finger. You can move your thumb, your wrist.

能动手指，能动大拇指和手腕

Can we get more out of it?

能做到这些吗？

So we did some experiments

于是我们做了几个试验

where we saturated our poor patients with zillions of electrodes

可怜的病人被安上了无数的电极

and then had them try to do two dozen different tasks --

然后我们让他们做了二十多种不同的任务－

from wiggling a finger to moving a whole arm

从摆动手指到移动整个手臂

to reaching for something --

再到伸手够物体－

and recorded this data.

我们记录下数据

And then we used some algorithms

并用了类似于

that are a lot like speech recognition algorithms,

语音识别算法的算法

called pattern recognition.

我们称之模式识别

See.

看了吧

(Laughter)

（笑声）

And here you can see, on Jesse's chest,

这儿可以看到杰西的胸部

when he just tried to do three different things,

当做三件不同的任务时

you can see three different patterns.

可以看到3种不同的模式

But I can't put in an electrode

但是我不能放进一个电极说

and say, "Go there."

“往那儿”

So we collaborated with our colleagues in University of New Brunswick,

所以我们找了纽宾士大学的同事合作

came up with this algorithm control,

写出了算法控制

which Amanda can now demonstrate.

阿曼达现在可以展示一下

AK: So I have the elbow that goes up and down.

AK：我的手肘可以上下移动

I have the wrist rotation

手腕可以转动

that goes -- and it can go all the way around.

它能360度转动

And I have the wrist flexion and extension.

并且可以弯曲伸展

And I also have the hand closed and open.

手掌也能收放

TK: Thank you, Amanda.

TK：谢谢。

Now this is a research arm,

这是个还在研究中的手臂

but it's made out of commercial components from here down

但从这里往下是我从四处搜罗来的市面上的组件

and a few that I've borrowed from around the world.

做成的

It's about seven pounds,

大概有7磅重

which is probably about what my arm would weigh

要是我的胳膊从这儿断掉

if I lost it right here.

差不多是这个重量

Obviously, that's heavy for Amanda.

但是很显然这对阿曼达来说很重

And in fact, it feels even heavier,

事实上，感觉上会更重

because it's not glued on the same.

因为连接的方式不一样

She's carrying all the weight through harnesses.

她是通过吊带来承重

So the exciting part isn't so much the mechatronics,

所以机电一体化方面并不那么惊奇

but the control.

而是控制上

So we've developed a small microcomputer

我们开发了一个微型计算机

that is blinking somewhere behind her back

在她背上哪儿闪光

and is operating this

它能按照她调控的方式

all by the way she trains it

来操作使用

to use her individual muscle signals.

她的单个肌肉信号

So Amanda, when you first started using this arm,

阿曼达，当你开始用这个假肢的时候

how long did it take to use it?

花了多久？

AK: It took just about probably three to four hours

AK：大概三四个小时

to get it to train.

来调试

I had to hook it up to a computer,

我得把它连到电脑上

so I couldn't just train it anywhere.

不是随便哪里都能调试

So if it stopped working, I just had to take it off.

所以如果不运转了我只能拿下来

So now it's able to train

现在背上这个小件

with just this little piece on the back.

就可以调试了

I can wear it around.

我可以带着到处走

If it stops working for some reason, I can retrain it.

中途停止了也能继续

Takes about a minute.

只要一分钟就可以

TK: So we're really excited,

TK：我们很兴奋

because now we're getting to a clinically practical device.

因为这越来越接近可临床操作的器械了

And that's where our goal is --

而那就我们的目标－

to have something clinically pragmatic to wear.

临床实用的假肢

We've also had Amanda able to use

我们也让阿曼达使用

some of our more advanced arms that I showed you earlier.

之前向各位展示过的几个高级假肢

Here's Amanda using an arm made by DEKA Research Corporation.

她现在带的是DEKA研究中心制作的假肢

And I believe Dean Kamen presented it at TED a few years ago.

我记得迪恩･卡门几年前在TED提到过

So Amanda, you can see,

这里可以看到阿曼达

has really good control.

假肢的控制性非常好

It's all the pattern recognition.

这都是模式识别

And it now has a hand that can do different grasps.

我们有假手可以做几种不同的抓取动作

What we do is have the patient go all the way open

我们就让患者自由尝试

and think, "What hand grasp pattern do I want?"

然后思考：“我想要怎样的抓取模式？”

It goes into that mode,

进入那么模式后

and then you can do up to five or six different hand grasps with this hand.

可以有五到六种不同的抓取模式

Amanda, how many were you able to do with the DEKA arm?

阿曼达，你的DEKA手臂可以做几种？

AK: I was able to get four.

AK：四种

I had the key grip, I had a chuck grip,

我有钥匙握，夹握

I had a power grasp

强力抓取

and I had a fine pinch.

和精密捏取

But my favorite one was just when the hand was open,

但我最喜欢的是就这么摊着手

because I work with kids,

因为我和孩子们打交道

and so all the time you're clapping and singing,

所以总是在唱歌或者拍手

so I was able to do that again, which was really good.

现在我能做这些了真好

TK: That hand's not so good for clapping.

TK：这个手拍手不怎么行

AK: Can't clap with this one.

AK：这个不能拍手

TK: All right. So that's exciting

TK：好的。

on where we may go with the better mechatronics,

我们在机电一体化上不断发展

if we make them good enough

如果我们做得足够好

to put out on the market and use in a field trial.

投放市场并提供试用，那就激动人心了

I want you to watch closely.

下面请仔细观看

(Video) Claudia: Oooooh!

（视频）克劳迪娅：哇！

TK: That's Claudia,

TK：这是克劳迪娅

and that was the first time

这是她第一次

she got to feel sensation through her prosthetic.

通过假肢感受触觉

She had a little sensor at the end of her prosthesis

假肢尾段有传感器

that then she rubbed over different surfaces,

把假肢在不同的表面上摩擦

and she could feel different textures

她能感受到好几种

of sandpaper, different grits, ribbon cable,

砂纸，不同的粗燕麦粉，带状电缆

as it pushed on her reinnervated hand skin.

当假肢按压在移植神经的首部皮肤上

She said that when she just ran it across the table,

她说当她就在桌子上划来划去

it felt like her finger was rocking.

她能感受到手指的震动

So that's an exciting laboratory experiment

这是个令人振奋的试验

on how to give back, potentially, some skin sensation.

对研究如何接受皮肤触觉很有意义

But here's another video that shows some of our challenges.

但另外一个视频展示了我们面临的一些挑战

This is Jesse, and he's squeezing a foam toy.

这是杰西，他正在捏一个泡沫玩具

And the harder he squeezes -- you see a little black thing in the middle

他捏得越紧－中间那个黑的

that's pushing on his skin proportional to how hard he squeezes.

是用来测量捏紧的力度的

But look at all the electrodes around it.

但是看看那周围的电极

I've got a real estate problem.

我们有了个面积问题

You're supposed to put a bunch of these things on there,

我们应在那里放很多电极

but our little motor's making all kinds of noise

但是小马达在电极旁

right next to my electrodes.

发出很大的噪声

So we're really challenged on what we're doing there.

所以这些是我们的挑战

The future is bright.

未来是光明的

We're excited about where we are and a lot of things we want to do.

对于目前的状况和要做的事情我们很兴奋

So for example,

比如

one is to get rid of my real estate problem

一个是解决面积问题

and get better signals.

优化信号

We want to develop these little tiny capsules

我们想开发出大概是

about the size of a piece of risotto

米粒大小的胶囊

that we can put into the muscles

来植入肌肉

and telemeter out the EMG signals,

并使用遥控肌电信号

so that it's not worrying about electrode contact.

因为这能省掉电极装置

And we can have the real estate open

并且我们可以有富余面积

to try more sensation feedback.

用于触觉回传

We want to build a better arm.

我们还想做更好的手臂

This arm -- they're always made for the 50th percentile male --

这个手臂－款式是为50%的男性制作的－

which means they're too big for five-eighths of the world.

也就是说对世界人口的八分之五来说都太大了

So rather than a super strong or super fast arm,

所以相对于一个超级强壮或者敏捷的手臂

we're making an arm that is --

我们想做的

we're starting with,

首先是

the 25th percentile female --

25%的女性的－

that will have a hand that wraps around,

能够用来缠绕

opens all the way,

能完全摊开的手

two degrees of freedom in the wrist and an elbow.

手腕和手肘有两个自由度

So it'll be the smallest and lightest

这将会是最小巧轻便

and the smartest arm ever made.

并且是最智能的胳膊

Once we can do it that small,

一旦我们能做出这么小的手

it's a lot easier making them bigger.

再做大就容易了

So those are just some of our goals.

这些是我们的几个目标

And we really appreciate you all being here today.

很感谢各位的到场

I'd like to tell you a little bit about the dark side,

我想针对昨天的话题

with yesterday's theme.

说说不太阳光的一面

So Amanda came jet-lagged,

阿曼达在倒时差

she's using the arm,

她用假肢的时候

and everything goes wrong.

出乱子了

There was a computer spook,

出现了个电脑故障

a broken wire,

一个线路断了

a converter that sparked.

一个变频器烧了

We took out a whole circuit in the hotel

我们在酒店了把整个线路板拆下来

and just about put on the fire alarm.

就差要拉火警了

And none of those problems could I have dealt with,

这几个问题我一个都不会解决

but I have a really bright research team.

但是我有一个天才研究小组

And thankfully Dr. Annie Simon was with us

多亏安妮･西蒙博士的帮忙

and worked really hard yesterday to fix it.

昨天费了很大力气修好了

That's science.

这就是科学

And fortunately, it worked today.

幸运的 今天照常运转

So thank you very much.

非常感谢

(Applause)

（掌声）