Todd Kuiken: A prosthetic arm that "feels"

トッド・クイケン: 「感覚を持つ」義手

翻訳: Tatsu Ilya 校正: Masaki Yanagishita

So today, I would like to talk with you

本日はみなさんに

about bionics,

生体工学

which is the popular term

つまり身体の一部を

for the science of replacing part of a living organism

メカトロニクス機器やロボットで置き換えるという

with a mechatronic device, or a robot.

科学分野についてお話ししようと思います

It is essentially

これは正に

the stuff of life meets machine.

生体と機械の融合です

And specifically, I'd like to talk with you

特に 腕を失った人の為に

about how bionics is evolving

生体工学が

for people with arm amputations.

どう進歩しているかをお話しします

This is our motivation.

我々の研究動機です

Arm amputation causes a huge disability.

腕を失うとは大変なことです

I mean, the functional impairment is clear.

単純な不便さは勿論でしょう

Our hands are amazing instruments.

手は素晴らしい道具です

And when you lose one, far less both,

片手を失っただけで

it's a lot harder to do the things

日常的に必要とされる

we physically need to do.

身体的行為が難しくなります

There's also a huge emotional impact.

そして大きな精神的ダメージ

And actually, I spend as much of my time in clinic

私の診療室では 身体的不自由さと

dealing with the emotional adjustment of patients

同じくらい 精神的ダメージの治療にも

as with the physical disability.

時間をかけています

And finally, there's a profound social impact.

社交上の問題もあります

We talk with our hands.

我々は手で話し

We greet with our hands.

手で挨拶をし

And we interact with the physical world with our hands.

手で外界とやりとりをします

And when they're missing,

手がなくなることは

it's a barrier.

障害を意味します

Arm amputation is usually caused by trauma,

腕の切断の多くは

with things like industrial accidents,

工場事故や交通事故

motor vehicle collisions

そして悲しくも

or, very poignantly, war.

戦争による外傷の結果です

There are also some children who are born without arms,

生まれつき腕のない子もいます

called congenital limb deficiency.

先天性四肢欠損です

Unfortunately, we don't do great

残念ながら義手の製作は

with upper-limb prosthetics.

困難を極めています

There are two general types.

義手には２種類あります

They're called body-powered prostheses,

こちらは身体操作型義手といって

which were invented just after the Civil War,

南北戦争直後に発明され

refined in World War I and World War II.

第１・２次世界大戦中に改良されました

Here you see a patent

これが1912年の

for an arm in 1912.

特許申請書です

It's not a lot different

現在の義手と そう違いはありません

than the one you see on my patient.

They work by harnessing shoulder power.

肩の筋肉で制御するものです

So when you squish your shoulders, they pull on a bicycle cable.

肩をすぼめるとケーブルが引かれ

And that bicycle cable can open or close a hand or a hook

手やフックを開いたり閉じたり

肘を動かせます

or bend an elbow.

And we still use them commonly,

この義手は今でも使われています

because they're very robust

とても頑丈で単純な構造ですからね

and relatively simple devices.

The state of the art

最先端のものは

is what we call myoelectric prostheses.

筋電義手という義手です

These are motorized devices

筋肉からのわずかな

that are controlled

電気信号により

by little electrical signals from your muscle.

モーター駆動される義手です

Every time you contract a muscle,

筋肉を収縮させる時

it emits a little electricity

わずかな電気信号が流れ

that you can record with antennae or electrodes

それを電極やアンテナで読み取り

and use that to operate the motorized prosthesis.

義手の操作に用いるのです

They work pretty well

手を失ったばかりの人の場合

for people who have just lost their hand,

この義手をとても上手く操作します

because your hand muscles are still there.

手の筋肉がまだ残っていますから

You squeeze your hand, these muscles contract.

手をすぼめればこの筋肉が収縮し

You open it, these muscles contract.

手をひらけばこの筋肉が収縮し

So it's intuitive, and it works pretty well.

直感的に上手に使うことができます

Well how about with higher levels of amputation?

しかしもっと上部で 腕の大半を切断するとどうでしょう

Now you've lost your arm above the elbow.

この筋肉だけでなく

You're missing not only these muscles,

手と肘そのものがありません

but your hand and your elbow too.

What do you do?

どうしましょう？

Well our patients have to use

そのような患者さんは

very code-y systems

腕の筋肉だけで

ロボット義手を動かす

of using just their arm muscles

技術を要する方法をとります

to operate robotic limbs.

ロボット義手ということです

We have robotic limbs.

このように様々な種類があります

There are several available on the market, and here you see a few.

開閉する手と 回転する手首と

They contain just a hand that will open and close,

a wrist rotator and an elbow.

肘があります

There's no other functions.

機能はそれだけです

If they did, how would we tell them what to do?

機能を増やしても制御方法がありません

We built our own arm at the Rehab Institute of Chicago

そこで シカゴリハビリテーション研究所（RIC）では

where we've added some wrist flexion and shoulder joints

手首の屈曲と

肩の関節を加え ６つのモーターで

to get up to six motors, or six degrees of freedom.

６自由度を持つ試作品を作りました

And we've had the opportunity to work with some very advanced arms

さらに我々は米軍から研究費を得て開発された

that were funded by the U.S. military, using these prototypes,

可動式の手を持ち

最大10の自由度を持つ

that had up to 10 different degrees of freedom

進歩した義手を

including movable hands.

使うことができました

But at the end of the day,

しかし結局どう義手に

how do we tell these robotic arms what to do?

命令を伝えたものでしょうか

How do we control them?

どう操作すれば良いのでしょう？

Well we need a neural interface,

その為には神経系あるいは思考過程と

a way to connect to our nervous system

繋ぐことで身体の一部の様に

or our thought processes

直感的かつ自然に操作できる

so that it's intuitive, it's natural,

神経インタフェースが

like for you and I.

必要なのです

Well the body works by starting a motor command in your brain,

脳から発する運動命令は

going down your spinal cord,

脊髄を伝わり末梢神経をとおって

out the nerves and to your periphery.

末梢に伝わります

And your sensation's the exact opposite.

感覚はその反対です

You touch yourself, there's a stimulus

刺激は全く同じ神経を逆に辿り

that comes up those very same nerves back up to your brain.

脳に伝えます

When you lose your arm, that nervous system still works.

腕を失ってもまだ神経系は働きます

Those nerves can put out command signals.

まだ脳の指令を送ることができます

And if I tap the nerve ending

そして退役軍人が失った

on a World War II vet,

腕の端の神経を触ると

he'll still feel his missing hand.

彼はまだ手を感じるのです

So you might say,

それならば脳を開けて

let's go to the brain

脳内に何かを埋め込み

and put something in the brain to record signals,

信号を記録したり

あるいは末梢神経の末端で

or in the end of the peripheral nerve and record them there.

信号を記録したりしてみよう

And these are very exciting research areas,

確かにそういう研究もありますが

but it's really, really hard.

これは恐ろしく難しいのです

You have to put in

数百の微小電極を埋め込み

hundreds of microscopic wires

信号を発する小さな個々のニューロン - 普通の神経線維 -から

to record from little tiny individual neurons -- ordinary fibers

マイクロボルト単位の

that put out tiny signals

信号を読み取る

that are microvolts.

必要があります

And it's just too hard

これは現在 技術的に

to use now and for my patients today.

難度が高過ぎます

So we developed a different approach.

そこで違う方法を考えました

We're using a biological amplifier

神経信号を増幅する生体機能

to amplify these nerve signals -- muscles.

つまり筋肉を使えば良いのです

Muscles will amplify the nerve signals

筋肉は神経信号を

about a thousand-fold,

数千倍に増幅するので

so that we can record them from on top of the skin,

先程お見せしたように 皮膚の上からでも

like you saw earlier.

信号が取れます

So our approach is something we call targeted reinnervation.

特定領域への神経支配再確立とでも言えましょう

Imagine, with somebody who's lost their whole arm,

腕を失っても

we still have four major nerves

（腕を支配する）4つの主要な神経が まだ残っている患者を

that go down your arm.

想像してみて下さい

And we take the nerve away from your chest muscle

その患者の胸筋から神経を取り除き

and let these nerves grow into it.

代わりに腕の神経を埋め込みます

Now you think, "Close hand," and a little section of your chest contracts.

「手を握ろう」と考えれば胸の一部が収縮し

You think, "Bend elbow,"

「肘を曲げよう」と考えれば

a different section contracts.

胸の別の場所が収縮します

And we can use electrodes or antennae

その動きを電極やアンテナで

to pick that up and tell the arm to move.

読み取り義手を操作すればいい

That's the idea.

これが我々のアイデアです

So this is the first man that we tried it on.

この義手を初めて試した患者です

His name is Jesse Sullivan.

ジェシー・サリヴァンという名で

He's just a saint of a man --

とても穏やかな方です

54-year-old lineman who touched the wrong wire

架線作業中に触る電線を間違え

and had both of his arms burnt so badly

両の手に重度の火傷を負い

they had to be amputated at the shoulder.

肩から先を切断しました

Jesse came to us at the RIC

そして最先端の義手を試すため

to be fit with these state-of-the-art devices, and here you see them.

RICの私たちのところにやって来ました

I'm still using that old technology

右腕はケーブル操作する

with a bicycle cable on his right side.

旧型の義手を使っています

And he picks which joint he wants to move with those chin switches.

動かす関節はアゴのスイッチで選びます

On the left side he's got a modern motorized prosthesis

左では３つの関節を持つ

with those three joints,

モーター駆動の義手で

and he operates little pads in his shoulder

肩のパッドで動かしています

that he touches to make the arm go.

腕の操作に使うためです

And Jesse's a good crane operator,

ジェシーは操縦が上手く

and he did okay by our standards.

私たちも満足でした

He also required a revision surgery on his chest.

加えて彼は胸の追加手術も必要になりました

And that gave us the opportunity

これをよい機会に我々は

to do targeted reinnervation.

特定領域への神経支配再確立手術を行いました

So my colleague, Dr. Greg Dumanian, did the surgery.

手術を行ったのは 同僚のグレッグ ドゥマニアン博士です

First, we cut away the nerve to his own muscle,

まず胸の神経を取り除き

then we took the arm nerves

腕の神経を取り出し

and just kind of had them shift down onto his chest

それを胸に植え込んで

and closed him up.

傷口を塞ぎました

And after about three months,

3ヶ月後には神経も少し伸び

the nerves grew in a little bit and we could get a twitch.

胸をピクピク動かせるようになり

And after six months, the nerves grew in well,

6ヶ月後には神経も十分に伸びて

and you could see strong contractions.

強い収縮も可能になりました

And this is what it looks like.

このような感じです

This is what happens when Jesse thinks

ジェシーが手を開閉させようと思うと

open and close his hand,

この動作がおきます

or bend or straighten your elbow.

肘を屈曲したり伸ばそうと思うと

You can see the movements on his chest,

胸がこう動きます

and those little hash marks

この小さなしるしは

are where we put our antennae, or electrodes.

アンテナや電極の位置です

And I challenge anybody in the room

こんな風に胸を動かせる人が

to make their chest go like this.

もし会場にいれば教えてください

His brain is thinking about his arm.

彼の脳は腕のことを考えています

He has not learned how to do this with the chest.

胸をこんな風に動かす方法を 学んだわけではありません

There is not a learning process.

学習過程はありません

That's why it's intuitive.

直感的なのです

So here's Jesse in our first little test with him.

これが最初の動作テストです

On the left-hand side, you see his original prosthesis,

左側は元の義手です

and he's using those switches

スイッチを使って

to move little blocks from one box to the other.

積み木を ひとつの箱からもう一つの箱へ移しています

He's had that arm for about 20 months, so he's pretty good with it.

20ヶ月も使用した義手はよくなじんでいます

On the right side,

右側は私たちの

two months after we fit him with his targeted reinnervation prosthesis --

「特定領域への神経支配再確立」を使って 2ヶ月目の映像です

which, by the way, is the same physical arm,

機器としては同じ義手で

just programmed a little different --

制御ソフトが違うだけですが

you can see that he's much faster

動作は明らかに速く

and much smoother as he moves these little blocks.

スムーズに積み木を移しています

And we're only able to use three of the signals at this time.

この時点で3つの信号を使っているだけです

Then we had one of those little surprises in science.

ここで驚くべき科学的発見がありました

So we're all motivated to get motor commands

私たちはロボット義手を操作するための

to drive robotic arms.

運動指令を得ようとしていた訳ですが

And after a few months,

数ヶ月後にジェシーの

you touch Jesse on his chest,

胸に触れると 彼は

and he felt his missing hand.

失った手を感じました

His hand sensation grew into his chest again

手の感覚が胸に戻ったのです

probably because we had also taken away a lot of fat,

手術で脂肪を取り去ったので

so the skin was right down to the muscle

筋肉と皮膚が近づき

and deinnervated, if you would, his skin.

以前あった神経支配を取り除いたのでしょう

So you touch Jesse here, he feels his thumb;

ここを触れば親指を感じ

you touch it here, he feels his pinky.

ここを触れば小指です

He feels light touch

1 gほどの小さな

down to one gram of force.

力でも感じます

He feels hot, cold, sharp, dull,

熱さ、冷たさ、鋭さ、鈍さ

all in his missing hand,

全てを失われた手で感じます

or both his hand and his chest,

胸の感覚も残っていますが

but he can attend to either.

意識できるのは一方です

So this is really exciting for us,

これはとても面白いことです

because now we have a portal,

なぜなら これは感覚の再現に繋がる可能性があり

a portal, or a way to potentially give back sensation,

あるいは末梢神経の末端で

so that he might feel what he touches

触れたものを感じる義手の製作にも

with his prosthetic hand.

繋がる可能性があるからです

Imagine sensors in the hand

義手センサーからの信号が

coming up and pressing on this new hand skin.

胸の「手」に伝わればいいのです

So it was very exciting.

これは面白い

We've also gone on

我々はまた 当初注目していた

with what was initially our primary population

肘から先を失った多数の患者の

of people with above-the-elbow amputations.

義手についても考えました

And here we deinnervate, or cut the nerve away,

筋肉の一部から神経を切り離して 神経支配を除き

just from little segments of muscle

ほかの部分では神経をそのままにすると

and leave others alone

上下運動を伝える神経と

that give us our up-down signals

手の開閉を伝える神経を

and two others that will give us a hand open and close signal.

作れます

This was one of our first patients, Chris.

彼は初期の患者のクリスです

You see him with his original device

左側は8ヶ月使っている

on the left there after eight months of use,

なじみの義手で

and on the right, it is two months.

右は2ヶ月目の義手です

He's about four or five times as fast

4~5倍のスピードで

with this simple little performance metric.

動作テストをこなしています

All right.

So one of the best parts of my job

この仕事が好きなのは

is working with really great patients

研究仲間である患者さんが

who are also our research collaborators.

同時に共同研究者だからです

And we're fortunate today

本日その一人のアマンダ・キッツが

to have Amanda Kitts come and join us.

会場に来てくれました

Please welcome Amanda Kitts.

アマンダ・キッツです

(Applause)

(拍手)

So Amanda, would you please tell us how you lost your arm?

アマンダ どうして腕を失ったのですか？

Amanda Kitts: Sure. In 2006, I had a car accident.

2006年に交通事故に遭いました

And I was driving home from work,

仕事から帰る途中

and a truck was coming the opposite direction,

反対車線のトラックが突っ込んできて

came over into my lane,

車の前面が潰され その時

ran over the top of my car and his axle tore my arm off.

トラックの車軸に腕を巻き取られました

Todd Kuiken: Okay, so after your amputation, you healed up.

そうですか 腕を切断したあと回復したのですね

And you've got one of these conventional arms.

従来型の義手を使ったと思いますが

Can you tell us how it worked?

使い心地は如何でしたか？

AK: Well, it was a little difficult,

少し難しかったです

because all I had to work with was a bicep and a tricep.

上腕二頭筋と上腕三頭筋しか使えなくて

So for the simple little things like picking something up,

例えば何かを拾うという簡単な動作にも

I would have to bend my elbow,

まずは肘を曲げ

and then I would have to cocontract

筋を同時収縮させ

to get it to change modes.

モードを変える必要があります

When I did that,

そして

I had to use my bicep

上腕二頭筋を使って

to get the hand to close,

手を閉じて

use my tricep to get it to open,

上腕三頭筋で手を開き

cocontract again

また同時収縮させ

to get the elbow to work again.

肘をまた動かすのです

TK: So it was a little slow?

時間がかかりますか

AK: A little slow, and it was just hard to work.

少し遅いし とにかく大変なのです

You had to concentrate a whole lot.

集中力が要ります

TK: Okay, so I think about nine months later

オーケー そして9ヶ月後に

that you had the targeted reinnervation surgery,

「特定領域への神経支配再確立」手術を 受けたと思いますが

took six more months to have all the reinnervation.

神経支配が再確立するには さらに半年程かかったと思います

Then we fit her with a prosthesis.

そして改めて作った義手は

And how did that work for you?

どうでしたか？

AK: It works good.

良かったですよ

I was able to use my elbow

肘を使いながら

and my hand simultaneously.

手も一緒に動かせるし

I could work them just by my thoughts.

それも思うだけで動かせます

So I didn't have to do any of the cocontracting and all that.

同時収縮などあれこれ面倒はありません

TK: A little faster?

速くなりました？

AK: A little faster. And much more easy, much more natural.

少しだけ速いです ただすごく簡単で自然です

TK: Okay, this was my goal.

それを目指していたんです

For 20 years, my goal was to let somebody

20年間 私の目標は患者さんが

[be] able to use their elbow and hand in an intuitive way

肘と手を直感的に そして同時に操作できる

and at the same time.

義手の製作でした

And we now have over 50 patients around the world who have had this surgery,

そして今 50人以上がこの手術を受けました

including over a dozen of our wounded warriors

何十人もの米軍の

in the U.S. armed services.

負傷兵も含まれます

The success rate of the nerve transfers is very high.

手術の成功率は極めて高く

It's like 96 percent.

96%程成功しました

Because we're putting a big fat nerve onto a little piece of muscle.

太い神経を細い筋に移植しているからです

And it provides intuitive control.

この手術が直感的な操作を可能にします

Our functional testing, those little tests,

動作テストでは 速さと

all show that they're a lot quicker and a lot easier.

簡易性の向上が示されました

And the most important thing

そして何より

is our patients have appreciated it.

患者さんが喜んでくれました

So that was all very exciting.

これが楽しかった

But we want to do better.

しかしまだ改善したい

There's a lot of information in those nerve signals,

神経信号には多くの情報が含まれていますが

and we wanted to get more.

もっと情報を引き出したい

You can move each finger. You can move your thumb, your wrist.

指一本づつ 親指 手首を動かせます

Can we get more out of it?

しかしもっと何かできないか？

So we did some experiments

実験を行いました

where we saturated our poor patients with zillions of electrodes

患者さんに無数の電極を取り付け

and then had them try to do two dozen different tasks --

指先の動作から 何かへ腕を伸ばす

from wiggling a finger to moving a whole arm

腕全体の動作まで20あまりの動作を

to reaching for something --

試してもらい

and recorded this data.

データを集めました

And then we used some algorithms

そしてパターン認識と呼ばれる

that are a lot like speech recognition algorithms,

音声認識によく用いられる

called pattern recognition.

アルゴリズムを適用しました

See.

どうでしょう

(Laughter)

(笑)

And here you can see, on Jesse's chest,

ジェシーの胸を見れば

when he just tried to do three different things,

3つの動作に対応する

you can see three different patterns.

3つのパターンがわかります

But I can't put in an electrode

しかし電極に対し具体的な

and say, "Go there."

動作の指示はできないので

So we collaborated with our colleagues in University of New Brunswick,

ニューブランズウィック大学と共同で

came up with this algorithm control,

アマンダがこれから披露する

which Amanda can now demonstrate.

アルゴリズム制御を開発しました

AK: So I have the elbow that goes up and down.

まず肘を上下に動かすことができます

I have the wrist rotation

手首も回せるし

that goes -- and it can go all the way around.

しかもグルットとも回ります

And I have the wrist flexion and extension.

手首も屈伸します

And I also have the hand closed and open.

手の開閉もできます

TK: Thank you, Amanda.

ありがとう アマンダ

Now this is a research arm,

これは実験段階の義手ですが

but it's made out of commercial components from here down

ここから下は市販の部品でできています

and a few that I've borrowed from around the world.

残りの部品は世界中から借りてきました

It's about seven pounds,

3 kg程の重さです

which is probably about what my arm would weigh

私の腕を切り落としたら きっと

if I lost it right here.

そのくらいの重さです

Obviously, that's heavy for Amanda.

アマンダにはちょっと重いはずです

And in fact, it feels even heavier,

しっかり取り付けていない義手なので

because it's not glued on the same.

余計重く感じます

She's carrying all the weight through harnesses.

装着具でつけた腕ですからね

So the exciting part isn't so much the mechatronics,

つまりメカトロニクス部分は 胸躍るようなものではありませんが

but the control.

制御が素晴らしいのです

So we've developed a small microcomputer

我々は小型のマイコンを開発しました

that is blinking somewhere behind her back

アマンダの首の後ろでチカチカしながら

and is operating this

彼女がそれぞれの筋肉からの

all by the way she trains it

信号パターンを使って 訓練に従って

to use her individual muscle signals.

動作しているのです

So Amanda, when you first started using this arm,

アマンダ この義手を使い始めた時

how long did it take to use it?

慣れるまでどのくらいかかりました？

AK: It took just about probably three to four hours

自分に適応させるまでに３-４時間といった

to get it to train.

そんなところです

I had to hook it up to a computer,

その間はコンピュータの側を

so I couldn't just train it anywhere.

離れることはできず

So if it stopped working, I just had to take it off.

コンピューターが止まったら 外さなければいけません

So now it's able to train

今は背中の

with just this little piece on the back.

小さな装置で同じことができ

I can wear it around.

いつでもつけていられます

If it stops working for some reason, I can retrain it.

何かの理由で働かなくなっても もう一度訓練して

Takes about a minute.

今度は１分程しかかかりません

TK: So we're really excited,

つまり臨床的に使えるものを

because now we're getting to a clinically practical device.

開発できて 我々はとても興奮しています

And that's where our goal is --

実用に足るような そんな機器を

to have something clinically pragmatic to wear.

作るのが我々の望むことだったからです

We've also had Amanda able to use

アマンダにはもっと進んだ

some of our more advanced arms that I showed you earlier.

義手も使ってもらいました

Here's Amanda using an arm made by DEKA Research Corporation.

これはDEKA社の義手です

And I believe Dean Kamen presented it at TED a few years ago.

ディーン・カーメンが 数年前TEDでデモを行ったものです

So Amanda, you can see,

とてもスムーズに

has really good control.

制御できています

It's all the pattern recognition.

パターン認識の成果です

And it now has a hand that can do different grasps.

違った握り方のできる義手もあります

What we do is have the patient go all the way open

患者さんに義手の手を広げてもらい

and think, "What hand grasp pattern do I want?"

「どんな握り方をしたいか」考えてもらうと

It goes into that mode,

そのモードになり これで

and then you can do up to five or six different hand grasps with this hand.

５〜６種の握り方ができます

Amanda, how many were you able to do with the DEKA arm?

アマンダ いくつの握り方ができますか？

AK: I was able to get four.

４つです

I had the key grip, I had a chuck grip,

キーグリップ、チャックグリップ

I had a power grasp

強く握ること そして

and I had a fine pinch.

つまむことができます

But my favorite one was just when the hand was open,

でも手を開いているのが一番好きですね

because I work with kids,

子ども相手の仕事では

and so all the time you're clapping and singing,

手を叩いて歌うことが多いんです

so I was able to do that again, which was really good.

それがまたできるようになったのが嬉しいです

TK: That hand's not so good for clapping.

この義手は拍手向きではないようで

AK: Can't clap with this one.

難しいですね

TK: All right. So that's exciting

ありがとう

on where we may go with the better mechatronics,

メカトロニクスが進歩し

if we make them good enough

実地試験ができれば

to put out on the market and use in a field trial.

何ができるか楽しみです

I want you to watch closely.

ではこちらをご覧下さい

(Video) Claudia: Oooooh!

(オー!)

TK: That's Claudia,

この患者はクローディアといい

and that was the first time

これは彼女が初めて

she got to feel sensation through her prosthetic.

義手から感覚を得た場面です

She had a little sensor at the end of her prosthesis

義手の先端にセンサーがあり

that then she rubbed over different surfaces,

いくつかの違った表面をなでる毎に

and she could feel different textures

違った感触を感じるのです

of sandpaper, different grits, ribbon cable,

紙やすり 砂利 リボン

as it pushed on her reinnervated hand skin.

感触が 「神経支配を再確立した手」の皮膚に伝わります

She said that when she just ran it across the table,

テーブルをなでると自分の指が

it felt like her finger was rocking.

揺れ動くのを感じると言います

So that's an exciting laboratory experiment

これが皮膚感覚フィードバックの

on how to give back, potentially, some skin sensation.

可能性を示す実験となります

But here's another video that shows some of our challenges.

こちらはまた別の挑戦です

This is Jesse, and he's squeezing a foam toy.

ジェシーが泡粒玩具を握ると

And the harder he squeezes -- you see a little black thing in the middle

強く握るほど胸についた黒い小さな機器が

that's pushing on his skin proportional to how hard he squeezes.

それに比例して彼の皮膚を強く押します

But look at all the electrodes around it.

ただ多くの電極を見ればわかる通り

I've got a real estate problem.

皮膚の表面にぎっしりです

You're supposed to put a bunch of these things on there,

多くの電極を繋ぐ必要があり

but our little motor's making all kinds of noise

電極に付属するモーターは

right next to my electrodes.

とてもうるさいです

So we're really challenged on what we're doing there.

課題は多いですが我々は挑戦を続けています

The future is bright.

将来は明るいです

We're excited about where we are and a lot of things we want to do.

今の技術にも 将来の技術にも希望が一杯です

So for example,

例えばもっと

one is to get rid of my real estate problem

皮膚表面の問題を解決して

and get better signals.

良い信号を得ることだとか

We want to develop these little tiny capsules

米粒のように非常に小さく

about the size of a piece of risotto

筋肉に入れることができ

that we can put into the muscles

EMG信号を遠隔で取得できる

and telemeter out the EMG signals,

カプセルを開発し 煩わしい配線などに

so that it's not worrying about electrode contact.

気をもまない様にしたいだとか

And we can have the real estate open

感覚のフィードバックを得るために

to try more sensation feedback.

皮膚につけるものを減らすとか

We want to build a better arm.

とにかく良い義手を作りたい

This arm -- they're always made for the 50th percentile male --

この義手は平均的な男性用のサイズです

which means they're too big for five-eighths of the world.

全人口の5/8の人間にとっては大き過ぎます

So rather than a super strong or super fast arm,

そのため 私たちは強く 速い義手よりは

we're making an arm that is --

ただ握り・開き

we're starting with,

手首と肘だけは動かせる

the 25th percentile female --

しかしサイズ的には

that will have a hand that wraps around,

平均的な女性用のサイズより

opens all the way,

さらに小さい

two degrees of freedom in the wrist and an elbow.

そんな義手の開発の優先を考えています

So it'll be the smallest and lightest

その義手は最も小さく軽く

and the smartest arm ever made.

最も賢い義手です

Once we can do it that small,

小さな義手を開発すれば

it's a lot easier making them bigger.

それを大きくするのは簡単です

So those are just some of our goals.

これらが我々の目標です

And we really appreciate you all being here today.

今日はここに来てくださり有難うございます

I'd like to tell you a little bit about the dark side,

最後に昨日私たちが体験した

with yesterday's theme.

義手の難しさについてお話します

So Amanda came jet-lagged,

時差ぼけしたアマンダが

she's using the arm,

義手を操作すると

and everything goes wrong.

うまくいきませんでした

There was a computer spook,

システムが変な挙動をし

a broken wire,

ワイヤーが切れ

a converter that sparked.

電圧変換機がスパークし

We took out a whole circuit in the hotel

ホテルの電気回路を全て使って

and just about put on the fire alarm.

火災報知機が鳴りかけました

And none of those problems could I have dealt with,

その全てに私は対処できませんでしたが

but I have a really bright research team.

サイモン博士をはじめとする

And thankfully Dr. Annie Simon was with us

優秀な研究チームのおかげで

and worked really hard yesterday to fix it.

昨日の問題を処理できました

That's science.

これが科学というものです

And fortunately, it worked today.

幸運にも 今日は問題なく動作しました

So thank you very much.

ありがとうございました

(Applause)

(拍手)