Todd Kuiken: A prosthetic arm that "feels"

174,685 views ใƒป 2011-10-20

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Nitai Gat ืžื‘ืงืจ: Ido Dekkers
00:15
So today, I would like to talk with you
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ื”ื™ื•ื ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืื™ืชื›ื
00:18
about bionics,
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ืขืœ ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ืงื”,
00:20
which is the popular term
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ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ืžื•ื ื— ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ
00:22
for the science of replacing part of a living organism
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ืœืžื“ืข ืฉืขื•ืกืง ื‘ื”ื—ืœืคืช ื—ืœืง ืžืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ื ื—ื™
00:25
with a mechatronic device, or a robot.
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ื‘ื”ืชืงืŸ ืžื›ื˜ืจื•ื ื™, ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜.
00:28
It is essentially
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ื–ื” ื‘ืžื”ื•ืชื•
00:30
the stuff of life meets machine.
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ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืคื•ื’ืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื”.
00:33
And specifically, I'd like to talk with you
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ื•ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“, ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืื™ืชื›ื
00:35
about how bionics is evolving
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ืขืœ ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ื• ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ืงื” ืžืชืคืชื—ืช
00:38
for people with arm amputations.
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ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืื ืฉื™ื ืงื˜ื•ืขื™ ื™ื“ื™ื™ื.
00:41
This is our motivation.
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœื ื•.
00:44
Arm amputation causes a huge disability.
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ืงื˜ื™ืขืช ื™ื“ ื”ื™ื ื” ื ื›ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื”.
00:47
I mean, the functional impairment is clear.
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ื”ืœื™ืงื•ื™ ื”ืชื™ืคืงื•ื“ื™ ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืœืขื™ืŸ.
00:49
Our hands are amazing instruments.
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ื”ื™ื“ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ื”ืŸ ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื™ื.
00:51
And when you lose one, far less both,
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ื•ื›ืฉืžืื‘ื“ื™ื ืื—ืช, ืฉืœื ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืฉืชื™ื™ื,
00:54
it's a lot harder to do the things
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงืฉื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื
00:56
we physically need to do.
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ืฉืื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืคื™ื–ื™ืช.
00:58
There's also a huge emotional impact.
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ื™ืฉื ื” ื’ื ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื ืคืฉื™ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื”.
01:00
And actually, I spend as much of my time in clinic
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ื•ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืื ื™ ืžืงื“ื™ืฉ ืื•ืชื” ื›ืžื•ืช ื–ืžืŸ ื‘ืžืจืคืื”
01:02
dealing with the emotional adjustment of patients
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ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ื”ืกืชื’ืœื•ืช ื”ื ืคืฉื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื
01:05
as with the physical disability.
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ื›ืžื• ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ื ื›ื•ืช ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ืช.
01:07
And finally, there's a profound social impact.
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ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ื™ืฉื ื” ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ืขืžื•ืงื”.
01:10
We talk with our hands.
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ืื ื• ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขื ื”ื™ื“ื™ื™ื.
01:12
We greet with our hands.
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ืื ื• ืžื‘ืจื›ื™ื ืœืฉืœื•ื ืขื ื”ื™ื“ื™ื™ื.
01:14
And we interact with the physical world with our hands.
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ื•ืื ื• ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืงืฉืจื™ื ืขื ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื”ื™ื“ื™ื™ื.
01:17
And when they're missing,
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ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืŸ ื—ืกืจื•ืช,
01:19
it's a barrier.
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ื–ื” ืžื›ืฉื•ืœ.
01:21
Arm amputation is usually caused by trauma,
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ืงื˜ื™ืขืช ื™ื“ ื ื’ืจืžืช ืœืจื•ื‘ ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื˜ืจืื•ืžื” ื’ื•ืคื ื™ืช,
01:24
with things like industrial accidents,
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ืขืงื‘ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืชืื•ื ื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”,
01:26
motor vehicle collisions
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ืชืื•ื ื•ืช ื“ืจื›ื™ื
01:28
or, very poignantly, war.
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ืื• ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื—ื–ืงื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื”
01:30
There are also some children who are born without arms,
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ื™ืฉื ื ื’ื ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉื ื•ืœื“ื™ื ืœืœื ื™ื“ื™ื™ื,
01:33
called congenital limb deficiency.
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ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื ืงืจื ืคื’ื ื’ืคื™ื™ื ืžื•ืœื“.
01:36
Unfortunately, we don't do great
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ืœืฆืขืจื™, ืื ื• ืœื ืžืฆื˜ื™ื™ื ื™ื
01:38
with upper-limb prosthetics.
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ื‘ืคืจื•ืกื˜ื˜ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ื”ื’ืคื™ื™ื ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื•ืช.
01:40
There are two general types.
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ื™ืฉื ื ืฉื ื™ ืกื•ื’ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืœืœื™
01:42
They're called body-powered prostheses,
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ื”ื ื ืงืจืื™ื ืชื•ืชื‘ื•ืช ืžื•ื ืขื•ืช-ื’ื•ืฃ,
01:44
which were invented just after the Civil War,
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ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ืžืฆืื• ืœืื—ืจ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื (ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ืช),
01:46
refined in World War I and World War II.
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ื•ืฉื•ืคืฆื• ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืžืœื—ื”"ืข ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื•ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”.
01:49
Here you see a patent
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ื›ืืŸ ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืคื˜ื ื˜
01:51
for an arm in 1912.
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ืœื™ื“ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1912.
01:53
It's not a lot different
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ื”ื™ื ืœื ืฉื•ื ื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš
01:55
than the one you see on my patient.
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ืžืืฉืจ ื–ื• ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ืฉืœื™.
01:58
They work by harnessing shoulder power.
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ื”ืŸ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืจืชื™ืžืช ื”ื›ื•ื— ืฉืœ ื”ื›ืชืฃ.
02:00
So when you squish your shoulders, they pull on a bicycle cable.
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ื›ืš ื›ืฉืžื•ืฉื›ื™ื ื‘ื›ืชืคื™ื™ื, ื”ืŸ ืžื•ืฉื›ื•ืช ื›ื‘ืœ ื”ื™ืœื•ื›ื™ื.
02:03
And that bicycle cable can open or close a hand or a hook
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ื•ื›ื‘ืœ ื”ื”ื™ืœื•ื›ื™ื ื”ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืคืชื•ื— ืื• ืœืกื’ื•ืจ ื™ื“ ืื• ื•ื•.
02:06
or bend an elbow.
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ืื• ืœื›ื•ืคืฃ ืžืจืคืง.
02:08
And we still use them commonly,
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ื•ืื ื• ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ
02:10
because they're very robust
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ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืŸ ืžืื•ื“ ื—ืกื•ื ื•ืช
02:12
and relatively simple devices.
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ื•ืงืœื•ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืœืชืคืขื•ืœ.
02:14
The state of the art
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื—ื“ื™ืฉ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
02:16
is what we call myoelectric prostheses.
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ื”ื•ื ืžื” ืฉื ืงืจื ืชื•ืชื‘ื•ืช ืžื™ื•-ื—ืฉืžืœื™ื•ืช.
02:18
These are motorized devices
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ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื”ืชืงื ื™ื ืžืžื•ื ืขื™ื
02:20
that are controlled
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ื”ื ืฉืœื˜ื™ื
02:22
by little electrical signals from your muscle.
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื•ืชื•ืช ื—ืฉืžืœื™ื™ื ืžื”ืฉืจื™ืจื™ื.
02:24
Every time you contract a muscle,
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืคืขื ืฉืืชื” ืžื›ื•ื•ืฅ ืฉืจื™ืจ,
02:26
it emits a little electricity
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ื”ื•ื ืžืฉื—ืจืจ ืžืขื˜ ื—ืฉืžืœ
02:28
that you can record with antennae or electrodes
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ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœืงืœื•ื˜ ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืื ื˜ื ื” ืื• ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื“ื•ืช
02:30
and use that to operate the motorized prosthesis.
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ื•ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื–ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืคืขืœ ืืช ื”ืชื•ืชื‘ืช ื”ืžืžื•ื ืขืช.
02:33
They work pretty well
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ื–ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืœื ืจืข
02:35
for people who have just lost their hand,
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ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืื™ื‘ื“ื• ืืช ื™ื“ื
02:37
because your hand muscles are still there.
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ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืฉืจื™ืจื™ ื”ื™ื“ื™ื™ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื.
02:39
You squeeze your hand, these muscles contract.
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ืืชื” ืžื›ื•ื•ืฅ ืืช ื”ื™ื“ ื•ื”ืฉืจื™ืจื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืฆื™ื.
02:41
You open it, these muscles contract.
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ืืชื” ืคื•ืชื— ืื•ืชื” ื•ื”ืฉืจื™ืจื™ื ื”ื”ื ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืฆื™ื.
02:43
So it's intuitive, and it works pretty well.
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ื–ื” ืื™ื ื˜ื•ืื˜ื™ื‘ื™, ื•ื–ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืœื ืจืข.
02:46
Well how about with higher levels of amputation?
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืจืžื•ืช ืงืฉื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืงื˜ื™ืขื”?
02:48
Now you've lost your arm above the elbow.
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืื™ื‘ื“ืช ืืช ื”ื–ืจื•ืข ืžืขืœ ื”ืžืจืคืง.
02:50
You're missing not only these muscles,
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ื•ืœื ืจืง ืฉื”ืฉืจื™ืจื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื—ืกืจื™ื ืœืš,
02:52
but your hand and your elbow too.
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ืืœื ื’ื ื”ื™ื“ ื•ื”ืžืจืคืง.
02:54
What do you do?
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ืžื” ืืชื” ืขื•ืฉื”?
02:56
Well our patients have to use
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ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ
02:58
very code-y systems
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ื‘ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืžืื•ื“ ืžืกื•ืจื‘ืœื•ืช
03:01
of using just their arm muscles
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ื‘ื”ืŸ ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ืจืง ื‘ืฉืจื™ืจื™ ื”ื–ืจื•ืข
03:03
to operate robotic limbs.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืคืขืœ ื’ืคื™ื™ื ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ื•ืช.
03:06
We have robotic limbs.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื’ืคื™ื™ื ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ื•ืช.
03:08
There are several available on the market, and here you see a few.
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ื™ืฉื ืŸ ื›ืžื” ื”ื ืžืฆืื•ืช ื‘ืฉื•ืง, ื•ื”ื ื” ื—ืœืงืŸ ื›ืืŸ
03:11
They contain just a hand that will open and close,
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ื”ืŸ ืžื›ื™ืœื•ืช ืจืง ื™ื“ ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ืคืชื— ื•ืœื”ื™ืกื’ืจ,
03:14
a wrist rotator and an elbow.
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ืจื•ื˜ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืคืจืง ื›ืฃ ื”ื™ื“ ื•ืžืจืคืง.
03:16
There's no other functions.
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ืื™ืŸ ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช.
03:18
If they did, how would we tell them what to do?
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ืื ื”ื™ื•, ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืœื”ืŸ ืžื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช?
03:20
We built our own arm at the Rehab Institute of Chicago
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ื‘ื ื™ื ื• ื–ืจื•ืข ืžืฉืœื ื• ื‘ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื™ืงื•ื ื‘ืฉื™ืงื’ื•
03:23
where we've added some wrist flexion and shoulder joints
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ืฉื ื”ื•ืกืคื ื• ืžืขื˜ ื’ืžื™ืฉื•ืช ืœืคืจืง ื›ืฃ ื”ื™ื“ ื•ืžืคืจืงื™ ื›ืชืคื™ื™ื
03:26
to get up to six motors, or six degrees of freedom.
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ื•ื”ื’ืขื ื• ืœืฉื™ืฉื” ืžื ื•ืขื™ื, ืื• ืฉืฉ ื“ืจื’ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืคืฉ ืชื ื•ืขื”
03:29
And we've had the opportunity to work with some very advanced arms
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ื•ื ืงืจืชื” ืœื ื• ื”ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืขื ื–ืจื•ืขื•ืช ืžืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ืœืžื“ื™
03:32
that were funded by the U.S. military, using these prototypes,
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ืฉืžื•ืžื ื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฆื‘ื ืืจื”"ื‘, ื•ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืื‘ื™-ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืก ื”ืœืœื•,
03:35
that had up to 10 different degrees of freedom
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ืืฉืจ ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœื™ื“ื™ 10 ื“ืจื’ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืคืฉ ืชื ื•ืขื”
03:38
including movable hands.
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ื›ื•ืœืœ ื™ื“ื™ื™ื ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื–ื™ื–ืŸ.
03:40
But at the end of the day,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื,
03:42
how do we tell these robotic arms what to do?
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ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื ื’ื™ื“ ืœื–ืจื•ืขื•ืช ื”ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ืžื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช?
03:44
How do we control them?
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ืื™ืš ื ืฉืœื•ื˜ ื‘ื”ืŸ?
03:46
Well we need a neural interface,
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ืื ื• ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœืžืžืฉืง ืขืฆื‘ื™,
03:48
a way to connect to our nervous system
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ืœื“ืจืš ืœื”ืชื—ื‘ืจ ืœืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืขืฆื‘ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•
03:50
or our thought processes
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ืื• ืœืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœื ื•
03:52
so that it's intuitive, it's natural,
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ื›ืš ืฉื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ืื™ื ื˜ื•ืื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™, ื˜ื‘ืขื™,
03:54
like for you and I.
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ื›ืžื• ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™ ื•ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื›ื.
03:58
Well the body works by starting a motor command in your brain,
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ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืข"ื™ ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืคืงื•ื“ื” ืžื•ื˜ื•ืจื™ืช ื‘ืžื•ื—,
04:01
going down your spinal cord,
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ืฉืขื•ื‘ืจืช ื‘ืžื•ืจื“ ื—ื•ื˜ ื”ืฉื“ืจื”,
04:03
out the nerves and to your periphery.
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ื“ืจืš ื”ืขืฆื‘ื™ื ืืœ ืงืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ.
04:05
And your sensation's the exact opposite.
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ื•ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ื”ื™ื ื”ื”ืคืš ื”ื’ืžื•ืจ.
04:07
You touch yourself, there's a stimulus
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ืืชื ื ื•ื’ืขื™ื ื‘ืขืฆืžื›ื ื•ื ื•ืฆืจ ื’ื™ืจื•ื™
04:09
that comes up those very same nerves back up to your brain.
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ืฉืขื•ืœื” ื‘ืžืขืœื” ืื•ืชื ืขืฆื‘ื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืžื•ื—.
04:13
When you lose your arm, that nervous system still works.
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืžืื‘ื“ื™ื ื–ืจื•ืข, ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืขืฆื‘ื™ื ื”ื–ื• ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืœืขื‘ื•ื“.
04:16
Those nerves can put out command signals.
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ื”ืขืฆื‘ื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉืœื•ื— ืื•ืชื•ืช.
04:19
And if I tap the nerve ending
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ื•ืื ืื ื™ ื ื•ื’ืข ื‘ืงืฆื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขืฆื‘
04:21
on a World War II vet,
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ืืฆืœ ื•ืชื™ืง ืžืœื—ื”"ืข ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”
04:23
he'll still feel his missing hand.
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ื”ื•ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืจื’ื™ืฉ ืืช ื™ื“ื• ื”ื—ืกืจื”.
04:25
So you might say,
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ืื– ื™ืฉื ื ื›ืืœื• ืฉื™ืืžืจื•,
04:27
let's go to the brain
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ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื’ืฉืช ืืœ ื”ืžื•ื—
04:29
and put something in the brain to record signals,
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ื•ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืก ืžืฉื”ื• ืœืžื•ื— ืฉื™ืงืœื•ื˜ ืื•ืชื•ืช,
04:32
or in the end of the peripheral nerve and record them there.
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ืื• ื‘ืงืฆื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขืฆื‘ ื”ื”ื™ืงืคื™ ื•ื™ืงืœื•ื˜ ืื•ืชื ืฉื.
04:35
And these are very exciting research areas,
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ื•ืืœื• ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ืžื—ืงืจ ืžืจืชืงื™ื ืžืื•ื“,
04:38
but it's really, really hard.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืงืฉื”.
04:40
You have to put in
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ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืก
04:42
hundreds of microscopic wires
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ืžืื•ืช ื›ื‘ืœื™ื ืžื™ืงืจื•ืกืงื•ืคื™ื™ื
04:44
to record from little tiny individual neurons -- ordinary fibers
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ืฉื™ืงืœื˜ื• (ืื•ืชื•ืช) ืžื ื•ื™ืจื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืžื–ืขืจื™ื™ื -- ืกื™ื‘ื™ื ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื
04:48
that put out tiny signals
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ืฉืฉื•ืœื—ื™ื ืื•ืชื•ืช ืžื–ืขืจื™ื™ื
04:50
that are microvolts.
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ื‘ืžื™ืงืจื•-ื•ื•ืœื˜ื™ื.
04:52
And it's just too hard
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ื•ื–ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืงืฉื” ืžื“ื™
04:54
to use now and for my patients today.
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ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื•ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื ืฉืœื™ ื›ื™ื•ื.
04:56
So we developed a different approach.
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ืื– ืคื™ืชื—ื ื• ื’ื™ืฉื” ืฉื•ื ื”.
04:59
We're using a biological amplifier
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ืื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืžื’ื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™
05:02
to amplify these nerve signals -- muscles.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืื•ืชื•ืช ื”ืขืฆื‘ื™ื™ื -- ืฉืจื™ืจื™ื.
05:05
Muscles will amplify the nerve signals
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ืฉืจื™ืจื™ื ืžื’ื‘ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืื•ืชื•ืช ื”ืขืฆื‘ื™ื™ื
05:07
about a thousand-fold,
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ื‘ืขืจืš ืคื™ ืืœืฃ,
05:09
so that we can record them from on top of the skin,
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ื›ืš ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืงืœื•ื˜ ืื•ืชื ืžืขืœ ื”ืขื•ืจ,
05:12
like you saw earlier.
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ื›ืคื™ ืฉืจืื™ืชื ืงื•ื“ื ืœื›ืŸ.
05:14
So our approach is something we call targeted reinnervation.
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ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ืฉืœื ื• ื ืงืจืืช "ืขืฆื‘ื•ื‘ ืžื•ื›ื•ื•ืŸ".
05:17
Imagine, with somebody who's lost their whole arm,
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ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืœืขืฆืžื›ื - ืขื ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืฉืื™ื‘ื“ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืจื•ืข,
05:20
we still have four major nerves
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืืจื‘ืขื” ืขืฆื‘ื™ื ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื
05:22
that go down your arm.
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ืฉื™ื•ืจื“ื™ื ื‘ืžื•ืจื“ ื”ื–ืจื•ืข.
05:24
And we take the nerve away from your chest muscle
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ื•ืื ื• ืžื–ื™ื–ื™ื ืืช ื”ืขืฆื‘ ืžืฉืจื™ืจ ื”ื—ื–ื”
05:27
and let these nerves grow into it.
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ื•ืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ืœืขืฆื‘ื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ืœืฆืžื•ื— ืืœื™ื•.
05:30
Now you think, "Close hand," and a little section of your chest contracts.
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ืื ืชื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ "ืœืกื’ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื™ื“", ื—ืœืง ืงื˜ืŸ ืžื”ื—ื–ื” ืฉืœื›ื ื™ืชื›ื•ื•ืฅ.
05:33
You think, "Bend elbow,"
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ืื ืชื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ "ืœื›ื•ืคืฃ ืืช ื”ืžืจืคืง,"
05:35
a different section contracts.
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ื—ืœืง ืื—ืจ ื™ืชื›ื•ื•ืฅ.
05:37
And we can use electrodes or antennae
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ื•ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื ื• ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื“ื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืื ื˜ื ื•ืช
05:39
to pick that up and tell the arm to move.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงืœื•ื˜ ืืช ื–ื” ื•ืœื”ื•ืจื•ืช ืœื–ืจื•ืข ืœื–ื•ื–.
05:42
That's the idea.
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ื–ื” ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ.
05:44
So this is the first man that we tried it on.
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ื–ื”ื• ื”ืื“ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืขืœื™ื• ื ื™ืกื™ื ื• ืืช ื–ื”.
05:47
His name is Jesse Sullivan.
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ืฉืžื• ื’'ืกื™ ืกืืœื™ื‘ืŸ.
05:49
He's just a saint of a man --
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ืื“ื ืงื“ื•ืฉ ืคืฉื•ื˜ --
05:51
54-year-old lineman who touched the wrong wire
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ืื™ืฉ ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ื—ืฉืžืœ ื‘ืŸ 54 ืฉื ื’ืข ื‘ื›ื‘ืœ ื”ืœื-ื ื›ื•ืŸ
05:53
and had both of his arms burnt so badly
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ื•ื–ืจื•ืขื•ืชื™ื• ื ื›ื•ื• ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืงืฉื”
05:56
they had to be amputated at the shoulder.
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ืขื“ ืฉื ืืœืฆื• ืœืงื˜ื•ืข ืื•ืชื ืขื“ ื”ื›ืชืฃ.
05:58
Jesse came to us at the RIC
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ื’'ืกื™ ื”ื’ื™ืข ืืœื™ื ื• ืœืžื›ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื™ืงื•ื ื‘ืฉื™ืงื’ื•
06:00
to be fit with these state-of-the-art devices, and here you see them.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ื”ืชืงื ื™ื ื”ื—ื“ื™ืฉื™ื ื”ืœืœื•, ื•ื”ื ื” ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื
06:03
I'm still using that old technology
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ืฉืื ื™ ืžืžืฉื™ืš ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื™ืฉื ื” ื”ื”ื™ื
06:06
with a bicycle cable on his right side.
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ืขื ื›ื‘ืœ ื”ื™ืœื•ื›ื™ื ื‘ืฆื™ื“ื• ื”ื™ืžื ื™.
06:08
And he picks which joint he wants to move with those chin switches.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื‘ื•ื—ืจ ืื™ืœื• ืžืคืจืงื™ื ื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื• ืœื”ื–ื™ื– ืขื ืžืชื’ื™ ื”ืกื ื˜ืจ ื”ืืœื•.
06:11
On the left side he's got a modern motorized prosthesis
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ื‘ืฆื“ ืฉืžืืœ ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืชื•ืชื‘ืช ืžืžื•ื ืขืช ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช
06:14
with those three joints,
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ืขื ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ืžืคืจืงื™ื ื”ืœืœื•,
06:16
and he operates little pads in his shoulder
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืžืชืคืขืœ ื›ืจื™ื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชืฃ ืฉืœื•
06:19
that he touches to make the arm go.
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ื‘ื”ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื ื•ื’ืข ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื–ื™ื– ืืช ื”ื–ืจื•ืข.
06:21
And Jesse's a good crane operator,
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ื•ื’'ืกื™ ื”ื•ื ืžื ื•ืคืื™ ื˜ื•ื‘,
06:23
and he did okay by our standards.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืกื“ืจ ืœืคื™ ื”ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•.
06:25
He also required a revision surgery on his chest.
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ื”ื•ื ื ื–ืงืง ื’ื ืœื ื™ืชื•ื— ืจื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ื‘ื—ื–ื”.
06:28
And that gave us the opportunity
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ื•ื–ื” ื ืชืŸ ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช
06:30
to do targeted reinnervation.
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ืœื‘ืฆืข ืขืฆื‘ื•ื‘ ืžื•ื›ื•ื•ืŸ.
06:32
So my colleague, Dr. Greg Dumanian, did the surgery.
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ืขืžื™ืชื™, ื“"ืจ ื’ืจื’ ื“ื•ืžื ื™ืืŸ, ื‘ื™ืฆืข ืืช ื”ื ื™ืชื•ื—.
06:35
First, we cut away the nerve to his own muscle,
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ืจืืฉื™ืช, ื”ื–ื–ื ื• ืืช ื”ืขืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืจื™ืจ ืขืฆืžื•,
06:38
then we took the arm nerves
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ื•ืื– ืœืงื—ื ื• ืืช ืขืฆื‘ื™ ื”ื–ืจื•ืข
06:40
and just kind of had them shift down onto his chest
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ื•ื”ืกื˜ื ื• ืื•ืชื ืœืžื˜ื” ืืœ ื”ื—ื–ื” ืฉืœื•
06:42
and closed him up.
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ื•ืชืคืจื ื• ืื•ืชื•.
06:44
And after about three months,
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ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ื‘ืขืจืš,
06:46
the nerves grew in a little bit and we could get a twitch.
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ื”ืขืฆื‘ื™ื ืฆืžื—ื• ืžืขื˜ ื•ื”ืฆืœื—ื ื• ืœื‘ืฆืข ืชื ื•ืขื” ืงืœื”.
06:48
And after six months, the nerves grew in well,
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ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื™ืฉื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื, ื”ืขืฆื‘ื™ื ืฆืžื—ื• ื”ื™ื˜ื‘,
06:51
and you could see strong contractions.
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ื•ืืคืฉืจ ื”ื™ื” ืœืจืื•ืช ื”ืชื›ื•ื•ืฆื•ื™ื•ืช ืจืฆื™ื ื™ื•ืช.
06:53
And this is what it looks like.
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ื•ื›ืš ื–ื” ื ืจืื”.
06:55
This is what happens when Jesse thinks
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ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื” ื›ืืฉืจ ื’'ืกื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘
06:57
open and close his hand,
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ืขืœ ืœืคืชื•ื— ื•ืœืกื’ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื™ื“,
06:59
or bend or straighten your elbow.
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ืื• ืœื›ื•ืคืฃ ื•ืœื™ื™ืฉืจ ืืช ื”ืžืจืคืง.
07:02
You can see the movements on his chest,
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ื”ื—ื–ื” ืฉืœื•,
07:04
and those little hash marks
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ื•ื”ืกื™ืžื ื™ื ื”ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื”ืœืœื•
07:06
are where we put our antennae, or electrodes.
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ืžืจืื™ื ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืื ื• ืฉืžื™ื ืืช ื”ืื ื˜ื ื•ืช ืื• ื”ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•.
07:08
And I challenge anybody in the room
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ื•ืื ื™ ืžืขืžื™ื“ ืืชื’ืจ ื‘ืคื ื™ ื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉื‘ื—ื“ืจ ื”ื–ื”
07:10
to make their chest go like this.
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ืœื”ื–ื™ื– ืืช ื”ื—ื–ื” ืฉืœื• ื›ืš.
07:12
His brain is thinking about his arm.
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ื”ืžื•ื— ืฉืœื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืขืœ ื”ื–ืจื•ืข.
07:14
He has not learned how to do this with the chest.
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ื”ื•ื ืœื ืœืžื“ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช ืขื ื”ื—ื–ื”.
07:17
There is not a learning process.
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ืื™ืŸ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืœืžื™ื“ื”.
07:19
That's why it's intuitive.
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ื–ื• ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉื–ื” ืื™ื ื˜ื•ืื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™.
07:21
So here's Jesse in our first little test with him.
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ื”ื ื” ื’'ืกื™ ื‘ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ื• ืื™ืชื•.
07:24
On the left-hand side, you see his original prosthesis,
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ื‘ืฆื“ ืฉืžืืœ ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื”ืชื•ืชื‘ืช ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ืช ืฉืœื•,
07:27
and he's using those switches
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžืชื’ื™ื ื”ืœืœื•
07:29
to move little blocks from one box to the other.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื–ื™ื– ื‘ืœื•ืงื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ืžืงื•ืคืกื ืื—ืช ืœืฉื ื™ื™ื”.
07:31
He's had that arm for about 20 months, so he's pretty good with it.
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ื”ื–ืจื•ืข ื”ื–ื• ืืฆืœื• ื‘ืขืจืš 20 ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ื›ืš ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื™ื•ืžืŸ ืœืžื“ื™.
07:34
On the right side,
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ื‘ืฆื“ ื™ืžื™ืŸ,
07:36
two months after we fit him with his targeted reinnervation prosthesis --
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ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืฆื™ื™ื“ื ื• ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืชื•ืชื‘ืช ืขืฆื‘ื•ื‘ ืžื•ื›ื•ื•ืŸ --
07:39
which, by the way, is the same physical arm,
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ืฉื“ืจืš ืื’ื‘, ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื–ืจื•ืข ืคื™ื–ื™ืช,
07:42
just programmed a little different --
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ืฉืžืชื•ื›ื ืชืช ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืื—ืจืช --
07:44
you can see that he's much faster
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ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื”ื™ืจ ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื”
07:46
and much smoother as he moves these little blocks.
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ื•ื—ืœืง ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืขื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื‘ืœื•ืงื™ื ื”ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื”ืœืœื•.
07:49
And we're only able to use three of the signals at this time.
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ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืจืง ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืžื”ืื•ืชื•ืช ื‘ื–ืžื ื•.
07:52
Then we had one of those little surprises in science.
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ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ื ื›ื•ื ื” ืœื ื• ืื—ืช ืžื”ื”ืคืชืขื•ืช ื”ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ืžื“ืข.
07:57
So we're all motivated to get motor commands
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ื›ื•ืœื ื• ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื‘ืขืœื™ ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ืฆื™ื” ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืคืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืžื•ื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืช
07:59
to drive robotic arms.
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ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ื–ืจื•ืขื•ืช ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ื•ืช.
08:01
And after a few months,
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ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžืกืคืจ ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื,
08:03
you touch Jesse on his chest,
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ืื ื ื’ืขืช ื‘ื—ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื’'ืกื™
08:05
and he felt his missing hand.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ืืช ื™ื“ื• ื”ื—ืกืจื”.
08:08
His hand sensation grew into his chest again
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ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื”ื™ื“ ืฉืœื• ื ื•ืฆืจื” ืžื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื—ื–ื” ืฉืœื•.
08:10
probably because we had also taken away a lot of fat,
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ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื ืจืื” ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืกืจื ื• ื’ื ืฉื•ืžืŸ ืจื‘,
08:13
so the skin was right down to the muscle
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ืขื•ืจ ื ืžืฆื ืžืžืฉ ืขืœ ื”ืฉืจื™ืจ
08:15
and deinnervated, if you would, his skin.
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ื•ื‘ื™ืฆืขื ื• ืขืฆื‘ื•ื‘ ืœืขื•ืจ ืฉืœื•.
08:17
So you touch Jesse here, he feels his thumb;
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ืื ื ื•ื’ืขื™ื ื‘ื’'ืกื™ ื›ืืŸ, ื”ื•ื ืžืจื’ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืื’ื•ื“ืœ;
08:19
you touch it here, he feels his pinky.
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ืื ื ื•ื’ืขื™ื ื‘ื• ื›ืืŸ, ื”ื•ื ืžืจื’ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ื–ืจืช.
08:21
He feels light touch
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ื”ื•ื ืžืจื’ื™ืฉ ืžื’ืข ืงืœ
08:23
down to one gram of force.
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ืขื“ ื›ื“ื™ ื’ืจื ืื—ื“ ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื—.
08:25
He feels hot, cold, sharp, dull,
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ื”ื•ื ืžืจื’ื™ืฉ ื—ื•ื, ืงื•ืจ, ื—ื“ื•ืช, ืงื”ื•ืช,
08:28
all in his missing hand,
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ื”ื›ืœ ื‘ื™ื“ื• ื”ื—ืกืจื”,
08:30
or both his hand and his chest,
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ืื• ื’ื ื‘ื™ื“ ื•ื’ื ื‘ื—ื–ื”,
08:32
but he can attend to either.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื.
08:34
So this is really exciting for us,
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ื–ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืžืจื’ืฉ ืขื‘ื•ืจื ื•,
08:36
because now we have a portal,
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ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืฉืขืจ,
08:38
a portal, or a way to potentially give back sensation,
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ืฉืขืจ, ืื• ื“ืจืš ืืคืฉืจื™ืช ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืชื—ื•ืฉื”,
08:42
so that he might feel what he touches
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ืจื’ื™ืฉ ื‘ืžื” ื”ื•ื ื ื•ื’ืข
08:44
with his prosthetic hand.
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ื‘ื™ื“ื• ื”ืชื•ืชื‘ืช.
08:46
Imagine sensors in the hand
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ืชืืจื• ืœืขืฆืžื›ื ื—ื™ื™ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ื™ื“
08:48
coming up and pressing on this new hand skin.
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ื”ืขื•ืœื™ื ืœืžืขืœื” ื•ืœื•ื—ืฆื™ื ืขืœ ืขื•ืจ ื”ื™ื“ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ.
08:51
So it was very exciting.
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืžืจื’ืฉ.
08:53
We've also gone on
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ื”ืžืฉื›ื ื• ื’ื
08:55
with what was initially our primary population
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ืขื ืืœื• ืฉื”ื™ื•ื• ืžืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืืช ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ืช ืฉืœื ื•
08:57
of people with above-the-elbow amputations.
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ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืงื˜ื•ืขื™ ื™ื“ื™ื™ื ืžืขืœ ื”ืžืจืคืง.
08:59
And here we deinnervate, or cut the nerve away,
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ืื™ืชื ื‘ื™ืฆืขื ื• ืขืฆื‘ื•ื‘, ื”ื–ื–ื ื• ืืช ื”ืขืฆื‘,
09:02
just from little segments of muscle
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ืจืง ืžื—ืœืงื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉืจื™ืจ
09:04
and leave others alone
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ื•ื”ืฉืืจื ื• ืื—ืจื™ื
09:06
that give us our up-down signals
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ืฉื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืœื ื• ืืช ืื•ืชื•ืช ื”ืœืžืขืœื”-ืœืžื˜ื”
09:08
and two others that will give us a hand open and close signal.
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ื•ืฉื ื™ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืชื•ืช "ืคืชื— ื•ืกื’ื•ืจ ื™ื“".
09:11
This was one of our first patients, Chris.
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ื–ื”ื• ื›ืจื™ืก, ืื—ื“ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•.
09:13
You see him with his original device
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ื›ืืŸ ื”ื•ื ืขื ื”ื”ืชืงืŸ ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ ืฉืœื•.
09:15
on the left there after eight months of use,
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ื‘ืฆื“ ืฉืžืืœ, ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืžื•ื ื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ,
09:17
and on the right, it is two months.
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ื•ื‘ืฆื“ ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืœืื—ืจ ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื™ื.
09:19
He's about four or five times as fast
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ื”ื•ื ืžื”ื™ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืคื™ ืืจื‘ืข ืื• ื—ืžืฉ
09:22
with this simple little performance metric.
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ื‘ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ื”ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื”ื–ื”.
09:25
All right.
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ื‘ืกื“ืจ ื’ืžื•ืจ.
09:27
So one of the best parts of my job
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ืื—ื“ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœื™
09:30
is working with really great patients
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ื”ื•ื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืขื ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ื ื™ื
09:32
who are also our research collaborators.
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ืฉื’ื ืžืฉืชืคื™ื ืคืขื•ืœื” ืื™ืชื ื• ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ.
09:34
And we're fortunate today
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ื•ื”ื™ื•ื ืื ื• ื‘ืจื™-ืžื–ืœ
09:36
to have Amanda Kitts come and join us.
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ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืืžื ื“ื” ืงื™ื˜ืก ืชืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืืœื™ื ื•.
09:38
Please welcome Amanda Kitts.
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ืืžื ื“ื” ืงื™ื˜ืก, ื‘ื‘ืงืฉื”.
09:40
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
09:47
So Amanda, would you please tell us how you lost your arm?
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ืืžื ื“ื”, ืชื•ื›ืœื™ ืœืกืคืจ ืื™ืš ืื™ื‘ื“ืช ืืช ื–ืจื•ืขืš?
09:50
Amanda Kitts: Sure. In 2006, I had a car accident.
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ืืžื ื“ื”: ื‘ื˜ื—. ื‘- 2006 ืขื‘ืจืชื™ ืชืื•ื ืช ื“ืจื›ื™ื.
09:53
And I was driving home from work,
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ื ื”ื’ืชื™ ื”ื‘ื™ืชื” ื—ื–ืจื” ืžื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”,
09:56
and a truck was coming the opposite direction,
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ื›ืฉืžืฉืื™ืช ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืžื”ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื ื’ื“ื™,
09:58
came over into my lane,
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ื ื›ื ืกื” ืœื ืชื™ื‘ ืฉืœื™,
10:00
ran over the top of my car and his axle tore my arm off.
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ืขื‘ืจื” ืขืœ ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœื™ ื•ื”ืฆื™ืจ ืฉืœื” ืงืจืข ืœื™ ืืช ื”ื™ื“.
10:04
Todd Kuiken: Okay, so after your amputation, you healed up.
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ื˜ื•ื“: ืื•ืงื™ื™, ื•ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืงื˜ื™ืขื” ืฉืœืš, ื”ื—ืœืžืช.
10:07
And you've got one of these conventional arms.
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ื•ืงื™ื‘ืœืช ื–ืจื•ืข ืงื•ื ื‘ื ืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ืช ื›ื–ื•.
10:09
Can you tell us how it worked?
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ืชื•ื›ืœื™ ืœืกืคืจ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ื™ื ืขื‘ื“ื”?
10:12
AK: Well, it was a little difficult,
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ืืžื ื“ื”: ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืงืฆืช ืงืฉื”,
10:14
because all I had to work with was a bicep and a tricep.
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ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืจืง ืฉืจื™ืจื™ ื”ื“ื•-ืจืืฉื™ ื•ื”ืชืœืช-ืจืืฉื™ ื”ื™ื• ืœืขื–ืจื™
10:16
So for the simple little things like picking something up,
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ืื– ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืœื”ืจื™ื ืžืฉื”ื•
10:19
I would have to bend my elbow,
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื›ื•ืคืฃ ืืช ื”ืžืจืคืง,
10:22
and then I would have to cocontract
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ื•ืื– ืœื›ื•ื•ืฅ ืืช ืฉื ื™ื”ื ื‘ื™ื—ื“,
10:24
to get it to change modes.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื—ืœื™ืฃ ืžืฆื‘ื™ื.
10:26
When I did that,
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ื›ืฉืขืฉื™ืชื™ ื–ืืช,
10:28
I had to use my bicep
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื“ื•-ืจืืฉื™
10:31
to get the hand to close,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืกื’ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื™ื“,
10:33
use my tricep to get it to open,
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ื•ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืชืœืช-ืจืืฉื™ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืคืชื•ื— ืื•ืชื”,
10:35
cocontract again
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ื•ืœื›ื•ื•ืฅ ืืช ืฉื ื™ื”ื ืฉื•ื‘
10:37
to get the elbow to work again.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื–ื™ื– ืฉื•ื‘ ืืช ื”ืžืจืคืง.
10:39
TK: So it was a little slow?
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ื˜ื•ื“: ืื– ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืขื˜ ืื™ื˜ื™?
10:41
AK: A little slow, and it was just hard to work.
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ืืžื ื“ื”: ืžืขื˜ ืื™ื˜ื™, ื•ืงืฉื” ืœืชืคืขื•ืœ.
10:44
You had to concentrate a whole lot.
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ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืชืจื›ื– ื”ืžื•ืŸ.
10:46
TK: Okay, so I think about nine months later
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ื˜ื•ื“: ืื•ืงื™ื™, ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืชืฉืขื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ื‘ืขืจืš
10:49
that you had the targeted reinnervation surgery,
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ืขื‘ืจืช ืืช ื”ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืœืขืฆื‘ื•ื‘ ืžื•ื›ื•ื•ืŸ,
10:51
took six more months to have all the reinnervation.
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ื•ืœืงื— ืขื•ื“ ืฉื™ืฉื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืœื”ืฉืœื™ื ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืขืฆื‘ื•ื‘.
10:54
Then we fit her with a prosthesis.
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ื•ืื– ืฆื™ื™ื“ื ื• ืื•ืชื” ื‘ืชื•ืชื‘ืช.
10:57
And how did that work for you?
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ื•ืื™ืš ื–ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืขื‘ื•ืจืš?
10:59
AK: It works good.
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ืืžื ื“ื”: ื–ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื˜ื•ื‘.
11:02
I was able to use my elbow
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ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื™ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžืจืคืง
11:06
and my hand simultaneously.
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ื•ื‘ื™ื“ ื‘ื• ื–ืžื ื™ืช.
11:09
I could work them just by my thoughts.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื™ ืœืชืคืขืœ ืื•ืชื ืข"ื™ ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ื‘ืœื‘ื“.
11:11
So I didn't have to do any of the cocontracting and all that.
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ื›ืš ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื‘ืฆืข ืฉื•ื ื›ื™ื•ื•ืฅ ืื• ืžืฉื”ื•.
11:14
TK: A little faster?
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ื˜ื•ื“: ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ืจ?
11:16
AK: A little faster. And much more easy, much more natural.
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ืืžื ื“ื”: ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ืจ ื•ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงืœ, ื™ื•ืชืจ ื˜ื‘ืขื™.
11:20
TK: Okay, this was my goal.
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ื˜ื•ื“: ืื•ืงื™ื™, ื–ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžื˜ืจืชื™.
11:23
For 20 years, my goal was to let somebody
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ื‘ืžืฉืš 20 ืฉื ื”, ืžื˜ืจืชื™ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœืืคืฉืจ
11:26
[be] able to use their elbow and hand in an intuitive way
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ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžืจืคืง ื•ื‘ื™ื“ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืื™ื ื˜ื•ืื˜ื™ื‘ื™
11:29
and at the same time.
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ื•ื‘ื• ื–ืžื ื™ืช.
11:31
And we now have over 50 patients around the world who have had this surgery,
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ื•ื›ืขืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž- 50 ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืขื‘ืจื• ืืช ื”ื ื™ืชื•ื— ื”ื–ื”,
11:34
including over a dozen of our wounded warriors
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ื›ื•ืœืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž- 12 ืœื•ื—ืžื™ื ืคื’ื•ืขื™ื
11:36
in the U.S. armed services.
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ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืืจื”"ื‘.
11:38
The success rate of the nerve transfers is very high.
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ืื—ื•ื– ื”ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขื‘ืจืช ื”ืขืฆื‘ื™ื ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืžืื•ื“.
11:41
It's like 96 percent.
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ื‘ืขืจืš 96 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื.
11:43
Because we're putting a big fat nerve onto a little piece of muscle.
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ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืื ื• ืžื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืฆื‘ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื•ืฉืžืŸ ืœื—ืชื™ื›ื” ืงื˜ื ื” ืฉืœ ืฉืจื™ืจ.
11:46
And it provides intuitive control.
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ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืžืกืคืง ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืื™ื ื˜ื•ืื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช.
11:50
Our functional testing, those little tests,
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ืžื‘ื—ื ื™ ื”ืชืคืงื•ื“ ืฉืœื ื•, ื”ืžื‘ื—ื ื™ื ื”ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื”ืœืœื•,
11:52
all show that they're a lot quicker and a lot easier.
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ืžืจืื™ื ืฉื–ื” ืžื”ื™ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ืงืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
11:54
And the most important thing
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ื•ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
11:56
is our patients have appreciated it.
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ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ื”ืขืจื™ื›ื• ืืช ื–ื”.
11:58
So that was all very exciting.
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ืื– ื›ืœ ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืžืจื’ืฉ.
12:00
But we want to do better.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืคืจ.
12:03
There's a lot of information in those nerve signals,
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ื™ืฉ ืžื™ื“ืข ืจื‘ ื‘ืื•ืชื•ืช ื”ืขืฆื‘ื™ื™ื ื”ืœืœื•,
12:07
and we wanted to get more.
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ื•ืจืฆื™ื ื• ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
12:09
You can move each finger. You can move your thumb, your wrist.
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ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื–ื™ื– ื›ืœ ืืฆื‘ืข. ืœื”ื–ื™ื– ืืช ื”ืื’ื•ื“ืœ ื•ืืช ืคืจืง ื›ืฃ ื”ื™ื“.
12:12
Can we get more out of it?
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ื”ืื ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืžื–ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ?
12:14
So we did some experiments
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ืื– ืขืจื›ื ื• ืžืกืคืจ ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื
12:16
where we saturated our poor patients with zillions of electrodes
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ื‘ื”ื ื—ื™ื‘ืจื ื• ืืช ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื ื”ืžืกื›ื ื™ื ืœื”ืžื•ืŸ ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื“ื•ืช
12:19
and then had them try to do two dozen different tasks --
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ื•ื‘ื™ืงืฉื ื• ืฉื™ื ืกื• ืœื‘ืฆืข 24 ืžืฉื™ืžื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช --
12:22
from wiggling a finger to moving a whole arm
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ื”ื—ืœ ืžืœื”ื–ื™ื– ืืฆื‘ืข, ื“ืจืš ืœื”ื–ื™ื– ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืจื•ืข
12:25
to reaching for something --
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ื•ืขื“ ืœืฉืœื•ื— ื™ื“ ืืœ ืžืฉื”ื• --
12:27
and recorded this data.
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ื•ืชื™ืขื“ื ื• ืืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื–ื”.
12:29
And then we used some algorithms
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ื•ืื– ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื ื• ื‘ื›ืžื” ืืœื’ื•ืจื™ืชืžื™ื
12:31
that are a lot like speech recognition algorithms,
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ืฉื“ื•ืžื™ื ืœืžื“ื™ ืœืืœื’ื•ืจื™ืชืžื™ื ืฉืœ ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ืงื•ืœ,
12:33
called pattern recognition.
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ื•ื ืงืจืื™ื ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ืชื‘ื ื™ื•ืช.
12:35
See.
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ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื?
12:37
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
12:39
And here you can see, on Jesse's chest,
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ื›ืืŸ ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช, ืขืœ ื”ื—ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื’'ืกื™,
12:41
when he just tried to do three different things,
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ื ื ื™ืกื” ืœื‘ืฆืข ืจืง ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื,
12:43
you can see three different patterns.
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ืืคืฉืจ ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืชื‘ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช.
12:45
But I can't put in an electrode
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืก ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื“ื”
12:47
and say, "Go there."
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ื•ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืœื”, "ืœื›ื™ ืœืฉื".
12:49
So we collaborated with our colleagues in University of New Brunswick,
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ืื– ืฉื™ืชืคื ื• ืคืขื•ืœื” ืขื ืขืžื™ืชื™ื ื• ื‘ืื•ื ' ื ื™ื• ื‘ืจื ื–ื•ื•ื™ืง,
12:52
came up with this algorithm control,
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ื•ื”ื’ืขื ื• ืœืืœื’ื•ืจื™ืชื ื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื”ื–ื”,
12:54
which Amanda can now demonstrate.
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ืฉืืžื ื“ื” ืชื“ื’ื™ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื•.
12:56
AK: So I have the elbow that goes up and down.
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ืืžื ื“ื”: ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ืืช ื”ืžืจืคืง, ืฉื–ื– ืœืžืขืœื” ื•ืœืžื˜ื”.
13:01
I have the wrist rotation
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ื™ืฉ ืืช ืคืจืง ื›ืฃ ื”ื™ื“ ืฉืžืกืชื•ื‘ื‘
13:03
that goes -- and it can go all the way around.
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ื•ืขื•ืฉื” -- ื•ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘.
13:06
And I have the wrist flexion and extension.
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืœืคืจืง ื›ืฃ ื”ื™ื“ ื’ืžื™ืฉื•ืช ื•ืžืชื™ื—ื”.
13:10
And I also have the hand closed and open.
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ื•ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ื’ื ืœืกื’ื•ืจ ื•ืœืคืชื•ื— ืืช ื”ื™ื“.
13:13
TK: Thank you, Amanda.
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ื˜ื•ื“: ืชื•ื“ื” ืœืš, ืืžื ื“ื”.
13:15
Now this is a research arm,
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื–ืจื•ืข ืžื—ืงืจ,
13:17
but it's made out of commercial components from here down
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ืžืกื—ืจื™ื™ื ืžื›ืืŸ ื•ืœืžื˜ื”
13:20
and a few that I've borrowed from around the world.
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ื•ื›ืžื” ืฉื”ืฉืืœืชื™ ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
13:23
It's about seven pounds,
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ื”ื™ื ืฉื•ืงืœืช ืงืฆืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž- 3 ืง"ื’,
13:26
which is probably about what my arm would weigh
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ืฉื–ื” ื‘ืขืจืš ืžื” ืฉื”ื–ืจื•ืข ืฉืœื™ ืฉื•ืงืœืช
13:28
if I lost it right here.
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ืื ืื ื™ ืืื‘ื“ ืื•ืชื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืืŸ.
13:30
Obviously, that's heavy for Amanda.
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ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื ื›ื‘ื“ื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืืžื ื“ื”.
13:33
And in fact, it feels even heavier,
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ื•ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ื™ื ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื” ื›ื‘ื“ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ,
13:35
because it's not glued on the same.
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ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื ืœื ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจืช ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืฆื•ืจื”.
13:37
She's carrying all the weight through harnesses.
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ื”ื™ื ืกื•ื—ื‘ืช ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืžืฉืงืœ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืจืชืžื•ืช.
13:39
So the exciting part isn't so much the mechatronics,
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ืื– ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ืžืจื’ืฉ ืื™ื ื• ื”ืžื›ื˜ืจื•ื ื™ืงื”,
13:42
but the control.
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ืืœื ื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ื”.
13:44
So we've developed a small microcomputer
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ืคื™ืชื—ื ื• ืžื™ืงืจื•-ืžื—ืฉื‘ ืงื˜ืŸ
13:47
that is blinking somewhere behind her back
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ืฉืžื”ื‘ื”ื‘ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื›ืœืฉื”ื• ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื’ื‘ื”
13:50
and is operating this
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืžืชืคืขืœ ืืช ื–ื”
13:52
all by the way she trains it
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ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืืคืกืช ืื•ืชื•.
13:54
to use her individual muscle signals.
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ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืื•ืชื•ืช ื”ืฉืจื™ืจ ื”ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืฉืœื”.
13:56
So Amanda, when you first started using this arm,
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ืืžื ื“ื”, ื›ืฉืจืง ื”ืชื—ืœืช ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื–ืจื•ืข ื”ื–ื•,
13:58
how long did it take to use it?
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ื›ืžื” ื–ืžืŸ ืœืงื— ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื”?
14:01
AK: It took just about probably three to four hours
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ืืžื ื“ื”: ื–ื” ืœืงื— ืฉืœื•ืฉ-ืืจื‘ืข ืฉืขื•ืช ื‘ืขืจืš
14:03
to get it to train.
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ืœืืคืก ืื•ืชื”.
14:05
I had to hook it up to a computer,
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ื ืืœืฆืชื™ ืœื—ื‘ืจ ืื•ืชื” ืœืžื—ืฉื‘,
14:07
so I couldn't just train it anywhere.
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ืื– ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื™ ืœืืคืก ืื•ืชื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื.
14:09
So if it stopped working, I just had to take it off.
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ืื– ืื ื”ื™ื ื”ืคืกื™ืงื” ืœืขื‘ื•ื“, ื ืืœืฆืชื™ ืœื”ืกื™ืจื”.
14:12
So now it's able to train
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ื›ืขืช, ืืคืฉืจ ืœืืคืก ืื•ืชื”
14:14
with just this little piece on the back.
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ืจืง ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ื—ืชื™ื›ื” ื”ืงื˜ื ื” ื”ื–ื• ืขืœ ื”ื’ื‘.
14:16
I can wear it around.
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ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืœื‘ื•ืฉ ืื•ืชื” ื•ืœืœื›ืช.
14:18
If it stops working for some reason, I can retrain it.
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ืื ื”ื™ื ืžืคืกื™ืงื” ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืžืฉื•ื ืžื”, ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืืคืก ืื•ืชื” ืžื—ื“ืฉ
14:21
Takes about a minute.
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ื–ื” ืœื•ืงื— ื‘ืขืจืš ื“ืงื”.
14:23
TK: So we're really excited,
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ื˜ื•ื“: ืื– ืื ื• ืžืื•ื“ ืžืชืจื’ืฉื™ื,
14:25
because now we're getting to a clinically practical device.
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ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื›ืขืช ื”ื’ืขื ื• ืœื”ืชืงืŸ ืจืคื•ืื™ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™.
14:28
And that's where our goal is --
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ื•ื–ื• ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ืฉืœื ื• --
14:30
to have something clinically pragmatic to wear.
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ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืžืฉื”ื• ืจืคื•ืื™ ืžืขืฉื™ ืœืœื‘ื•ืฉ.
14:34
We've also had Amanda able to use
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ืืคืฉืจื ื• ื’ื ืœืืžื ื“ื” ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ
14:37
some of our more advanced arms that I showed you earlier.
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ื‘ื›ืžื” ื–ืจื•ืขื•ืช ืžืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื”ืจืื™ืชื™ ืœื›ื ืงื•ื“ื.
14:41
Here's Amanda using an arm made by DEKA Research Corporation.
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ื”ื ื” ืืžื ื“ื” ืžืฉืชืžืฉืช ื‘ื–ืจื•ืข ืฉื™ื•ืฆืจื” ืข"ื™ ืชืื’ื™ื“ ื”ืžื—ืงืจ DEKA.
14:44
And I believe Dean Kamen presented it at TED a few years ago.
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ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื“ื™ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืžืŸ ื”ืฆื™ื’ ืื•ืชื” ื‘- TED ืœืคื ื™ ืžืกืคืจ ืฉื ื™ื.
14:48
So Amanda, you can see,
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ืืคืฉืจ ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉืœืืžื ื“ื”
14:50
has really good control.
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ื™ืฉื ื” ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืžืื•ื“.
14:52
It's all the pattern recognition.
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ืืช ื”ื›ืœ ืขื•ืฉื” ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ื”ืชื‘ื ื™ื•ืช.
14:54
And it now has a hand that can do different grasps.
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ื•ื›ืขืช ื™ืฉื ื” ื™ื“ ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื‘ืฆืข ืื—ื™ื–ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช.
14:57
What we do is have the patient go all the way open
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ืžื” ืฉืื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ืคื•ืชื— ืืช ื”ื™ื“ ืœื’ืžืจื™
15:00
and think, "What hand grasp pattern do I want?"
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ื•ื—ื•ืฉื‘, "ืื™ื–ื• ืชื‘ื ื™ืช ืื—ื™ื–ื” ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื‘ืฆืข?"
15:03
It goes into that mode,
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ื–ื” ื ื›ื ืก ืœืžืฆื‘ ื”ื–ื”,
15:05
and then you can do up to five or six different hand grasps with this hand.
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ื•ืื– ืืคืฉืจ ืœื‘ืฆืข ื—ืžืฉ-ืฉืฉ ืื—ื™ื–ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืขื ื”ื™ื“ ื”ื–ื•.
15:07
Amanda, how many were you able to do with the DEKA arm?
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ืืžื ื“ื”, ื›ืžื” ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื‘ืฆืข ืขื ื”ื–ืจื•ืข ื”ื–ื• ืฉืœ DEKA?
15:10
AK: I was able to get four.
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ืืžื ื“ื”: ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื™ ืœื‘ืฆืข ืืจื‘ืข.
15:12
I had the key grip, I had a chuck grip,
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ืื—ื™ื–ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ืช, ืื—ื™ื–ืช ืžืœื—ืฆื™ื™ื,
15:15
I had a power grasp
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ืื—ื™ื–ืช ื›ื•ื—
15:17
and I had a fine pinch.
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ื•ืฆื‘ื™ื˜ื” ืงืœื”
15:19
But my favorite one was just when the hand was open,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืžื•ืขื“ืคืช ืขืœื™ ื”ื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื›ืฉื”ื™ื“ ืคืชื•ื—ื”,
15:21
because I work with kids,
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ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืื ื™ ืขื•ื‘ื“ืช ืขื ื™ืœื“ื™ื,
15:23
and so all the time you're clapping and singing,
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ื•ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืžื•ื—ืื™ื ื›ืคื™ื™ื ื•ืฉืจื™ื,
15:26
so I was able to do that again, which was really good.
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ืื– ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช ืฉื•ื‘, ื•ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืžืฉ ื˜ื•ื‘.
15:29
TK: That hand's not so good for clapping.
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ื˜ื•ื“: ื”ื™ื“ ื”ื–ื• ืคื—ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืœืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื.
15:31
AK: Can't clap with this one.
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ืืžื ื“ื”: ืื ื™ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืžื—ื•ื ื›ืฃ ืขื ื–ื•.
15:33
TK: All right. So that's exciting
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ื˜ื•ื“: ื‘ืกื“ืจ ื’ืžื•ืจ. ืื– ื–ื” ืžืจื’ืฉ
15:35
on where we may go with the better mechatronics,
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ืขื“ ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืขื ืžื›ื˜ืจื•ื ื™ืงื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ,
15:37
if we make them good enough
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ืื ื ืขืฉื” ืื•ืชืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืžืกืคื™ืง
15:39
to put out on the market and use in a field trial.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ืืŸ ืœืฉื•ืง ื•ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื™.
15:42
I want you to watch closely.
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ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉืชื‘ื™ื˜ื• ื”ื™ื˜ื‘.
15:44
(Video) Claudia: Oooooh!
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(ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ) ืงืœื•ื“ื™ื”: ืื•ื•ื•ื•!
15:46
TK: That's Claudia,
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ื˜ื•ื“: ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืงืœื•ื“ื™ื”,
15:48
and that was the first time
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ื•ื–ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”
15:50
she got to feel sensation through her prosthetic.
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ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ืจื’ื™ืฉื” ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ื“ืจืš ื”ืชื•ืชื‘ืช ืฉืœื”.
15:53
She had a little sensor at the end of her prosthesis
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ื™ืฉ ืœื” ื—ื™ื™ืฉืŸ ืงื˜ืŸ ื‘ืงืฆื” ื”ืชื•ืชื‘ืช
15:56
that then she rubbed over different surfaces,
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ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืขื‘ื™ืจื” ืขืœ ืžืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื,
15:59
and she could feel different textures
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ื•ื”ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ืžืจืงืžื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื
16:01
of sandpaper, different grits, ribbon cable,
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ืฉืœ ื ื™ื™ืจ-ื—ื•ืœ, ื’ืจื’ืจื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื›ื‘ืœ ืกืจื˜,
16:04
as it pushed on her reinnervated hand skin.
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ื›ืฉื”ื ื ืœื—ืฆื™ื ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื™ ืขื•ืจ ื”ื™ื“ ืฉืขื•ืฆื‘ื‘.
16:07
She said that when she just ran it across the table,
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ื”ื™ื ืืžืจื” ืฉื›ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ืขื‘ื™ืจื” ืื•ืชื” ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ,
16:10
it felt like her finger was rocking.
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ื–ื” ื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ื›ืื™ืœื• ืฉื”ืืฆื‘ืข ืฉืœื” ื”ืชื ื•ืขืขื”.
16:12
So that's an exciting laboratory experiment
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ืื– ื–ื”ื• ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ืžืขื‘ื“ื” ืžืจื’ืฉ
16:14
on how to give back, potentially, some skin sensation.
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ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืฉืœ ืขื•ืจ, ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœื™.
16:17
But here's another video that shows some of our challenges.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ื” ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืฉืžืจืื” ื›ืžื” ืžื”ืงืฉื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•.
16:20
This is Jesse, and he's squeezing a foam toy.
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ื–ื”ื• ื’'ืกื™, ื•ื”ื•ื ืžื•ื—ืฅ ืฆืขืฆื•ืข ื”ืขืฉื•ื™ ืžืงืฆืฃ.
16:23
And the harder he squeezes -- you see a little black thing in the middle
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ื•ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื•ื—ืฅ -- ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื—ื•ืจ ืงื˜ืŸ ื‘ืืžืฆืข
16:26
that's pushing on his skin proportional to how hard he squeezes.
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ืฉืœื•ื—ืฅ ืขืœ ื”ืขื•ืจ ืฉืœื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื™ื—ืกื™ ืœื—ื•ื–ืง ื”ืžื—ื™ืฆื”.
16:29
But look at all the electrodes around it.
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ืื‘ืœ ืชืจืื• ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื“ื•ืช ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘.
16:31
I've got a real estate problem.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ื‘ืขื™ื™ืช ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ.
16:33
You're supposed to put a bunch of these things on there,
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ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืฉื™ื ื›ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืฉื,
16:35
but our little motor's making all kinds of noise
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืžื ื•ืข ื”ืงื˜ืŸ ืฉืœื ื• ืขื•ืฉื” ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ืงื•ืœื•ืช
16:38
right next to my electrodes.
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ืžืžืฉ ืœื™ื“ ื”ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœื™.
16:40
So we're really challenged on what we're doing there.
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ืื– ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืืชื’ืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืžื” ืฉืื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืฉื.
16:43
The future is bright.
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ื”ืขืชื™ื“ ื•ืจื•ื“.
16:45
We're excited about where we are and a lot of things we want to do.
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ืื ื• ื ืจื’ืฉื™ื ืžื”ืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœื ื• ื›ื™ื•ื ื•ืžืžื” ืฉืื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช.
16:48
So for example,
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ืœืžืฉืœ,
16:50
one is to get rid of my real estate problem
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ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ื”ื•ื ืœื”ื™ืคื˜ืจ ืžื‘ืขื™ื™ืช ื”ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ ืฉืœื™
16:53
and get better signals.
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ื•ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืื•ืชื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ.
16:55
We want to develop these little tiny capsules
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ืื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืคืชื— ื›ืžื•ืกื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื˜ื ื•ืช
16:58
about the size of a piece of risotto
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ื‘ืขืจืš ื‘ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื—ืชื™ื›ืช ืื•ืจื–
17:00
that we can put into the muscles
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ืื•ืชืŸ ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืก ืืœ ื”ืฉืจื™ืจื™ื
17:02
and telemeter out the EMG signals,
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ื•ืœืฉื“ืจ ื”ื—ื•ืฆื” ืืช ืื•ืชื•ืช ื”ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ืžื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื”,
17:05
so that it's not worrying about electrode contact.
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ื›ืš ืฉืœื ื ื“ืื’ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืžื’ืข ืฉืœ ื”ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื“ื•ืช.
17:08
And we can have the real estate open
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ื•ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื ื• ืฉื˜ื— ืคืชื•ื—
17:10
to try more sensation feedback.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื ืกื•ืช ื•ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ื—ื•ื–ืจืช.
17:12
We want to build a better arm.
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ืื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ื–ืจื•ืข ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ.
17:14
This arm -- they're always made for the 50th percentile male --
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ื”ื–ืจื•ืข ื”ื–ื• -- ื”ืŸ ืชืžื™ื“ ืžื™ื•ืขื“ื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื’ื‘ืจ ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืข --
17:18
which means they're too big for five-eighths of the world.
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื”ืŸ ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ืžื“ื™ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื—ืžืฉ-ืฉืžื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืžื”ืขื•ืœื.
17:22
So rather than a super strong or super fast arm,
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ื•ืื– ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื–ืจื•ืข ื—ื–ืงื” ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืื• ืžื”ื™ืจื” ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“,
17:25
we're making an arm that is --
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ืื ื• ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื–ืจื•ืข ืฉื”ื™ื --
17:27
we're starting with,
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ืื ื• ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืขื,
17:29
the 25th percentile female --
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ื”ืื™ืฉื” ื”ืงื˜ื ื” ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืขืช --
17:32
that will have a hand that wraps around,
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ืœื” ืชื”ื™ื” ื™ื“ ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืขื˜ื•ืฃ,
17:34
opens all the way,
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ื ืคืชื—ืช ืขื“ ื”ืกื•ืฃ,
17:36
two degrees of freedom in the wrist and an elbow.
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ื‘ืขืœืช ืฉืชื™ ืจืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืคืฉ ื‘ืคืจืง ื›ืฃ ื”ื™ื“ ื•ืžืจืคืง.
17:39
So it'll be the smallest and lightest
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ื™ื ืชื”ื™ื” ื”ื–ืจื•ืข ื”ืงื˜ื ื”, ื”ืงืœื”
17:41
and the smartest arm ever made.
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ื•ื”ื—ื›ืžื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื ื‘ื ืชื” ืื™-ืคืขื.
17:43
Once we can do it that small,
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ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืื•ืชื” ื›ื–ื• ืงื˜ื ื”,
17:45
it's a lot easier making them bigger.
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ืงืœ ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืœ ืื•ืชืŸ.
17:47
So those are just some of our goals.
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ืื– ืืœื• ืจืง ื›ืžื” ืžืŸ ื”ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•.
17:50
And we really appreciate you all being here today.
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ืื ื• ืžืื•ื“ ืžื•ื“ื™ื ืขืœ ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื ื›ืืŸ ื”ื™ื•ื.
17:54
I'd like to tell you a little bit about the dark side,
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ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ืžืขื˜ ืขืœ ื”ืฆื“ ื”ืืคืœ,
17:56
with yesterday's theme.
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ื”ื ื•ืฉื ืฉืœ ืืชืžื•ืœ.
17:58
So Amanda came jet-lagged,
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ืืžื ื“ื” ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืขื ื’'ื˜ ืœื’,
18:00
she's using the arm,
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ื”ื™ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉืช ื‘ื–ืจื•ืข,
18:02
and everything goes wrong.
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ื•ื”ื›ืœ ืžืฉืชื‘ืฉ.
18:04
There was a computer spook,
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ืขื™ื” ื‘ืžื—ืฉื‘,
18:06
a broken wire,
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ื›ื‘ืœ ืงืจื•ืข,
18:08
a converter that sparked.
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ืฉื ืื™ ืฉื ื“ืœืง.
18:10
We took out a whole circuit in the hotel
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ื”ื•ืฆืื ื• ื”ื—ื•ืฆื” ืžืขื’ืœ ื—ืฉืžืœื™ ืฉืœื ื‘ืžืœื•ืŸ
18:12
and just about put on the fire alarm.
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ื•ื›ืžืขื˜ ื•ื”ืคืขืœื ื• ืืช ื’ืœืื™ ื”ืขืฉืŸ.
18:14
And none of those problems could I have dealt with,
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ื•ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื™ ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ืœื‘ื“,
18:17
but I have a really bright research team.
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ืืœื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื™ ืฆื•ื•ืช ืžื—ืงืจ ืžื‘ืจื™ืง.
18:19
And thankfully Dr. Annie Simon was with us
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ื•ืขืœื™ื™ ืœื•ืžืจ ืชื•ื“ื” ืœื“"ืจ ืื ื ื™ ืกื™ืžื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืื™ืชื ื•
18:22
and worked really hard yesterday to fix it.
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ื•ืขื‘ื“ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืงืฉื” ืืชืžื•ืœ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืกื“ืจ ืืช ื–ื”.
18:24
That's science.
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ื–ื” ื”ืžื“ืข.
18:26
And fortunately, it worked today.
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ื•ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืžื–ืœ, ื–ื” ืขื‘ื“ ื”ื™ื•ื.
18:28
So thank you very much.
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ืื– ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืœื›ื.
18:30
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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