The beautiful, mysterious science of how you hear | Jim Hudspeth

106,566 views ใƒป 2020-04-15

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์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

00:00
Transcriber: Joseph Geni Reviewer: Camille Martรญnez
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๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Eun Seon Lee ๊ฒ€ํ† : Changkyun Ahn
์ œ ๋ง์†Œ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋“ค๋ฆฌ์‹œ๋‚˜์š”?
00:15
Can you hear me OK?
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00:16
Audience: Yes.
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์ฒญ์ค‘: ๋„ค.
00:17
Jim Hudspeth: OK. Well, if you can, it's really amazing,
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์ข‹์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋“ค์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑด ์ •๋ง ๋†€๋ผ์šด ์ผ์ด์ง€์š”.
00:20
because my voice is changing the air pressure where you sit
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์ œ ๋ชฉ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ๊ณ„์‹  ๊ณณ ์ฃผ๋ณ€์˜ ๊ธฐ์••์„
00:24
by just a few billionths of the atmospheric level,
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๋ถˆ๊ณผ ๋Œ€๊ธฐ์••์˜ ๋ช‡ ์‹ญ์–ต๋ถ„์˜ 1 ์ •๋„๋งŒ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ฑฐ๋“ ์š”.
00:28
yet we take it for granted
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋‹น์—ฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ
00:29
that your ears can capture that infinitesimal signal
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ๊ท€๋Š” ๊ทธ ๋ฏธ๋ฏธํ•œ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ง€ํ•˜๊ณ 
00:33
and use it to signal to the brain the full range of auditory experiences:
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๋‡Œ๋กœ ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋ƒ„์œผ๋กœ์จ ์ฒญ๊ฐ์  ๊ฒฝํ—˜์„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์ผ€ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:37
the human voice, music, the natural world.
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์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋ชฉ์†Œ๋ฆฌ, ์Œ์•…, ์ž์—ฐ๊ณ„์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
00:42
How does your ear do that?
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๊ท€๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์ผ์„ ํ• ๊นŒ์š”?
00:44
And the answer to that is:
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ ํ•ด๋‹ต์€
00:45
through the cells that are the real hero of this presentation --
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์˜ค๋Š˜ ๋ฐœํ‘œ์˜ ์ง„์ •ํ•œ ์ฃผ์ธ๊ณต์ธ ์„ธํฌ๋“ค ๋•๋ถ„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:49
the ear's sensory receptors,
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๋ฐ”๋กœ ๊ท€์˜ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ์ˆ˜์šฉ๊ธฐ๋“ค ๋•๋ถ„์ด์ฃ .
00:51
which are called "hair cells."
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"์œ ๋ชจ์„ธํฌ" ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ์š”.
00:53
Now, these hair cells are unfortunately named,
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์œ ๋ชจ์„ธํฌ๋Š” ์•ˆํƒ€๊น๊ฒŒ๋„ ์ ์ ˆํ•œ ์ด๋ฆ„์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ์—์š”.
00:57
because they have nothing at all to do with the kind of hair
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ํ„ธ๊ณผ ์•„๋ฌด๋Ÿฐ ๊ด€๋ จ์ด ์—†๊ฑฐ๋“ ์š”.
01:00
of which I have less and less.
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์ €๋Š” ๋ณ„๋กœ ์—†๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฑฐ์š”.
01:02
These cells were originally named that by early microscopists,
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์ด ์„ธํฌ๋“ค์˜ ์ด๋ฆ„์„ ์ฒ˜์Œ ์ง€์€ ์ด๋“ค์€ ์ดˆ์ฐฝ๊ธฐ ํ˜„๋ฏธ๊ฒฝ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๋“ค์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:07
who noticed that emanating from one end of the cell
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์„ธํฌ์˜ ํ•œ์ชฝ ๋๋ถ€๋ถ„์—์„œ ์•„์ฃผ ์ž‘์€ ์†ก์ด์˜ ํ„ธ๋“ค์ด
01:10
was a little cluster of bristles.
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๋ฐœํ˜„๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ–ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
01:13
With modern electron microscopy, we can see much better
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ํ˜„๋Œ€์˜ ์ „์ž ํ˜„๋ฏธ๊ฒฝ์œผ๋กœ ํ›จ์”ฌ ์„ ๋ช…ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•ด๋ณด๋ฉด
01:16
the nature of the special feature that gives the hair cell its name.
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์œ ๋ชจ์„ธํฌ๋ผ๋Š” ์ด๋ฆ„์„ ๊ฐ–๊ฒŒ ๋œ ๊ณ ์œ ์˜ ํŠน๋ณ„ํ•œ ํŠน์ง•์„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:20
That's the hair bundle.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ชจ์†(ํ„ธ๋‹ค๋ฐœ) ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:22
It's this cluster of 20 to several hundred fine cylindrical rods
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์ˆ˜์‹ญ์—์„œ ์ˆ˜๋ฐฑ ๊ฐœ์˜ ์ด˜์ด˜ํ•œ ์›ํ†ตํ˜• ๊ฐ„์ƒ์„ธํฌ 20๊ฐœ์˜ ๋ฌด๋ฆฌ๋กœ
01:28
that stand upright at the top end of the cell.
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์„ธํฌ์˜ ์œ„์ชฝ์— ๊ณง๊ฒŒ ์„œ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:31
And this apparatus is what is responsible for your hearing me right this instant.
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์ด ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ด ์ง€๊ธˆ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์ œ ๋ชฉ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋“ฃ๋Š” ์—ญํ• ์„ ๋งก๊ณ  ์žˆ์ฃ .
01:38
Now, I must say that I am somewhat in love with these cells.
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์ด์ œ ์ €๋Š” ์•ฝ๊ฐ„ ์ด ์„ธํฌ์™€ ์‚ฌ๋ž‘์— ๋น ์กŒ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•ด์•ผ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:41
I've spent 45 years in their company --
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์ด ์„ธํฌ๋“ค๊ณผ ๋ฌด๋ ค 45๋…„์„ ํ•จ๊ป˜ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ 
01:44
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
01:45
and part of the reason is that they're really beautiful.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ ์„ธํฌ๋“ค์ด ์ •๋ง ์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ต๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์„ธํฌ์—๋Š” ๋ฏธ์ ์ธ ์š”์†Œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:48
There's an aesthetic component to it.
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01:50
Here, for example, are the cells
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด ์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์ด ์„ธํฌ๋“ค์€
01:52
with which an ordinary chicken conducts its hearing.
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ํ‰๋ฒ”ํ•œ ๋‹ญ์˜ ์ฒญ๊ฐ ์„ธํฌ๋“ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:55
These are the cells that a bat uses for its sonar.
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์ด๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ๋ฐ•์ฅ์˜ ์ดˆ์ŒํŒŒ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ์„ธํฌ๋“ค์ด์ฃ .
01:59
We use these large hair cells from a frog for many of our experiments.
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์ €ํฌ๋Š” ๋งŽ์€ ์‹คํ—˜๋“ค์— ๊ฐœ๊ตฌ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ปค๋‹ค๋ž€ ์œ ๋ชจ์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:03
Hair cells are found all the way down to the most primitive of fishes,
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์œ ๋ชจ์„ธํฌ๋Š” ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์›์‹œ์ ์ธ ์–ด๋ฅ˜์—์„œ๋„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜๊ณ 
02:07
and those of reptiles often have this really beautiful,
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ํŒŒ์ถฉ๋ฅ˜๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ์„œ๋„ ์ข…์ข… ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ด๋Ÿฐ ์‹์˜ ์ •๋ง ์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ต๊ณ , ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๊ฒฐ์ •์ฒด ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ชจ์Šต์œผ๋กœ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
02:11
almost crystalline, order.
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02:13
But above and beyond its beauty,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์™ธํ˜•์  ์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ค์›€ ์ด์ƒ์œผ๋กœ
02:15
the hair bundle is an antenna.
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์ด ๋ชจ์†์€ ์•ˆํ…Œ๋‚˜ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:18
It's a machine for converting sound vibrations into electrical responses
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๋ชจ์†์€ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ง„๋™์„ ์ „๊ธฐ์  ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋กœ ์ „ํ™˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ๊ณ„๋กœ์„œ ์ž‘๋™ํ•˜์—ฌ
02:23
that the brain can then interpret.
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๋‡Œ๊ฐ€ ์ดํ•ดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:26
At the top of each hair bundle, as you can see in this image,
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์ด ์‚ฌ์ง„์—์„œ ๋ณด์‹ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋“ฏ์ด ๊ฐ ๋ชจ์†์˜ ๋ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์—๋Š”
02:30
there's a fine filament connecting each of the little hairs,
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์ž‘์€ ํ„ธ๋“ค์„ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฏธ์„ธํ•œ ์„ฌ์œ ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:33
the stereocilia.
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์ด๋ฅผ ๋ถ€๋™์„ฌ๋ชจ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ์š”.
02:35
It's here marked with a little red triangle.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์ž‘์€ ๋นจ๊ฐ„ ์‚ผ๊ฐํ˜•์œผ๋กœ ํ‘œ์‹œ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:38
And this filament has at its base a couple of ion channels,
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์ด ๊ฐ€๋Š” ์„ฌ์œ ์—๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‘ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ์ด์˜จ ํ†ต๋กœ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:41
which are proteins that span the membrane.
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์ด์˜จ ํ†ต๋กœ๋Š” ์ด ์„ธํฌ๋ง‰์— ๋ถ„ํฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ๋“ค์ธ๋ฐ์š”.
02:44
And here's how it works.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ž‘๋™ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ๋ณด์—ฌ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:47
This rat trap represents an ion channel.
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์ด ์ฅ๋ซ์„ ์ด์˜จ ํ†ต๋กœ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•ฉ์‹œ๋‹ค.
02:50
It has a pore that passes potassium ions and calcium ions.
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์ด์˜จ ํ†ต๋กœ์—๋Š” ๋‚˜ํŠธ๋ฅจ ์ด์˜จ๊ณผ ์นผ์Š˜ ์ด์˜จ์ด ํ†ต๊ณผํ•˜๋Š” ๊ตฌ๋ฉ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:54
It has a little molecular gate that can be open, or it can be closed.
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๋ถ„์ž๋กœ ๋œ ์ž‘์€ ๋ฌธ์ด ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ์—ด๊ณ  ๋‹ซ์„ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์ฃ .
02:58
And its status is set by this elastic band which represents that protein filament.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด ๋ฌธ์— ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฐ ๊ณ ๋ฌด์ค„์ด ์•ž์„œ ๋งํ•œ ๋ฏธ์„ธ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ ์„ฌ์œ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:05
Now, imagine that this arm represents one stereocilium
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์ด ํŒ”์ด ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ๋ถ€๋™์„ฌ๋ชจ๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ์ƒํ•ด๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค.
03:09
and this arm represents the adjacent, shorter one
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด ํŒ”์€ ์ธ์ ‘ํ•œ ๋” ์งง์€ ์„ฌ๋ชจ์ด๊ณ 
03:12
with the elastic band between them.
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๋‘ ์„ฌ๋ชจ์˜ ์‚ฌ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ฌด์ค„์ด ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์ฃ .
03:14
When sound energy impinges upon the hair bundle,
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๋ชจ์†์— ์†Œ๋ฆฌ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€ํ•ด์ง€๋ฉด
03:17
it pushes it in the direction towards its taller edge.
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๋†’์€ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์„ฌ๋ชจ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ€๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:20
The sliding of the stereocilia puts tension in the link
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๋ถ€๋™์„ฌ๋ชจ์˜ ๊ธฐ์šธ์–ด์ง์œผ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ ์„ฌ์œ ๊ฐ€ ๋‹น๊ฒจ์ ธ ์ด์˜จ ํ†ต๋กœ๊ฐ€ ์—ด๋ฆฌ๊ณ 
03:23
until the channels open and ions rush into the cell.
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์ด์˜จ๋“ค์ด ์„ธํฌ ์•ˆ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์ž…๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:27
When the hair bundle is pushed in the opposite direction,
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๋ชจ์†์ด ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ€๋ฆฌ๋ฉด
03:29
the channels close.
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์ด์˜จ ํ†ต๋กœ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ซํž™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:31
And, most importantly,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ ์€
03:32
a back-and-forth motion of the hair bundle,
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๋ชจ์†์˜ ์•ž๋’ค๋กœ ์›€์ง์ด๋Š” ๋™์ž‘์€
03:35
as ensues during the application of acoustic waves,
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์ฒญ๊ฐ์  ํŒŒ๋™์ด ๊ฐ€ํ•ด์ง€๋Š” ๋™์•ˆ ๊ณ„์†๋˜๊ณ 
03:39
alternately opens and closes the channel,
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ํ†ต๋กœ๊ฐ€ ์—ด๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‹ซํžˆ๋Š” ๊ฑธ ๋ฐ˜๋ณตํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ
03:42
and each opening admits millions and millions of ions into the cell.
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๊ฐ ํ†ต๋กœ๋กœ ์ˆ˜ ๋ฐฑ๋งŒ๊ฐœ์˜ ์ด์˜จ๋“ค์ด ์„ธํฌ ๋‚ด๋กœ ์œ ์ž…๋˜๋„๋ก ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:47
Those ions constitute an electrical current
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์„ธํฌ ๋‚ด๋กœ ์œ ์ž…๋œ ์ด์˜จ๋“ค์€ ์ „๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•˜์—ฌ ์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ์ž๊ทนํ•˜์ฃ .
03:49
that excites the cell.
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03:51
The excitation is passed to a nerve fiber,
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์ด ์ž๊ทน์€ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์„ฌ์œ ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ
03:53
and then propagates into the brain.
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๋‡Œ๋กœ ์ „ํŒŒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:57
Notice that the intensity of the sound
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์ž˜ ๋ณด๋ฉด ์†Œ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์„ธ๊ธฐ๋Š”
03:59
is represented by the magnitude of this response.
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ฐ˜์‘์˜ ๊ทœ๋ชจ์— ํ•ด๋‹น๋จ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:01
A louder sound pushes the hair bundle farther,
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๋” ํฐ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ชจ์†์„ ๋” ๋ฐ€์–ด์ฃผ์–ด
04:04
opens the channel longer,
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ํ†ต๋กœ๋ฅผ ๋” ์˜ค๋ž˜ ์—ด์–ด์ฃผ๊ณ ,
04:06
lets more ions in
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๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์ด์˜จ์„ ๋“ค์—ฌ๋ณด๋‚ด๊ณ ,
04:07
and gives rise to a bigger response.
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๋” ํฐ ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ์ผ์œผํ‚ค๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:12
Now, this mode of operation has the advantage of great speed.
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ž‘๋™ ๋ฐฉ์‹์€ ์†๋„๋ฉด์—์„œ ์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ ์ด์ ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:16
Some of our senses, such as vision,
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์‹œ๊ฐ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ์ค‘ ๋ช‡๋ช‡์€
04:19
use chemical reactions that take time.
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์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ๊ฑธ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํ™”ํ•™ ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:22
And as a consequence of that,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
04:23
if I show you a series of pictures at intervals of 20 or 30 per second,
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ผ๋ จ์˜ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ๋“ค์„ ์ดˆ๋‹น 20-30 ์žฅ์”ฉ ๋ณด์—ฌ๋“œ๋ฆฐ๋‹ค๋ฉด
04:27
you get the sense of a continuous image.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ์—ฐ์†์ ์ธ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๋กœ ๋Š๋ผ์‹ค ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:30
Because it doesn't use reactions,
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์ฒญ๊ฐ์—๋Š” ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ํ™”ํ•™ ๋ฐ˜์‘์ด ์—†๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
04:32
the hair cell is fully 1,000 times faster than our other senses.
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์œ ๋ชจ์„ธํฌ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฐ๊ฐ๋“ค๋ณด๋‹ค ๋ฌด๋ ค 1,000๋ฐฐ ๋” ๋น ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:37
We can hear sounds at frequencies as great as 20,000 cycles per second,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ตœ๋Œ€ ์ดˆ๋‹น 20,000 ํšŒ์˜ ์ง„๋™ ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ ,
04:42
and some animals have ever faster ears.
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๋ช‡๋ช‡ ๋™๋ฌผ๋“ค์€ ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ๋น ๋ฅธ ์ฒญ๊ฐ์„ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ์ฃ .
04:44
The ears of bats and whales, for example, can respond to their sonar pulses
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์˜ˆ์ปจ๋Œ€ ๋ฐ•์ฅ์™€ ๊ณ ๋ž˜์˜ ์ฒญ๊ฐ์€ ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์ดˆ์ŒํŒŒ์— ๋ฐ˜์‘ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:49
at 150,000 cycles a second.
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์ดˆ๋‹น 15๋งŒํšŒ์˜ ์ง„๋™ ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ์š”.
04:53
But this speed doesn't entirely explain why the ear performs so well.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ด ์†๋„๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ ์ฒญ๊ฐ์˜ ํ›Œ๋ฅญํ•จ์„ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•  ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:59
And it turns out that our hearing benefits from an amplifier,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ฒญ๊ฐ์€ ์–ด๋–ค ์ฆํญ ์žฅ์น˜๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ํ˜œํƒ์„ ๋ˆ„๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
05:03
something called the "active process."
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์ด๋Š” "ํ™œ์„ฑ ํ”„๋กœ์„ธ์Šค"๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:07
The active process enhances our hearing
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ํ™œ์„ฑ ํ”„๋กœ์„ธ์Šค๋Š” ์ฒญ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฐ•ํ™”ํ•˜๊ณ 
05:09
and makes possible all the remarkable features that I've already mentioned.
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์ด๋ฏธ ์–ธ๊ธ‰ํ–ˆ๋˜ ์ฒญ๊ฐ์˜ ๋†€๋ผ์šด ํŠน์ง•๋“ค์„ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:15
Let me tell you how it works.
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ž‘๋™ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ์„ค๋ช…๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:17
First of all, the active process amplifies sound,
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๋จผ์ € ํ™œ์„ฑ ํ”„๋กœ์„ธ์Šค๊ฐ€ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ฆํญ์‹œํ‚ค๋ฉด
05:21
so you can hear, at threshold, sounds that move the hair bundle
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์•„์ฃผ ์ž‘์€ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋„ ๋“ค์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๋ชจ์†์˜ ์›€์ง์ž„์ด 0.3 ๋‚˜๋…ธ๋ฏธํ„ฐ๋„ ์•ˆ ๋˜๋Š” ์ž‘์€ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋„ ๋“ค์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ฃ .
05:26
by a distance of only about three-tenths of a nanometer.
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๊ฒจ์šฐ ๋ฌผ๋ถ„์ž 1๊ฐœ์˜ ์ง€๋ฆ„์— ํ•ด๋‹น๋˜๋Š” ๊ธธ์ด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:29
That's the diameter of one water molecule.
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05:31
It's really astonishing.
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์ •๋ง ๋†€๋ผ์šด ์ผ์ด์ฃ .
05:33
The system can also operate
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๋˜ํ•œ ์ด ํ™œ์„ฑ ํ”„๋กœ์„ธ์Šค์˜ ์ž‘๋™ ๋ฒ”์œ„๋Š”
05:38
over an enormously wide dynamic range.
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๋Œ€๋‹จํžˆ ๊ด‘๋ฒ”์œ„ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:41
Why do we need this amplification?
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์™œ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ฆํญ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ• ๊นŒ์š”?
05:43
The amplification, in ancient times, was useful
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๊ณ ๋Œ€์‹œ๋Œ€์—๋Š” ์ฆํญ์ด ์ƒ์กด์— ์œ ์šฉํ–ˆ์ฃ .
05:47
because it was valuable for us to hear the tiger before the tiger could hear us.
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ํ˜ธ๋ž‘์ด๊ฐ€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋“ฃ๊ธฐ ์ „์— ํ˜ธ๋ž‘์ด ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด์•ผ ํ–ˆ์œผ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
05:51
And these days, it's essential as a distant early warning system.
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์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚ ์—๋„ ์žฅ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ ์กฐ๊ธฐ๊ฒฝ๋ณด์— ํ•„์ˆ˜์  ์ˆ˜๋‹จ์ด ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:56
It's valuable to be able to hear fire alarms
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ํ™”์žฌ ๊ฒฝ๋ณด๋ฅผ ์•Œ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋“ฃ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜
05:59
or contemporary dangerous such as speeding fire engines or police cars or the like.
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๋‹ฌ๋ ค์˜ค๋Š” ์†Œ๋ฐฉ์ฐจ๋‚˜ ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ์ฐจ๋“ค์ด ์šธ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์œ„ํ—˜ ๊ฒฝ๋ณด๋ฅผ ๋“ฃ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
06:06
When the amplification fails, our hearing's sensitivity plummets,
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ฆํญ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์ด ์ƒ์‹ค๋˜๋ฉด ์ฒญ๊ฐ์˜ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ๋„๋Š” ๊ธ‰๊ฒฉํžˆ ๋‚ฎ์•„์ง€๊ณ ,
06:11
and an individual may then need an electronic hearing aid
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๊ฐœ๊ฐœ์ธ์€ ์ „์ž ๋ณด์ฒญ๊ธฐ์˜ ๋„์›€์„ ๋ฐ›์•„
06:16
to supplant the damaged biological one.
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์†์ƒ๋œ ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์  ์ฒญ๋ ฅ์„ ๋Œ€์‹ ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:19
This active process also enhances our frequency selectivity.
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ํ™œ๋™ ํ”„๋กœ์„ธ์Šค๋Š” ๋˜ํ•œ ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜ ์„ ํƒ๋„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ•ํ™”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:24
Even an untrained individual can distinguish two tones
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์ผ๋ฐ˜์ธ๋“ค์€ 2๊ฐœ์˜ ์Œ์ƒ‰์„ ๊ตฌ๋ณ„ํ•ด๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
06:27
that differ by only two-tenths of a percent,
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๋ถˆ๊ณผ 0.2% ์ •๋„์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๋ผ๋„ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
06:30
which is one-thirtieth of the difference between two piano notes,
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0.2%๋ผ ํ•จ์€ ์ธ์ ‘ํ•œ ํ”ผ์•„๋…ธ ๊ฑด๋ฐ˜ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ ์ฐจ์ด์˜ 30๋ถ„์˜ 1 ์ •๋„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:34
and a trained musician can do even better.
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๋ฌผ๋ก  ํ›ˆ๋ จ๋œ ์Œ์•…๊ฐ€๋“ค์€ ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ์ž˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒ ์ฃ .
06:37
This fine discrimination is useful
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ฏธ์„ธํ•œ ๊ตฌ๋ณ„ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์€
06:39
in our ability to distinguish different voices
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ชฉ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ๋ณ„ํ•˜๋Š” ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ๊ณผ
06:42
and to understand the nuances of speech.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ง์˜ ๋‰˜์•™์Šค๋ฅผ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ์— ์œ ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:44
And, again, if the active process deteriorates,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋งŒ์ผ ํ™œ๋™ ํ”„๋กœ์„ธ์Šค์˜ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์ด ๋–จ์–ด์ง€๋ฉด
06:47
it becomes harder to carry out verbal communication.
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์Œ์„ฑ ๋Œ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋” ์–ด๋ ค์›Œ์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:51
Finally, the active process is valuable in setting the very broad range
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๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ํ™œ๋™ ํ”„๋กœ์„ธ์Šค์˜ ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์žฅ์ ์€
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋“ค์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์†Œ๋ฆฌ ๊ฐ•๋„์˜ ๋ฒ”์œ„๋ฅผ ๋งค์šฐ ๋„“ํ˜€ ์ค€๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:55
of sound intensities that our ears can tolerate,
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06:59
from the very faintest sound that you can hear, such as a dropped pen,
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ํŽœ์ด ๋–จ์–ด์ง€๋Š” ์†Œ๋ฆฌ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋งค์šฐ ํฌ๋ฏธํ•œ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ
07:03
to the loudest sound that you can stand --
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์ฐธ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฐ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๊นŒ์ง€
07:05
say, a jackhammer or a jet plane.
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์˜ˆ์ปจ๋Œ€ ํ•ธ๋“œ๋“œ๋ฆด์ด๋‚˜ ์ œํŠธ๊ธฐ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฑฐ์š”.
07:07
The amplitude of sounds spans a range of one millionfold,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋“ค์˜ ์ง„ํญ ๋ฒ”์œ„๋Š” 100๋งŒ ๋ฐฐ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜๋Š”๋ฐ
07:12
which is more than is encompassed by any other sense
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ํ•œ ์–ด๋–ค ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฐ๊ฐ์ด๋‚˜
07:15
or by any man-made device of which I'm aware.
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๋˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ๋งŒ๋“  ์žฅ์น˜ ์ค‘์—์„œ ์ด ๋ฒ”์œ„๋ฅผ ๋Šฅ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:18
And again, if this system deteriorates,
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๋งŒ์ผ ํ™œ์„ฑ ํ”„๋กœ์„ธ์Šค๊ฐ€ ์•…ํ™”๋œ๋‹ค๋ฉด
07:21
an affected individual may have a hard time
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์•„์ฃผ ๋ฏธ์„ธํ•œ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋“ฃ๊ธฐ ํž˜๋“ค๊ฑฐ๋‚˜
07:24
hearing the very faintest sounds
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๊ฐ์ฒญ ์˜์—ญ ๋ฐ–์˜ ๋งค์šฐ ํฐ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋“ค์„ ์ฐธ๋Š๋ผ ๊ณ ์ƒํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:26
or tolerating the very loudest ones.
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07:30
Now, to understand how the hair cell does its thing,
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์œ ๋ชจ์„ธํฌ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ž‘๋™ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ์•Œ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š”
07:32
one has to situate it within its environment within the ear.
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๋จผ์ € ์œ ๋ชจ์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ๊ท€ ์•ˆ์˜ ๊ธฐ๊ด€ ๋‚ด์— ์œ„์น˜ ์‹œ์ผœ์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:36
We learn in school that the organ of hearing
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ํ•™๊ต์—์„œ ๋ฐฐ์šด ์ฒญ๊ฐ๊ธฐ๊ด€์—๋Š”
07:39
is the coiled, snail-shaped cochlea.
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๋‚˜์„ ํ˜•์˜ ๋‹ฌํŒฝ์ด ๋ชจ์–‘์˜ ๋‹ฌํŒฝ์ด๊ด€์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:41
It's an organ about the size of a chickpea.
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๋Œ€๋žต ๋ณ‘์•„๋ฆฌ์ฝฉ ํฌ๊ธฐ์˜ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:44
It's embedded in the bone on either side of the skull.
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๋‘๊ฐœ๊ณจ ์–‘์ธก ๋ผˆ์— ๋ฐ•ํ˜€ ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
07:48
We also learn that an optical prism
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๋˜ํ•œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ด‘ํ•™ ํ”„๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์œผ๋กœ
07:51
can separate white light into its constituent frequencies,
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๋ฐฑ์ƒ‰๊ด‘์„ ์„ ๊ณ ์œ  ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋ถ„๋“ค๋กœ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ 
07:55
which we see as distinct colors.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ์ƒ‰์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฐฐ์šฐ์ฃ .
07:58
In an analogous way,
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์ด์™€ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ
07:59
the cochlea acts as sort of an acoustic prism
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๋‹ฌํŒฝ์ด๊ด€์€ ์ผ์ข…์˜ ์Œํ–ฅ ํ”„๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์œผ๋กœ์„œ ์ž‘๋™ํ•˜์—ฌ
08:03
that splits apart complex sounds into their component frequencies.
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๋ณต์žกํ•œ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆ ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:08
So when a piano is sounded,
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ํ”ผ์•„๋…ธ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์œผ๋ฉด
08:10
different notes blend together into a chord.
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์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์Œ๋“ค์ด ์„ž์—ฌ ํ™”์Œ์„ ์ด๋ฃจ์ฃ .
08:13
The cochlea undoes that process.
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๋‹ฌํŒฝ์ด๊ด€์€ ๊ทธ ๊ณผ์ •์„ ์—ญ์œผ๋กœ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์—ฌ
08:15
It separates them and represents each at a different position.
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ํ™”์Œ์„ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌํ•˜๊ณ  ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์œ„์น˜์—์„œ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:19
In this picture, you can see where three notes --
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์ด ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์—์„œ 3๊ฐœ์˜ ์Œ์ด ๋ณด์ด์‹ค ํ…๋ฐ
08:21
middle C and the two extreme notes on a piano --
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ํ”ผ์•„๋…ธ ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ์˜ ๋„ ์Œ๊ณผ ์–‘ ๋์˜ ๋‘ ๊ฐœ์˜ ์Œ์ด
08:24
are represented in the cochlea.
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๋‹ฌํŒฝ์ด๊ด€ ๋‚ด์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์ฃ .
08:26
The lowest frequencies go all the way up to the top of the cochlea.
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๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋‚ฎ์€ ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜์˜ ์Œ์€ ๋‹ฌํŒฝ์ด๊ด€์˜ ์œ„์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ฌ๋ผ๊ฐ€๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:30
The highest frequencies, down to 20,000 Hz,
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์ตœ๊ณ  20,000 Hz ๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋†’์€ ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜์˜ ์Œ์€
08:33
go all the way to the bottom of the cochlea,
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๋‹ฌํŒฝ์ด๊ด€์˜ ์•„๋ž˜๋กœ ๋‚ด๋ ค๊ฐ€๊ณ 
08:35
and every other frequency is represented somewhere in between.
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๋ชจ๋“  ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜์˜ ์Œ๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ ์‚ฌ์ด์— ์–ด๋”˜๊ฐ€์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:40
And, as this diagram shows,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์‚ฌ์ง„์—์„œ ๋ณด์ด๋“ฏ์ด
08:42
successive musical tones are represented a few tens of hair cells apart
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์—ฐ์†์ ์ธ ์Œ์ƒ‰์ด ์ˆ˜์‹ญ ๊ฐœ์˜ ์œ ๋ชจ์„ธํฌ๋“ค์— ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ๋˜์–ด ํ‘œํ˜„๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:46
along the cochlear surface.
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๋‹ฌํŒฝ์ด๊ด€ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์„ ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ์š”.
08:49
Now, this separation of frequencies
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜์˜ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ๋Š”
08:51
is really key in our ability to identify different sounds,
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋“ค์„ ์‹๋ณ„ํ•˜๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์—์„œ ์ •๋ง ์ค‘์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:55
because very musical instrument,
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์•„์ฃผ ์Œ์•…์ ์ธ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ธ ๋ชจ๋“  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ๋ชฉ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋Š”
08:56
every voice,
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08:58
emits a distinct constellation of tones.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์Œ์ด ๋ฌด๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ด๋ฃจ๋ฉด์„œ ๊ตฌ๋ณ„๋˜๋Š” ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋‚ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:01
The cochlea separates those frequencies,
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๋‹ฌํŒฝ์ด๊ด€์€ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜๋“ค์„ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌํ•˜๊ณ 
09:04
and the 16,000 hair cells then report to the brain
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16,000๊ฐœ์˜ ์œ ๋ชจ์„ธํฌ๋“ค์ด ๋‡Œ์— ์•Œ๋ ค์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
09:08
how much of each frequency is present.
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๊ฐ ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š”์ง€ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
09:10
The brain can then compare all the nerve signals
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๊ทธ์ œ์„œ์•ผ ๋‡Œ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ์‹ ๊ฒฝ ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜๊ณ 
09:13
and decide what particular tone is being heard.
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์–ด๋–ค ์Œ์ด ๋“ค๋ฆฌ๋Š”์ง€ ํŒ๋‹จํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:17
But this doesn't explain everything that I want to explain.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด๋“ค๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฑธ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๊ธฐ์—” ๋ถ€์กฑํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:21
Where's the magic?
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์–ด๋–ค ๋งˆ๋ฒ•์ด ์ž‘์šฉํ•œ ๊ฑธ๊นŒ์š”?
์ €๋Š” ์ด๋ฏธ ์œ ๋ชจ์„ธํฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋†€๋ผ์šด ์ผ์„ ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ ธ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:23
I told you already about the great things that the hair cell can do.
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09:27
How does it carry out the active process
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์œ ๋ชจ์„ธํฌ๊ฐ€ ํ™œ๋™ ํ”„๋กœ์„ธ์Šค๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๊ณ 
09:29
and do all the remarkable features that I mentioned at the outset?
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ฒ˜์Œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์–ธ๊ธ‰ํ–ˆ๋˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ๋†€๋ผ์šด ํŠน์ง•๋“ค์„ ๊ฐ€์งˆ๊นŒ์š”?
09:33
The answer is instability.
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๊ทธ ๋‹ต์€ ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ์— ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:36
We used to think that the hair bundle was a passive object,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ชจ์†์ด ์ˆ˜๋™์ ์ธ ๋ฌผ์ฒด์˜€๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ
09:39
it just sat there, except when it was stimulated.
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์ž๊ทน๋˜์—ˆ์„ ๋•Œ๋ฅผ ์ œ์™ธํ•˜๊ณ ๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—๋งŒ ๋จธ๋ฌผ๋Ÿฌ ์žˆ์–ด์„œ์˜€์ฃ .
09:42
But in fact, it's an active machine.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์‚ฌ์‹ค ๋ชจ์†์€ ํ™œ๋™์ ์ธ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:44
It's constantly using internal energy to do mechanical work
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„์ ์ธ ์ž‘์—…์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋Š์ž„์—†์ด ๋‚ด๋ถ€ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ
09:48
and enhance our hearing.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ฒญ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฐ•ํ™”์‹œํ‚ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:50
So even at rest, in the absence of any input,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ํœด์‹ํ•  ๋•Œ์กฐ์ฐจ ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ์ž๊ทน์ด ์—†๋”๋ผ๋„
09:53
an active hair bundle is constantly trembling.
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ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”๋œ ๋ชจ์†์€ ๋Š์ž„์—†์ด ํ”๋“ค๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:55
It's constantly twitching back and forth.
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์•ž๋’ค๋กœ ๊ณ„์† ๋‹น๊ฒจ์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
09:58
But when even a weak sound is applied to it,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋งค์šฐ ์•ฝํ•œ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‚ฌ์„ ๋•Œ๋Š”
10:00
it latches on to that sound and begins to move very neatly
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๊ทธ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ง€ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋”ฑ ์•Œ๋งž๊ฒŒ ํ”๋“ค๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:03
in a one-to-one way with it,
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์†Œ๋ฆฌ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ผ๋Œ€์ผ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ์š”.
10:05
and by so doing, it amplifies the signal about a thousand times.
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์ฒœ ๋ฐฐ๋กœ ์ฆํญํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:10
This same instability also enhances our frequency selectivity,
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๋˜ํ•œ ์ด ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ์€ ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜ ์„ ํƒ๋„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ•ํ™”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:15
for a given hair cell tends to oscillate best
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ํŠน์ • ์œ ๋ชจ์„ธํฌ์— ์ž๊ทน์ด ์—†์„ ๋•Œ ์ •์ƒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋–จ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜์—์„œ
10:18
at the frequency at which it normally trembles
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10:21
when it's not being stimulated.
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๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ž˜ ์ง„๋™ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์ฃผ์ฃ .
10:25
So, this apparatus not only gives us our remarkably acute hearing,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ด ๊ธฐ๊ด€์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ๋งค์šฐ ์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ์ฒญ๋ ฅ์„ ์ค„ ๋ฟ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
10:30
but also gives us the very sharp tuning.
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๋งค์šฐ ์˜ˆ๋ฆฌํ•œ ์„ธ๋ถ€ ์กฐ์ •์„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:37
I want to offer you a short demonstration
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๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•œ ์‹œ์—ฐ์„ ํ•ด๋ณด๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ์š”.
10:39
of something related to this.
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์ด์™€ ๊ด€๊ณ„์žˆ๋Š” ํ˜„์ƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:41
I'll ask the people who are running the sound system
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์Œํ–ฅ์žฅ์น˜๋ฅผ ์ž‘๋™ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ถ„๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์š”์ฒญํ•ด์„œ
10:44
to turn up its sensitivity at one specific frequency.
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ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ํŠน์ • ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ๊ฐ๋„๋ฅผ ํ‚ค์›Œ๋‹ฌ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•  ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:48
So just as a hair cell is tuned to one frequency,
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ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์œ ๋ชจ์„ธํฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜์— ๋งž์ถฐ์ ธ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ
10:51
the amplifier will now enhance a particular frequency in my voice.
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์ฆํญ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์ง€๊ธˆ ์ œ ๋ชฉ์†Œ๋ฆฌ์—์„œ ํŠน์ • ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜๋งŒ์„ ๊ฐ•ํ™”์‹œํ‚ฌ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:56
Notice how specific tones emerge more clearly from the background.
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๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋“ค๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๊ทธ ์Œ๋งŒ ๋” ์„ ๋ช…ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋“ค๋ฆฌ๋Š”์ง€ ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•ด์ฃผ์„ธ์š”.
11:02
This is exactly what hair cells do.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์œ ๋ชจ์„ธํฌ์˜ ์—ญํ• ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:04
Each hair cell amplifies and reports one specific frequency
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๊ฐ ์œ ๋ชจ์„ธํฌ๋Š” ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ํŠน์ •ํ•œ ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜๋งŒ ์ฆํญํ•˜๊ณ  ์ „๋‹ฌํ•ด์ฃผ๋ฉฐ
11:09
and ignores all the others.
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋ฌด์‹œํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:11
And the whole set of hair cells, as a group, can then report to the brain
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ „์ฒด ์œ ๋ชจ์„ธํฌ๋“ค์ด ์ง‘๋‹จ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅํ•˜์—ฌ
์ฃผ์–ด์ง„ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ์— ์ •ํ™•ํžˆ ์–ด๋–ค ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ํฌํ•จ๋˜์—ˆ๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ๋‡Œ์— ์•Œ๋ฆด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:15
exactly what frequencies are present in a given sound,
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11:18
and the brain can determine what melody is being heard
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๊ทธ ๋•์— ๋‡Œ๋Š” ๋ฌด์Šจ ๋…ธ๋ž˜๊ฐ€ ๋“ค๋ฆฌ๋Š”์ง€ ์ธ์‹ํ•˜๊ณ 
11:21
or what speech is being intended.
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๋ฌด์Šจ ๋ง์ธ์ง€ ์•Œ์•„๋“ค์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
11:25
Now, an amplifier such as the public address system
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์ง€๊ธˆ ์žฅ๋‚ด ๋ฐฉ์†ก ์„ค๋น„์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ฆํญ๊ธฐ๋Š”
11:29
can also cause problems.
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๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ์ผ์œผํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:31
If the amplification is turned up too far,
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์ฆํญ์ด ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ์ง€๋‚˜์น˜๋ฉด
11:33
it goes unstable and begins to howl
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์Œ์ด ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์ •ํ•ด์ง€๊ณ 
์›…์›… ์šธ๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์†Œ์Œ์„ ๋‚ด๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:35
or emit sounds.
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11:37
And one wonders why the active process doesn't do the same thing.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ํ™œ๋™ ํ”„๋กœ์„ธ์Šค๋Š” ์™œ ์•ˆ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋Š”์ง€๊ฐ€ ๊ถ๊ธˆํ–ˆ์ฃ .
11:40
Why don't our ears beam out sounds?
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์™œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๊ท€์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์†Œ์Œ์ด ์•ˆ ์ƒ๊ธธ๊นŒ์š”?
11:43
And the answer is that they do.
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๊ทธ ๋‹ต์€ ์œ ๋ชจ์„ธํฌ๋“ค๋„ ์†Œ์Œ์„ ๋‚ธ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:45
In a suitably quiet environment, 70 percent of normal people
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์ ์ ˆํžˆ ์กฐ์šฉํ•œ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์—์„œ ์ •์ƒ์ธ์˜ 70%๋Š”
11:50
will have one or more sounds coming out of their ears.
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์ž์‹ ์˜ ๊ท€์—์„œ ํ•˜๋‚˜ ์ด์ƒ์˜ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋“ค์„ ๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:54
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
11:55
I'll give you an example of this.
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋‚˜ ๋“ค์–ด๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:59
You will hear two emissions at high frequencies
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์—๊ฒŒ 2๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ณ ์ฃผํŒŒ์Œ์„ ๋“ค๋ ค๋“œ๋ฆด๊ฑด๋ฐ์š”.
12:03
coming from a normal human ear.
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์ •์ƒ์ธ์˜ ๊ท€์—์„œ ๋‚˜์˜ค๋Š” ์†Œ๋ฆฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:04
You may also be able to discern background noise,
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๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ ์†Œ์Œ๋„ ๋“ค์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”.
12:07
like the microphone's hiss,
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๋งˆ์ดํฌ์˜ ์‚์ต ํ•˜๋Š” ์†Œ๋ฆฌ,
12:09
the gurgling of a stomach, the heartbeat, the rustling of clothes.
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๋ณต๋ถ€์˜ ์ด ํ•˜๋Š” ์†Œ๋ฆฌ, ์‹ฌ์žฅ์†Œ๋ฆฌ, ๋ฐ”์Šค๋ฝ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์˜ท์†Œ๋ฆฌ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ์š”.
12:14
(Hums, microphone hiss, dampened taps, clothes rustling)
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(์›…์›…๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์†Œ๋ฆฌ, ๋งˆ์ดํฌ์˜ ์‚‘์†Œ๋ฆฌ, ํ†กํ†ก ๋‘๋“œ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์†Œ๋ฆฌ, ๋ฐ”์Šค๋ฝ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์˜ท์†Œ๋ฆฌ)
12:29
This is typical.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ „ํ˜•์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:31
Most ears emit just a handful of tones,
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๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ๊ท€๋Š” ๋ช‡ ์•ˆ๋˜๋Š” ์Œ์„ ๋‚ด์ง€๋งŒ,
12:33
but some can emit as many as 30.
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์ผ๋ถ€๋Š” 30๊ฐœ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:35
Every ear is unique, so my right ear is different from my left,
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๋ชจ๋“  ๊ท€๋Š” ์œ ์ผ๋ฌด์ดํ•˜๊ณ  ์ œ ์˜ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ ๊ท€์™€ ์™ผ์ชฝ ๊ท€๋„ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๋ฉฐ
12:38
my ear is different from your ear,
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์ œ ๊ท€์™€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ๊ท€๋„ ๋‹ค๋ฅด์ง€๋งŒ,
12:41
but unless an ear is damaged,
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๊ท€์— ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์—†๋Š” ํ•œ
12:42
it continues to emit the same spectrum of frequencies
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๊ฐ™์€ ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜๋Œ€์˜ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ณ„์† ๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:46
over a period of years or even decades.
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๋ช‡๋…„์—์„œ 10๋…„ ์ด์ƒ์„ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
12:49
So what's going on?
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๋Œ€์ฒด ์™œ ๊ทธ๋Ÿด๊นŒ์š”?
12:50
It turns out that the ear can control its own sensitivity,
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๋ฐํ˜€์ง„ ๋ฐ”์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด
๊ท€๋Š” ๊ฐ์ž ๊ณ ์œ ์˜ ๊ฐ๋„์™€ ์ฆํญ์„ ์กฐ์ ˆํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:55
its own amplification.
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12:57
So if you're in a very loud environment, like a sporting event
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์Šคํฌ์ธ  ํ–‰์‚ฌ๋‚˜ ์Œ์•… ์ฝ˜์„œํŠธ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€
13:00
or a musical concert,
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๋งค์šฐ ์‹œ๋„๋Ÿฌ์šด ๊ณณ์— ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด,
13:02
you don't need any amplification,
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์–ด๋–ค ์ฆํญ๋„ ํ•„์š” ์—†์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ณ 
13:04
and the system is turned down all the way.
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๊ทธ ์ฒด๊ณ„๋Š” ๋‚ด๋‚ด ์ž‘๋™๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:07
If you are in a room like this auditorium,
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์ด ๊ฐ•์—ฐ์žฅ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฐฉ์— ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด
13:09
you might have a little bit of amplification,
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์•ฝ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ฆํญ์ด ์žˆ์„์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
13:11
but of course the public address system does most of the work for you.
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๋ฌผ๋ก  ์žฅ๋‚ด ๋ฐฉ์†ก ์„ค๋น„๊ฐ€ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์„ ๋„์™€์ฃผ๊ฒ ์ง€๋งŒ์š”.
13:15
And finally, if you go into a really quiet room
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ํ•€์ด ๋–จ์–ด์ง€๋Š” ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋“ค๋ฆด ์ •๋„๋กœ ์ •๋ง ์กฐ์šฉํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์— ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด
13:17
where you can hear a pin drop,
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13:18
the system is turned up almost all the way.
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์ฆํญ ์ฒด๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ํ•ญ์ƒ ์ž‘๋™ํ•˜๊ฒ ์ฃ .
13:21
But if you go into an ultraquiet room such as a sound chamber,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋ฐฉ์Œ์‹ค์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๊ทน๋„๋กœ ์กฐ์šฉํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์— ๊ฐ„๋‹ค๋ฉด
13:25
the system turns itself up to 11,
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๊ทธ ์ฒด๊ณ„๋Š” 11๊นŒ์ง€ ์˜ฌ๋ผ๊ฐ€๊ณ 
13:27
it goes unstable
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๋ถˆ์•ˆ์ •ํ•ด์ง€๊ณ ,
13:29
and it begins to emit sound.
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์†Œ์Œ์„ ๋‚ด๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:31
And these emissions constitute a really strong demonstration
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์ถœ์€ ์œ ๋ชจ์„ธํฌ๊ฐ€ ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ
13:34
of just how active the hair cell can be.
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๋งค์šฐ ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํžˆ ์ฆ๋ช…ํ•ด์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:39
So in the last minute, I want to turn to another question that might come up,
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๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ํ˜น์‹œ๋‚˜ ๋‚˜์˜ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์„ ๋“œ๋ ค๋ณด๊ณ  ์‹ถ์€๋ฐ์š”.
13:43
which is: Where do we go from here?
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์•ž์œผ๋กœ ๋” ๋ฐํ˜€๋‚ด์•ผ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ผ๊นŒ์š”?
13:45
And I would say that there are three issues
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์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์Ÿ์ ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์—ฌ๊ฒจ์ง€๋Š”๋ฐ
13:47
that I would really like to address in the future.
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜์— ์ •๋ง ๋ฐœํ‘œํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์€ ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:50
The first is: What is the molecular motor
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์ฒซ์งธ ์œ ๋ชจ์„ธํฌ์˜ ์ฆํญ์„ ๋‹ด๋‹นํ•˜๋Š” ๋ถ„์ž ๋ชจํ„ฐ๋Š” ๋ฌด์—‡์ผ๊นŒ์š”?
13:52
that's responsible for the hair cell's amplification?
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13:56
Somehow, nature has stumbled across a system
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์™œ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ์ง€ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ฒ ์ง€๋งŒ ์ž์—ฐ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์šฐ์—ฐํžˆ ๊ฐ–๊ฒŒ ๋œ ์ด ์ฒด๊ณ„๋Š”
13:59
that can oscillate or amplify at 20,000 cycles per second,
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20,000 Hz ํ˜น์€ ๊ทธ ์ด์ƒ์˜ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ์—๊นŒ์ง€ ์ง„๋™ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ฆํญํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:04
or even more.
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14:06
That's much faster than any other biological oscillation,
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๊ทธ ์–ด๋–ค ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์  ์ง„๋™๋ณด๋‹ค ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ๋น ๋ฅธ ์ง„๋™์ด์ฃ .
14:09
and we would like to understand where it comes from.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์–ด๋””์—์„œ ์™”๋Š”์ง€ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:12
The second issue is how the hair cell's amplification is adjusted
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๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์Ÿ์ ์€ ์œ ๋ชจ์„ธํฌ๊ฐ€ ์Œํ–ฅ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ฆํญ ์ •๋„๋ฅผ
14:16
to deal with the acoustic circumstances.
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์กฐ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:19
Who turns the knob to increase or decrease the amplification
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๋ˆ„๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค์ด์–ผ์„ ๋Œ๋ ค์„œ ์ฆํญ์„ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œํ‚ค๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๊ฐ์†Œ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ฑธ๊นŒ์š”?
14:23
in a quiet or in a loud environment?
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์กฐ์šฉํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ํฐ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜๋Š” ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ์š”.
14:26
And the third issue is one that concerns all of us,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์„ธ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์Ÿ์ ์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ชจ๋‘๊ฐ€ ๊ฑฑ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ
14:29
which is what we can do about the deterioration of our hearing.
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์ฒญ๋ ฅ์˜ ์•…ํ™”์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋Œ€์ฒ˜ ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:34
Thirty million Americans,
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3์ฒœ๋งŒ๋ช…์˜ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ธ๋“ค
14:35
and more than 400 million people worldwide,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์„ธ๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ 4์–ต ๋ช… ์ด์ƒ์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด
14:38
have significant problems on a daily basis
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์‹œ๋„๋Ÿฌ์šด ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์ด๋‚˜ ์ „ํ™” ํ†ตํ™”๋ฅผ ํ•  ๋•Œ ๋ง์„ ์•Œ์•„๋“ฃ๋Š” ๋ฐ์— ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•œ ์–ด๋ ค์›€์„
14:40
with understanding speech in a noisy environment
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์ผ์ƒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒช๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:43
or over the telephone.
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14:45
Many have even worse deficits.
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ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค๋„ ๋งŽ๊ตฌ์š”.
14:47
Moreover, these deficits tend to get worse with time,
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๊ฒŒ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ฒญ๋ ฅ์†์ƒ์€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ์ง€๋‚ ์ˆ˜๋ก ๋” ์•…ํ™”๋˜๋Š” ํŽธ์ธ๋ฐ
14:50
because when human hair cells die,
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์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ์œ ๋ชจ์„ธํฌ๋Š” ์ฃฝ์—ˆ์„ ๋•Œ
14:52
they're not replaced by cell division.
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์„ธํฌ๋ถ„์—ด์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋Œ€์ฒด๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:56
But we know that nonmammalian animals can replace their cells,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ํฌ์œ ๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹Œ ๋™๋ฌผ๋“ค์€ ์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ฒดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ 
15:00
and those creatures' cells are dying and being replaced throughout life,
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์„ธํฌ๊ฐ€ ์ฃฝ์–ด๋„ ์ผ์ƒ ๋™์•ˆ ๋Œ€์ฒด ๋˜์–ด์„œ
15:03
so the animals maintain normal hearing.
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์ •์ƒ์ ์ธ ์ฒญ๊ฐ์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ๋ฐํ˜€์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:06
Here's an example from a little zebra fish.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์ž‘์€ ์ œ๋ธŒ๋ผํ”ผ์‹œ์˜ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋ฅผ ๋ณด์‹œ๋ฉด
15:09
The cell at the top will undergo a division
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์ƒ๋‹จ๋ถ€์˜ ์„ธํฌ๋Š” ๋ถ„์—ด์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:11
to produce two new hair cells.
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๋‘ ๊ฐœ์˜ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์œ ๋ชจ์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
15:14
They dance for a little bit,
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์•„์ฃผ ์ž ๊น ์ถค์ถ”๋“ฏ ํ”๋“ค๋ฆฌ๊ณ 
15:16
and then settle down and go to work.
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์ž๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์žก์€ ํ›„์— ์ž‘๋™ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:19
So we believe that if we can decode the molecular signals that are used
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์ €ํฌ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋™๋ฌผ๋“ค์ด ์œ ๋ชจ์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ์žฌ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ์—
15:22
by these other animals to regenerate their hair cells,
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์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ถ„์ž์‹ ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ์ดํ•ดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด
15:26
we'll be able to do the same thing for humans.
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ์—๊ฒŒ๋„ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ผ์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฏฟ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:29
And our group and many other groups are now engaged in research
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์ €ํฌ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ง„๊ณผ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋งŽ์€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ง„๋“ค์ด ํ˜„์žฌ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์ค‘์— ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:32
trying to resurrect these amazing hair cells.
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋†€๋ผ์šด ์œ ๋ชจ์„ธํฌ๋“ค์„ ๋ถ€ํ™œ์‹œํ‚ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ์š”.
15:35
Thank you for your attention.
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๊ฒฝ์ฒญํ•ด ์ฃผ์…”์„œ ๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:37
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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