Clara Sousa-Silva: The fingerprints of life beyond Earth | TED

92,525 views ใƒป 2021-09-03

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ไธ‹ใฎ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญ—ๅน•ใ‚’ใƒ€ใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใจๅ‹•็”ปใ‚’ๅ†็”Ÿใงใใพใ™ใ€‚

็ฟป่จณ: Masaki Yanagishita ๆ กๆญฃ: Eriko Tsukamoto
ใ‚จใ‚คใƒชใ‚ขใƒณใ‚’ๆŽขใ™ใฎใŒ็งใฎไป•ไบ‹ใงใ™ ใ”ๆƒณๅƒใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ„ใคใ‚‚
ใ‚จใ‚คใƒชใ‚ขใƒณใฎใ“ใจใ‚’่€ƒใˆใฆใ„ใพใ™
้€šๅ‹คไธญใซใ‚‚
00:12
It's my job to find aliens, so as you might guess,
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็ท‘ใฎๅฐๆŸ„ใชๅฎ‡ๅฎ™ไบบๅฅณๆ€งใŒ ๅ‹้”ใจไธ€็ท’ใฎใจใ“ใ‚ใ‚’ๆƒณๅƒใ—ใชใŒใ‚‰
ใ‚จใ‚คใƒชใ‚ขใƒณๅคฉๆ–‡ๅญฆ่€…ใฎใ“ใจใ‚’่€ƒใˆใฆใฟใพใ™
00:16
I spent a lot of time thinking about them,
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00:18
imagining little green women
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ๅคœ็ฉบใซๅ‘ใ‹ใฃใฆ ๆˆ‘ใ€…ใ‚’ๆŽขใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™
00:20
meeting up with their friends, commuting to work.
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ใ‚จใ‚คใƒชใ‚ขใƒณๅคฉๆ–‡ๅญฆ่€…ใŒ ๅ‰ไธ–็ด€ใฎ
00:23
And that gets me thinking about alien astronomers
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ๅœฐ็ƒใฎๆ–น่ง’ใฎ็œบใ‚ใฆ
็ด›ใ‚Œใ‚‚ใชใ„ใƒ†ใ‚ฏใƒŽใƒญใ‚ธใƒผใฎใ—ใ‚‹ใ—ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆ ่ˆˆๅฅฎใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“
00:26
trying to find us in their night sky.
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00:29
If these alien astronomers had looked in our direction
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ใงใ‚‚๏ผ‘ไธ‡ๅนดๅ‰ใ‚’ ่ฆ‹ใฆใ„ใŸใ‚‰ใฉใ†ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
00:32
in the last century,
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ๆ–‡ๆ˜Žใฎใใ–ใ—ใŒ็พใ‚Œใ‚‹ๅ‰ใงใ™
00:34
they would have been really excited to detect unequivocal signs of technology.
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ใŒใฃใ‹ใ‚Šใ—ใฆ ็”Ÿๅ‘ฝใ‚’ๆŽขใ—ใฆใปใ‹ใฎๆ–นๅ‘ใ‚’็œบใ‚ใŸใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹
00:39
But what if they looked ten thousand years ago,
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็งใŸใกใ‚‚ใใ†ใ—ใฆใฏใ„ใ‘ใพใ›ใ‚“
00:42
before we showed signs of civilization?
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ใใ“ใซๅˆฅใฎ ็”Ÿๅ‘ฝใฎใ—ใ‚‹ใ—ใ‚’ ๆŽขใ™ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™
00:44
Would they shrug in disappointment and go look elsewhere for life?
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ไพ‹ใˆใฐ ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚จใ‚คใƒชใ‚ขใƒณๅคฉๆ–‡ๅญฆ่€…ใŒ ๏ผ‘ไธ‡ๅนดๅ‰ใฎๅœฐ็ƒใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใ„ใŸใ‚‰
00:48
No, and neither should we.
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00:51
Instead, we can look for other signs of life.
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ๆ–‡ๆ˜Žใฎใ—ใ‚‹ใ—ใฏใชใ„ใ‚‚ใฎใฎ
00:54
For example, if those alien astronomers had looked our way 10,000 years ago,
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ใ‚„ใ‚„ๆ™ฎ้€šใงใฏใชใ„ใ“ใจใซๆฐ—ใฅใ„ใŸใฏใšใงใ™
ใพใš ๅœฐ็ƒใซใฏ ๅŽšใ็ฉใ‚„ใ‹ใชๅคงๆฐ—ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™
00:59
they might notice that even without signs of civilization,
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ใ•ใ‚‰ใซๆฐ—ไป˜ใใ“ใจใซ
01:03
we still looked slightly unusual.
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ๅคงๆฐ—ใซใฏ ็–‘ใ†ใปใฉ้ซ˜ๆฟƒๅบฆใฎ ้…ธ็ด ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™
01:06
For one, we have a thick and temperate atmosphere,
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใ‚จใ‚คใƒชใ‚ขใƒณๅคฉๆ–‡ๅญฆ่€…ใซใจใฃใฆ ๅ‹‡ๆฐ—ใฅใ‘ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹็”Ÿๅ‘ฝใฎใ—ใ‚‹ใ—ใ ใฃใŸใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
01:10
but more notably,
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01:11
we have suspiciously large amounts of oxygen in the atmosphere.
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ใชใœใชใ‚‰ ๅœฐ็ƒใฎๅคงๆฐ—ใฎ็ต„ๆˆใฏ
็”Ÿๅ‘ฝ็พ่ฑกใซใ‚ˆใฃใฆใฎใฟ ๆŒ็ถšใ•ใ›ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‰ใงใ™
01:16
This would be a really encouraging sign of life for my alien colleagues
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ๅœฐ็ƒๅค–็”Ÿๅ‘ฝไฝ“ใซๅฏพใ— ๅŒใ˜ใ“ใจใŒใงใใ‚‹ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹๏ผŸ
01:20
because the composition of the Earth's atmosphere
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ใใ†ๅŠชใ‚ใฆใฏใ„ใพใ™
็งใฏ้‡ๅญๅคฉๆ–‡ๅŒ–ๅญฆ่€…ใงใ™
01:23
can only sustain itself through a biological cycle.
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ๅฎ‡ๅฎ™ใซใŠใ‘ใ‚‹
01:26
So can we do the same to them?
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ๅˆ†ๅญใจๅ…‰ใฎ ้‡ๅญ็š„็›ธไบ’ไฝœ็”จใซใคใ„ใฆ ็ ”็ฉถใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™
01:29
I'm certainly trying.
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01:31
I am a quantum astrochemist,
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ใ“ใ†ใ„ใ†ๅˆ†ๅญใ‚„ ๅœฐ็ƒๅค–็”Ÿๅ‘ฝใฎใ„ใ‚‹ ๆƒ‘ๆ˜Ÿใ•ใˆ็›ฎใง่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใฏใงใใพใ›ใ‚“
01:33
which means I study the quantum interactions
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01:35
between molecules and light in space.
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ๆ˜Ÿใ‹ใ‚‰ใฎๅ…‰ใŒ ใปใ‹ใฎๆ˜Ÿใฎๅคงๆฐ—ใ‚’้€šใ‚ŠๆŠœใ‘ใ‚‹ใจ
ๅคงๆฐ—ไธญใฎๅˆ†ๅญใฏๅ…‰ใซ ็‹ฌ่‡ชใฎๆŒ‡็ด‹ใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใชใ—ใ‚‹ใ—ใ‚’ไป˜ใ‘ใพใ™
01:40
We can't see these molecules or even the planets they're on.
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ใใ‚Œใ‚’ๅœฐ็ƒใ‹ใ‚‰่ฆณๆธฌใงใใพใ™
01:43
But when life from a star goes through an alien atmosphere,
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็”Ÿๅ‘ฝใซ้–ข้€ฃไป˜ใ‘ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใใ†ใชๅˆ†ๅญใฎ
01:47
each molecule within it leaves a unique fingerprint
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ใ—ใ‚‹ใ—ใ‚’ๆŽขใ—ใพใ™
01:50
in the starlight that I can see from here.
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ใ€Œ็”Ÿๅ‘ฝๅญ˜ๅœจๆŒ‡ๆจ™ใ€ใงใ™
่ค‡้›‘ใชๆฑšๆŸ“็‰ฉ่ณชใจใ‹้…ธ็ด ใงใ™
01:53
And I look for the fingerprints
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01:55
of molecules that could be associated with life,
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ๅœฐ็ƒใงใ„ใˆใฐ้…ธ็ด ใฏ ็ด ๆ™ดใ‚‰ใ—ใ„็”Ÿๅ‘ฝๅญ˜ๅœจๆŒ‡ๆจ™ใงใ™
01:58
or biosignatures,
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01:59
like complex pollutants or oxygen.
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ใ—ใ‹ใ—้…ธ็ด ใ‚’็”Ÿๆˆใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใฏ ใใ‚Œใปใฉ้›ฃใ—ใใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“
ๅคช้™ฝใ‹ใ‚‰ใฎๆ”พๅฐ„ๅ…‰ใฎ ๅผทๅบฆใŒ็•ฐใชใ‚Œใฐ
02:04
In the context of Earth, oxygen is a wonderful biosignature,
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ๆฟ€ใ—ใ„ๆธฉๅฎคๅŠนๆžœใง ๆตทใŒ่’ธ็™บใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚Œใฐ
02:09
but oxygen is not that hard to make.
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02:11
So, for example, if our sun had different levels of radiation
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ๅคง้‡ใฎ้…ธ็ด ใŒ ๅคงๆฐ—ไธญใซ่“„็ฉใ—ใพใ™
02:15
or if our oceans were evaporating from a runaway greenhouse effect,
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็”Ÿ็‰ฉใชใ—ใซใงใ™
ใใฎใจใ ้…ธ็ด ใ‚’ๆ นๆ‹ ใซใ™ใ‚‹ใจ็”Ÿ็‰ฉใฏ ๆ“ฌ้™ฝๆ€ง๏ผˆ็„กใ„ใฎใซๅœจใ‚‹๏ผ‰ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™
02:20
then large amounts of oxygen could accumulate in our atmosphere
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ใงใ™ใ‹ใ‚‰ ้…ธ็ด ใฏๅœฐ็ƒๅค–็”Ÿๅ‘ฝใ‚’ๆŽขใ™ ่งฃๆฑบ็ญ–ใงใฏใชใ„ใ‹ใ‚‚็Ÿฅใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“
02:23
without biology,
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02:25
and then oxygen would be a false positive for life.
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ใใ‚Œใงใฏไฝ•ใ‚’๏ผŸ
็งใฏ ็”Ÿ็‰ฉใซๅฏพใ—ใฆๆ“ฌ้™ฝๆ€งใ‚’็คบใ•ใชใ„็‰ฉ่ณชใ‚’
02:29
So maybe oxygen won't be the solution to finding life beyond Earth,
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ๆŽขใ™ๅฐ‚้–€ๅฎถใงใ™
02:34
but then what is?
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็”Ÿๆˆใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใ‚€ใšใ‹ใ—ใ ่‡ช็„ถใซใฏใปใจใ‚“ใฉ็”Ÿๆˆใ—ใชใ„็‰ฉ่ณชใงใ™
02:35
Well, my specialty is to look for unusual molecules
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็งใŒ่ˆˆๅ‘ณใ‚’ๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ ๆ™ฎ้€šใซใฏใชใ„ๅˆ†ๅญใŒใƒ•ใ‚ฉใ‚นใƒ•ใ‚ฃใƒณใงใ™
02:40
that have fewer false positives for life
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02:42
because they're so difficult to make that they're rarely made spontaneously.
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10ๅนดใใ‚‰ใ„ๅ‰ ใƒ•ใ‚ฉใ‚นใƒ•ใ‚ฃใƒณใซใคใ„ใฆ็ ”็ฉถใ‚’ใฏใ˜ใ‚ใŸๆ™‚
02:47
And my favorite of those unusual molecules is phosphine.
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ใใ‚ŒใŒ็”Ÿๅ‘ฝๅญ˜ๅœจๆŒ‡ๆจ™ใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใจ ็š†ใซไฟกใ˜ใฆใ‚‚ใ‚‰ใˆใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ—ใŸ
02:52
When I first started working on phosphine about a decade ago,
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ใ‚€ใ—ใ‚ใใ‚Œใฏ
ใฒใฉใ„่‡ญใ„ใฎใ™ใ‚‹็‰ฉ่ณชใง
02:56
people had a hard time thinking of it as a biosignature at all.
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็”Ÿ็‰ฉใŒ้…ธ็ด ใ‚’ไฝฟใ†่ƒฝๅŠ›ใ‚’ๅฆจใ’ใ‚‹็‰ฉ่ณช
03:00
Instead, it was known
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็”Ÿๅ‘ฝใ‚’ๅŠน็Ž‡ใ‚ˆใๆฎบใ™็‰ฉ่ณช ใจ่€ƒใˆใ‚‰ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ—ใŸ
03:02
for being this horrific, foul-smelling molecule
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้…ธ็ด ไปฃ่ฌใซๅฏพใ™ใ‚‹ ่‡ดๅ‘ฝ็š„ใช็›ธไบ’ไฝœ็”จใฎใŸใ‚
03:05
that messes with life's ability to use oxygen,
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ใƒ•ใ‚ฉใ‚นใƒ•ใ‚ฃใƒณใฏๆฎบ่™ซๅ‰คใจใ—ใฆ ๅบƒใไฝฟใ‚ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ™
03:08
making it a really effective killer.
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ๆ‚ฒใ—ใ„ใ“ใจใซๅŒใ˜็†็”ฑใง ไฝ•ๅบฆใ‚‚ๅŒ–ๅญฆๅ…ตๅ™จใจใ—ใฆไฝฟใ‚ใ‚Œใพใ—ใŸ
03:11
Because of this fatal interaction with oxygen metabolism,
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03:15
phosphine is used widely as a pesticide
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ใƒ•ใ‚ฉใ‚นใƒ•ใ‚ฃใƒณใฏๅฎŸ้จ“ๅฎคใงไฝœใ‚Œใพใ™
ใ‚ใ‚‹ใ„ใฏๆœจๆ˜Ÿใ‚„ๅœŸๆ˜Ÿใชใฉ ๅทจๅคงใ‚ฌใ‚นๆ˜Ÿใฎ
03:18
and sadly for the same reason it was used many times in chemical warfare.
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ๆฅต็ซฏใช็’ฐๅขƒไธ‹ใง็”Ÿๆˆใ•ใ‚Œใพใ™
03:23
Phosphine can be made in the lab,
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ๅฒฉ็Ÿณใฎๅคšใ„ๅœฐ็ƒใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใชใจใ“ใ‚ใงใฏ ๅถ็„ถใซใฏใงใใพใ›ใ‚“
03:26
and it's also produced in the extreme environments
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03:28
found inside gas giants like Jupiter and Saturn.
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ใงใ™ใ‹ใ‚‰ๅœฐ็ƒใงใƒ•ใ‚ฉใ‚นใƒ•ใ‚ฃใƒณใ‚’ ่ฆ‹ๅ‡บใ™ใ“ใจใฏๅ…จใๆœŸๅพ…ใงใใพใ›ใ‚“
03:32
But on rocky planets like the Earth, it is rarely created accidentally.
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ใซใ‚‚ใ‹ใ‹ใ‚ใ‚‰ใš
ๅœฐ็ƒใฎใฉใ“ใซใงใ‚‚ๅฐ‘้‡ใชใ‚‰ ่ฆ‹ใคใ‘ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™
03:37
So we don't really expect to find phosphine on Earth at all.
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็‰นๅฎšใฎๅ ดๆ‰€ใงใฏ ไธๆ€่ญฐใชใปใฉๅคง้‡ใซ่ฆ‹ใคใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ™
03:41
And yet we do.
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ใŸใจใˆใฐ ๆนฟๅœฐ ็”ฐใ‚“ใผ ๆน–ๅบŠ
03:43
We find it in small amounts throughout the globe,
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03:46
and in some places in strangely large quantities,
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ใใ—ใฆๅ‹•็‰ฉใฎๆŽ’ๆณ„็‰ฉ ่…ธใชใฉใงใ™
03:50
places like swamps and rice fields and lake beds
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ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎใ‚จใ‚ณใ‚ทใ‚นใƒ†ใƒ ใซๅ…ฑ้€šใชใฎใฏ
้…ธ็ด ใซไพๅญ˜ใ—ใชใ„ ็”Ÿ็‰ฉใฎใ„ใ‚‹ใจใ“ใ‚ใชใฎใงใ™
03:55
and the excrements and guts of most animals.
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ใƒ•ใ‚ฉใ‚นใƒ•ใ‚ฃใƒณใŒ ๅฎณใ‚’ไธŽใˆใ‚‰ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“
03:58
And what all of these ecosystems have in common
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ๅฎŸ้š› ้…ธ็ด ใฎใชใ„ ใ‚จใ‚ณใ‚ทใ‚นใƒ†ใƒ ใงใฏ
04:01
is that they all host organisms that are not reliant on oxygen,
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ใƒ•ใ‚ฉใ‚นใƒ•ใ‚ฃใƒณใฏๅฎ‰ๅ…จใซ ๅฅฝใ‚“ใง็”Ÿๆˆใ•ใ‚Œใพใ™
04:05
so phosphine can't hurt them.
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ๆˆ‘ใ€…ใจ้•ใฃใฆ ้…ธ็ด ใซ้ ผใ‚‰ใชใ„ไป–ใฎๆƒ‘ๆ˜Ÿใงใฏ
04:08
Indeed, phosphine seems to be safely and enthusiastically produced
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04:12
in all of these oxygen-poor ecosystems.
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ใƒ•ใ‚ฉใ‚นใƒ•ใ‚ฃใƒณใŒๅญ˜ๅœจใ—ใฆ ๆ ผๅฅฝใฎ็”Ÿๅ‘ฝๅญ˜ๅœจๆŒ‡ๆจ™ใซใชใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“
04:16
So I figured, maybe other planets with life less reliant on oxygen than ours
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ใƒ•ใ‚ฉใ‚นใƒ•ใ‚ฃใƒณใซ้–ขใ—ใฆ ใ•ใ‚‰ใซ่‰ฏใ„ใ“ใจใฏ
ๅœฐ็ƒใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซๅฒฉใŒใกใฎๆƒ‘ๆ˜Ÿใงใฏ ็”Ÿๆˆใ•ใ‚Œใซใใ„ใฎใง
04:21
could also have phosphine, but as a really popular biosignature.
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็”Ÿๅ‘ฝใซ้–ขใ—ใฆๆ“ฌ้™ฝๆ€งใซใฏ ใชใ‚Šใซใใ„ใ“ใจใงใ™
04:26
And here's the best thing about phosphine.
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ใใ“ใง ๅฎ‡ๅฎ™ใฎ้šฃไบบใงใ‚ใ‚‹ๆƒ‘ๆ˜Ÿใซ ใƒ•ใ‚ฉใ‚นใƒ•ใ‚ฃใƒณใ‚’ๆคœๅ‡บใ™ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซใฏ
04:28
Because it's so hard to make on rocky planets like the Earth,
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ใฉใ‚“ใชๆœ›้ ้กใŒๅฟ…่ฆใ‹ ๆŽขใ—ๅง‹ใ‚ใพใ—ใŸ
04:32
it has almost no false positives for life.
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ใ‚‚ใ—่ฆ‹ใคใ‹ใ‚Œใฐ ใใ‚Œใฏใพใ•ใซ็”Ÿๅ‘ฝใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ™ใ‚‹ใซ้•ใ„ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“
04:35
So I started considering what telescopes we would need
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04:39
to detect phosphine on planets in our galactic neighborhood.
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้ ใใฎๆƒ‘ๆ˜Ÿใ‚’ๆƒณๅƒใ—ใพใ—ใŸ
้…ธ็ด ใฎไนใ—ใ„็†ฑๅธฏใฎๆฅฝๅœ’
04:42
Because if we did, I predicted it could only mean life.
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ใƒ•ใ‚ฉใ‚นใƒ•ใ‚ฃใƒณใซๆบ€ใกใŸ็”Ÿ็‰ฉๅœใ‚’ ใ„ใคใ‹่ฆ‹ใคใ‘ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“
04:47
I was imagining a distant planet,
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04:49
a oxygen-poor tropical paradise
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ใƒ•ใ‚ฉใ‚นใƒ•ใ‚ฃใƒณใฏๅˆใ‚ใซ่€ƒใˆใŸใ‚ˆใ‚Š
04:52
with a phosphine-rich biosphere that we might one day be able to detect.
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ใ‚‚ใฃใจ่ˆˆๅ‘ณๆทฑใ„ใ‚‚ใฎใงใ—ใŸ
ใ“ใฎไป•ไบ‹ใ‚’็ต‚ใˆใŸๆ•ฐใ‹ๆœˆๅพŒ
04:58
But turns out phosphine was a little more exciting
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ๅคฉๆ–‡ๅญฆ่€…ใฎใ‚ธใ‚งใ‚คใƒณใƒปใ‚ฐใƒชใƒผใƒ–ใ‚บใŒ ็งใซ้€ฃ็ตกใ‚’ใใ‚Œใพใ—ใŸ
ใ“ใ“ใซ็™ฝใ็คบใ—ใŸๆœ›้ ้กใ‹ใ‚‰ใฎไฟกๅทใ‚’ ่งฃ้‡ˆใ—ใฆใใ‚Œใจใฎใ“ใจใงใ™
05:01
than I had initially envisaged
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05:03
because a few months after I finished this work
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ใใ—ใฆ ๆ•ฐใ‹ๆœˆๅพŒ ใ‚‚ใ†ไธ€ใคใฎไฟกๅท ใ‚ชใƒฌใƒณใ‚ธใง็คบใ—ใฆใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™
05:06
an astronomer, Jane Greaves, reached out to me
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ใƒ•ใ‚ฉใ‚นใƒ•ใ‚ฃใƒณใฏ้ ใใฎๆƒ‘ๆ˜Ÿใงใฏใชใ
05:09
asking for help with interpreting a telescope signal seen here in white.
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05:12
Then months later, another signal, seen here in orange,
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ใŠ้šฃใ•ใ‚“ ้‡‘ๆ˜Ÿใฎ้›ฒใฎไธŠใซใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸ
05:16
that seemed to indicate that phosphine might be present not on a distant planet,
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็”Ÿๅ‘ฝใ‚’็™บ่ฆ‹ใ—ใŸใฎใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹
ๅœฐ็ƒๅค–ใซ็”Ÿๅ‘ฝใ‚’็™บ่ฆ‹ใ—ใŸใฎใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹ ๅˆ†ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“
05:21
but right next door, on the clouds of Venus.
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้‡‘ๆ˜Ÿใ‹ใ‚‰ใฎ่ฆณๆธฌใƒ‡ใƒผใ‚ฟใฏ ้›‘้ŸณใŒๅคšใ ๆบ–ๅ‚™ๆฎต้šŽใฎใ‚‚ใฎใงใ™
05:25
So did we do it?
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05:26
Did we find life beyond Earth? We don't know.
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็–‘ใ„ใฎใชใ„ ็ขบ่ชใฎๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™
ไฟกๅทใŒๆœฌ็‰ฉใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใจ
ใ‚‚ใ—ใใ†ใงใ‚ใ‚Œใฐ
05:31
These Venus observations were noisy and preliminary,
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ๅˆฅใฎๅˆ†ๅญใŒใƒ•ใ‚ฉใ‚นใƒ•ใ‚ฃใƒณใซไผผใŸ ไฟกๅทใ‚’ๅ‡บใ—ใฆใ„ใชใ„ใจ
05:34
so we still need to confirm, without a doubt,
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ใ‚‚ใ— ็–‘ใ†ใ“ใจใชใใƒ•ใ‚ฉใ‚นใƒ•ใ‚ฃใƒณใงใ‚ใ‚Œใฐ
05:37
that the signal is real,
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05:38
and if it is, we need to make sure
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ๆฌกใซ ไฝ•ใŒใใ‚Œใ‚’็”Ÿๆˆใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‹
05:41
it's not another molecule mimicking phosphine's fingerprint.
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้‡‘ๆ˜Ÿใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใชๆƒ‘ๆ˜ŸใซใŠใ„ใฆ
็”Ÿๅ‘ฝใŒใƒ•ใ‚ฉใ‚นใƒ•ใ‚ฃใƒณใฎๅญ˜ๅœจใ‚’่ชฌๆ˜Žใ™ใ‚‹
05:45
And if it is unambiguously phosphine,
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05:47
we still need to figure out what or who is making it,
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ๆœ€ใ‚‚้ฉๅˆ‡ใชใ‚‚ใฎใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“
ใพใŸใฏ ใ“ใฎ่€ƒใˆใฏ้–“้•ใ„ใง
05:51
because maybe it's true
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่ชฐใ‚‚ๆ€ใ„ใคใ„ใŸใ“ใจใฎใชใ„ใ‚ˆใ†ใช ้ž็”Ÿ็‰ฉ็š„ใชใƒ•ใ‚ฉใ‚นใƒ•ใ‚ฃใƒณใฎ
05:52
that life is the best explanation for the presence of phosphine
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ๅค‰ใ‚ใฃใŸ็”Ÿๆˆๆ–นๆณ•ใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“
05:57
on a planet like Venus.
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ใ„ใšใ‚Œใซใ—ใฆใ‚‚ ็งใฏใƒ•ใ‚ฉใ‚นใƒ•ใ‚ฃใƒณใ‚’ๆ„›ใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใŒ
05:59
But maybe that's wrong
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06:00
and there's an exotic but not biological way of making phosphine
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ใใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใชๆ–นๆณ•ใง็”Ÿๅ‘ฝใฏ ็™บ่ฆ‹ใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ‚‚ใฎใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“
06:04
that no one has thought of yet.
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็”Ÿๅ‘ฝใฎ็™บ่ฆ‹ใฏ ใใ‚ŒใŒใฉใ‚“ใชใซ็‰นๅˆฅใชใ‚‚ใฎใงใ‚ใ‚Œ
06:07
Either way, as much as I love phosphine,
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ใŸใ ไธ€ใคใฎๅˆ†ๅญใซ ไพๅญ˜ใ™ใ‚‹ใ‚‚ใฎใงใฏใชใ„ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
06:10
I don't think that's how we'll find life.
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่ค‡้›‘ใชใ‚ฌใ‚นๆˆๅˆ†ใ‚’ใจใ„ใ† ็ทๅˆใ—ใฆ ใ€Œๆˆ‘ใ€…ใฏ็”Ÿใใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ€ใจใ„ใ†ใƒกใƒƒใ‚ปใƒผใ‚ธใจใชใ‚‹
06:13
The detection of life will likely not come from a single molecule.
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06:16
No matter how special it is.
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็”Ÿ็‰ฉๅœใ‚’ๆคœๅ‡บใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™
06:18
We'll have to detect a whole biosphere producing a complex network of gases
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้‡‘ๆ˜Ÿใฎ่ฉฑใงใŠๅˆ†ใ‹ใ‚Šใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซ
็”Ÿๅ‘ฝใฎๆคœๅ‡บใซใฏ ไธ็ขบๅฎšๆ€งใŒไผดใ„ใพใ™
06:24
that together form a message that reads: โ€œWeโ€™re alive!โ€
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ใ—ใ‹ใ— ้‡‘ๆ˜Ÿใฏๆˆ‘ใ€…ใฎ็”Ÿ็‰ฉๅœใซ้–ขใ™ใ‚‹ ไปฎ่ชฌใ‚’ๆคœ่จผใ—
06:29
As the Venus story shows,
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06:31
the detection of life will likely be uncertain,
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่งฃ้‡ˆๆณ•ใ‚’่ฉฆใ™ ๅฎŒ็’งใช็ ”็ฉถๅฎคใงใ™
้‡‘ๆ˜Ÿใฎๅคงๆฐ—ใ‚„ ใใ‚ŒใŒๆŒใคๆƒ…ๅ ฑใฎ
06:34
but Venus is the perfect lab for us to test our theories of biospheres
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็†่งฃใฎไป•ๆ–นใ‚’ๅญฆในใฐ
้‡‘ๆ˜Ÿใซ่กŒใ่ชฟในใ‚‹ใ“ใจใง ใใ‚ŒใŒๆญฃใ—ใ„ใ‹ๆคœ่จผใงใใพใ™
06:39
and how to interpret them.
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06:41
If we learn to understand the atmosphere of Venus
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2020ๅนดไปฃใฎ็ต‚ใ‚ใ‚Šใซใฏ ใใ‚Œใ‚’ๅฎŸ็พใ—ใพใ™
06:44
and the message it contains,
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ใ—ใ‹ใ— ใใ‚Œใฏ ็”Ÿๅญ˜ๅฏ่ƒฝๆ€งใฎใ‚ใ‚‹ๆƒ‘ๆ˜Ÿใซๅญ˜ๅœจใ™ใ‚‹
06:46
then we can find out if we got it right by going there and checking.
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็”Ÿ็‰ฉๅœใ‚’็™บ่ฆ‹ใ™ใ‚‹
06:50
And we'll do that at the end of the decade.
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ๆœ€ๅพŒใฎๆฉŸไผšใงใฏใชใ„ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
ๆฌกใฎๅ›žใซใฏ ๅฎŸ้š›ใซ่กŒใฃใฆ ่ชฟในใ‚‰ใ‚Œใชใ„ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“
06:53
But this will not be the last time
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06:55
that we have the discovery of a biosignature
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็งใŒๆœ€ใ‚‚ๅฟƒ้…ใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใฏ
06:58
on a potentially habitable planet,
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็งใฎ็”Ÿๅญ˜ไธญใซ ็”Ÿๅญ˜ๅฏ่ƒฝๆ€งใฎใ‚ใ‚‹ๆƒ‘ๆ˜Ÿใ‚’ ็™บ่ฆ‹ใงใใชใ„ใ“ใจใงใฏใชใ
07:01
and next time we won't be able to just go there and check.
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็”Ÿ็‰ฉใŒๅญ˜ๅœจใ™ใ‚‹ๆƒ‘ๆ˜Ÿใซ
07:04
So my biggest concern
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้ซ˜ไพกใชๆœ›้ ้กใ‚’ๅ‘ใ‘ใชใŒใ‚‰
07:06
is not that we will fail to find a habitable planet in our lifetimes.
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ใใ‚Œใ‚’็†่งฃใงใใชใ„ใ“ใจใงใ™
ใพใš็งใฏ็”Ÿๅ‘ฝใ‚’่ฆ‹้€ƒใ•ใชใ„ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ—ใพใ™
07:10
My biggest concern is that we'll point our very expensive telescopes
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่ค‡้›‘ใชๆฑšๆŸ“็‰ฉ่ณชใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซ ๆ˜Ž็™ฝใงใฏใ‚ใฃใฆใ‚‚
07:13
directly at an inhabited planet
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07:16
and just not know we did it.
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07:18
But I am determined to not miss life.
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ใƒ†ใ‚ฏใƒŽใƒญใ‚ธใƒผใฎใ—ใ‚‹ใ—ใงใฏ ใ‚ใ‚Šใˆใชใ„ใ‚‚ใฎใ‚’ๆŽขใ—ใพใ™
้…ธ็ด ใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซ ๅฟซ้ฉใงใชใ˜ใฟๆทฑใ„ใ‚‚ใฎใฎ
07:21
So, yes, I will look for the unambiguous but quite unlikely signs of technology
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้–“้•ใˆใ‚‹ๅฏ่ƒฝๆ€งใ‚’ๆŒใคใ‚‚ใฎใ‚’ๆŽขใ—ใพใ™
07:27
like complex pollutants.
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ใƒ•ใ‚ฉใ‚นใƒ•ใ‚ฃใƒณใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซ
07:29
And I'll look for the pleasant and familiar
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ๅฅ‡ๅฆ™ใงๆใ‚ใ—ใ„็”Ÿๅ‘ฝๅญ˜ๅœจๆŒ‡ๆจ™ใ‚‚ ๆŽขใ—็ถšใ‘ใพใ™
07:32
but potentially misleading signs of life, like oxygen.
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ใใ—ใฆ้‡่ฆใชใ“ใจใซ ใ„ใใคใ‚‚ใฎๅˆ†ๅญใŒ็ทๅˆใ—ใฆ
07:36
And of course, I'll keep looking
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็”Ÿ็‰ฉๅœใฎๅ…จไฝ“ๅƒใ‚’ๆใใ‚ˆใ†ใช็‰ฉ่ณชใ‚’ ๆŽขใ—ๆฑ‚ใ‚ใพใ™
07:38
for the strange and scary biosignatures like phosphine.
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07:41
But crucially, I will look for all the molecules
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ใ„ใคใ‹ใใ‚Œใ‚’่ฆ‹ใŸๆ™‚ใซ ็”Ÿๅ‘ฝใฎใ—ใ‚‹ใ—ใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใจ็Ÿฅใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใซ
07:45
that can together paint a holistic picture of a biosphere.
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ใ‚ใ‚ŠใŒใจใ†ใ”ใ–ใ„ใพใ—ใŸ
07:50
All of this so that one day we'll know life when we see it.
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07:54
Thank you.
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ใ“ใฎใ‚ฆใ‚งใƒ–ใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใซใคใ„ใฆ

ใ“ใฎใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใงใฏ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญฆ็ฟ’ใซๅฝน็ซ‹ใคYouTubeๅ‹•็”ปใ‚’็ดนไป‹ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ไธ–็•Œไธญใฎไธ€ๆต่ฌ›ๅธซใซใ‚ˆใ‚‹่‹ฑ่ชžใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใ‚’่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ๅ„ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎใƒšใƒผใ‚ธใซ่กจ็คบใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹่‹ฑ่ชžๅญ—ๅน•ใ‚’ใƒ€ใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใจใ€ใใ“ใ‹ใ‚‰ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใ‚’ๅ†็”Ÿใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ๅญ—ๅน•ใฏใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎๅ†็”ŸใจๅŒๆœŸใ—ใฆใ‚นใ‚ฏใƒญใƒผใƒซใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ”ๆ„่ฆ‹ใƒปใ”่ฆๆœ›ใŒใ”ใ–ใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ‚‰ใ€ใ“ใกใ‚‰ใฎใŠๅ•ใ„ๅˆใ‚ใ›ใƒ•ใ‚ฉใƒผใƒ ใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ”้€ฃ็ตกใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚

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