Nicholas Negroponte: 5 predictions, in 1984

57,494 views ใƒป 2008-03-13

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Ido Dekkers ืžื‘ืงืจ: Zeeva Livshitz
00:12
In this rather long sort of marathon presentation,
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ื‘ืžืฆื’ืช ื”ืžืขื˜ ืžืจืชื•ื ื™ืช ื‘ืื•ืคื™ื”,
00:16
I've tried to break it up into three parts:
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ื”ืฉืชื“ืœืชื™ ืœื—ืœืง ืื•ืชื” ืœืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื—ืœืงื™ื:
00:18
the first being a whole lot of examples on how it can be
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ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื ื• ืื•ืกืฃ ืจื‘ ืฉืœ ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ื›ื™ืฆื“
00:23
a little bit more pleasurable to deal with a computer
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ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืขื˜ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ื ื” ืœื”ืชืขืกืง ื‘ืžื—ืฉื‘
00:27
and really address the qualities of the human interface.
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ื•ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ื‘ืืžืช ืœืื™ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืžืฉืง ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™.
00:30
And these will be some simple design qualities
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ื•ื™ื”ื™ื• ืืœื” ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ื
00:33
and they will also be some qualities of, if you will,
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ื•ื™ื”ื™ื• ืืœื” ื’ื ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื, ื‘ืจืฉื•ืชื›ื, ืฉืœ
00:36
the intelligence of interaction.
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ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื” ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ.
00:38
Then the second part will really just be examples of new technologies --
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ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ืฉื ื™ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืจืง ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ืฉืœ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช--
00:42
new media falling very much into that mold.
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ืžื“ื™ื” ื—ื“ืฉื” ืขื•ื ื” ื™ืคื” ืœื”ื’ื“ืจื” ื–ื•.
00:46
Again, I will go through them as fast as possible.
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ืฉื•ื‘, ืืกืงื•ืจ ืื•ืชืŸ ืžื”ืจ ื›ื›ืœ ื”ืืคืฉืจ.
00:49
And then the last one will be some examples
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ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื™ื”ื™ื• ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช
00:52
I've been able to collect, which I think
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ืฉื”ืฆืœื—ืชื™ ืœืœืงื˜, ืฉืœื“ืขืชื™
00:56
illustrate this at least as best I can, in the world of entertainment.
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ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ื•ืช ื–ืืช, ื›ืžื™ื˜ื‘ ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื™, ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืจ.
01:02
People have this belief -- and I share most of it --
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ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืืžื•ื ื”--ืฉืื ื™ ืฉื•ืชืฃ ืœืจื•ื‘ื” --
01:08
that we will be using the TV screens or their equivalents
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ืฉืขื•ื“ ื ืฉืชืฉืžืฉ ื‘ืžืกื›ื™ ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ืื• ื“ื•ืžื™ื”ื
01:12
for electronic books of the future. But then you think,
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ื›ืกืคืจื™ื ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืขืชื™ื“. ืื‘ืœ ื›ืฉืชื—ืฉื‘ื•,
01:15
"My God! What a terrible image you get when you look at still pictures on TV."
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"ืืœื•ื”ื™ื ืื“ื™ืจื™ื! ื›ืžื” ื ื•ืจืื” ื”ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื›ืฉืจื•ืื™ื ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืกื˜ื™ืœืก ื‘ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื”."
01:20
Well, it doesn't have to be terrible.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื–ื” ืœื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื ื•ืจื.
01:22
And that is a slide taken from a TV set
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ื•ื–ื• ืฉืงื•ืคื™ืช ืฉื ืœืงื—ื” ืžืื™ื–ื• ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื”
01:26
and it was pre-processed to be very sympathetic to the TV medium,
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ื•ื”ื™ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืœื”ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ ืขื ื”ืžื“ื™ื•ื ื”ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื•ื ื™,
01:30
and it absolutely looks beautiful.
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ื•ื”ื™ื ื ืจืื™ืช ื ืคืœืื”.
01:33
Well, what's happened? How did people get into this mess?
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ื ื•, ืžื” ืงืจื”? ืื™ืš ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืกืชื‘ื›ื• ื›ืœ ื›ืš?
01:39
Where you are now, all of a sudden,
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉื‘ื• ืฉืืชื ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืคืชืื•ื,
01:41
sitting in front of personal computers
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ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืžื•ืœ ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื
01:43
and video text -- teletext systems,
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ื•ืžื•ืœ ื˜ืงืกื˜ -- ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื˜ืœื˜ืงืกื˜,
01:47
and somewhat horrified by what you see on the screen?
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ื•ืžืขื˜ ืžื–ื•ืขื–ืขื™ื ืžื”ืžื•ืฆื’ ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืžืกืš?
01:50
Well, you have to remember that TV was designed
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื™ืฉ ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ ืฉื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ืชื•ื›ื ื ื”
01:53
to be looked at eight times the distance of the diagonal.
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ืฉื™ื‘ื™ื˜ื• ื‘ื” ืžืžืจื—ืง ืคื™ ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ืืœื›ืกื•ืŸ ื”ืžืกืš.
01:56
So you get a 13-inch, 19-inch, whatever, TV,
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ืื– ืงื•ื ื™ื ืžืกืš 13 ืื™ื ืฅ', 19 ืื™ื ืฅ' ืื• ืžื” ืฉืœื ื™ื”ื™ื”
02:01
and then you should multiply that by eight
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ื•ืžื›ืคื™ืœื™ื ื‘ืฉืžื•ื ื”
02:03
and that's the distance you should sit away from the TV set.
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ืžืจื—ืง ืžื”ืžืกืš ืฉืืžื•ืจื™ื ืœืฉื‘ืช.
02:06
Now we've put people 18 inches in front of a TV,
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ื›ื™ื•ื, ื”ื•ืฉื‘ื ื• ืื ืฉื™ื 18 ืื™ื ืฅ' ืžื”ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื”
02:11
and all the artifacts that none of the original designers expected to be seen,
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ื•ื›ืœ ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ืœื•ื•ืื™ ืฉืืฃ ืžืชื›ื ืŸ ืœื ืฆื™ืคื” ืฉื™ื™ืจืื•,
02:16
all of a sudden, are staring you in the face:
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ืคืชืื•ื, ืžื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืช ืœืš ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื:
02:18
the shadow mask, the scan lines, all of that.
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ื”ืฆืœืœื™ื, ืงื•ื•ื™ ื”ืกืจื™ืงื”, ื”ื›ืœ.
02:21
And they can be treated very easily;
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ื•ื‘ืงืœื•ืช ืืคืฉืจ ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ื”ืŸ:
02:23
there are actually ways of getting rid of them,
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ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืŸ ืœืžืขืฉื” ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช,
02:26
there are actually ways of just making absolutely beautiful pictures.
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ื™ืฉื ืŸ ื‘ืืžืช ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืœืขืฉื™ื™ืช ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ื™ืคื™ืคื™ื•ืช.
02:32
I'm talking here a little bit about display technologies.
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ืื ื™ ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืคื” ืžืขื˜ ืขืœ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืชืฆื•ื’ื”.
02:35
Let me talk about how you might input information.
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ื”ืจืฉื• ืœื™ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืื™ืš ืืชื ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ื–ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื“ืข.
02:38
And my favorite example is always fingers.
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ื•ื”ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื”ืื”ื•ื‘ื” ืขืœื™ ื”ื™ื ืชืžื™ื“ ืืฆื‘ืขื•ืช.
02:42
I'm very interested in touch-sensitive displays.
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ืื ื™ ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ืชืฆื•ื’ื•ืช ืžื’ืข.
02:44
High-tech, high-touch. Isn't that what some of you said?
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ื”ื™ื™ ื˜ืง, ื”ื™ื™ ืžื’ืข. ืœื ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื—ืœืง ืžื›ื ืืžืจ?
02:48
It's certainly a very important medium for input,
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ื–ื” ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ืืžืฆืขื™ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืžืื•ื“ ืœืงืœื˜,
02:55
and a lot of people think that fingers are a very low-resolution
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ื•ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืกื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืืฆื‘ืขื•ืช ื”ืŸ ื’ื™ืจืกื ื’ืกื”
02:58
sort of stylus for inputting to a display.
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ืฉืœ ืžืžืฉืง ืžืกืš ืœื”ื–ื ืช ืžื™ื“ืข.
03:02
In fact, they're not: it's really a very, very high-resolution input medium --
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ืŸ ืื™ื ืŸ ื’ืกื•ืช: ื”ืŸ ืœืืžื™ืชื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืืžืฆืขื™ ืžืื•ื“ ืžื“ื•ื™ื™ืง --
03:06
you have to just do it twice, you have to touch the screen
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ืขืœื™ื›ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช ืคืขืžื™ื™ื, ืœื’ืขืช ื‘ืžืกืš
03:09
and then rotate your finger slightly --
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ื•ืื– ืœืกื•ื‘ื‘ ืžืขื˜ ืืช ื”ืืฆื‘ืข --
03:12
and you can move a cursor with great accuracy.
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ื•ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื–ื™ื– ืกืžืŸ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžื™ืจื‘ื™.
03:15
And so when you see on the market these systems
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ื•ืื– ื›ืฉืชืจืื• ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืืœื• ื‘ื—ื ื•ื™ื•ืช
03:17
that have just a few light emitting diodes on the side and are very low resolution,
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ืฉืœื”ืŸ ืจืง ืžืกืคืจ ืœื“ื™ื ืฆื“ื“ื™ื™ื ื•ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืจื–ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ื ืžื•ื›ื”,
03:22
it's nice that they exist because it still is better than nothing.
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ื˜ื•ื‘ ืฉื”ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ื›ื™ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืžื›ืœื•ื.
03:26
But it, in some sense, misses the point:
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื”, ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื, ื—ื•ื˜ื ืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ:
03:28
namely, that fingers are a very, very high-resolution input medium.
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ืฉื”ื•ื, ืฉื”ืืฆื‘ืขื•ืช ื”ืŸ ืืžืฆืขื™ ืงืœื˜ ื‘ืขืœ ืจื–ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ืžืื•ื“, ืžืื•ื“ ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”.
03:34
Now, what are some of the other advantages?
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ื›ืขืช, ืžื” ื”ื ืื—ื“ื™ื ืžื”ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื™ื?
03:36
Well, the one advantage is that you don't have to pick them up,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ืื—ื“ ื”ื•ื ืฉืœื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืจื™ื ืื•ืชืŸ,
03:40
and people don't realize how important that is --
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ื•ืื ืฉื™ื ืœื ืชื•ืคืกื™ื ื›ืžื” ื–ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ --
03:44
not having to pick up your fingers to use them. (Laughter)
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ืฉืœื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืจื™ื ืืช ืืฆื‘ืขื•ืชื™ื™ืš ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื”ืŸ. (ืฆื—ื•ืง)
03:47
When you think for a second of the mouse on Macintosh --
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ื›ืฉืชื—ืฉื‘ื• ืจื’ืข ืขืœ ื”ืขื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžืงื™ื ื˜ื•ืฉ --
03:54
and I will not criticize the mouse too much --
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ื•ืœื ืื‘ืงืจ ืืช ื”ืขื›ื‘ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™ --
03:58
when you're typing -- what you have -- you want to now put something --
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ื›ืฉืืชื” ืžืงืœื™ื“ -- ืžื” ืฉื™ืฉ -- ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืชืจืฆื” ืœืฉื™ื ืžืฉื”ื• --
04:02
first of all, you've got to find the mouse.
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ืจืืฉื™ืช, ืขืœื™ืš ืœืืชืจ ืืช ื”ืขื›ื‘ืจ.
04:04
You have to probably stop. Maybe not come to a grinding halt,
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ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืฉืชื™ืืœืฅ ืœืขืฆื•ืจ. ืื•ืœื™ ืœื ื‘ืœื™ืžื” ื—ื•ืจืงืช,
04:09
but you've got to sort of find that mouse. Then you find the mouse,
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ืื‘ืœ ืืชื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืžืฆื•ื, ื‘ืขืจืš, ืืช ื”ืขื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื–ื”. ืื– ืชืžืฆื ืืช ื”ืขื›ื‘ืจ,
04:12
and you're going to have to wiggle it a little bit
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ื•ืชืฆื˜ืจืš ืœื ืขื ืข ืื•ืชื• ื˜ื™ืคื”
04:14
to see where the cursor is on the screen.
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ืœืืชืจ ืืช ื”ืกืžืŸ ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืžืกืš.
04:16
And then when you finally see where it is,
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ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื›ืฉืชืจืื” ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื,
04:18
then you've got to move it to get the cursor over there,
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ืื– ืขืœื™ืš ืœื”ื–ื™ื– ืื•ืชื• ืœืžืงื ืืช ื”ืกืžืŸ ืฉื,
04:20
and then -- "Bang" -- you've got to hit a button or do whatever.
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ื•ืื– - "ื‘ืื ื’" - ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืœื—ื•ืฅ ืขืœ ื›ืคืชื•ืจ ืื• ืžื” ืฉืœื ื™ื”ื™ื”.
04:23
That's four separate steps versus typing and then touching
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ืืœื” ืืจื‘ืขื” ืฉืœื‘ื™ื ื ืคืจื“ื™ื ืœืขื•ืžืช ืœื”ืงืœื™ื“ ื•ืœื’ืขืช
04:26
and typing and just doing it all in one motion --
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ื•ืœื”ืงืœื™ื“ ื•ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ืœ ื–ืืช ื‘ืชื ื•ืขื” ืื—ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“ --
04:31
or one-and-a-half, depending on how you want to count.
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ืื• ืื—ืช ื•ื—ืฆื™, ืชืœื•ื™ ืื™ืš ืชืจืฆื• ืœืกืคื•ืจ.
04:35
Again, what I'm trying to do is just illustrate
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ืฉื•ื‘, ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืฉื•ืืฃ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ื” ืœื”ืžื—ื™ืฉ
04:37
the kinds of problems that I think face the designers
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ืืช ืกื•ื’ื™ ื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื“ืขืชื™ ื ื™ืฆื‘ื•ืช ืžื•ืœ ื”ืžืชื›ื ื ื™ื
04:41
of new computer systems and entertainment systems
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ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืžื—ืฉื‘ ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื•ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืจ
04:44
and educational systems
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ื•ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื—ื™ื ื•ืš
04:47
from the perspective of the quality of that interface.
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ืžื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืžื‘ื˜ ืฉืœ ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ืžืžืฉืง ื”ื–ื”.
04:50
And another advantage, of course, of using fingers is you have 10 of them.
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ื•ืขื•ื“ ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืืฆื‘ืขื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืš ืขืฉืจ ื›ืืœื”.
04:55
And we have never known how to do this technically,
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ื•ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื™ื“ืขื ื• ื›ื™ืฆื“, ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช, ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช,
04:58
so this slide is a fake slide.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ ืฉืงืฃ ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืฉืงืฃ ื‘ื“ื•ื™.
05:00
We never succeeded in using ten fingers,
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ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ื”ืฆืœื—ื ื• ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืขืฉืจ ืืฆื‘ืขื•ืช,
05:03
but there are certain things you can do, obviously,
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ืืš ื™ืฉื ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื™ื, ืžืŸ ื”ืกืชื,
05:06
with more than one-finger input, which is rather fascinating.
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ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื”ื–ื ื” ืžืจื•ื‘ืช ืืฆื‘ืขื•ืช, ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืจืชืง.
05:11
What we did stumble across was something ...
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ืžื” ืฉื›ืŸ ื ืชืงืœื ื• ื‘ื• ื”ื™ื” ื“ื‘ืจ...
05:14
Again, which is typical of the computer field,
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ืฉื•ื‘, ืฉืื•ืคื™ื™ื ื™ ืœืชื—ื•ื ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื,
05:17
is when you have a bug that you can't get rid of you turn it into a feature.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืฉื›ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ืื’ ืฉืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืคืชื•ืจ ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืœืชื›ื•ื ื”.
05:22
And maybe ... (Laughter)
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ื•ืื•ืœื™...(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
05:24
maybe a mouse is a new kind of bug.
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ืื•ืœื™ ื”ืขื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื•ื ื‘ืื’ ืžื–ืŸ ื—ื“ืฉ.
05:28
But the bug in our case was in touch-sensitive displays:
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ืืš ื”ื‘ืื’ ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœื ื• ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืฆื’ื™ื ืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืžื’ืข:
05:32
we wanted to be able to draw -- you know, rub your finger
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ืจืฆื™ื ื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœืฆื™ื™ืจ -- ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ืœืžืฉื•ืš ืืช ื”ืืฆื‘ืข ืฉืœืš
05:36
across the screen to input continuous points --
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ืขืœ ื”ืžืกืš ืœื”ื–ื™ืŸ ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืจืฆื•ืคื•ืช --
05:39
and there was just too much friction
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ื•ื”ื™ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™ ื—ื™ื›ื•ืš
05:41
created between your finger and the glass --
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ืฉื ื•ืฆืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืฆื‘ืขื•ืชื™ื™ืš ืœื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ืช --
05:43
if glass was the substrate, which it usually is.
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ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉื”ื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืžืฆืข, ืฉืœืจื•ื‘ ื”ื™ื ื›ื–ืืช.
05:47
So we found that that actually was a feature
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ ืžืฆืื ื• ืฉื–ื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ืชื›ื•ื ื”
05:50
in the sense you could build a pressure-sensitive display.
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ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉืชื•ื›ืœ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืฆื’ ืจื’ื™ืฉ ืœืœื—ืฅ.
05:53
And when you touch it with your finger,
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ื•ืœื›ืฉืชื’ืข ื‘ื• ื‘ืืฆื‘ืขืš,
05:55
you can actually, then, introduce all the forces on the face of that screen,
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ืืชื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ, ืื–, ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืฆื’,
06:00
and that actually has a certain amount of value.
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ื•ืœื–ื” ื™ืฉ ืขืจืš ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื.
06:04
Let me see if I can load another disc
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ื ืจืื” ืื ืื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ืขื•ื“ ื“ื™ืกืง
06:06
and show you, quickly, an example.
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ื•ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืœื›ื, ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช, ื“ื•ื’ืžื”.
06:15
Now, imagine a screen, which is not only touch-sensitive now,
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ื›ืขืช, ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืฆื’ ืžื—ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื ืจืง ืจื’ื™ืฉ ืœืžื’ืข ืืœื,
06:18
it's pressure-sensitive.
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ื”ื•ื ืจื’ื™ืฉ ืœืœื—ืฅ.
06:20
And it's pressure-sensitive to the forces both in the plane of the screen --
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืจื’ื™ืฉ ืœืœื—ืฆื™ื ืืœื” ื’ื ื‘ืžื™ืฉื•ืจ ื”ืฆื’ --
06:24
X, Y, and Z at least in one direction;
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Y, X, ื•ืœืคื—ื•ืช ื‘ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืื—ื“ ืฉืœ Z :
06:26
we couldn't figure out how to come in the other direction.
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ืœื ื”ืฆืœื—ื ื• ืœื ื•ืข ืžื”ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™.
06:30
But let me get rid of the slide,
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ืื‘ืœ ืชืจืฉื• ืœื™ ืœื”ื™ืคืชืจ ืžื”ืฉืงื•ืคื™ืช,
06:34
and let's see if this comes on.
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ื•ื ืจืื” ืื ื–ื” ื™ื™ื“ืœืง.
06:41
OK. So there is the pressure-sensitive display in operation.
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ื˜ื•ื‘. ื”ื ื” ื”ืฆื’ ื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ืœืœื—ืฅ ื‘ืคืขื•ืœื”.
06:45
The person's just, if you will, pushing on the screen to make a curve.
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ื”ืื“ื ืจืง, ื‘ืจืฉื•ืชื›ื, ืœื•ื—ืฅ ืขืœ ื”ืžืกืš ืœื‘ืฆืข ืงืฉืช.
06:50
But this is the interesting part.
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ืืš ื”ื ื” ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ.
06:52
I want to stop it for a second
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ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืขืฆื•ืจ ืื•ืชื• ืœืจื’ืข.
06:56
because the movie is very badly made.
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ื›ื™ ื”ืกืจื˜ ืขืฉื•ื™ ื’ืจื•ืข ืžืื•ื“.
07:00
And the particular display was built about six years ago,
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ื•ื”ืฆื’ ื”ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื ื”ื–ื” ื ื‘ื ื” ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืฉ ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ืขืจืš,
07:03
and when we moved from one room to another room,
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ื•ื›ืฉืขื‘ืจื ื• ืžื—ื“ืจ ืื—ื“ ืœืžืฉื ื”ื•,
07:05
a rather large person sat on it and it got destroyed.
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ืืœืžื•ื ื™ ื’ื“ืœ ืžื™ืžื“ื™ื ื™ืฉื‘ ืขืœื™ื• ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ืฉืžื“.
07:09
So all we have is this record. (Laughter)
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ื•ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื ื•ืชืจ ื”ื•ื ื”ืชืขื•ื“ ื”ื–ื”. (ืฆื—ื•ืง)
07:12
But imagine that screen having lots of objects on it
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ืชืืจื• ืœื›ื ืฉื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืžืกืš
07:20
and the person has touched an object --
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ื•ื”ืื“ื ื›ืจื’ืข ื ื’ืข ื‘ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ---
07:23
one of N -- like he did there, and then pushed on it.
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ืื—ื“ ืžืชื•ืš ื›ืžื” -- ื›ืžื• ืฉืขืฉื” ื›ืืŸ ื•ืœื—ืฅ ืขืœื™ื•.
07:28
Now, imagine a program
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ื•ื›ืขืช, ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืชื•ื›ื ื”
07:30
where some of those objects are physically heavy and some are light:
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ืฉื‘ื” ื—ืœืง ืžืขืฆืžื™ื ืืœื” ื›ื‘ื“ื™ื ืคื™ื–ื™ืช ื•ื—ืœืง ืงืœื™ื:
07:34
one is an anvil on a fuzzy rug
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ืื—ื“ ื”ื•ื ืกื“ืŸ ืขืœ ืฉื˜ื™ื— ืฉืขื™ืจ
07:38
and the other one is a ping-pong ball on a sheet of glass.
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ื•ื”ืื—ืจ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ืคื™ื ื’ ืคื•ื ื’ ืขืœ ืœื•ื— ื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ืช.
07:42
And when you touch it, you have to really push very hard
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ื•ืœื›ืฉืชื’ืข ื‘ื• ืชืฆื˜ืจืš ืœื“ื—ื•ืฃ ืžืžืฉ ื—ื–ืง
07:46
to move that anvil across the screen,
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ืœื”ื–ื™ื– ืืช ื”ืกื“ืŸ ื‘ืžืกืš,
07:48
and yet you touch the ping-pong ball very lightly
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ื•ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช ื‘ื ื’ื™ืขื” ืงืœื™ืœื”
07:51
and it just scoots across the screen.
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ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืคื™ื ื’ ืคื•ื ื’ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื˜ืก ืœืงืฆื” ื”ืžืกืš.
07:53
And what you can do -- oops, I didn't mean to do that --
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ื•ืžื” ืฉืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช--ืื•ืคืก, ืœื ื”ืชื›ื•ื•ื ืชื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช
07:58
what you can do is actually feed back to the user
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ืžื” ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืœืžืฉืชืžืฉ
08:02
the feeling of the physical properties.
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ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื”ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ืงืœื™ื•ืช.
08:05
So again, they don't have to be weight;
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ืฉื•ื‘, ื”ื ืœื ืžื•ื›ืจื—ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ื•ื‘ื“:
08:08
they could be a general trying to move troops,
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ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ื”ืžืชืžืจืŸ ืืช ื’ื™ื™ืกื™ื•,
08:11
and he's got to move an aircraft carrier versus a little boat.
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ื•ืขืœื™ื• ืœื”ื–ื™ื– ื ื•ืฉืืช ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ืœืขื•ืžืช ื“ื•ื’ื™ืช.
08:15
In fact, they funded it for that very reason.
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ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืืžืช, ื”ื ืžืžื ื• ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ื”ื–ื•.
08:18
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
08:22
The whole notion, then, is one that at the interface
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ื›ืœ ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ, ื”ื•ื ืฉื‘ืžืžืฉืง
08:28
there are physical properties in that transducer --
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ื™ืฉื ืŸ ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืคื™ื–ื™ืงืœื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžืชืžืจ --
08:32
in this case it's pressure and touches --
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ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื–ื” ื”ืŸ ืœื—ืฅ ื•ื ื’ื™ืขื•ืช --
08:34
that allow you to present things to the user that you could never present before.
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ืฉืžืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœืš ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ ื”ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืงื•ื“ื ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืฆื™ื’.
08:38
So it's not simply looking at the quality or, if you will, the luxury of that interface,
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ื–ื” ืœื ืจืง ืœื”ืกืชื›ืœ ื‘ืื™ื›ื•ืช ืื•, ื‘ืจืฉื•ืชื›ื, ื‘ืขื•ืฉืจื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืžืฉืง,
08:43
but it's actually looking at the idea
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ืืœื ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื”
08:45
of presenting things that previously couldn't be presented before.
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ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื’ืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืงื•ื“ื ืœื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืฆื’ื™ื.
08:48
I want to move on to another example,
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ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื ื•ืกืคืช,
08:52
which is one of a different sort, where we're trying to use computer
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ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืกื•ื’ ืื—ืจ, ืฉื‘ื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื ืกื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžื—ืฉื‘
08:58
and video disc technology now to come up with a new kind of book.
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ื•ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื“ื™ืกืง ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืกื•ื’ ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ืกืคืจ.
09:03
Here, the idea is that you're going to take this book,
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ื›ืืŸ, ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืฉืืชื” ืชื™ืงื— ืืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ื–ื”,
09:08
if you will, and it's going to come alive.
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ืื ืชืจืฆื•, ื•ื”ื•ื ื™ืงื•ื ืœื—ื™ื™ื.
09:10
You're going to sort of breathe life into it.
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ืืชื” ืชื ืฉื•ืฃ ื‘ื• ืจื•ื— ื—ื™ื™ื.
09:13
We are so used to doing monologues.
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ืื ื• ื›ื” ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžื•ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื.
09:17
Filmmakers, for example, are the experts in monologue making:
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ื‘ืžืื™ื, ืœืžืฉืœ, ื”ื ื”ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืžื•ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื:
09:21
you make a film and it has a well-formed beginning, middle and end,
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ืžืคื™ืงื™ื ืกืจื˜ ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื• ื”ืชื—ืœื” ื‘ื ื•ื™ื” ื”ื™ื˜ื‘, ื’ื•ืฃ ื•ืกื™ื•ื,
09:24
and in some sense the art of it is that.
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ื•ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืกื•ื™ื ื–ืืช ื”ื™ื ื”ืื•ืžื ื•ืช.
09:27
And you then say, "There's an opportunity
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ื•ืื– ืื•ืžืจื™ื, "ื™ืฉ ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช
09:31
for making conversational movies." Well, what does that mean?
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ืœื”ืคื™ืง ืกืจื˜ื™ ื“ื™ืืœื•ื’." ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืžื” ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ?
09:35
And it sort of nibbles at the core of the whole profession
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ื•ื–ื” ื›ืื™ืœื• ืžื›ืจืกื ื‘ืœื‘ ื”ืžืงืฆื•ืข ื›ื•ืœื•
09:41
and all the assumptions of that medium.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืชื•ื‘ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื”.
09:43
So, book writing is the same thing.
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ื›ืชื™ื‘ืช ืกืคืจื™ื ื”ื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื“ื‘ืจ.
09:46
What I'll show you very quickly is a new kind of book
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ืžื” ืฉืืจืื” ืœื›ื ื‘ื–ืจื™ื–ื•ืช ื–ื” ืกืคืจ ืžืกื•ื’ ื—ื“ืฉ,
09:49
where it is mixed now with ... all sorts of things live in there,
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ื•ื‘ืชื•ื›ื• ืžืขื•ืจื‘ ื›ืขืช...ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืชื•ื›ื•,
09:53
but you have to keep a few things in mind.
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ืืš ืขืœื™ื›ื ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ ืžืกืคืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื.
09:56
One is that this book knows about itself.
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ืื—ื“ ื”ื•ื ืฉืกืคืจ ื–ื” ืžื•ื“ืข ืœืขืฆืžื•.
10:01
Each frame of the movie has information about itself.
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ื›ืœ ืคืจื™ื™ื ื‘ืกืจื˜ ืžื›ื™ืœ ืžื™ื“ืข ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื•.
10:07
So it knows, or at least there is computer-readable information
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื•ื“ืข, ืื• ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืงื™ื™ื ืžื™ื“ืข ื ื’ื™ืฉ ืžื—ืฉื‘
10:12
in the medium itself. It's just not a static movie frame.
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ื‘ืžื“ื™ื•ื ืขืฆืžื•. ืื™ืŸ ื–ื• ืจืง ืชืžื•ื ื” ืกื˜ื˜ื™ืช ื‘ืกืจื˜.
10:16
That's one thing. The other is that you have to realize
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ื–ื” ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ื“. ื”ืฉื ื™ ื”ื•ื ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ
10:18
that it is a random access medium,
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ืฉื–ื”ื• ืžื“ื™ื•ื ื ื’ื™ืฉ ืืงืจืื™ืช,
10:21
and you can, in fact, branch and expand and elaborate and shrink.
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ื•ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืœืคืœื’ ื•ืœื”ืจื—ื™ื‘, ืœื”ืขืฉื™ืจ ืื• ืœื›ื•ื•ืฅ ืื•ืชื•..
10:24
And here -- again, my favorite example -- is the cookbook,
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ื•ื”ื ื” โ€“ ืฉื•ื‘, ื”ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื”ืื”ื•ื‘ื” ืขืœื™ -- ืกืคืจ ื”ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืœ,
10:28
the "Larousse Gastronomique."
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ื” "ืœืืจื•ืก ื’ืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ืžื™ืง."
10:31
And I think I use the example all too often,
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ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืื ื™ ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืžื“ื™,
10:34
but it's a great one because there is a classic ending in that little
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื• ืื—ืช ืžืขื•ืœื” ื›ื™ ื™ืฉ ืกื•ืฃ ืงืœืืกื™
10:39
encyclopedia-style cookbook that tells you how to do something like penguin,
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ื‘ืกืคืจ ื”ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืœ ื”ืงื˜ืŸ ื‘ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ืื ืฆื™ืงืœื•ืคื“ื™ื” ืฉืื•ืžืจ ืœืš ืื™ืš ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืฉื”ื• ื›ืžื• ืคื™ื ื’ื•ื•ื™ืŸ,
10:46
and you get to the end of the recipe and it says, "Cook until done."
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ื•ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœืกื•ืฃ ื”ืžืชื›ื•ืŸ, ื•ื”ื•ื ืื•ืžืจ, "ืžื‘ืฉืœื™ื ืขื“ ืฉื–ื” ืžื•ื›ืŸ."
10:50
Now, that would be, if you will, the top green track,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื”, ืื ืชืจืฆื•, ื”ืžืกืœื•ืœ ื”ื™ืจื•ืง ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ,
10:55
which doesn't mean too much. But you might have to elaborate for me
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ืฉืœื ืื•ืžืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™. ืืš ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ื›ื™ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืขืœื™ืš ืœืคืจื˜ ืœื™
10:59
or for somebody who isn't an expert, and say,
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ืื• ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืžื™ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžื•ืžื—ื”, ื•ืœื•ืžืจ,
11:01
"Cook at 380 degrees for 45 minutes."
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"ืžื‘ืฉืœื™ื 380 ืžืขืœื•ืช ื‘ืžืฉืš 45 ื“ืงื•ืช."
11:03
And then for a real beginner, you would go down even further
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ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืืžื™ืชื™, ืืชื” ืชืจื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ
11:06
and elaborate more -- say, "Open the oven, preheat, wait for the light to go out,
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ื•ืชืคืจื˜ ื™ื•ืชืจ โ€“ ื ื’ื™ื“, "ืœืคืชื•ื— ืืช ื”ืชื ื•ืจ, ืœื—ืžื ืžืจืืฉ, ืœื”ืžืชื™ืŸ ืฉื”ืื•ืจ ื™ื›ื‘ื”,
11:10
open the door, don't leave it open too long,
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ืคืชื— ืืช ื”ื“ืœืช, ืืœ ืชืฉืื™ืจื• ืื•ืชื• ืคืชื•ื— ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘ ืžื“ื™,
11:13
put the penguin in and shut the door ..." (Laughter) whatever.
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ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืก ืืช ื”ืคื™ื ื’ื•ื•ื™ืŸ ื•ืœืกื’ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื“ืœืช..." (ืฆื—ื•ืง) ืœื ืžืฉื ื” ืžื”.
11:16
And that's a much more elaborate one than you dribble back.
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ื•ื–ื” ืžืคื•ืจื˜ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ืœื“ืคื“ืฃ ืœืื—ื•ืจ.
11:19
That's one kind of use of random access.
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ื–ื”ื• ืกื•ื’ ืื—ื“ ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื’ื™ืฉื” ืืงืจืื™ืช.
11:24
And the other is where you want to explain the same thing in different ways.
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ื•ื”ืื—ืจ ืฉื‘ื• ืืชื” ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ืื•ืชื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื•ืช.
11:32
If you're in a classroom situation and somebody asks a question,
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ืื ืืชื” ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื›ื™ืชืชื™ืช ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืฉื•ืืœ ืฉืืœื”,
11:36
the last thing you do is repeat what you just said.
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืืชื” ืขื•ืฉื” ื”ื•ื ื—ื–ืจื” ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉืืžืจืช.
11:39
You try and think of a different way of saying the same thing,
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ืืชื” ืžื ืกื” ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื“ืจืš ืื—ืจืช ืœื•ืžืจ ืืช ืื•ืชื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ,
11:43
or if you know the particular student and that student's cognitive style,
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ืื• ืื ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ ื”ืžืกื•ื™ื ืžื•ื›ืจ ืœืš, ื•ื”ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืงื•ื’ื ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“,
11:48
then you might say it in a way that you think
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ืื– ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉืืชื” ื—ื•ืฉื‘
11:50
would have a good impedance match with that student.
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ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืœื”ืชืื™ื ืœืชืœืžื™ื“ ื”ื–ื”.
11:53
There are all sorts of techniques you will use --
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ื™ืฉ ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื•ืช ืฉืชืฉืชืžืฉื• --
11:55
and again, this is a different kind of branching.
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ื•ื–ื” ืฉื•ื‘, ืกื•ื’ ืื—ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืกืชืขืคื•ืช.
11:59
So, what I will show you is ... it's a rather boring book,
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ืื–, ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืืจืื” ืœื›ื ื”ื•ื... ื–ื” ืกืคืจ ืžืฉืขืžื ืœืžื“ื™,
12:05
but I'm afraid sometimes you have to do boring books
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืฆืขืจื™ ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืืชื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืกืคืจื™ื ืžืฉืขืžืžื™ื
12:08
because your sponsors aren't necessarily interested in fiction
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื•ืชื ื™ ื”ื—ืกื•ืช ืฉืœืš ืื™ื ื ื‘ื”ื›ืจื— ืžืชืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืžื“ืข ื‘ื“ื™ื•ื ื™
12:13
and entertainment. And this is a book on how to repair a transmission.
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ื•ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืจ. ื•ื–ื” ืกืคืจ ืขืœ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœืชืงืŸ ืชืžืกื•ืจืช.
12:19
Now, I don't even know what vintage the transmission is,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืื ื™ ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืข ืžืื™ื–ื” ื‘ืฆื™ืจ ื”ืชืžืกื•ืจืช,
12:22
but let me just show you very quickly some of it, and we'll move on.
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ืื‘ืœ ืชื ื• ืœื™ ืจืง ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืœื›ื ืžื”ืจ ืžืื•ื“ ื—ืœืง ืžื–ื”, ื•ื ืžืฉื™ืš.
12:33
(Video) Narrator: And continue to get descriptions for each of these chapters.
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(ื•ื™ื“ืื•) ืงืจื™ื™ืŸ: ื•ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœืงื‘ืœ ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืคืจืงื™ื ื”ืœืœื•.
12:36
Nicholas Negroponte: Now, this is his table of contents.
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ื ื™ืงื•ืœืก ื ื’ืจื•ืคื•ื ื˜ื”: ื–ื”ื• ืชื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœื•.
12:38
Just a picture of the transmission, and as you rub your finger across the transmission
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ืจืง ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชืžืกื•ืจืช, ื•ื›ืฉืืชื ืžื—ืœื™ืงื™ื ืืช ื”ืืฆื‘ืข ืœืจื•ื—ื‘ ื”ืชืžืกื•ืจืช
12:42
it highlights the various parts.
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ื”ื•ื ืžื“ื’ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ื—ืœืงื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื.
12:45
Narrator: When I find a chapter that I want to see,
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ืงืจื™ื™ืŸ: ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื™ ืžื•ืฆื ืคืจืง ืฉืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืจืื•ืช,
12:47
I just touch the text and the system will format pages for me to read.
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ืื ื™ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื ื•ื’ืข ื‘ื˜ืงืกื˜ ื•ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ืชื™ืฆื•ืจ ื“ืคื™ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™.
12:59
The words or phrases that are lit up in red are glossary words,
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ืžื™ืœื™ื ืื• ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื ืฉืžื•ืืจื™ื ื‘ืื“ื•ื ื”ืŸ ืžื™ืœื•ืช ืžื™ืœื•ืŸ ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื,
13:05
so I can get a different definition by just touching the word,
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ืื– ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืงื‘ืœ ื”ื’ื“ืจื” ืฉื•ื ื” ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ื ื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ืžื™ืœื”,
13:08
and the definition appears, superimposed over the illustration.
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ื•ืžื•ืคื™ืขื” ื”ื”ื’ื“ืจื”, ืžืขืœ ื”ืื™ื•ืจ.
13:33
NN: This is about the oil pan, or the oil filter and all that.
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ื .ื : ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืขื•ืงืช ื”ืฉืžืŸ, ืื• ืžืกื ืŸ ื”ืฉืžืŸ ื•ื›ืœ ื–ื”.
13:44
This is relatively important because it sets the page ...
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ื–ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื ืงื•ื‘ืขืช ืืช ื”ื“ืฃ...
13:48
Narrator: This is another example of a page with glossary words
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ืงืจื™ื™ืŸ: ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ืฉืœ ื“ืฃ ืขื ืžื™ืœื™ื ืžืžื™ืœื•ืŸ ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื
13:53
highlighted in red.
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ื”ืžืกื•ืžื ื•ืช ื‘ืื“ื•ื.
13:57
I can get a definition of these words just by touching them,
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ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืงื‘ืœ ื”ื’ื“ืจื” ืฉืœ ืžื™ืœื™ื ืืœื” ืจืง ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ื ื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ื”ืŸ,
14:00
and the definition will appear in the illustration corner.
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ื•ื”ื”ื’ื“ืจื” ืชื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ืคื™ื ืช ื”ืื™ื•ืจ.
14:08
I can get back to the illustration, but in this case it's not a single frame,
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ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืื™ื•ืจ, ืืš ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืœื ืชืžื•ื ื” ืื—ืช,
14:13
but it's actually a movie of someone coming into the frame and doing the repair
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ืืœื ื–ื” ื‘ืขืฆื ืกืจื˜ ืฉืœ ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืžื’ื™ืข ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืžืกื’ืจืช ื•ืขื•ืฉื” ืืช ื”ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ
14:16
that's described in the text.
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ื”ืžืชื•ืืจ ื‘ื˜ืงืกื˜.
14:19
The two-headed slider is a speed control that allows me to watch the movie
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ื”ืžื—ื•ื•ืŸ ื‘ืขืœ ืฉื ื™ ื”ืจืืฉื™ื ื”ื•ื ืคืงื“ ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื™ ืœืฆืคื•ืช ื‘ืกืจื˜
14:23
at various speeds, in forward or reverse.
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ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ืงื“ื™ืžื” ืื• ืื—ื•ืจื”.
14:26
And the movie is displayed as a full frame movie.
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ื•ื”ืกืจื˜ ืžื•ืฆื’ ื›ืกืจื˜ ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืžืœืื”.
14:31
I can go back to the beginning ... and play the movie at full speed.
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ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœื”ืชื—ืœื”..., ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืžืœืื”.
14:49
Here's another step-by-step procedure, only in this case --
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ื”ื ื” ื”ืœื™ืš ืฉืœื‘ ืื—ืจ ืฉืœื‘ ืื—ืจ, ืจืง ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื–ื”-
14:51
NN: Okay, this movie is ... Everybody's heard of sound-sync movies --
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ื .ื : ืื•ืงื™ื™, ื”ืกืจื˜ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ื... ื›ื•ืœื ืฉืžืขื• ืกื™ื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืงื•ืœ ื‘ืกืจื˜ื™ื-
14:55
this is text-sync movies, so as the movie plays, the text gets highlighted.
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ืืœื• ืกืจื˜ื™ ืกื™ื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื˜ืงืกื˜, ืื– ื‘ืขืช ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ืกืจื˜, ื”ื˜ืงืกื˜ ืžืงื‘ืœ ื”ื“ื’ืฉื”.
15:00
We highlight the text as we go through the movie.
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ืื ื• ืžื“ื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ื˜ืงืกื˜ ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืกืจื˜.
15:04
Repairman: ... Not too far out. Front poles, preferably.
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ื˜ื›ื ืื™:... ืœื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™ ื”ื—ื•ืฆื”. ื”ืžื•ื˜ื•ืช ื”ืงื“ืžื™ื™ื, ืจืฆื•ื™.
15:08
Don't loosen them too far. If you loosen them too far, you'll have a big mess.
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ืœื ืœืฉื—ืจืจ ืื•ืชื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™. ืื ืชืฉื—ืจืจื• ืื•ืชื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™, ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื›ื ื‘ืœื’ืŸ ื’ื“ื•ืœ.
15:14
NN: I suspect that some of you might not even understand that language.
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ื .ื : ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื“ ืฉื›ืžื” ืžื›ื ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉืคื” ื”ื–ื•..
15:18
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
15:23
OK. I'm at the third and last part of this,
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ืื•ืงื™ื™. ืื ื™ ื‘ื—ืœืง ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ื•ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื–ื”,
15:28
which I said I would make an attempt to at least give you some examples
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ืฉื‘ื• ืืžืจืชื™ ืฉืื ื™ ืืขืฉื” ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœืชืช ืœื›ื ื›ืžื” ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช
15:32
that may be more directly related to the world of entertainment.
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ืฉืขืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืงืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื™ืฉื™ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืขื•ืœื ื”ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืจ.
15:36
And of course, good education has got to be good entertainment,
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ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื˜ื•ื‘ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืจ ื˜ื•ื‘,
15:41
so my first example will be drawn from a very recent experiment
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ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœื™ ื ื•ื‘ืขืช ืžื ื™ืกื•ื™ ืžื”ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ
15:48
that we've been doing -- in this case, in Senegal --
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ืฉืขืฉื™ื ื• -- ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื–ื”, ื‘ืกื ื’ืœ --
15:51
where we have tried to use personal computers
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ื‘ื• ื ื™ืกื™ื ื• ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื
15:56
as a pedagogical medium. But not as teaching machines at all;
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ื›ืžื“ื™ื•ื ืคื“ื’ื•ื’ื™. ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื›ืžื• ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื‘ื›ืœืœ;
16:01
the whole notion is to use this as an instrument
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ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื›ื•ืœื• ื”ื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื–ื” ื›ื›ืœื™
16:05
where there is a complete reversal of roles --
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ื‘ื• ื™ืฉ ื”ื™ืคื•ืš ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ืžืœื --
16:08
the child is, if you will, the teacher and the machine is the student --
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ื”ื™ืœื“ ื”ื•ื, ืื ืชืจืฆื•, ื”ืžื•ืจื” ื•ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ --
16:12
and the art of computer programming is a vehicle that sort of
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ื•ื”ืืžื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชื›ื ื•ืช ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ื”ื•ื ื›ืœื™ ืฉืžืขื™ืŸ
16:14
approximates thinking about thinking.
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ื ื•ืชืŸ ืงื™ืจื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืขืœ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื”.
16:17
But teaching kids programming per se is utterly irrelevant.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืœืžื“ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืชื›ื ื•ืช ื›ืฉืœืขืฆืžื• ืื™ื ื• ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ.
16:22
And there are just a few slides I want to go through,
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ื•ื™ืฉ ื›ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืคื™ื•ืช ืฉืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ,
16:25
but there's a story I'd like to tell. And that was when,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืกืคืจ ืกื™ืคื•ืจ. ื•ื–ื” ื”ื™ื”,
16:31
before we did this in any developing countries --
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืขืฉื™ื ื• ื–ืืช ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืžืชืคืชื—ื•ืช --
16:33
we're doing it, in fact, in three developing countries right now:
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืืช ื–ื”, ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืžืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ืขื›ืฉื™ื•:
16:35
Pakistan, Colombia and Senegal --
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ืคืงื™ืกื˜ืŸ, ืงื•ืœื•ืžื‘ื™ื” ื•ืกื ื’ืœ-
16:37
we did it in some pretty rough areas of New York City.
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ืขืฉื™ื ื• ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ื›ืžื” ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื“ื™ ืงืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ืจ ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง.
16:42
And one child, whose name I've forgotten, was about seven or eight years old,
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ื•ื™ืœื“ ืื—ื“, ืฉืืช ืฉืžื• ืฉืฉื›ื—ืชื™, ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืขืจืš ื‘ืŸ ืฉื‘ืข ืื• ืฉืžื•ื ื”,
16:47
absolutely considered mentally handicapped --
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ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ื ื—ืฉื‘ ื ื›ื” ื ืคืฉื™ืช-
16:52
couldn't read, didn't even make it in the lowest section of the school's classes --
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ืœื ื™ื›ืœ ืœืงืจื•ื, ืœื ื”ื’ื™ืข ืืคื™ืœื• ืœืจืžื” ื”ื ืžื•ื›ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื›ื™ืชื•ืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ --
17:00
and was pretty much not in school, though physically there.
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ื•ื“ื™ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ, ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืคื™ื–ื™ืช ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื ื•ื›ื—.
17:03
But did hang around the, quote, "computer room,"
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ืืš ื ื”ื’ ืœื”ืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ ืกื‘ื™ื‘, ืฆื™ื˜ื•ื˜, "ื—ื“ืจ ืžื—ืฉื‘,"
17:06
where there were quite a few computers,
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ืฉื ื”ื™ื• ืœื ืžืขื˜ ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื,
17:08
and learned this particular language called Logo --
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ื•ืœืžื“ ืฉืคื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ื‘ืฉื ืœื•ื’ื• --
17:12
and learned it with great ease and found it a lot of fun,
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ื•ืœืžื“ ืื•ืชื” ื‘ืงืœื•ืช ืจื‘ื” ื•ืžืฆื ืื•ืชื” ื“ื™ ื›ื™ืคื™ืช,
17:15
it was very interesting. And one day, by chance,
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ. ื•ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“, ื‘ืžืงืจื”,
17:20
some visitors from the NIE came by in their double-breasted suits
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ื›ืžื” ืžื‘ืงืจื™ื NIE ื‘ืื• ื‘ื—ืœื™ืคื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื
17:26
looking at this setup, and none of the children who were normally there,
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ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื• ื‘ื—ื“ืจ, ื•ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ืฉื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ,
17:31
except for this one child, were there.
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ืžืœื‘ื“ ื”ื™ืœื“ ื”ืื—ื“ ื”ื–ื”, ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืฉื.
17:35
He was, and he said, "Let me show you how this works,"
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื”, ื•ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ, "ืชื ื• ืœื™ ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืœื›ื ืื™ืš ื–ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“"
17:38
and they got an absolutely ingenuous, wonderful description of Logo.
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ื•ื”ื ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ืชืื•ืจ ื’ืื•ื ื™, ื ืคืœื ืฉืœ ืœื•ื’ื•.
17:43
And the child was just zipping right through it, showing them all sorts of things
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ื•ื”ื™ืœื“ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืจืฅ ืขืœ ื–ื”, ืžืฆื™ื’ ืœื”ื ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื
17:47
until they asked him how to do something which he couldn't explain
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ืขื“ ืฉื”ื ืฉืืœื• ืื•ืชื• ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื ื™ื›ืœ ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ
17:51
and so he flipped through the manual, found the explanation
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ืื– ื”ื•ื ื—ื™ืคืฉ ื‘ืžื“ืจื™ืš, ืžืฆื ืืช ื”ื”ืกื‘ืจ
17:54
and typed the command and got it to do what they asked.
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ื•ื”ืงืœื™ื“ ืืช ื”ืคืงื•ื“ื” ื•ื’ืจื ืœื–ื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžื” ื‘ื™ืงืฉื•.
17:56
They were delighted, and by the time it was time to go see the principal,
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ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืžืื•ืฉืจื™ื, ื•ืขื“ ืฉื”ื’ื™ืข ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืœืคื’ื•ืฉ ืืช ื”ืžื ื”ืœ,
18:00
whom they'd actually come to see -- not the computer room --
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ืื•ืชื• ื”ื ื‘ืขืฆื ื‘ืื• ืœืจืื•ืช โ€“ ืœื ืืช ื—ื“ืจ ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘-
18:03
they went upstairs and they said,
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ื”ื ืขืœื• ืœืžืขืœื” ื•ืืžืจื•,
18:04
"This is absolutely remarkable!
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"ื–ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžื“ื”ื™ื!
18:06
That child was very articulate and showed us
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ื”ื™ืœื“ ื”ื–ื” ื“ื™ื‘ืจ ื‘ืจื”ื™ื˜ื•ืช ื•ื”ืจืื” ืœื ื•
18:10
and even dealt with the things he couldn't do automatically
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ื•ื’ื ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื ื™ื›ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืื•ื˜ื•ืžื˜ื™
18:14
with that manual. It was just absolutely fantastic."
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ืขื ื”ืžื“ืจื™ืš ื”ื–ื”. ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืคื ื˜ืกื˜ื™."
18:18
The principal said, "There's a dreadful mistake,
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ื”ืžื ื”ืœ ืืžืจ, "ื™ืฉ ื˜ืขื•ืช ืื™ื•ืžื”,
18:21
because that child can't read.
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ื›ื™ ื”ื™ืœื“ ื”ื–ื” ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืข ืœืงืจื•ื.
18:23
And you obviously have been hoodwinked
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ื•ืืชื ื›ื ืจืื” ื”ื•ืœื›ืชื ืฉื•ืœืœ
18:25
or you've talked about somebody else."
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ืื• ืฉื“ื™ื‘ืจืชื ืขืœ ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืื—ืจ."
18:28
And they all got up and they all went downstairs
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ื•ื›ื•ืœื ืงืžื• ื•ื™ืจื“ื• ืœืžื˜ื”
18:30
and the child was still there. And they did something very intelligent:
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ื•ื”ื™ืœื“ ื”ื™ื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื. ื•ื”ื ืขืฉื• ืžืฉื”ื• ืžืื•ื“ ื—ื›ื:
18:34
they asked the child, "Can you read?"
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ืฉืืœื• ืืช ื”ื™ืœื“, "ืืชื” ื™ื•ื“ืข ืœืงืจื•ื?"
18:38
And the child said, "No, I can't."
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ื•ื”ื™ืœื“ ืืžืจ, "ืœื, ืื ื™ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ."
18:41
And then they said, "But wait a minute. You
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ืื– ื”ื ืืžืจื•, "ืื‘ืœ ืจื’ืข, ืจื’ืข. ืืชื”
18:43
just looked through that manual and you found ... "
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ืจืง ื”ืกืชื›ืœืช ื‘ืžื“ืจื™ืš ื•ืžืฆืืช... "
18:46
and he said, "Oh, but that's not reading."
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ, "ื”ื•, ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืœื ืœืงืจื•ื."
18:49
And so they said, "Well, what's reading then?"
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ืื– ื”ื ืืžืจื•, "ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืื– ืžื” ื–ื” ืœืงืจื•ื?"
18:51
He says, "Well, reading is this junk they give me in little books to read.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ, "ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืงืจื™ืื” ื–ื” ื”ื–ื‘ืœ ื”ื–ื” ืฉื”ื ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืœื™ ื‘ืกืคืจื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ืœืงืจื•ื.
18:55
It's absolutely irrelevant, (Laughter) and I get nothing for it.
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ื–ื” ืœื ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ, (ืฆื—ื•ืง) ื•ืื ื™ ืœื ืžืงื‘ืœ ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืžื–ื”.
19:02
But here, with a little bit of effort I get a lot of return."
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืืŸ, ืขื ืงืฆืช ืžืืžืฅ ืื ื™ ืžืงื‘ืœ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื—ื–ืจื”".
19:06
And it really meant something to the child.
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ื•ื–ื” ื‘ืืžืช ื”ื™ื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ืœื™ืœื“.
19:08
The child read beautifully, it turned out,
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ื”ื™ืœื“ ืงืจื ื ืคืœื, ื”ืชื‘ืจืจ,
19:10
and was really very competent. So it actually meant something.
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ื•ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืืžืช ืžื•ื›ืฉืจ ืžืื•ื“. ืื– ื‘ืขืฆื ื”ื™ื” ืœื–ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช.
19:14
And that story has many other anecdotes that are similar,
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ื•ืœืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื–ื” ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื ืงื“ื•ื˜ื•ืช ื“ื•ืžื•ืช,
19:19
but wow. The key to the future of computers in education is right there,
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ืื‘ืœ ื•ื•ืื•. ื”ืžืคืชื— ืœืขืชื™ื“ ืฉืœ ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื”ื•ื ืžืžืฉ ืฉื,
19:26
and it is: when does it mean something to a child?
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ื•ื”ื•ื: ืžืชื™ ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืžืฉื”ื• ืœื™ืœื“?
19:29
There is a myth, and it truly is a myth:
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ื™ืฉ ืžื™ืชื•ืก, ื•ื–ื” ื‘ืืžืช ืžื™ืชื•ืก:
19:32
we believe -- and I'm sure a lot of you believe in this room --
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ืื ื• ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื - ื•ืื ื™ ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืฉื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื›ื ื‘ื—ื“ืจ ื”ื–ื” ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื-
19:35
that it is harder to read and write than it is to learn how to speak.
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ืฉื–ื” ืงืฉื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืงืจื•ื ื•ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืžืืฉืจ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืœื“ื‘ืจ.
19:40
And it's not, but we think speech -- "My God, little children pick it up somehow,
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ื•ื–ื” ืœื, ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ โ€“ "ืืœื•ื”ื™ื, ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ืืช ื–ื” ืื™ื›ืฉื”ื•,
19:46
and by the age of two they're doing a mediocre job,
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ื•ืขื“ ื’ื™ืœ ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ื”ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื™ืช,
19:48
and by three and four they're speaking reasonably well.
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ื•ืขื“ ื’ื™ืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื•ืืจื‘ืข ื”ื ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื“ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘.
19:51
And yet you've got to go to school to learn how to read,
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ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืœื›ืช ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœืงืจื•ื,
19:53
and you have to sit in a classroom and somebody has to teach you.
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ื•ืืชื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืฉื‘ืช ื‘ื›ื™ืชื” ื•ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืœืžื“ ืืชื›ื.
19:56
Hence, it must be harder." Well, it's not harder.
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ืžื›ืืŸ, ื–ื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืงืฉื” ื™ื•ืชืจ." ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื–ื” ืœื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงืฉื”.
19:59
What the truth is is that speaking has great value to a child;
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ื”ืืžืช ื”ื™ื ืฉืœื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื™ืฉ ืขืจืš ืจื‘ ืœื™ืœื“;
20:06
the child can get a great deal by talking to you.
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ื”ื™ืœื“ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืงื‘ืœ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืœื“ื‘ืจ ืืชื›ื.
20:09
Reading and writing is utterly useless.
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ืงืจื™ืื” ื•ื›ืชื™ื‘ื” ื”ืŸ ื—ืกืจื•ืช ืชื•ืขืœืช ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ.
20:11
There is no reason for a child to read and write except blind faith,
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ืื™ืŸ ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœื™ืœื“ ืœืงืจื•ื ื•ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ื—ื•ืฅ ืžืืžื•ื ื” ืขื™ื•ื•ืจืช,
20:16
and that it's going to help you. (Laughter)
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ื•ืฉื–ื” ื™ืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื›ื. (ืฆื—ื•ืง)
20:19
So what happens is you go to school and people say,
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ืื– ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื” ื–ื” ืฉืืชื ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื•ืื ืฉื™ื ืื•ืžืจื™ื,
20:22
"Just believe me, you're going to like it.
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"ืจืง ืชืืžื™ื ื• ืœื™, ืืชื ืชืื”ื‘ื• ืืช ื–ื”.
20:25
You're going to like reading," and just read and read.
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ืืชื ืชืื”ื‘ื• ืœืงืจื•ื," ื•ืจืง ืงื•ืจืื™ื ื•ืงื•ืจืื™ื.
20:28
On the other hand, you give a kid -- a three-year-old kid -- a computer
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ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™, ืืชื ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืœื™ืœื“ -- ื™ืœื“ ื‘ืŸ ืฉืœื•ืฉ -- ืžื—ืฉื‘
20:32
and they type a little command and -- Poof! -- something happens.
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ื•ื”ื ืžืงืœื™ื“ื™ื ืคืงื•ื“ื” ืงื˜ื ื” ื• -- ืคื•ืฃ! -- ืžืฉื”ื• ืงื•ืจื”.
20:35
And all of a sudden ... You may not call that reading and writing,
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ื•ืคืชืื•ื.. ืืชื ืื•ืœื™ ืœื ืชืงืจืื• ืœื–ื” ืงืจื™ืื” ืื• ื›ืชื™ื‘ื”,
20:38
but a certain bit of typing and reading stuff on the screen
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื—ืœืง ืงื˜ืŸ ืžื”ืงืœื“ื” ื•ืงืจื™ืื” ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืžืกืš
20:41
has a huge payoff, and it's a lot of fun.
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ื™ืฉ ืชื•ืขืœืช ืขืฆื•ืžื”, ื•ื–ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื›ื™ืฃ.
20:44
And in fact, it's a powerful educational instrument.
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ื•ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื–ื” ื›ืœื™ ื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื™ ื—ื–ืง.
20:48
Well, in Senegal we found that this was the traditional classroom:
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื‘ืกื ื’ืœ ืžืฆืื ื• ืฉื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ื›ื™ืชื” ื”ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ืช:
20:53
120 kids -- three per desk -- one teacher, a little bit of chalk.
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120 ื™ืœื“ื™ื -- ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื‘ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ -- ืžื•ืจื” ืื—ื“, ืžืขื˜ ื’ื™ืจ.
20:58
This student was one of our first students,
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ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื” ื”ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ืื—ืช ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•,
21:01
and it's the girl on the left leaning with her chalkboard,
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ื•ื–ื• ื”ื™ืœื“ื” ืžืฉืžืืœ ืฉื ืฉืขื ืช ืขื ื”ืœื•ื— ืฉืœื”,
21:05
and she came ... within two days --
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ื•ื”ื™ื ื‘ืื”.. ืชื•ืš ื™ื•ืžื™ื™ื --
21:08
I want to show you the program she wrote,
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ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืœื›ื ืืช ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉื”ื™ื ื›ืชื‘ื”,
21:10
and remember her hairstyle. And that is the program she made.
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ื•ืชื–ื›ืจื• ืืช ื”ืชืกืจื•ืงืช ืฉืœื”. ื•ื–ื• ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื” ืฉื”ื™ื ื›ืชื‘ื”.
21:16
That's what meant something to her, is doing the hair pattern,
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ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ืขืœ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื”, ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืชื‘ื ื™ื•ืช ืœืกื™ื“ื•ืจ ืฉืขืจ,
21:20
and actually did it within two days -- an hour each day --
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ื•ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ื™ื ืขืฉืชื” ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืžื™ื™ื -- ืฉืขื” ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื
21:25
and found it was, to her,
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ื•ืžืฆืื” ืฉื–ื”, ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื”,
21:27
absolutely the most meaningful piece ...
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ืœื’ืžืจื™ ื”ืคื™ืกื” ื”ื›ื™ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื”...
21:30
But rooted in that, little did she know how much knowledge
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ืื‘ืœ ื˜ื‘ื•ืข ื‘ื–ื”, ื”ื™ื ืœื ื™ื“ืขื” ื›ืžื” ื™ื“ืข
21:34
she was acquiring about geometry
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ื”ื™ื ืจื›ืฉื” ื‘ื’ืื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื”
21:36
and just math and logic and all the rest.
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ื•ืจืง ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื” ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืงื” ื•ื›ืœ ื”ืฉืืจ.
21:39
And again, I could talk for three hours about this subject.
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ื•ืฉื•ื‘, ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืฉืขื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื ื•ืฉื ื”ื–ื”.
21:42
I will come to my last example and then quit.
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ืื ื™ ืื’ื™ืข ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืฉืœื™ ื•ืื– ืืคืกื™ืง.
21:50
And my last example -- as some of my former colleagues,
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ื•ื”ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืฉืœื™ -- ื›ืžื• ืฉื›ืžื” ืžืขืžื™ืชื™ ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ,
21:56
whom I see in the room, can imagine what it will be.
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ืฉืื•ืชื ืื ื™ ืจื•ืื” ื‘ื—ื“ืจ, ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืžื” ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื”.
21:59
Yes, it is. It's our work -- that was a while ago,
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ื›ืŸ, ื–ื” ื–ื”. ื–ื” ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœื ื• -- ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืžื” ื–ืžืŸ,
22:02
and it still is my favorite project -- of teleconferencing.
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ื•ื–ื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ ื”ื—ื‘ื™ื‘ ืขืœื™ -- ืฉืœ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืžืจื—ื•ืง.
22:06
And the reason it remains a favorite project
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ื•ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื ืฉืืจ ื”ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ ื”ื—ื‘ื™ื‘ ืขืœื™
22:08
is that we were asked to do a teleconferencing system
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ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ืชื‘ืงืฉื ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ื˜ืœื”ืงื•ื ืคืจื ืกื™ื ื’
22:15
where you had the following situation:
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ื›ืฉื”ื™ื” ืœื›ื ืืช ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื‘ื:
22:17
you had five people at five different sites -- they were known people --
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ื”ื™ื• ืœื›ื ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื -- ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื --
22:22
and you had to have these people in teleconference,
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ื•ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืฉื™ื—ืช ื•ืขื™ื“ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืืœื”,
22:27
such that each one was utterly convinced
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ื›ืš ืฉื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื”ื™ื” ืžืฉื•ื›ื ืข ืœื’ืžืจื™
22:30
that the other four were physically present.
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ืฉื”ืืจื‘ืขื” ื”ืื—ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ื ืคื™ืกื™ืช.
22:34
Now, that is sufficiently
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื–ื” ืžืกืคื™ืง
22:38
zany that we would, obviously, jump to the bait, and we did.
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ืžืฉื•ื’ืข ืฉืื ื—ื ื•, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื‘ืœืขื ื• ืืช ื”ืคืชื™ื•ืŸ, ื•ืขืฉื™ื ื• ืืช ื–ื”.
22:43
And the fact that we knew the people --
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ื•ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื”ื›ืจื ื• ืืช ื”ืื ืฉื™ื --
22:46
we had to take a page out of the history of Walt Disney --
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ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืงื—ืช ื“ืฃ ืžื”ื”ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื“ื™ืกื ื™ --
22:49
we actually went so far as to build CRTs
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ื”ื’ืขื ื• ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืจื—ื•ืง ืฉื‘ื ื™ื ื• ืžืกื›ื™ื
22:52
in the shapes of the people's faces.
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ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืคื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื.
22:55
So if I wanted to call my friend Peter Sprague on the phone,
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ืื– ืื ืจืฆื™ืชื™ ืœื”ืชืงืฉืจ ืœื—ื‘ืจ ืฉืœื™ ืคื™ื˜ืจ ืกืคืจืื’ ื‘ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ,
23:00
my secretary would get his head out and bring it and set it on the desk,
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ื”ืžื–ื›ื™ืจื” ืฉืœื™ ื”ื™ืชื” ืžื•ืฆื™ืื” ืืช ื”ืจืืฉ ืฉืœื• ื•ืžื‘ื™ืื” ืื•ืชื• ื•ืžื ื™ื—ื” ืื•ืชื• ืขืœ ื”ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ,
23:03
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
23:04
and that would be the TV used for the occasion.
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ื•ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ื˜ืœื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื”ื–ื”.
23:09
And it's uncanny: there's no way I can explain to you
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ื•ื–ื” ืžื•ื–ืจ: ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื“ืจืš ืฉืื ื™ ืื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืœื›ื
23:12
the amount of eye contact you get with that physical face
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ืืช ื›ืžื•ืช ืงืฉืจ ื”ืขื™ืŸ ืฉืืชื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืขื ื”ืคื ื™ื ื”ืคื™ืกื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื”
23:16
projected on a 3D CRT of that sort.
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ืžื•ืงืจื ื•ืช ืขืœ ืžืกืš ืฉืคื•ืคืจืช ืชืœืช ืžื™ืžื“ื™ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื›ื–ื•.
23:20
The next thing that we had to do is to persuade them
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื‘ื ืฉื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืœืฉื›ื ืข ืื•ืชื
23:23
that there needed to be spatial correspondence, which is straightforward,
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ืฉืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ืช, ืฉื”ื™ื ื™ืฉื™ืจื”,
23:27
but again, it's something that didn't fall naturally
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ืื‘ืœ ืฉื•ื‘, ื–ื” ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืœื ื‘ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช
23:29
out of a telecommunications or computing style of thinking;
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ืžืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ื•ืขื™ื“ื” ืื• ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืžื—ืฉื•ื‘;
23:32
it was a very, if you will, architectural or spatial concept.
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ, ืื ืชืจืฆื•, ืžืื•ื“ ืืจื›ื™ื˜ืงื˜ื•ื ื™ ืื• ืžืจื—ื‘ื™.
23:36
And that was to recognize that when you sit around the table,
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ื‘ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื›ืฉืืชื ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ,
23:39
the actual location of the people becomes rather important.
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ื”ืžื™ืงื•ื ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื•ืคืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื“ื™ ื—ืฉื•ื‘.
23:44
And when somebody gets up, in fact, to go answer a phone
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ื•ื›ืฉืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืงื, ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืœืœื›ืช ืœืขื ื•ืช ืœื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ
23:47
or use a bathroom or something, the empty seat becomes,
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ืื• ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืฉืจื•ืชื™ื ืื• ืžืฉื”ื•, ื”ื›ื™ืกื ื”ืจื™ืง ื”ื•ืคืš,
23:50
if you will, that person. And you point frequently to the empty seat
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ืื ืชืจืฆื•, ืœืื™ืฉ ื”ื–ื”. ื•ืืชื ืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืœื›ื™ืกื ื”ืจื™ืง
23:53
and you say, "He or she wouldn't agree,"
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ื•ืื•ืžืจื™ื, "ื”ื•ื ืื• ื”ื™ื ืœื ื™ืกื›ื™ืžื•,"
23:56
and the empty chair is that person and the spatiality is crucial.
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ื•ื”ื›ื™ืกื ื”ืจื™ืง ื”ื•ื ื”ืื™ืฉ ื”ื”ื•ื ื•ื”ืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ื•ื ืงืจื™ื˜ื™.
24:02
So we said, "Well, these will be on round tables
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ืื– ืืžืจื ื•, "ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืืœื” ื™ื”ื™ื• ืฉื•ืœื—ื ื•ืช ืขื’ื•ืœื™ื
24:05
and the order around the table had to be the same,
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ื•ื”ืกื“ืจ ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื–ื”ื”,
24:08
so that at my site, I would be, if you will, real
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ื›ืš ืฉื‘ืืชืจ ืฉืœื™, ืื ื™ ืื”ื™ื”, ืื ืชืจืฆื•, ืืžื™ืชื™
24:11
and then at each other's site you'd have these plastic heads.
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ื•ืื– ื‘ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ื™ื”ื™ื• ืœื›ื ืืช ืจืืฉื™ ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืง ื”ืืœื”.
24:16
And the plastic heads, sometimes you want to project them.
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ื•ืจืืฉื™ ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืง, ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืืชื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ืงืจื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื.
24:20
And there are a number of schemes, which I don't want to dwell on,
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืžืกืคืจ ืฆื•ืจื•ืช, ืฉืื ื™ ืœื ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ื›ื ืก ืืœื™ื”ืŸ,
24:23
but this is the one that we finally used
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื–ื• ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื ื• ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ
24:25
where we projected onto rear screen material
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ื‘ื” ื”ืงืจื ื• ืœื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ืงืจื ื” ืื—ื•ืจื™ืช
24:29
that was molded in the face -- literally in the face of the person.
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ืฉื ื•ืฆืง ืžื”ืคื ื™ื -- ืžื™ืœื•ืœื™ืช ืžื”ืคื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ืฉ.
24:33
And I'll show you one more slide, where this is actually made
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ื•ืื ื™ ืืจืื” ืœื›ื ืขื•ื“ ืฉืงื•ืคื™ืช ืื—ืช, ืฉื ื–ื” ืžืžืฉ ื ืขืฉื”
24:37
from something called a solid photograph and is the screen.
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ืžืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื ืงืจื ืชืžื•ื ื” ืžื•ืฆืงื” ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ืžืกืš.
24:41
Now, we track, on the person's head, the head motions --
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืงื‘ื™ื, ืขืœ ืจืืฉ ื”ืื™ืฉ, ืืช ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉ --
24:44
so we transmit with a video the head positions --
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ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฉื“ืจื™ื ืขื ื”ื•ื™ื“ืื• ืืช ืžื™ืงื•ื ื”ืจืืฉื™ื --
24:48
and so this head moves in about two axes.
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ื•ื›ืš ื”ืจืืฉ ื”ื–ื” ื–ื– ื‘ืขืจืš ื‘ืฉื ื™ ืฆื™ืจื™ื.
24:55
So if I, all of a sudden, turn to the person to my left
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ืื– ืื ืื ื™, ืคืชืื•ื, ืžืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ ืœืื™ืฉ ืœืฉืžืืœื™
25:00
and start talking to that person, then at the person to my right's site,
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ื•ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืœืื™ืฉ ื”ื–ื”, ืื– ื”ืื™ืฉ ืœื™ืžื™ื ื™,
25:05
he'll see these two plastic heads talking to each other.
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ื”ื•ื ื™ืจืื” ืืช ืฉื ื™ ื”ืจืืฉื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืžื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืง ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืื—ื“ ืขื ื”ืฉื ื™.
25:08
And then if that person interrupts, then those two heads may turn.
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ื•ืื– ืื ื”ืื™ืฉ ื”ื–ื” ืžืคืจื™ืข, ืื– ืฉื ื™ ื”ืจืืฉื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืื•ืœื™ ื™ืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ื•.
25:13
And it really is reconstructing, quite accurately, teleconferencing.
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ื•ื–ื” ื‘ืืžืช ืžืฉื—ื–ืจ, ื“ื™ ื‘ืžื“ื•ื™ื™ืง ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ื•ืขื™ื“ื”.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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