Nicholas Negroponte: 5 predictions, in 1984

57,294 views ใƒป 2008-03-13

TED


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Mike Hong ๊ฒ€ํ† : Bianca Lee
00:12
In this rather long sort of marathon presentation,
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ค€๋น„ํ•œ ์ด ๋งˆ๋ผํ†ค๊ฐ™์€ ํ”„๋ ˆ์  ํ…Œ์ด์…˜์„
00:16
I've tried to break it up into three parts:
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์„ธ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„์–ด์„œ ์„ค๋ช…๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ์ž ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:18
the first being a whole lot of examples on how it can be
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์ฒซ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋กœ๋Š” ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋ฉด ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์กฐ๊ธˆ์ด๋ผ๋„ ๋”
00:23
a little bit more pleasurable to deal with a computer
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์ฆ๊ฑฐ์šธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋งŽ์€ ์˜ˆ์‹œ๋“ค์„ ๋งํ•ด๋ณด๊ณ ,
00:27
and really address the qualities of the human interface.
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๋˜ํ•œ 'ํœด๋จผ ์ธํ„ฐํŽ˜์ด์Šค'์˜ ํ’ˆ์งˆ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:30
And these will be some simple design qualities
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์ด ํ’ˆ์งˆ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•œ ๋””์ž์ธ์  ํ’ˆ์งˆ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
00:33
and they will also be some qualities of, if you will,
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๋งํ•˜์ž๋ฉด, ์ƒํ˜ธ ์ž‘์šฉ์˜ ์ง€์ ์ธ ์ธก๋ฉด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ’ˆ์งˆ
00:36
the intelligence of interaction.
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์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋„ ์–˜๊ธฐํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:38
Then the second part will really just be examples of new technologies --
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๋‘๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์€ ์ •๋ง ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋“ค, ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด๋“ค์ด ์ข€ ์ „์— ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฐ
00:42
new media falling very much into that mold.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ (์ฆ๊ฑฐ์›€์„ ์ฃผ๋Š”) ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ ์ž๋ฆฌ ์žก์•„๊ฐ€๋Š” ์˜ˆ์ œ๋“ค์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:46
Again, I will go through them as fast as possible.
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๋‹ค์‹œ ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฌ์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ๊ณ  ๋„˜์–ด๊ฐ€๋„๋ก ํ•˜์ง€์š”.
00:49
And then the last one will be some examples
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์€ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ํ•ด ๋†“์•˜๋˜ ๋ช‡ ๊ฐœ์˜
00:52
I've been able to collect, which I think
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์˜ˆ์‹œ๋“ค์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ๋“œ๋ฆด๊นŒ ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ œ ์ƒ๊ฐ์—๋Š”
00:56
illustrate this at least as best I can, in the world of entertainment.
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๊ธฐ์ˆ ๊ณผ ๋งŒ๋‚˜๋Š” ์—”ํ„ฐํ…Œ์ธ๋จผํŠธ์‚ฌ์—…์˜ ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ์ตœ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ณด์—ฌ๋“œ๋ฆด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š์„๊นŒ ์‹ถ๋„ค์š”.
01:02
People have this belief -- and I share most of it --
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๋งŽ์€ ๋ถ„๋“ค์ด ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์‹œ๊ธฐ์—, ๋ฌผ๋ก  ์ €๋„ ์ƒ๋‹นํžˆ ๋™์˜๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ,
01:08
that we will be using the TV screens or their equivalents
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜์—๋Š” TV ํ™”๋ฉด์ด๋‚˜ ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ๋ฅ˜์˜ ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•ด์„œ ์ „์ž์ฑ…์„ ์ฝ์„
01:12
for electronic books of the future. But then you think,
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๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ๋“ค ์˜ˆ์ƒํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€๋งŒ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ์•„๋งˆ
01:15
"My God! What a terrible image you get when you look at still pictures on TV."
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"๋ง™์†Œ์‚ฌ, ํ…”๋ ˆ๋น„์ „์—์„œ ์ •์ง€๋œ ํ™”๋ฉด์„ ๋ณธ๋‹ค๋ฉด ํ™”์งˆ์ด ๋ณ„๋กœ์ผํ…๋ฐ" ๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์‹œ๊ฒ ์ฃ .
01:20
Well, it doesn't have to be terrible.
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์‚ฌ์‹ค, ๊ผญ ํ™”์งˆ์ด ๋‚˜์˜์ง€๋งŒ์€ ์•Š์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:22
And that is a slide taken from a TV set
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์‚ฌ์‹ค ์ € ์Šฌ๋ผ์ด๋“œ๋Š” ํ…”๋ ˆ๋น„์ „ ํ™”๋ฉด์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์˜จ ๊ฒƒ์ธ๋ฐ
01:26
and it was pre-processed to be very sympathetic to the TV medium,
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ํ…”๋ ˆ๋น„์ „ ๋งค์ฒด์— ๋งค์šฐ ์ ํ•ฉํ•˜๋„๋ก ๋ฏธ๋ฆฌ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:30
and it absolutely looks beautiful.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์ƒ๋‹นํžˆ ๊น”๋”ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ณด์ด์ฃ .
01:33
Well, what's happened? How did people get into this mess?
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์ž, ๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ๋ฌด์Šจ ์ผ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ๊ฑฐ์ฃ ? ์™œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์šฐ๋ ค๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๊ฑฐ์ฃ ?
01:39
Where you are now, all of a sudden,
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์ด๋ฏธ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์™€ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋‹จ๊ณ„์—์„œ ๋ณธ๋‹ค๋ฉด,
01:41
sitting in front of personal computers
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๊ฐ์ž ๊ฐœ์ธ์šฉ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ, ํ™”์ƒ์ •๋ณด ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ๋“ฑ์—
01:43
and video text -- teletext systems,
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๋ฐ”๋กœ ๋งˆ์ฃผ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์•‰์•„ ๊ณ„์‹œ๋Š” ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ
01:47
and somewhat horrified by what you see on the screen?
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ํ™”์งˆ์ด ๋‚ฎ์•„์„œ ๊ฐ‘์ž๊ธฐ ๊นœ์ง ๋†€๋ผ๊ธฐ๋ผ๋„ ํ•˜์…จ๋‚˜์š”?
01:50
Well, you have to remember that TV was designed
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์‹ค์€, ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ํ…”๋ ˆ๋น„์ „์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•˜์‹ค ๊ฒƒ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:53
to be looked at eight times the distance of the diagonal.
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์›๋ž˜ ํ…”๋ ˆ๋น„์ „์€ ๊ทธ ๋Œ€๊ฐ์„  ๊ธธ์ด์˜ 8๋ฐฐ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ์—์„œ ๋ณด๋„๋ก ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
01:56
So you get a 13-inch, 19-inch, whatever, TV,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด 13์ธ์น˜, 19์ธ์น˜์˜ ํ…”๋ ˆ๋น„์ „์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด,
02:01
and then you should multiply that by eight
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ๊ทธ ๋Œ€๊ฐ์„  ๊ธธ์ด๋ฅผ 8๋ฐฐ๋กœ ๊ณฑํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜์ง€์š”.
02:03
and that's the distance you should sit away from the TV set.
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๊ทธ ๊ธธ์ด๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ํ…”๋ ˆ๋น„์ „์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋–จ์–ด์ ธ ์•‰์•„์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
02:06
Now we've put people 18 inches in front of a TV,
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์ž, ์ด์ œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ํ…”๋ ˆ๋น„์ „ ์•ž 18์ธ์น˜์ฏค์— ๋‘”๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ์‹œ๋‹ค
02:11
and all the artifacts that none of the original designers expected to be seen,
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉด ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ TV ๋””์ž์ด๋„ˆ๋“ค์ด ์˜ˆ์ƒํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒฐํ•จ๋“ค์ด
02:16
all of a sudden, are staring you in the face:
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๊ณผ ๋งˆ์ฃผํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ง€์š”.
02:18
the shadow mask, the scan lines, all of that.
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CRT์˜ ์„€๋„๋งˆ์Šคํฌ, ํ™”์ƒ ์„  ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค ๋ง์ด์ฃ 
02:21
And they can be treated very easily;
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๊ฑด ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
02:23
there are actually ways of getting rid of them,
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ํ…”๋ ˆ๋น„์ „์˜ ํ™”๋ฉด์˜ ๊ฒฐํ•จ์„ ์—†์• ๋ฒ„๋ฆด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋“ค์ด ์‹ค์žฌํ•˜๊ณ ์š”.
02:26
there are actually ways of just making absolutely beautiful pictures.
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์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด ํ™”๋ฉด์„ ์ •๋ง ์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ต๊ฒŒ ๊พธ๋ฏธ๋Š” ๋งŽ์€ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋“ค๋„ ๋งŽ์ด ์กด์žฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
02:32
I'm talking here a little bit about display technologies.
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์ „ ์ง€๊ธˆ ํ™”๋ฉดํ‘œ์‹œ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ๋งํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:35
Let me talk about how you might input information.
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์ด๋ฒˆ์—๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ค ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ž…๋ ฅํ•˜๋Š” ์ง€ ๋งํ•ด๋ณด์ฃ 
02:38
And my favorite example is always fingers.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜๋Š” ์ž…๋ ฅ ์žฅ์น˜์˜ ์˜ˆ๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์†๊ฐ€๋ฝ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
02:42
I'm very interested in touch-sensitive displays.
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์ €๋Š” ํ„ฐ์น˜๋ฅผ ์ธ์‹ํ•˜๋Š” ํ™”๋ฉดํ‘œ์‹œ ์žฅ์น˜๋“ค์— ๊ด€์‹ฌ์ด ๋งŽ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
02:44
High-tech, high-touch. Isn't that what some of you said?
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ํ•˜์ด-ํ…Œํฌ, ํ•˜์ด-ํ„ฐ์น˜. ๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ง์”€์„ ํ•˜์‹œ์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋˜๊ฐ€์š”
02:48
It's certainly a very important medium for input,
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์ด‰๊ฐ์€ ๋ถ„๋ช…ํžˆ ์ •๋ณด ์ž…๋ ฅ์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ˆ˜๋‹จ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
02:55
and a lot of people think that fingers are a very low-resolution
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๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์†๊ฐ€๋ฝ์€ ์•„์ฃผ ์ €ํ•ด์ƒ๋„์˜
02:58
sort of stylus for inputting to a display.
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ํ™”๋ฉด์— ํ‘œ์‹œํ•˜๋Š” ์Šคํƒ€์ผ๋Ÿฌ์Šค ํŽœ ์ •๋„๋กœ ์น˜๋ถ€ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:02
In fact, they're not: it's really a very, very high-resolution input medium --
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์€ ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€ ์•Š์ฃ . ์†๊ฐ€๋ฝ์€ ์ •๋ง๋กœ ๊ณ ํ•ด์ƒ๋„์˜ ์ž…๋ ฅ ์ˆ˜๋‹จ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:06
you have to just do it twice, you have to touch the screen
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๋‘ ๊ฐœ์˜ ๋™์ž‘๋งŒ ํ•ด์ฃผ๋ฉด ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•˜์ฃ . ํ™”๋ฉด์„ ํ„ฐ์น˜ํ•˜๊ณ ,
03:09
and then rotate your finger slightly --
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์†๊ฐ€๋ฝ์„ ์‚ด์ง ๋Œ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:12
and you can move a cursor with great accuracy.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด ์ปค์„œ๋ฅผ ๋†’์€ ์ •ํ™•๋„๋กœ ์˜ฎ๊ธธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์ฃ .
03:15
And so when you see on the market these systems
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ, ํ˜„์žฌ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์‹œ์žฅ์— ์ถœ์‹œ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ๋“ค์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š”
03:17
that have just a few light emitting diodes on the side and are very low resolution,
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์–‘ ์ธก๋ฉด์— ๋ช‡ ๊ฐœ์˜ LED ๋ฅผ ๋ถ™์—ฌ๋†“๊ณ  ์•„์ฃผ ์ €ํ•ด์ƒ๋„์˜ ์ž…๋ ฅ์žฅ์น˜๊ฐ€ ๊ตฌํ˜„๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์ฃ .
03:22
it's nice that they exist because it still is better than nothing.
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๋ฌผ๋ก  ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์ด ์•„์˜ˆ ์—†๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ๋‚ซ๊ฒ ์ง€๋งŒ,
03:26
But it, in some sense, misses the point:
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ๋“ค์€ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ ์„ ๋†“์น˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:28
namely, that fingers are a very, very high-resolution input medium.
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๋ฐ”๋กœ, ์†๊ฐ€๋ฝ์€ ๋งค์šฐ, ๋งค์šฐ ๊ณ ํ•ด์ƒ๋„์˜ ์ž…๋ ฅ ์ˆ˜๋‹จ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:34
Now, what are some of the other advantages?
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์†๊ฐ€๋ฝ์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ด์ ์—๋Š” ๋ฌด์—‡์ด ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
03:36
Well, the one advantage is that you don't have to pick them up,
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์Œ, ์†๊ฐ€๋ฝ๋“ค์„ ๋“ค์–ด์˜ฌ๋ฆด ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์—†๋Š” ์ ์ด ์žˆ๊ฒ ๋„ค์š”.
03:40
and people don't realize how important that is --
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ์†๊ฐ€๋ฝ์ด ์ธํ„ฐํŽ˜์ด์Šค๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋ฉด, ์†๊ฐ€๋ฝ์„ ๋“ค์–ด์˜ฌ๋ฆด ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€
03:44
not having to pick up your fingers to use them. (Laughter)
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์—†๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ง€ ์ž˜ ๋ชจ๋ฅด์‹œ๋”๋ผ๊ณ ์š” (์›ƒ์Œ)
03:47
When you think for a second of the mouse on Macintosh --
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๋งคํ‚จํ† ์‹œ์˜ ๋งˆ์šฐ์Šค๋ฅผ ์ž ์‹œ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ณด๋ฉด
03:54
and I will not criticize the mouse too much --
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- ๊ทธ ๋งˆ์šฐ์Šค๋ฅผ "๋„ˆ๋ฌด" ์‹ฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋น„ํŒํ•˜์ง€๋Š” ์•Š๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค -
03:58
when you're typing -- what you have -- you want to now put something --
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๋งŒ์•ฝ์— ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ๊ธ€์ž๋ฅผ ์ž…๋ ฅํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์‚ฝ์ž…ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์„ ๋•Œ๋Š”,
04:02
first of all, you've got to find the mouse.
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์šฐ์„  ๋งˆ์šฐ์Šค๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ฐพ์•„์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:04
You have to probably stop. Maybe not come to a grinding halt,
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๋งˆ์šฐ์Šค๋ฅผ ํ•œ์ฐธ ์ฐพ์•„ํ•ด๋งค๋Š” ๊ฑด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋”๋ผ๋„, ์•„๋งˆ ์ž ์‹œ ๋ฉˆ์ถฐ์•ผ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:09
but you've got to sort of find that mouse. Then you find the mouse,
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๋งˆ์šฐ์Šค๋ฅผ ์ฐพ๊ธด ํ•ด์•ผ๊ฒ ์ฃ . ๋งˆ์šฐ์Šค๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์€ ๋’ค์—๋Š”
04:12
and you're going to have to wiggle it a little bit
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๋งˆ์šฐ์Šค๋ฅผ ์žก๊ณ  ์กฐ๊ธˆ ํ”๋“ค์–ด ๋ณด์•„์„œ ๋งˆ์šฐ์Šค์˜ ์ปค์„œ๊ฐ€
04:14
to see where the cursor is on the screen.
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ํ™”๋ฉด์˜ ์–ด๋””์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•ด ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ํ™•์ธํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:16
And then when you finally see where it is,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋งˆ์นจ๋‚ด ์ปค์„œ๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์€ ๋’ค์—๋Š”,
04:18
then you've got to move it to get the cursor over there,
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์ปค์„œ๋ฅผ ์˜ฎ๊ธฐ๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณณ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ฎ๊ธฐ๊ณ  ๋‚œ ํ›„์—,
04:20
and then -- "Bang" -- you've got to hit a button or do whatever.
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๋ฒ„ํŠผ์„ ๋ˆ„๋ฅด๋˜๊ฐ€ ๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๊ฒ ์ฃ .
04:23
That's four separate steps versus typing and then touching
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ 4๊ฐœ์˜ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ๋œ ๋‹จ๊ณ„๋กœ์จ, ์ด ๋ฐฉ์‹๊ณผ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ, ํƒ€์ž์น˜๋‹ค๊ฐ€
04:26
and typing and just doing it all in one motion --
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์†์œผ๋กœ ํ™”๋ฉด์„ ํ†ก ๊ฑด๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ณ , ๋‹ค์‹œ ํƒ€์ž…ํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์›€์ง์ž„, ๋˜๋Š”
04:31
or one-and-a-half, depending on how you want to count.
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์•ฝ๊ฐ„ ๊นŒ๋‹ค๋กญ๊ฒŒ ๋”ฐ์ง„๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด๋„ 1.5๋ฒˆ์˜ ์›€์ง์ž„์œผ๋กœ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์ฃ .
04:35
Again, what I'm trying to do is just illustrate
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๋‹ค์‹œ ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ ๋งํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋งํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
04:37
the kinds of problems that I think face the designers
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์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ๊ณผ ์—”ํ„ฐํ…Œ์ธ๋จผํŠธ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ,
04:41
of new computer systems and entertainment systems
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ต์œก์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ๋””์ž์ด๋„ˆ๋“ค์ด ์ง๋ฉดํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š”
04:44
and educational systems
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๋ฌธ์ œ๋“ค์„ ์ธํ„ฐํŽ˜์ด์Šค์˜ ํ’ˆ์งˆ์ด๋ผ๋Š”
04:47
from the perspective of the quality of that interface.
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๊ด€์ ์—์„œ ๋ฐ”๋ผ๋ณด๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:50
And another advantage, of course, of using fingers is you have 10 of them.
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๋ฌผ๋ก , ์†๊ฐ€๋ฝ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์žฅ์ ์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ 10๊ฐœ๋‚˜ ๋˜๋Š” ์†๊ฐ€๋ฝ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:55
And we have never known how to do this technically,
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๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์ด๊ฑธ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ์ž˜ ๋ชจ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:58
so this slide is a fake slide.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ด ์Šฌ๋ผ์ด๋“œ๋Š” ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ณด๋ฉด ๊ฑฐ์ง“๋ง์ด์ฃ .
05:00
We never succeeded in using ten fingers,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ ˆ๋Œ€๋กœ 10๊ฐœ์˜ ์†๊ฐ€๋ฝ์„ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์“ธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ํ•˜์ง€๋Š” ๋ชปํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:03
but there are certain things you can do, obviously,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ๋‹น์—ฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ๋„, ์†๊ฐ€๋ฝ์„ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐœ ์จ์„œ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด
05:06
with more than one-finger input, which is rather fascinating.
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๋ถ„๋ช…ํžˆ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋งค์šฐ ๋งคํ˜น์ ์ธ ์ผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:11
What we did stumble across was something ...
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์šฐ์—ฐํžˆ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์€
05:14
Again, which is typical of the computer field,
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์‚ฌ์‹ค ์ด๋Ÿฐ๊ฑด ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ ๋ถ„์•ผ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋งค์šฐ ํ”ํ•œ ์ผ์ด์ง€๋งŒ์š”.
05:17
is when you have a bug that you can't get rid of you turn it into a feature.
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"์ œ๊ฑฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ๋ฒ„๊ทธ๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๊พธ๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ๋‚ซ๋‹ค." ๋ผ๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:22
And maybe ... (Laughter)
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์•„๋งˆ -- (์›ƒ์Œ)
05:24
maybe a mouse is a new kind of bug.
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-- ์•„๋งˆ ๋งˆ์šฐ์Šค๋„ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋ฒ„๊ทธ์˜ ์ผ์ข…์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:28
But the bug in our case was in touch-sensitive displays:
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•œ ๋ฒ„๊ทธ๋Š” ํ„ฐ์น˜์Šคํฌ๋ฆฐ์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:32
we wanted to be able to draw -- you know, rub your finger
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ํ„ฐ์น˜์Šคํฌ๋ฆฐ์ƒ์—์„œ ์†๊ฐ€๋ฝ์„ ํ™”๋ฉด์— ๋ฌธ์งˆ๋Ÿฌ์„œ
05:36
across the screen to input continuous points --
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์—ฐ์†๋œ ์ (๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์„ )์„ ํ™”๋ฉด์— ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ์ž ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:39
and there was just too much friction
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํ„ฐ์น˜์Šคํฌ๋ฆฐ์˜ ์žฌ์งˆ์ด ์œ ๋ฆฌ์˜€๋‹ค๋ฉด
05:41
created between your finger and the glass --
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-์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ๋ฆฌ์ฃ  - ์†๊ฐ€๋ฝ๊ณผ ํ™”๋ฉด ์‚ฌ์ด์—
05:43
if glass was the substrate, which it usually is.
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๋„ˆ๋ฌด๋‚˜ ๋งˆ์ฐฐ์ด ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:47
So we found that that actually was a feature
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋งˆ์ฐฐ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์œผ๋กœ ์ „ํ™˜ํ•˜์—ฌ
05:50
in the sense you could build a pressure-sensitive display.
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์••๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฐ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ํ„ฐ์น˜์Šคํฌ๋ฆฐ์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑธ ์•Œ์•˜์ฃ 
05:53
And when you touch it with your finger,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ฒˆ์ด ์†๊ฐ€๋ฝ์œผ๋กœ ํ™”๋ฉด์„ ๊ฑด๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉด
05:55
you can actually, then, introduce all the forces on the face of that screen,
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๊ทธ ํ™”๋ฉด์— ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ํž˜์„ ์ „๋‹ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋˜๊ณ ,
06:00
and that actually has a certain amount of value.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํž˜์˜ ์ „๋‹ฌ ์ž์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ ..
06:04
Let me see if I can load another disc
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋””์Šคํฌ๋ฅผ ๋กœ๋“œํ•ด์„œ
06:06
and show you, quickly, an example.
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ํ•œ ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:15
Now, imagine a screen, which is not only touch-sensitive now,
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์ข‹์•ผ์š”. ์ด์ œ ํ„ฐ์น˜๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋งŒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์••๋ ฅ๋„ ๊ฐ์ง€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”
06:18
it's pressure-sensitive.
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ํ™”๋ฉด์„ ์ƒ์ƒํ•ด๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
06:20
And it's pressure-sensitive to the forces both in the plane of the screen --
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด ํ™”๋ฉด์€ ํ‰๋ฉด, ์ฆ‰ X,Y์ถ•๊ณผ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  Z์ถ•์— - ์ ์–ด๋„ ๋ˆ„๋ฅด๋Š” ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” -
06:24
X, Y, and Z at least in one direction;
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๊ฐ€ํ•ด์ง€๋Š” ํž˜๋“ค์„ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ์‹œ๋‹ค
06:26
we couldn't figure out how to come in the other direction.
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ํ™”๋ฉด์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋‹น๊ธฐ๋Š” ํž˜์€ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•  ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์—†๋Š” ์žฅ์น˜์ฃ .
06:30
But let me get rid of the slide,
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์ด ์Šฌ๋ผ์ด๋“œ๋ฅผ ์ข€ ์น˜์šฐ๊ณ 
06:34
and let's see if this comes on.
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์ด ํ™”๋ฉด์ด ๋œจ๋Š” ์ง€ ํ•œ๋ฒˆ ๋ณด์ง€์š”...
06:41
OK. So there is the pressure-sensitive display in operation.
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์˜ค์ผ€์ด. ์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์••๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฐ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ๋””์Šคํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ๋™ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ๋ณด๊ณ  ๊ณ„์‹ญ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:45
The person's just, if you will, pushing on the screen to make a curve.
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์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๋Š” ๊ทธ์ € ํ™”๋ฉด์„ ๋ˆ„๋ฅด๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€์š”...
06:50
But this is the interesting part.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กœ์šด ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:52
I want to stop it for a second
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ, ๋„ค, ์ž ์‹œ ๋ฉˆ์ถ”๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:56
because the movie is very badly made.
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์ด ์˜์ƒ ์ž์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์™„์„ฑ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋‚ฎ๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง„๋ฐ๋‹ค๊ฐ€,
07:00
And the particular display was built about six years ago,
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์ € ๋””์Šคํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด ์žฅ์น˜๊ฐ€ ์•ฝ 6๋…„์ „ ์ฏค์— ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์กŒ๋Š”๋ฐ,
07:03
and when we moved from one room to another room,
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์žฅ์น˜๋ฅผ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฐฉ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ฎ๊ฒจ ๋†“์•˜๋”๋‹ˆ, ํ•œ ๋ฉ์น˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€
07:05
a rather large person sat on it and it got destroyed.
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๊น”๊ณ  ์•‰์•„์„œ ์™„์ „ ๋ถ€์…”๋ฒ„๋ ธ์ฃ .
07:09
So all we have is this record. (Laughter)
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ด ์ •๋„์˜ ์˜์ƒ ๋ฟ์ด๋„ค์š”
07:12
But imagine that screen having lots of objects on it
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ํ™”๋ฉด์ƒ์— ๋งŽ์€ ๊ฐ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์กด์žฌํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ์ƒํ•ด๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
07:20
and the person has touched an object --
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์ € ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ์ฒด ํ•˜๋‚˜๋ฅผ ํ„ฐ์น˜ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:23
one of N -- like he did there, and then pushed on it.
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N ๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ฐ์ฒด์ค‘์— ํ•˜๋‚˜, ์ € ์˜์ƒ์—์„œ ํ•˜๋“ฏ์ด์š”. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณค ๋ˆ„๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:28
Now, imagine a program
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๋งŒ์•ฝ์— ์ € ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ฐ์ฒด ์ค‘์—์„œ
07:30
where some of those objects are physically heavy and some are light:
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์–ด๋–ค ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฌด๊ฑฐ์šด ์„ฑ์งˆ์„ ๋„๊ณ  ์–ด๋–ค ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ฐ€๋ฒผ์šด ํŽธ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•ฉ์‹œ๋‹ค
07:34
one is an anvil on a fuzzy rug
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ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” ํ„ธ์ด ๋งŽ์€ ๊น”๊ฐœ ์œ„์˜ ๋ชจ๋ฃจ(๋ฌด๊ฑฐ์šด ๋Œ€์žฅ์žฅ์ด ์žฅ๋น„)์ด๊ณ ,
07:38
and the other one is a ping-pong ball on a sheet of glass.
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์–ด๋–ค ๊ฒƒ์€ ์œ ๋ฆฌ ์œ„์— ์žˆ๋Š” ํƒ๊ตฌ๊ณต์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•ด๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
07:42
And when you touch it, you have to really push very hard
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฐ์ฒด๋“ค์„ ํ„ฐ์น˜ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•  ๋•Œ, ๋ชจ๋ฃจ๋ฅผ ํ™”๋ฉด์˜ ํ•œ ํŽธ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ฎ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š”
07:46
to move that anvil across the screen,
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๋งค์šฐ ์„ธ๊ฒŒ ํž˜์„ ์ค˜์•ผ ํ•˜๊ฒ ์ง€์š”
07:48
and yet you touch the ping-pong ball very lightly
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜, ํƒ๊ตฌ๊ณต์€ ๋งค์šฐ ์ž‘์€ ํž˜์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ์ ธ๋„
07:51
and it just scoots across the screen.
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ํ™”๋ฉด์„ ๊ฐ€๋กœ์งˆ๋Ÿฌ ๋‚ ๋ผ๊ฐ‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:53
And what you can do -- oops, I didn't mean to do that --
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‹น์‹ ์ด ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์ž‡๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ -- ์•—, ์ด๊ฑธ ํ• ๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๊ฒŒ ์•„๋‹Œ๋ฐ --
07:58
what you can do is actually feed back to the user
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์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ์†์„ฑ์˜ ๋Š๋‚Œ์„
08:02
the feeling of the physical properties.
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ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ ํ•ด์ค„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
08:05
So again, they don't have to be weight;
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ, ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฌ์ž๋ฉด, ๊ตณ์ด ๋ฌด๊ฒŒ๋ฅผ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•  ํ•„์š”๋Š” ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:08
they could be a general trying to move troops,
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์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ์•ฝ์— ๊ตฐ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ์›€์ง์ด๋ ค๋Š” ์žฅ๊ตฐ์ด๋ผ๋ฉด,
08:11
and he's got to move an aircraft carrier versus a little boat.
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์‹ค์ œ์˜ ํ•ญ๊ณต๋ชจํ•จ์„ ์ง์ ‘ ์›€์ง์ด๋Š” ๋Œ€์‹  ์ž‘์€ ๋ณดํŠธํ•˜๋‚˜๋ฅผ ์›€์ง์ด๋ฉด ๋˜์ฃ .
08:15
In fact, they funded it for that very reason.
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์‚ฌ์‹ค, ๊ทธ ๋ถ„๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๊ฑธ ์—ผ๋‘์— ๋‘๊ณ  ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์— ํˆฌ์žํ•˜์…จ์ฃ .
08:18
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
08:22
The whole notion, then, is one that at the interface
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋Š”, ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ์ธํ„ฐํŽ˜์ด์Šค์—์„œ
08:28
there are physical properties in that transducer --
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๋ณ€ํ™˜์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ์†์„ฑ๋“ค์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค๋ฉด -
08:32
in this case it's pressure and touches --
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์ด ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ์••๋ ฅ๊ณผ ํ„ฐ์น˜๊ฐ€ ๋˜๊ฒ ์ฃ . -
08:34
that allow you to present things to the user that you could never present before.
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์˜ˆ์ „์—๋Š” ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž์—๊ฒŒ ํ‘œํ˜„์ด ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
08:38
So it's not simply looking at the quality or, if you will, the luxury of that interface,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ธํ„ฐํŽ˜์ด์Šค์˜ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์ด๋‚˜ ํ™”๋ คํ•จ์— ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ,
08:43
but it's actually looking at the idea
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์ด์ „์—๋Š” ํ‘œํ˜„์ด ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„
08:45
of presenting things that previously couldn't be presented before.
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ํ‘œํ˜„์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์–ด์ง„๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์— ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•˜์ž๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:48
I want to move on to another example,
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์ด๋ฒˆ์—๋Š” ์•ฝ๊ฐ„ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ์˜ˆ๋กœ
08:52
which is one of a different sort, where we're trying to use computer
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๋„˜์–ด๊ฐ€๋ณด๋„๋ก ํ•˜๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ์™€ ๋น„๋””์˜ค ๋””์Šคํฌ๋ฅผ ์ ‘๋ชฉํ•˜์—ฌ
08:58
and video disc technology now to come up with a new kind of book.
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์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ์ฑ…์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ๋‚ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด์ด๋„๋ก ํ•˜๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:03
Here, the idea is that you're going to take this book,
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๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ฑ…์„ ์ž‘์—…์„ ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉด,
09:08
if you will, and it's going to come alive.
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์ฑ…์ด ์‚ด์•„๋‚œ๋‹ค๊ณ ๋‚˜ ํ• ๊นŒ์š”.
09:10
You're going to sort of breathe life into it.
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์ด ์ฑ…์— ์ƒ๋ช…๋ ฅ์„ ๋ถˆ์–ด๋„ฃ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
09:13
We are so used to doing monologues.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋…๋ฐฑ์— ๋งค์šฐ ์ต์ˆ™ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:17
Filmmakers, for example, are the experts in monologue making:
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์ผ๋ก€๋กœ ์˜ํ™”์ œ์ž‘์ž๋“ค์€ ๋…๋ฐฑ์„ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๋ฐ ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€๋“ค์ด์ฃ .
09:21
you make a film and it has a well-formed beginning, middle and end,
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์˜ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉด, ์‹œ์ž‘,์ค‘๊ฐ„, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋์ด ์•„์ฃผ ์ž˜ ํ˜•์„ฑ๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•˜์ฃ .
09:24
and in some sense the art of it is that.
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ณด๋ฉด, ์˜ํ™”์˜ ์ •์ˆ˜๋ž€ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
09:27
And you then say, "There's an opportunity
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด ๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ฆฌ ๋งํ•˜๊ฒ ์ฃ . "๊ธ€์Ž„, ์™ ์ง€ ๋Œ€ํ™”ํ˜• ์˜ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š”
09:31
for making conversational movies." Well, what does that mean?
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ด…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค." ์ด๊ฒŒ ๋ฌด์Šจ ์˜๋ฏธ์ผ๊นŒ์š”?
09:35
And it sort of nibbles at the core of the whole profession
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์€ ์˜์ƒ์—…๊ณ„์˜ ๊ทผ๊ฐ„๊ณผ ๊ทธ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์„ ์ด๋ฃจ๋Š” ๊ฐ€์ •์—์„œ
09:41
and all the assumptions of that medium.
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์กฐ๊ธˆ์”ฉ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ์›€์ง์ž„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:43
So, book writing is the same thing.
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์ฑ… ์ง‘ํ•„ ๊ณผ์ • ์—ญ์‹œ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:46
What I'll show you very quickly is a new kind of book
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ง€๊ธˆ ์‚ด์ง ๋ณด์—ฌ๋“œ๋ฆด ๊ฒƒ์€, ์˜จ๊ฐ– ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜
09:49
where it is mixed now with ... all sorts of things live in there,
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๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด ์•ˆ์—์„œ ์‚ด์•„ ์ˆจ์‰ฌ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ์ฑ…์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:53
but you have to keep a few things in mind.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋ฅผ ์—ผ๋‘์— ๋‘์…”์•ผ ํ•˜๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:56
One is that this book knows about itself.
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๊ทธ ์ค‘์— ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” ์ด ์ฑ…์€ ์Šค์Šค๋กœ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:01
Each frame of the movie has information about itself.
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๊ฐ ์žฅ๋ฉด์€ ๊ทธ ์Šค์Šค๋กœ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ •๋ณด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์ฃ .
10:07
So it knows, or at least there is computer-readable information
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์ ์–ด๋„ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ์ธ์ง€ํ• ๋งŒํ•œ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:12
in the medium itself. It's just not a static movie frame.
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ •์ ์ธ ์žฅ๋ฉด์ด๋ผ๊ณ ๋งŒ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์ฃ .
10:16
That's one thing. The other is that you have to realize
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์ผ๋‹จ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ํ•œ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ , ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” ์ด ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด๋Š”
10:18
that it is a random access medium,
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์ž„์˜์ถ”์ถœ๋ฐฉ์‹ (์—ญ:์ˆœ์„œ๋Œ€๋กœ๋งŒ ๋ณด์ง€ ์•Š์•„๋„ ๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ) ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:21
and you can, in fact, branch and expand and elaborate and shrink.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์œผ๋กœ ์˜ฎ๊ฒจ๊ฐ€๊ฑฐ๋‚˜, ํ™•์žฅํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜, ๋” ์ƒ์„ธํžˆ ๋ณด๊ฑฐ๋‚˜, ๊ฐ„๋‹จํžˆ ์ค„์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ฃ .
10:24
And here -- again, my favorite example -- is the cookbook,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์—๋Š”, ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ œ์ผ ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜๋Š” ์˜ˆ์ œ์ธ ์š”๋ฆฌ์ฑ…์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:28
the "Larousse Gastronomique."
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Larousse Gastronomique ๋ž€ ์ฑ…์ด์ฃ .
10:31
And I think I use the example all too often,
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ด ์˜ˆ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ์ž์ฃผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์ง€๋งŒ,
10:34
but it's a great one because there is a classic ending in that little
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์ด ์˜ˆ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๋‹นํžˆ ์ข‹์€ ์ด์œ ๋Š” ์ด ์ž‘์€, ์•„๋‹ˆ ํฐ, ๋ฐฑ๊ณผ์‚ฌ์ „ ๋ฐฉ์‹์˜ ์š”๋ฆฌ์ฑ…์—๋Š”
10:39
encyclopedia-style cookbook that tells you how to do something like penguin,
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์•„์ฃผ ์ „ํ˜•์ ์ธ ๋งˆ๋ฌด๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ด๊ฒจ์žˆ์ฃ . ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค๋ฉด "ํŽญ๊ท„(์—ญ:์ฟ ํ‚ค์ข…๋ฅ˜)"๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฑธ ๋งŒ๋“ค ๋•Œ
10:46
and you get to the end of the recipe and it says, "Cook until done."
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๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์— ๊ฐ€๋ณด๋ฉด "๋  ๋•Œ๊นŒ์ง€ ์กฐ๋ฆฌํ•˜์„ธ์š”" ๋ผ๊ณ  ์จ ์žˆ์ฃ .
10:50
Now, that would be, if you will, the top green track,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ € ์œ„์— ๋…น์ƒ‰์˜ ํŠธ๋ž™์ด ๋˜๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค, ๋ณ„ ๋Œ€์ˆ˜๋กญ์ง€
10:55
which doesn't mean too much. But you might have to elaborate for me
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์•Š์€ ์ •๋ณด์ผ ์ง€๋Š” ๋ชฐ๋ผ๋„, ๋‚˜ ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์š”๋ฆฌ์˜ ๊ณ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹Œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ๋Š”
10:59
or for somebody who isn't an expert, and say,
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"ํ™”์”จ 380๋„์—์„œ 45๋ถ„๊ฐ„ ์กฐ๋ฆฌํ•˜์„ธ์š”"
11:01
"Cook at 380 degrees for 45 minutes."
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์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ž์„ธํ•œ ์„ค๋ช…์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์ฃ .
11:03
And then for a real beginner, you would go down even further
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ง„์งœ ์ดˆ์‹ฌ์ž๋ผ๋ฉด ์ข€ ๋” ๊นŠ์ด ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€์„œ ๋” ์ž์„ธํ•œ
11:06
and elaborate more -- say, "Open the oven, preheat, wait for the light to go out,
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์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ๋กœ ๋“ค์–ด "์˜ค๋ธ์„ ์—ด๊ณ , ์˜ˆ์—ด ํ›„, ์ „๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๊บผ์งˆ ๋•Œ๊นŒ์ง€
11:10
open the door, don't leave it open too long,
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๋ฌธ์„ ์—ด์–ด ๋‘์„ธ์š”, ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ์˜ค๋ž˜ ์—ด์–ด ๋‘๋ฉด ์•ˆ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค,
11:13
put the penguin in and shut the door ..." (Laughter) whatever.
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ํŽญ๊ท„ ์ฟ ํ‚ค๋ฅผ ๋„ฃ๊ณ  ๋ฌธ์„ ๋‹ซ์œผ์„ธ์š”" ์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
11:16
And that's a much more elaborate one than you dribble back.
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๊ทธ๋ƒฅ ๋˜๋Œ๋ ค ๋ณด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋ณด๋‹ค ํ›จ์”ฌ ์ž์„ธํ•œ ์„ค๋ช…์ด ๋˜๊ฒ ์ง€์š”.
11:19
That's one kind of use of random access.
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์ด๋Ÿฐ๊ฒŒ ์ž„์˜์ถ”์ถœ๋ฐฉ์‹์˜ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ํ™œ์šฉ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ๋˜๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:24
And the other is where you want to explain the same thing in different ways.
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๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ๋Š”, ๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•  ๋•Œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋˜๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:32
If you're in a classroom situation and somebody asks a question,
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๊ฐ•์˜์‹ค๊ฐ™์€ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์—์„œ ๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด,
11:36
the last thing you do is repeat what you just said.
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๊ฐ•์‚ฌ๋กœ์จ ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ง์•„์•ผ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์€, ํ–ˆ๋˜ ๋ง์„ ๊ณ ์Šค๋ž€ํžˆ ๋‹ค์‹œ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋˜๊ฒ ์ฃ .
11:39
You try and think of a different way of saying the same thing,
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์ œ๋Œ€๋กœ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๊ฐ™์€ ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•  ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ์ฐพ์•„์•ผ ๊ฒ ์ฃ .
11:43
or if you know the particular student and that student's cognitive style,
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๋˜๋Š” ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์„ ํ•œ ํ•™์ƒ์„ ์ž˜ ์•Œ๊ณ , ๊ทธ ํ•™์ƒ์ด ๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์ธ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด
11:48
then you might say it in a way that you think
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์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด, ๊ทธ ํ•™์ƒ์˜ ์Šคํƒ€์ผ์— ๋”ฑ ๋งž๋Š”
11:50
would have a good impedance match with that student.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์•„๋‚ด์–ด ์„ค๋ช…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒ ์ง€์š”.
11:53
There are all sorts of techniques you will use --
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ๊ฐ•์‚ฌ๋ผ ํ•˜๋ฉด ํ™œ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ํ…Œํฌ๋‹‰์ด
11:55
and again, this is a different kind of branching.
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์ƒ๋‹นํžˆ ๋งŽ๊ฒ ์ฃ , ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒƒ์„ "๋ถ„๊ธฐ(์—ญ:๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฐฉ์‹ ์ „๊ฐœ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ)"์˜ ํ•œ ์ข…๋ฅ˜๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒ ์ฃ .
11:59
So, what I will show you is ... it's a rather boring book,
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ง€๊ธˆ ๋ณด์—ฌ๋“œ๋ฆด ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ข€ ๋”ฐ๋ถ„ํ•œ ์ฑ…์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:05
but I'm afraid sometimes you have to do boring books
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๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€๋งŒ ์Šคํฐ์„œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด์ฃผ๋Š” ๋ถ„๋“ค์ด ๋”ฑํžˆ ์†Œ์„ค์ด๋‚˜,
12:08
because your sponsors aren't necessarily interested in fiction
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์—”ํ„ฐํ…Œ์ธ๋จผํŠธ์ชฝ์— ๊ด€์‹ฌ์ด ์—†๋‹ค๋ฉด, ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋”ฐ๋ถ„ํ•œ ์ฑ…์œผ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ˆ˜๋ฐ–์—
12:13
and entertainment. And this is a book on how to repair a transmission.
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์—†์ง€์š”. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด ์ฑ…์€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ž๋™์ฐจ ๋ฏธ์…˜์„ ๊ณ ์น˜๋Š” ๊ฐ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฑ…์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:19
Now, I don't even know what vintage the transmission is,
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์ €๋Š” ์ด๊ฒŒ ์–ธ์ œ์  ์ž๋™์ฐจ ๋ฏธ์…˜์ธ์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ฒ ๋„ค์š”.
12:22
but let me just show you very quickly some of it, and we'll move on.
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๊ทธ๋ƒฅ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ์ด ํ™”๋ฉด์„ ๋ณด์‹œ๊ณ  ๋‹ค์Œ์œผ๋กœ ๋„˜์–ด๊ฐ€์‹œ๋„๋ก ํ•˜์‹œ์ฃ .
12:33
(Video) Narrator: And continue to get descriptions for each of these chapters.
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(์˜์ƒ)
12:36
Nicholas Negroponte: Now, this is his table of contents.
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์ด๊ฒŒ ์ฑ…์˜ ๋ชฉ์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:38
Just a picture of the transmission, and as you rub your finger across the transmission
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์ž๋™์ฐจ ๋ฏธ์…˜์˜ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์ด ์žˆ๊ณ , ๊ทธ ๋ฏธ์…˜ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์œ„๋กœ ์†๊ฐ€๋ฝ์„ ์›€์ง์ž„์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ
12:42
it highlights the various parts.
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๊ฐ ๋ถ€ํ’ˆ๋“ค์„ ํ•˜์ด๋ผ์ดํŠธ๋กœ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ์ฃ 
12:45
Narrator: When I find a chapter that I want to see,
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๋‚˜๋ ˆ์ดํ„ฐ: ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ณด๊ณ  ์‹ถ์€ ์žฅ์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•˜๋ฉด,
12:47
I just touch the text and the system will format pages for me to read.
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๊ทธ๋ƒฅ ๊ทธ ๊ธ€์ž๋ฅผ ํ„ฐ์น˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๊ณ  ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์€ ํ•ด๋‹น ํŽ˜์ด์ง€๋“ค์„ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ฝ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ์–‘์‹์— ๋งž์ถ”์–ด ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:59
The words or phrases that are lit up in red are glossary words,
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๋นจ๊ฐ›๊ฒŒ ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ธ€์ž๋“ค์€ ์šฉ์–ด๋“ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:05
so I can get a different definition by just touching the word,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์šฉ์–ด๋ฅผ ํ„ฐ์น˜ํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ ์šฉ์–ด์˜ ์ •์˜๋ฅผ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ฃ .
13:08
and the definition appears, superimposed over the illustration.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ •์˜๊ฐ€ ๋ณด์—ฌ์งˆ ๋•Œ๋Š” ์ผ๋Ÿฌ์ŠคํŠธ๋„ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:33
NN: This is about the oil pan, or the oil filter and all that.
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์ด๊ฑด ์˜ค์ผํŒฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‚ด์šฉ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜๋Š” ์˜ค์ผ ํ•„ํ„ฐ ๋“ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
13:44
This is relatively important because it sets the page ...
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์ด ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ์š” ์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด...
13:48
Narrator: This is another example of a page with glossary words
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๋‚˜๋ ˆ์ดํ„ฐ: ์ด๊ฑด ์šฉ์–ด ์ •๋ฆฌ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์˜ˆ์ œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:53
highlighted in red.
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๋ถ‰๊ฒŒ ํ•˜์ด๋ผ์ดํŠธ ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์ง€์š”.
13:57
I can get a definition of these words just by touching them,
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๊ทธ๋ƒฅ ์ด ๋‹จ์–ด๋“ค์„ ํ„ฐ์น˜ํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ ๋‹จ์–ด์˜ ์ •์˜๋ฅผ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋˜๊ณ ,
14:00
and the definition will appear in the illustration corner.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์ •์˜๋Š” ์ผ๋Ÿฌ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์ดํŠธ์˜ ํ•œ ๊ตฌ์„์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜์ง€์š”.
14:08
I can get back to the illustration, but in this case it's not a single frame,
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์ผ๋Ÿฌ์ŠคํŠธ๋งŒ ๋ณด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ทธ๋ƒฅ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์žฅ๋ฉด์ธ ์ผ๋Ÿฌ์ŠคํŠธ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:13
but it's actually a movie of someone coming into the frame and doing the repair
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์‚ฌ์‹ค์ƒ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ๋‚˜์˜ค๊ฒŒ ๋˜๊ณ , ๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์˜์ƒ์†์—์„œ ๊ธ€๋กœ ์„ค๋ช…๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์ˆ˜๋ฆฌ
14:16
that's described in the text.
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๋ฅผ ์ง์ ‘ ํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ํ™”๋ฉด์ด ๋‚˜์˜ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:19
The two-headed slider is a speed control that allows me to watch the movie
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๋‘ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ ์Šฌ๋ผ์ด๋”๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•ด์„œ ์˜์ƒ์„ ์•ž/๋’ค๋กœ ๋Œ๋ฆฌ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์†๋„๋กœ ๊ฐ์ƒํ•  ์ˆ˜
14:23
at various speeds, in forward or reverse.
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์žˆ๋„๋ก ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:26
And the movie is displayed as a full frame movie.
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์ด ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ์ „์ฒด ํ™”๋ฉด์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ณ ์š”.
14:31
I can go back to the beginning ... and play the movie at full speed.
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์ฒ˜์Œ์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€์„œ, ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋น ๋ฅธ ์†๋„๋กœ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:49
Here's another step-by-step procedure, only in this case --
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์ด๊ฑด ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋‹จ๊ณ„๋ณ„ ์ ˆ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:51
NN: Okay, this movie is ... Everybody's heard of sound-sync movies --
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๋ณดํ†ต์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ์Œ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์˜์ƒ์ด ๋งž์ถ”์–ด์ ธ์„œ ์˜ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜์˜ค์ง€์š”.
14:55
this is text-sync movies, so as the movie plays, the text gets highlighted.
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์ด ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ์ž๋ง‰๊ณผ ๋งž์ถ”์–ด์ง„ ์˜ํ™”์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜๋ฉด์„œ, ์ž๋ง‰์ด ํ•˜์ด๋ผ์ดํŠธ ๋˜์ง€์š”
15:00
We highlight the text as we go through the movie.
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์˜ํ™”์— ๋งž์ถ”์–ด์„œ ๊ธ€์ž๋ฅผ ํ•˜์ด๋ผ์ดํŠธ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
15:04
Repairman: ... Not too far out. Front poles, preferably.
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(์˜์ƒ) ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋ฉ€์ง€ ์•Š๊ฒŒ์š”. ์•ž์— ์žˆ๋Š” ํด๋“ค์„
15:08
Don't loosen them too far. If you loosen them too far, you'll have a big mess.
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๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋Š์Šจํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜์ง€ ๋งˆ์„ธ์š”. ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋Š์Šจํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉด ์™„์ „ ์—‰๋ง์ง„์ฐฝ์ด ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:14
NN: I suspect that some of you might not even understand that language.
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์•„๋งˆ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์€ ์ € ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋ญ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ์ „ํ˜€ ๊ฐ์ด ์•ˆ์˜ค์‹ค ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:18
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
15:23
OK. I'm at the third and last part of this,
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์ข‹์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์ œ ์„ธ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์ด์ž ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ํŒŒํŠธ์— ์™”๋„ค์š”.
15:28
which I said I would make an attempt to at least give you some examples
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์ดˆ๋ฐ˜์— ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์—”ํ„ฐํ…Œ์ธ๋จผํŠธ ์‚ฌ์—…๊ณผ ์ข€ ๋” ์ง์ ‘์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ด€๋ จ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋Š”
15:32
that may be more directly related to the world of entertainment.
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์˜ˆ์ œ๋“ค์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๋„๋ก ํ•ด๋ณด๊ฒ ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ง์”€์„ ๋“œ๋ ธ์—ˆ์ฃ .
15:36
And of course, good education has got to be good entertainment,
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๋‹น์—ฐํ•œ ๋ง์ด๊ฒ ์ง€๋งŒ, ์ข‹์€ ๊ต์œก์ด๋ž€ ๋™์‹œ์— ์ข‹์€ ์—”ํ„ฐํ…Œ์ธ๋จผํŠธ์—ฌ์•ผ ํ•˜๊ฒ ์ง€์š”.
15:41
so my first example will be drawn from a very recent experiment
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ œ ์ฒซ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์˜ˆ์ œ๋Š”, ์ตœ๊ทผ์— ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•œ ์‹คํ—˜์— ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ํ•œ
15:48
that we've been doing -- in this case, in Senegal --
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๊ฒƒ์ด๋˜๊ฒ ๋Š”๋ฐ์š” - ์„ธ๋„ค๊ฐˆ์—์„œ ํ–‰ํ•œ ์‹คํ—˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:51
where we have tried to use personal computers
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ์ €ํฌ๋Š” ํผ์Šค๋„ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๊ต์œกํ•™ ๋„๊ตฌ๋กœ์จ
15:56
as a pedagogical medium. But not as teaching machines at all;
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์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ธฐ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ๊ต์œก์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:01
the whole notion is to use this as an instrument
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๋ฌด์Šจ ๋ง์”€์ด๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด, ์ด ๋„๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฐœ๋… ์ž์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๊พธ์–ด,
16:05
where there is a complete reversal of roles --
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์—ญํ• ์„ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ๋’ค๋ฐ”๊พธ์–ด ๋ณธ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:08
the child is, if you will, the teacher and the machine is the student --
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๋งํ•˜์ž๋ฉด, ์•„๋™์ด ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜์ด ๋˜๊ณ , ๊ธฐ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ํ•™์ƒ์ด ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ง€์š”.
16:12
and the art of computer programming is a vehicle that sort of
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์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋ž˜๋ฐ์˜ ์ •์ˆ˜๋ผํ•จ์€ ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๋ฅผ ์ตœ๋Œ€ํ•œ
16:14
approximates thinking about thinking.
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๊ทผ์‚ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒ ์ง€๋งŒ
16:17
But teaching kids programming per se is utterly irrelevant.
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๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€๋งŒ ์•„์ด๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋ž˜๋ฐ์„ ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋‹ˆ์ฃ .
16:22
And there are just a few slides I want to go through,
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๊ทธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ค€๋น„ํ•œ ์Šฌ๋ผ์ด๋“œ๋ฅผ ์šฐ์„  ๋ณด์—ฌ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์‹ถ๊ณ ์š”.
16:25
but there's a story I'd like to tell. And that was when,
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๋จผ์ € ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜๋Š” ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ ํ•˜๋‚˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
16:31
before we did this in any developing countries --
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์ €ํฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ๋„์ƒ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์— ์ด ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ๋ฅผ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•˜๊ธฐ์— ์•ž์„œ์„œ,
16:33
we're doing it, in fact, in three developing countries right now:
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์‚ฌ์‹ค ์ด๋ฏธ ์„ธ ๋‚˜๋ผ์—์„œ ์‹ค์‹œ์ค‘์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค, ์„ธ ๋‚˜๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฐ๊ธฐ
16:35
Pakistan, Colombia and Senegal --
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ํŒŒํ‚ค์Šคํƒ„, ์ฝœ๋Ÿผ๋น„์•„, ์„ธ๋„ค๊ฐˆ์ด๊ณ ์š”.
16:37
we did it in some pretty rough areas of New York City.
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์ €ํฌ๋Š” ๋‰ด์š•์‹œ์˜ ์กฐ๊ธˆ ํ—˜ํ•œ ์ง€์—ญ์œผ๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ ๊ณณ์—์„œ๋„ ์‹คํ—˜์„ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:42
And one child, whose name I've forgotten, was about seven or eight years old,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ง€๊ธˆ์€ ์ด๋ฆ„์ด ๊ธฐ์–ต๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”, ๊ฒ‰๋ณด๊ธฐ์—๋„ ์ •์‹  ์žฅ์• ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”
16:47
absolutely considered mentally handicapped --
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์—ฌ๋Ÿ์‚ด ๊ฐ€๋Ÿ‰์˜ ์†Œ๋…„์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ์ฝ๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ณ 
16:52
couldn't read, didn't even make it in the lowest section of the school's classes --
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์•„์ฃผ ๋‚ฎ์€ ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ํ•™๊ธ‰์—์„œ๋„ ํ•™์Šต์„ ์–ด๋ ค์›Œ ํ•˜๋Š” ์†Œ๋…„์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:00
and was pretty much not in school, though physically there.
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์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๋ชธ์€ ํ•™๊ต์— ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด๋„, ๊ด€์‹ฌ์€ ํ•™๊ต์— ๋‘์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋”๋žฌ์ฃ .
17:03
But did hang around the, quote, "computer room,"
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ๋ž˜๋„ ์†Œ์œ„ "์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ์‹ค"์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋ช‡ ๋Œ€์˜ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ์™€
17:06
where there were quite a few computers,
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๋กœ๊ณ ๋ผ๋Š” ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ ์–ธ์–ด๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ์šธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ณณ์—์„œ
17:08
and learned this particular language called Logo --
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๋งŽ์€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ๋ณด๋‚ด๊ณค ํ•˜๋”๊ตฐ์š”.
17:12
and learned it with great ease and found it a lot of fun,
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๊ทธ ์•„์ด๋Š” ๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์„œ ๋กœ๊ณ ๋ฅผ ์•„์ฃผ ์žฌ๋ฏธ์žˆ์–ด ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋ฐฐ์› ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:15
it was very interesting. And one day, by chance,
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๋งค์šฐ ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กœ์šด ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์˜€์ฃ . ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์–ด๋Š๋‚  ์šฐ์—ฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ
17:20
some visitors from the NIE came by in their double-breasted suits
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NIE(์—ญ: ๊ต์œก๋ถ€ national institute of education)์—์„œ ๋‚˜์˜จ ์–‘๋ณต์ž…์€ ์–‘๋ฐ˜๋“ค์ด ์ด ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ ์‹ค์„
17:26
looking at this setup, and none of the children who were normally there,
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๋ฐฉ๋ฌธํ•ด๋ณด์•˜์„ ๋•Œ, ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์•„์ด๋“ค์€ ๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์— ์—†์„ ๋•Œ ์ด ์•„์ด๋งŒ์ด ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ์‹ค์—
17:31
except for this one child, were there.
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๋‚จ์•„ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์ฃ .
17:35
He was, and he said, "Let me show you how this works,"
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๊ทธ ์–‘๋ฐ˜์ด "์–ด๋”” ํ•œ๋ฒˆ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ์•Œ๋ ค์ค˜ ๋ณผ๋ž˜?"
17:38
and they got an absolutely ingenuous, wonderful description of Logo.
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๊ทธ ์–‘๋ฐ˜๋“ค์€ ๋กœ๊ณ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ์—„์ฒญ๋‚  ์ •๋„๋กœ ๋†€๋ผ์šด ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ๋ฌ˜์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋“ฃ๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:43
And the child was just zipping right through it, showing them all sorts of things
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์•„์ด๋Š” ๋กœ๊ณ ์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ์ˆœ์‹๊ฐ„์— ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๊ณ ,
17:47
until they asked him how to do something which he couldn't explain
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๊ทธ ์–ด๋ฅธ๋“ค์ด ์•„์ด๊ฐ€ ๋ฏธ์ฒ˜ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๋˜ ๋‚ด์šฉ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ๋ฌผ์–ด๋ณด์ž,
17:51
and so he flipped through the manual, found the explanation
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์•„์ด๋Š” ๋งค๋‰ด์–ผ์„ ์กฐ๊ธˆ ๋’ค์ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฐ ํ›„ ์„ค๋ช…์„ ์ฐพ์•„๋‚ด์–ด
17:54
and typed the command and got it to do what they asked.
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๋ช…๋ น์–ด๋ฅผ ํˆญํˆญ ์ž…๋ ฅํ•˜์—ฌ ์–ด๋ฅธ๋“ค์ด ๋ฌผ์–ด๋ณธ ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ๋‹ตํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:56
They were delighted, and by the time it was time to go see the principal,
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์ด ์–‘๋ฐ˜๋“ค์€ ๋งค์šฐ ๋†€๋ผ์›Œํ–ˆ๊ณ , ๊ทธ ๋•Œ์ฏค์—๋Š” ๊ทธ ์–‘๋ฐ˜๋“ค์˜ ์›๋ž˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธ ๋ชฉ์ ์ธ
18:00
whom they'd actually come to see -- not the computer room --
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๊ต์žฅ์„ ์ƒ์„ ๋ณด๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐˆ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ๋‹ค ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:03
they went upstairs and they said,
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๊ต์žฅ์„ ๋งŒ๋‚˜๋Ÿฌ ์˜ฌ๋ผ๊ฐ€์„œ๋Š”
18:04
"This is absolutely remarkable!
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"์ •๋ง์ด์ง€, ์ด๊ฑฐ ๋งค์šฐ ๋†€๋ž๋„ค์š”.
18:06
That child was very articulate and showed us
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์•„๊นŒ ์ € ์•„์ด๋Š” ๋งค์šฐ ๋˜‘๋ถ€๋Ÿฌ์ง€๊ฒŒ ์„ค๋ช…์„ ํ•  ์ค„ ์•„๋Š” ๋ฐ๋‹ค๊ฐ€
18:10
and even dealt with the things he couldn't do automatically
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์ž๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋ฏธ์ฒ˜ ๋ชฐ๋ž๋˜ ๋‚ด์šฉ๊นŒ์ง€๋„ ๋งค๋‰ด์–ผ์„ ์ฐพ์•„์„œ ์ €ํฌ์—๊ฒŒ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๋„ค์š”.
18:14
with that manual. It was just absolutely fantastic."
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์ด๊ฑด ์ •๋ง ํ™˜ํƒ€์Šคํ‹ฑํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฐ–์— ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋„ค์š”"
18:18
The principal said, "There's a dreadful mistake,
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๊ต์žฅ์ด ๋งํ•˜๊ธธ, "๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ์š”, ๋ญ”๊ฐ€ ์‹ค์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋˜ ๋ชจ์–‘์ธ๋ฐ์š”.
18:21
because that child can't read.
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๊ทธ ์•„์ด๋Š” ์•„์ง ์ฝ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ชปํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:23
And you obviously have been hoodwinked
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์•„๋งˆ ์‚ด์ง ์†์œผ์‹  ๋ชจ์–‘์ด๊ฑฐ๋‚˜,
18:25
or you've talked about somebody else."
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์•„์ด๋ฅผ ๋ง์”€ํ•˜์‹œ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™๋„ค์š”."
18:28
And they all got up and they all went downstairs
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์ž๋ฆฌ์—์„œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ์‹ค๋กœ ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋‚ด๋ ค๊ฐ”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:30
and the child was still there. And they did something very intelligent:
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๊ทธ ์•„์ด๋Š” ์•„์ง ๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ . ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์ ์ ˆํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ƒํ™ฉ์„ ํŒ๋‹จํ•ด๋ณด๊ณ ์ž ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:34
they asked the child, "Can you read?"
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์•„์ด์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฌผ์–ด๋ณธ ๊ฑฐ์ฃ . "๋„ˆ ๊ธ€์”จ ์ฝ์„ ์ค„ ์•„๋‹ˆ?"
18:38
And the child said, "No, I can't."
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์•„์ด๋Š” "์•„๋‡จ, ๋ชป ์ฝ์–ด์š”"๋ผ๊ณ  ๋Œ€๋‹ตํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:41
And then they said, "But wait a minute. You
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ์ž ๊ทธ ์–‘๋ฐ˜๋“ค ์ค‘์— ํ•˜๋‚˜๊ฐ€ "์ž ๊น. ๋„ˆ ์•„๊นŒ
18:43
just looked through that manual and you found ... "
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๋งค๋‰ด์–ผ์„ ๋’ค์ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฐ ํ›„์— ๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ˆ?"
18:46
and he said, "Oh, but that's not reading."
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์•„์ด๊ฐ€ ๋‹ตํ•˜๊ธธ, "์•„, ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ๊ฑด ์ฝ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹Œ ๊ฑธ์š”"
18:49
And so they said, "Well, what's reading then?"
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๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ๋˜๋ฌผ์—ˆ์ฃ . "๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ์ฝ๊ธฐ๋ž€ ๊ฒŒ ๋ญ”๋ฐ?"
18:51
He says, "Well, reading is this junk they give me in little books to read.
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์•„์ด๋Š” "์Œ, ์ฝ๊ธฐ๋ž€ ์–ด๋ฅธ๋“ค์ด ์ž๊ทธ๋งˆํ•œ ์ฑ…๋“ค์— ์“ฐ์—ฌ์ง„ ๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ
18:55
It's absolutely irrelevant, (Laughter) and I get nothing for it.
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์ €์—๊ฒŒ ์ฝ์–ด๋ณด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฑธ ๋งํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ๊ทธ๊ฑด ์ €์—๊ฒŒ ์•„๋ฌด ์˜๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ์—†์–ด์š”. ๋ฌด์Šจ ๋ง์”€์ธ์ง€ ์•„์‹œ๊ฒ ์–ด์š”?
19:02
But here, with a little bit of effort I get a lot of return."
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ์กฐ๊ทธ๋งˆํ•œ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์œผ๋กœ ๋งค์šฐ ๋งŽ์€ ๊ฑธ ์–ป์„ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์ฃ ."
19:06
And it really meant something to the child.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๊ฑด ๊ทธ ์•„์ด์—๊ฒŒ ์ •๋ง ์˜๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ •๋ณด์˜€์ฃ .
19:08
The child read beautifully, it turned out,
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์•Œ๊ณ ๋ณด๋‹ˆ, ์•„์ด๋Š” ์•„์ฃผ ์ฝ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ž˜ํ•˜๋Š” ์•„์ด์˜€๊ณ ,
19:10
and was really very competent. So it actually meant something.
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๋งค์šฐ ๋˜‘๋˜‘ํ•œ ์•„์ด์˜€์ฃ . ์ด๊ฑด ์ •๋ง๋กœ ์˜๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ์–˜๊ธฐ์ฃ .
19:14
And that story has many other anecdotes that are similar,
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์ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๋น„์Šท๋น„์Šทํ•œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์•„๋ฅ˜์ž‘๋“ค์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:19
but wow. The key to the future of computers in education is right there,
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๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€๋งŒ, ์™€์šฐ. ๋ฏธ๋ž˜์— ๊ต์œก์—์„œ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ–๋Š” ์—ญํ• ์ด ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:26
and it is: when does it mean something to a child?
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์•„์ด๋“ค์ด ๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€์—์„œ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ์ฐพ๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
19:29
There is a myth, and it truly is a myth:
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๊ทผ๊ฑฐ ์—†๋Š” ๋ฏฟ์Œ ํ•˜๋‚˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ง„์งœ๋กœ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ์—†๋Š” ๋ฏฟ์Œ์ด์ฃ .
19:32
we believe -- and I'm sure a lot of you believe in this room --
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋ฏฟ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค - ์•„๋งˆ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๊ณ„์‹  ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ๋ถ„๋“ค์ด ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋ฏฟ์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค -
19:35
that it is harder to read and write than it is to learn how to speak.
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๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋ณด๋‹ค, ์ฝ๊ณ  ์“ฐ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ํ›จ์”ฌ ์–ด๋ ต๋‹ค๊ณ .
19:40
And it's not, but we think speech -- "My God, little children pick it up somehow,
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๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€๋งŒ ์‚ฌ์‹ค ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€ ์•Š์•„์š”. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑธ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ณด๋ฉด, ์™€ ์–ด๋ฆฐ์ด๋“ค์€ ์ฐธ ์ž˜ ๋ฐฐ์›Œ๋‚ด์ฃ .
19:46
and by the age of two they're doing a mediocre job,
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๋‘ ๋Œ์ฏค ๋˜๋ฉด, ์ ๋‹นํžˆ ๋งํ•  ์ค„ ์••๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:48
and by three and four they're speaking reasonably well.
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์„ธ์‚ด์ด๋‚˜ ๋„ค์‚ด์ด ๋˜๋ฉด, ๊ทธ๋Ÿด ๋“ฏ ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งํ•  ์ค„ ์•Œ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์ฃ .
19:51
And yet you've got to go to school to learn how to read,
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๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€๋งŒ ์ฝ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ๋ ค๋ฉด ํ•™๊ต์— ๊ฐ€์•ผํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:53
and you have to sit in a classroom and somebody has to teach you.
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๊ต์‹ค์— ์•‰์•„์„œ ๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์•„์ด๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์ณ์ฃผ์–ด์•ผ ํ•˜์ฃ .
19:56
Hence, it must be harder." Well, it's not harder.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์•„๋งˆ ๋” ์–ด๋ ค์šธ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์Œ, ์‚ฌ์‹ค์€ ๋” ์–ด๋ ต์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:59
What the truth is is that speaking has great value to a child;
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์‚ฌ์‹ค์€, ๋งํ•˜๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์•„์ด์—๊ฒŒ ๋” ํฐ ์˜๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
20:06
the child can get a great deal by talking to you.
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์•„์ด๋“ค์€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์—๊ฒŒ ๋ง์„ ๊ฑธ๋ฉด์„œ ๋งŽ์€ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์–ป์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
20:09
Reading and writing is utterly useless.
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๋ฐ˜๋ฉด์— ์ฝ๊ธฐ๋‚˜ ์“ฐ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์™„์ „ ์†Œ์šฉ์ด ์—†์ฃ .
20:11
There is no reason for a child to read and write except blind faith,
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๋งน๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ๋ฉด ๋ง์ด์ฃ . "์–ธ์  ๊ฐ€๋Š” ๋„์›€์ด ๋ ๊ฑฐ์•ผ." ์ด๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด์„œ,
20:16
and that it's going to help you. (Laughter)
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์•„์ด๋Š” ์“ฐ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ์šธ ์ด์œ ๋ฅผ ์•Œ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜์ฃ .
20:19
So what happens is you go to school and people say,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋Œ€๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š”, ํ•™๊ต์— ๊ฐ€๋ฉด ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋งํ•˜์ฃ .
20:22
"Just believe me, you're going to like it.
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"๊ทธ๋ƒฅ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜ ๋ง์”€ ๋“ค์–ด, ์ด๊ฑธ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ๊ณ  ๋‚˜๋ฉด ๋งค์šฐ ์žฌ๋ฏธ์žˆ์„ ๊ฑธ.
20:25
You're going to like reading," and just read and read.
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์ฝ๊ธฐ๋ž€ ๊ฑฐ์— ์ทจ๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๋ถ™์ด๊ณ , ๊ทธ๋ƒฅ ์ฝ๊ณ  ์ฝ๊ณ  ๋˜ ์ฝ๊ฒŒ ๋ ๊ฑฐ์•ผ."
20:28
On the other hand, you give a kid -- a three-year-old kid -- a computer
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๋ฐ˜๋ฉด์—, ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด 3์‚ด ๊ฐ€๋Ÿ‰์˜ ์•„์ด์—๊ฒŒ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ค€๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด๋ณด์‹œ์ฃ .
20:32
and they type a little command and -- Poof! -- something happens.
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์•„์ด๋Š” ๋ญ”๊ฐ€ ์ž…๋ ฅํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฟ…. ๋ญ”๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜์ฃ .
20:35
And all of a sudden ... You may not call that reading and writing,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ๋Š” ์–ด๋Š ์ˆœ๊ฐ„, ๊ทธ๊ฑด ๋”์ด์ƒ "์ฝ๊ธฐ" ์™€ "์“ฐ๊ธฐ" ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
20:38
but a certain bit of typing and reading stuff on the screen
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ํ™”๋ฉด์— ๊นจ์ž‘๊นจ์ž‘ ์จ๋ณด๊ณ , ์ฝ์–ด ๋ณด๊ณ  ํ•˜๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋งค์šฐ ํฐ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ฐœํœ˜ํ•˜๊ณ 
20:41
has a huge payoff, and it's a lot of fun.
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๋ฌด์—‡๋ณด๋‹ค ์•„์ฃผ ์žฌ๋ฏธ์žˆ์ฃ .
20:44
And in fact, it's a powerful educational instrument.
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์ด๊ฑด ์ •๋ง ๋งค์šฐ ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ๊ต์œก ๋„๊ตฌ๋กœ ํ™œ์šฉ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
20:48
Well, in Senegal we found that this was the traditional classroom:
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์ž, ์„ธ๋„ค๊ฐˆ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ต์‹ค์ด ๋งค์šฐ ํ”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
20:53
120 kids -- three per desk -- one teacher, a little bit of chalk.
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120๋ช… ๊ฐ€๋Ÿ‰์˜ ์•„์ด ์ฑ…์ƒํ•˜๋‚˜์— ์„ธ๋ช…, ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜์€ ํ•œ ๋ช…์— ๋ถ„ํ•„๋„ ์กฐ๊ธˆ์ด์ฃ .
20:58
This student was one of our first students,
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์ด ํ•™์ƒ์ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์‹คํ—˜์— ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•œ ์ฒซ๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ•™์ƒ๋ฌด๋ฆฌ ์ค‘์— ํ•˜๋‚˜๊ณ ,
21:01
and it's the girl on the left leaning with her chalkboard,
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์ €๊ธฐ ์น ํŒ์— ๊ธฐ๋Œ€์–ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์—ฌ์ž์•„์ด์ด์ฃ .
21:05
and she came ... within two days --
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์ €ํฌ์—๊ฒŒ ์™€์„œ๋Š”, ๊ณ ์ž‘ 2์ผ๋งŒ์— ....
21:08
I want to show you the program she wrote,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๊ป˜ ์ € ์•„์ด๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋“  ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
21:10
and remember her hairstyle. And that is the program she made.
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์ € ์•„์ด์˜ ๋จธ๋ฆฌ์Šคํƒ€์ผ์„ ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•ด์ฃผ์„ธ์š”, ์ด๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๊ทธ ์—ฌ์ž์•„์ด๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋“  ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
21:16
That's what meant something to her, is doing the hair pattern,
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์ €๊ฒŒ ์ € ์•„์ด์—๊ฒŒ ์˜๋ฏธ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ž์‹ ์˜ ๋จธ๋ฆฌ์นด๋ฝ ํŒจํ„ด์„ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ,
21:20
and actually did it within two days -- an hour each day --
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์ด๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋ฃจ์— ํ•œ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์”ฉ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์„œ ์ดํ‹€๋งŒ์— ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋‚ธ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
21:25
and found it was, to her,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ ์•„์ด์—๊ฒŒ๋Š”
21:27
absolutely the most meaningful piece ...
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์ •๋ง๋กœ ์˜๋ฏธ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฑธ ์•Œ๊ฒŒ ๋์ฃ .
21:30
But rooted in that, little did she know how much knowledge
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ ์ €๋ณ€์—๋Š”, ์ € ์•„์ด๋Š” ๊ทธ ๊ณผ์ •์ค‘์—
21:34
she was acquiring about geometry
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๊ธฐํ•˜ํ•™์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ดํ•ด์™€, ์ˆ˜ํ•™, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋…ผ๋ฆฌ ๋“ฑ
21:36
and just math and logic and all the rest.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ฐฐ์›€์„ ์–ป์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ชฐ๋ž์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
21:39
And again, I could talk for three hours about this subject.
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์ž... ์ด ์ฃผ์ œ๋งŒ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ ๋„ ์„ธ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์€ ์–˜๊ธฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ง€์š”.
21:42
I will come to my last example and then quit.
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์ด์ œ ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ์˜ˆ์ œ๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋ณด๋„๋ก ํ•˜์ฃ .
21:50
And my last example -- as some of my former colleagues,
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๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ์˜ˆ์ œ๋Š” ์•„๋งˆ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๊ณ„์‹œ๋Š” ์ œ ์˜› ๋™๋ฃŒ๋“ค์€ ์•„๋งˆ
21:56
whom I see in the room, can imagine what it will be.
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๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ์ง€ ์˜ˆ์ƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
21:59
Yes, it is. It's our work -- that was a while ago,
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๋งž์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฑด ๊ฝค ๋œ ๊ฑฐ๊ธด ํ•œ๋ฐ, ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ
22:02
and it still is my favorite project -- of teleconferencing.
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜๋Š” ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค, ์›๊ฒฉํšŒ์˜
22:06
And the reason it remains a favorite project
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์ด๊ฒŒ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜๋Š” ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ๋กœ ๋‚จ์•„ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ด์œ ๋Š”
22:08
is that we were asked to do a teleconferencing system
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์ €ํฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ƒํ™ฉ์„ ๋งŒ์กฑํ•˜๋Š” ์›๊ฒฉ ํšŒ์˜ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„
22:15
where you had the following situation:
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๋งŒ๋“ค๋„๋ก ์š”๊ตฌ๋ฐ›์•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
22:17
you had five people at five different sites -- they were known people --
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๋‹ค์„ฏ๋ช…์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ๊ฐ๊ธฐ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋‹ค์„ฏ๊ฐœ์˜ ์žฅ์†Œ์— ์žˆ๊ณ , ๋‹ค๋“ค ์„œ๋กœ ์•„๋Š” ์‚ฌ์ด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
22:22
and you had to have these people in teleconference,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด ๋‹ค์„ฏ ๋ช…์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์›๊ฒฉํšŒ์˜์— ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ
22:27
such that each one was utterly convinced
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์ž๊ธฐ ์™ธ์— ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋„ค ๋ช…์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์˜†์— ์žˆ๋Š”
22:30
that the other four were physically present.
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๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋Š๋‚„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์•ผ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
22:34
Now, that is sufficiently
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๊ทธ๊ฑด ์ •๋ง๋กœ, ์•„์‹œ๊ฒ ์ง€๋งŒ,
22:38
zany that we would, obviously, jump to the bait, and we did.
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์—‰๋šฑํ•œ ์ œ์•ˆ์ด์–ด์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฑธ ๋ฅ์ฉ ๋ฌผ ์ˆ˜ ๋ฐ–์— ์—†๋Š” ์ œ์•ˆ์ด์—ˆ์–ด์š”
22:43
And the fact that we knew the people --
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์ €ํฌ๋Š” ์ด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—,
22:46
we had to take a page out of the history of Walt Disney --
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์›”ํŠธ ๋””์ฆˆ๋‹ˆ์˜ ์—ญ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์กฐ๊ธˆ ์ฐธ๊ณ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ๋ฐ–์—๋Š” ์—†์—ˆ์ฃ .
22:49
we actually went so far as to build CRTs
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ CRT ๋ชจ๋‹ˆํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ์–ผ๊ตด ๋ชจ์–‘์œผ๋กœ
22:52
in the shapes of the people's faces.
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๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊นŒ์ง€ ์‹œ๋„ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ด์ง€์š”.
22:55
So if I wanted to call my friend Peter Sprague on the phone,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ œ ์นœ๊ตฌ์ธ Peter Sprague ์—๊ฒŒ ์ „ํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ฑธ๋ฉด,
23:00
my secretary would get his head out and bring it and set it on the desk,
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์ œ ๋น„์„œ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ์˜ ์–ผ๊ตด ๋ชจํ˜•์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์ƒ๊ธด ๋ชจ๋‹ˆํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๊บผ๋‚ด์„œ ์ œ ์ฑ…์ƒ์œ„์— ์˜ฌ๋ ค๋†“๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์—์š”.
23:03
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
23:04
and that would be the TV used for the occasion.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ํ‹ฐ๋น„๊ฐ€ ์“ฐ์ด๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
23:09
And it's uncanny: there's no way I can explain to you
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์™„์ „ ์ ˆ๋ฌ˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์„œ, ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์‹ค์ œ์™€ ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ํ˜•ํƒœ์˜
23:12
the amount of eye contact you get with that physical face
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์–ผ๊ตด์ด 3์ฐจ์›์˜ CRT ์— ํˆฌ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์–ด์„œ ์„œ๋กœ ์•„์ด์ปจํƒ(๋ˆˆ์„ ๋งž์ถ”๋Š” ๊ฒƒ)
23:16
projected on a 3D CRT of that sort.
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์ด ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ์ œ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋˜๋Š”์ง€ ๋ง๋กœ ์„ค๋ช…ํ• ์ˆ˜ ์—†์„ ์ •๋„๋„ค์š”.
23:20
The next thing that we had to do is to persuade them
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๊ทธ ๋‹ค์Œ์— ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ–ˆ์–ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ผ์€ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์ ์ธ ์ƒ์‘ ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์–ด์•ผ
23:23
that there needed to be spatial correspondence, which is straightforward,
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ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ . ์ƒ๋‹นํžˆ ์ง๊ด€์ ์ธ ๋‚ด์šฉ์ด์ง€๋งŒ,
23:27
but again, it's something that didn't fall naturally
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ์ด๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ์›๊ฒฉํ†ต์‹ ์ด๋‚˜ ์ปดํ“จํŒ…๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฐฉ์‹์˜
23:29
out of a telecommunications or computing style of thinking;
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์‚ฌ๊ณ ์—์„œ ๋š๋”ฑ ๋–จ์–ด์ง€๋Š” ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ์ง€์š”.
23:32
it was a very, if you will, architectural or spatial concept.
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์ด๊ฑด ๋ณด๋‹ค ๊ฑด์ถ•ํ•™์ ์ด๊ณ , ๊ณต๊ฐ„์ ์ธ ์ปจ์…‰์ด๋ฉฐ.
23:36
And that was to recognize that when you sit around the table,
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ํƒ์ž์— ์•‰์„ ๋•Œ, ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ์‹ค์ œ ์œ„์น˜๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๋‹นํžˆ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„
23:39
the actual location of the people becomes rather important.
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์ธ์‹ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
23:44
And when somebody gets up, in fact, to go answer a phone
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€, ์ „ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ํ™”์žฅ์‹ค๋“ฑ์„ ๊ฐ€๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ์ž๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋น„์›Œ๋„
23:47
or use a bathroom or something, the empty seat becomes,
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๊ทธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ๋นˆ ์ž๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
23:50
if you will, that person. And you point frequently to the empty seat
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ ๋นˆ์ž๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋ฉด์„œ "์•„๋งˆ ์ € ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ
23:53
and you say, "He or she wouldn't agree,"
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์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์„๊ฑฐ์•ผ" ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
23:56
and the empty chair is that person and the spatiality is crucial.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ ๋นˆ์ž๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ณ , ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์„ฑ์ด ๋งค์šฐ ์ค‘์š”ํ•ด์ง€๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
24:02
So we said, "Well, these will be on round tables
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” "์Œ, ์ด๊ฑด ์›ํƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜๊ณ ,
24:05
and the order around the table had to be the same,
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์•‰๋Š” ์ˆœ์„œ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋‘ ๊ฐ™์•„์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ์‹œ๋‹ค."
24:08
so that at my site, I would be, if you will, real
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ ์–ด๋„ ๋‚ด ์ž๋ฆฌ์—๋Š” ์‹ค์žฌํ•˜๋Š” ์ธ๊ฐ„์ด ์ž๋ฆฌํ•˜๊ฒ ์ง€๋งŒ,
24:11
and then at each other's site you'd have these plastic heads.
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๊ฐ์ž์˜ ์ฐธ์—ฌ์ž๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํ”Œ๋ผ์Šคํ‹ฑ ์–ผ๊ตด์„ ๊ฐ–๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
24:16
And the plastic heads, sometimes you want to project them.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด ํ”Œ๋ผ์Šคํ‹ฑ ์–ผ๊ตด์— ์˜์ƒ์„ ํˆฌ์‚ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๊ฒ ์ฃ .
24:20
And there are a number of schemes, which I don't want to dwell on,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ฐฉ์‹์ด ์กด์žฌํ•˜๊ฒ ์ง€๋งŒ, ๊นŠ์ด ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜์ง€๋Š” ์•Š๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
24:23
but this is the one that we finally used
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์•„๋ฌดํŠผ ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์“ฐ๊ฒŒ ๋œ ์ตœ์ข… ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฌผ์ด๋ฉฐ,
24:25
where we projected onto rear screen material
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๊ทธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ์–ผ๊ตด์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ, ์ •๋ง ๋ง ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ ๊ทธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ์–ผ๊ตด์˜
24:29
that was molded in the face -- literally in the face of the person.
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ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–์ถ˜ ํ™”๋ฉด์— ๊ทธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ์–ผ๊ตด์„ ํˆฌ์‚ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
24:33
And I'll show you one more slide, where this is actually made
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์Šฌ๋ผ์ด๋“œ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋ฅผ ๋” ๋ณด์—ฌ๋“œ๋ฆฌ์ฃ ... ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ "์†”๋ฆฌ๋“œ ํฌํ† ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”„"๋ผ๋Š”
24:37
from something called a solid photograph and is the screen.
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๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์กŒ๊ณ ์š”, ์ด๊ฑด ์Šคํฌ๋ฆฐ ๊ทธ ์ž์ฒด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
24:41
Now, we track, on the person's head, the head motions --
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์ด์ œ ์ด ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์€ ๊ทธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ์–ผ๊ตด ์›€์ง์ž„์„ ๊ณ„์† ์ถ”์ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
24:44
so we transmit with a video the head positions --
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ถ”์ ๋œ ์–ผ๊ตด์˜ ์œ„์น˜ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ๋น„๋””์˜ค์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋ณด๋‚ด๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉด,
24:48
and so this head moves in about two axes.
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์ƒ๋Œ€๋ฐฉ ์ž๋ฆฌ์˜ ์–ผ๊ตด์€ ํ•œ ๋‘ ๊ฐœ์˜ ์ถ•์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ์›€์ง์ด๊ฒŒ ๋˜์ฃ .
24:55
So if I, all of a sudden, turn to the person to my left
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ์•ฝ์— ์ œ ์™ผ์ชฝ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์—๊ฒŒ ๊ณ ๊ฐœ๋ฅผ ๋Œ๋ ค์„œ,
25:00
and start talking to that person, then at the person to my right's site,
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๊ทธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๊ณผ ์–˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋ฉด, ์ œ ์˜ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ์— ์•‰์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š”
25:05
he'll see these two plastic heads talking to each other.
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ํ”Œ๋ผ์Šคํ‹ฑ์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง„ ์–ผ๊ตด ๋‘๊ฐœ๊ฐ€ ์„œ๋กœ ์–˜๊ธฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ณด์ด๊ฒ ์ฃ .
25:08
And then if that person interrupts, then those two heads may turn.
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๋งŒ์•ฝ์— ๊ทธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ๊ทธ ๋‘˜์—๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ‘์ž๊ธฐ ๋ง์„ ๊ฑธ๋ฉด, ๊ทธ ๋‘ ์–ผ๊ตด์€ ๊ทธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„ ํ–ฅํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๊ฒ ๊ณ ,
25:13
And it really is reconstructing, quite accurately, teleconferencing.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์ง„์ •ํ•œ ์›๊ฒฉํšŒ์˜๋ฅผ ์‹ค์ œ์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ๊ตฌํ˜„ํ•ด ๋†“์€ ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋˜๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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