Severine Autesserre: To solve mass violence, look to locals

48,264 views ใƒป 2015-01-27

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Guy Marom ืžื‘ืงืจ: Ido Dekkers
00:12
I want to speak about a forgotten conflict.
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ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืกื™ื›ืกื•ืš ืฉื ืฉื›ื—.
00:15
It's a conflict that rarely hits the headlines.
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ื–ื” ืกื™ื›ืกื•ืš ืฉื ื“ื™ืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ืžื“ื™ื”.
00:19
It happens right here, in the Democratic Republic of Congo.
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ื”ื•ื ืงื•ืจื ืžืžืฉ ืคื”, ื‘ืจืคื•ื‘ืœื™ืงื” ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืงื•ื ื’ื•.
00:24
Now, most people outside of Africa don't know much about the war in Congo,
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ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืืคืจื™ืงื” ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืขืœ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื‘ืงื•ื ื’ื•,
00:28
so let me give you a couple of key facts.
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ืื– ืชื ื• ืœื™ ืœื”ื‘ื”ื™ืจ ื›ืžื” ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื•ืช.
00:32
The Congolese conflict is the deadliest conflict since World War II.
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ื”ืกื›ืกื•ืš ื‘ืงื•ื ื’ื• ื”ื•ื ื”ืงื˜ืœื ื™ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืื– ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”-2.
00:37
It has caused almost four million deaths.
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ื”ื•ื ื’ืจื ืœื›ืžืขื˜ 4 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืžืงืจื™ ืžื•ื•ืช.
00:40
It has destabilized most of Central Africa for the past 18 years.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืžืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ืืช ืจื•ื‘ ืžืจื›ื– ืืคืจื™ืงื” ื‘ืžืฉืš 18 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช.
00:45
It is the largest ongoing humanitarian crisis in the world.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื”ื”ื•ืžื ื™ื˜ืจื™ ื”ื›ื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
00:50
That's why I first went to Congo in 2001.
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืื ื™ ื ืกืขืชื™ ืœืงื•ื ื’ื• ื‘-2001.
00:54
I was a young humanitarian aid worker, and I met this woman who was my age.
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืขื•ื–ืจืช ื”ื•ืžื ื™ื˜ืจื™ืช ืฆืขื™ืจื”, ื•ืคื’ืฉืชื™ ืืช ื”ืื™ืฉื” ื”ื–ืืช ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ื’ื™ืœื™.
00:59
She was called Isabelle.
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ืงืจืื• ืœื” ืื™ื–ื‘ืœ.
01:02
Local militias had attacked Isabelle's village.
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ืžื™ืœื™ืฆื™ื•ืช ืžืงื•ืžื™ื•ืช ืชืงืคื• ืืช ื”ื›ืคืจ ืฉืœ ืื™ื–ื‘ืœ.
01:06
They had killed many men, raped many women.
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ื”ื ื”ืจื’ื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืื ืกื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ื ืฉื™ื.
01:09
They had looted everything.
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ื”ื ื‘ื–ื–ื• ื”ื›ืœ.
01:11
And then they wanted to take Isabelle,
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ื•ืื– ื”ื ืจืฆื• ืœืงื—ืช ืืช ืื™ื–ื‘ืœ,
01:13
but her husband stepped in,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืขืœื” ื”ืชืขืจื‘,
01:15
and he said, "No, please don't take Isabelle.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ, "ืœื, ื‘ื‘ืงืฉื” ืืœ ืชื™ืงื—ื• ืืช ืื™ื–ื‘ืœ."
01:18
Take me instead."
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ืชื™ืงื—ื• ืื•ืชื™ ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื”."
01:21
So he had gone to the forest with the militias,
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ืื– ื”ื•ื ื”ืœืš ืœื™ืขืจ ืขื ื”ืžื™ืœื™ืฆื™ื•ืช,
01:24
and Isabelle had never seen him again.
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ื•ืื™ื–ื‘ืœ ืœื ืจืืชื” ืื•ืชื• ืฉื•ื‘.
01:28
Well, it's because of people like Isabelle and her husband
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ื˜ื•ื‘, ืื ืฉื™ื ื›ืžื• ืื™ื–ื‘ืœ ื•ื‘ืขืœื”
01:32
that I have devoted my career to studying this war
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ื”ื ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉื”ืงื“ืฉืชื™ ืืช ื”ืงืจื™ื™ืจื” ืฉืœื™ ืœืœืžื™ื“ื” ืขืœ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ื–ืืช
01:35
that we know so little about.
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ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื›ืžืขื˜ ื•ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืขืœื™ื”.
01:38
Although there is one story about Congo that you may have heard.
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืื—ื“ ืขืœ ืงื•ื ื’ื• ืฉืื•ืœื™ ืฉืžืขืชื.
01:43
It's a story about minerals and rape.
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ื–ื” ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืขืœ ืžื™ื ืจืœื™ื ื•ืื•ื ืก.
01:47
Policy statements and media reports
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ื”ืฆื”ืจื•ืช ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ื“ื™ื•ื•ื—ื™ื ื‘ืžื“ื™ื”
01:49
both usually focus on a primary cause of violence in Congo --
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ืœืจื•ื‘ ืžืชืžืงื“ื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ืจื ื”ืจืืฉื™ ืœืืœื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ืงื•ื ื’ื• --
01:54
the illegal exploitation and trafficking of natural resources --
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ื”ื ื™ืฆื•ืœ ื”ื‘ืœืชื™ ื—ื•ืงื™ ื•ื”ืกื—ืจ ื‘ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื™ื --
01:59
and on a main consequence --
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ื•ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช --
02:02
sexual abuse of women and girls as a weapon of war.
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ื ื™ืฆื•ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ืฉืœ ื ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ืœื“ื•ืช ื›ื ืฉืง ืžืœื—ืžืชื™.
02:07
So, not that these two issues aren't important and tragic. They are.
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ื–ื” ืœื ืฉืฉื ื™ ื”ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ืœื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื•ื˜ืจื’ื™ื™ื. ื”ื ื›ืŸ.
02:14
But today I want to tell you a different story.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื•ื ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉื•ื ื”.
02:17
I want to tell you a story that emphasizes a core cause
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ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืžื‘ืœื™ื˜ ืืช ื”ื’ื•ืจื ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™
02:21
of the ongoing conflict.
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ืฉืœ ื”ืกื™ื›ืกื•ืš ื”ืžืชืžืฉืš ื”ื–ื”.
02:24
Violence in Congo is in large part driven by local bottom-up conflicts
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ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ืงื•ื ื’ื• ื”ื™ื ืœืจื•ื‘ ืชื•ืฆืื” ืฉืœ ืกื›ืกื•ื›ื™ื ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื
02:31
that international peace efforts have failed to help address.
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ืฉืžืืžืฆื™ ืฉืœื•ื ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื ืœื ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืืœื™ื”ื.
02:37
The story starts from the fact that not only is Congo notable
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ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืžื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉืงื•ื ื’ื• ืœื ื™ื“ื•ืขื” ืจืง
02:42
for being the world's worst ongoing humanitarian crisis,
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ื›ืžืงื•ื ื”ื›ื™ ื’ืจื•ืข ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื”ื•ืžื ื™ื˜ืจื™ืช,
02:46
but it is also home to some of the largest
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื ื’ื ื‘ื™ืช ืœื›ืžื” ืžื™ื•ื–ืžื•ืช ื”ืฉืœื•ื
02:50
international peacebuilding efforts in the world.
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ื”ื›ื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืขื•ืœื.
02:54
Congo hosts the largest
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ืงื•ื ื’ื• ืžืืจื—ืช ืืช ื›ื•ื— ื”ืฉืœื•ื
02:56
and most expensive United Nations peacekeeping mission in the world.
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ื”ื›ื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื•ื™ืงืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืื•"ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
03:01
It was also the site of the first European-led peacekeeping mission,
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ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื’ื ื”ืืชืจ ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื— ืฉืœื•ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื‘ืœื• ืข"ื™ ืื™ืจื•ืคืื™ื,
03:06
and for its first cases ever,
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ื•ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืื™ ืคืขื,
03:08
the International Criminal Court chose to prosecute Congolese warlords.
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ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ื‘ื—ืจ ืœื”ืขืžื™ื“ ืœื“ื™ืŸ ืžืฆื‘ื™ืื™ื ืงื•ื ื’ื•ืœื–ื™ื™ื.
03:15
In 2006, when Congo held the first free national elections in its history,
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ื‘-2006, ื›ืฉืงื•ื ื’ื• ืขืจื›ื” ืืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœื”,
03:22
many observers thought that an end to violence in the region had finally come.
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ืฆื•ืคื™ื ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืฉื–ื” ื™ื‘ื™ื ืกื•ืฃ ืœืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ.
03:28
The international community lauded the successful organization of these elections
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ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ืฉื™ื‘ื—ื” ืืช ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืฆื‘ืขื•ืช ื”ืืœื•
03:34
as finally an example of successful international intervention
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ื›ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืœื”ืฆืœื—ืช ื”ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ืช
03:38
in a failed state.
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ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ื›ื•ืฉืœืช.
03:41
But the eastern provinces
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืžื—ื•ื–ื•ืช ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™ื™ื
03:42
have continued to face massive population displacements
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ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ืœืขืžื•ื“ ืžื•ืœ ื”ื’ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื ื™ื•ืช
03:46
and horrific human rights violations.
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ื•ื”ืคืจื•ืช ื ื•ืจืื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื“ื.
03:49
Shortly before I went back there last summer,
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ืงืฆืช ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื ืกืขืชื™ ืœืฉื ื‘ืงื™ืฅ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ,
03:52
there was a horrible massacre in the province of South Kivu.
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ื”ื™ื” ื˜ื‘ื— ื ื•ืจืื™ ื‘ืžื—ื•ื– ื“ืจื•ื ืงื™ื•ื•.
03:57
Thirty-three people were killed.
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33 ืื ืฉื™ื ื ืจืฆื—ื•.
03:59
They were mostly women and children,
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ืจื•ื‘ื ื”ื™ื• ื ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ืœื“ื™ื,
04:01
and many of them were hacked to death.
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ื•ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื”ื ื”ื•ื›ื• ืœืžื•ื•ืช.
04:06
During the past eight years,
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ื‘ืžื”ืœืš 8 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช,
04:08
fighting in the eastern provinces has regularly reignited
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ื”ืœื—ื™ืžื” ื‘ืžื—ื•ื–ื•ืช ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื•ืฆืชื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืงื‘ื•ืข
04:12
full-scale civil and international war.
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ืœืžืœื—ืžื” ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืžืœื.
04:15
So basically, every time we feel that we are on the brink of peace,
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ืื– ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ, ื›ืœ ืคืขื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืœืฉืœื•ื,
04:20
the conflict explodes again.
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ื”ืกื›ืกื•ืš ืžืชืคืจืฅ ืฉื•ื‘.
04:22
Why?
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ืœืžื”?
04:24
Why have the massive international efforts
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ืœืžื” ื”ืขื–ืจื” ื”ืขื ืงื™ืช ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืžื“ื™ื ื”
04:27
failed to help Congo achieve lasting peace and security?
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ืœื ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื” ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœืงื•ื ื’ื• ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืฉืœื•ื ืืจื•ืš ื•ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ?
04:34
Well, my answer to this question revolves around two central observations.
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ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœื™ ืœืฉืืœื” ื”ื–ื• ืกื•ื‘ื‘ืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ 2 ืชืฆืคื™ื•ืช ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื•ืช.
04:41
First, one of the main reasons for the continuation of violence in Congo
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ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”, ืื—ืช ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื•ืช ืœื”ืžืฉืš ื”ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ืงื•ื ื’ื•
04:47
is fundamentally local --
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ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช ื‘ื‘ืกื™ืกื”--
04:50
and when I say local,
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ื•ืฉืื ื™ ืื•ืžืจืช ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื,
04:51
I really mean at the level of the individual, the family,
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ืื ื™ ื‘ืืžืช ืžืชื›ื•ื•ื ืช ืœืจืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจื˜, ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื”,
04:54
the clan, the municipality, the community, the district,
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ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื‘ื˜, ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ื™ืจื”, ืฉืœ ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื”, ืฉืœ ื”ืžื—ื•ื–,
04:58
sometimes the ethnic group.
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ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืืชื ื™ืช.
05:01
For instance, you remember the story of Isabelle that I told you.
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ืืชื ื–ื•ื›ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืื™ื–ื‘ืœ ืฉืกื™ืคืจืชื™.
05:06
Well, the reason why militias had attacked Isabelle's village
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืื—ืช ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืžื™ืœื™ืฆื™ื•ืช ืชืงืคื• ืืช ื”ื›ืคืจ ืฉืœื”
05:10
was because they wanted to take the land
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ื”ื™ื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ื ืจืฆื• ืืช ื”ืื“ืžื”
05:13
that the villagers needed to cultivate food and to survive.
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ืฉื”ื›ืคืจื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื’ื“ืœ ืื•ื›ืœ ื•ืœืฉืจื•ื“.
05:18
The second central observation is that international peace efforts
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ื”ืชืฆืคื™ืช ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉืžืืžืฆื™ ื”ืฉืœื•ื ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื
05:23
have failed to help address local conflicts
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ืœื ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ืœื”ืชืžืงื“ ื‘ืกื›ืกื•ื›ื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื
05:27
because of the presence of a dominant peacebuilding culture.
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื•ื ืช ืฉืœื•ื.
05:32
So what I mean is that
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ื‘ื›ืš ืื ื™ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ื ืช
05:35
Western and African diplomats,
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ืฉื”ื“ื™ืคืœื•ืžื˜ื™ื™ื ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืืคืจื™ืงื ื™ื,
05:38
United Nations peacekeepers, donors,
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ืคืงื—ื™ ื”ืื•"ื, ืชื•ืจืžื™ื,
05:40
the staff of most nongovernmental organizations
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ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืœื ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ื™ื
05:43
that work with the resolution of conflict,
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ืฉืขื‘ื“ื• ืขืœ ื”ืชืจืช ื”ืกื™ื›ืกื•ืš,
05:46
they all share a specific way of seeing the world.
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ื›ื•ืœื ืจืื• ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื‘ื“ืจืš ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช.
05:51
And I was one of these people, and I shared this culture,
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ื•ืื ื™ ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืื—ืช ืžื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืืœื•, ื•ื—ืœืงืชื™ ืื™ืชื ืืช ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื–ืืช,
05:55
so I know all too well how powerful it is.
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ื•ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืขืช ื˜ื•ื‘ ืžื“ื™ ื›ืžื” ื—ื–ืงื” ื”ื™ื.
05:59
Throughout the world, and throughout conflict zones,
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ื“ืจืš ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื, ื•ื“ืจืš ื›ืœ ืื–ื•ืจื™ ื”ืกื›ืกื•ืš,
06:03
this common culture shapes the intervener's understanding
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ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื ืคื•ืฆื” ื”ื–ืืช ืžืขืฆื‘ืช ืืช ื”ื”ื‘ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืชืขืจื‘ื™ื
06:07
of the causes of violence
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ื‘ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืœืืœื™ืžื•ืช,
06:09
as something that is primarily located in the national and international spheres.
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ื›ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื˜ืžื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ื ื•ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื,
06:16
It shapes our understanding of the path toward peace
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ื”ื™ื ืžืขืฆื‘ืช ืืช ื”ื”ื‘ื ื” ืฉืœื ื• ืœื“ืจืš ืœืฉืœื•ื
06:19
as something again that requires top-down intervention
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ื›ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื“ื•ืจืฉ ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ืช ืžืœืžืขืœื” ืœืžื˜ื”
06:23
to address national and international tensions.
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ืฉืชื•ืคื ื” ื›ืœืคื™ ืžืชื—ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื.
06:27
And it shapes our understanding of the roles of foreign actors
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ื•ื”ื™ื ืžืขืฆื‘ืช ืืช ื”ื”ื‘ื ื” ืฉืœื ื• ืฉืœ ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉื—ืงื ื™ื ื–ืจื™ื
06:31
as engaging in national and international peace processes.
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ื›ืขื•ืกืงื™ื ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืฉืœื•ื ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™.
06:37
Even more importantly, this common culture
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ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ืฉื•ื‘, ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื ืคื•ืฆื” ื”ื–ืืช
06:41
enables international peacebuilders to ignore the micro-level tensions
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ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœืขื•ืฉื™ ืฉืœื•ื ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื ืœื”ืชืขืœื ืžื”ืžืชื—ื™ื ื‘ืจืžื” ื”ื ืžื•ื›ื”
06:47
that often jeopardize the macro-level settlements.
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ืฉืœืจื•ื‘ ืžืกื›ื ื™ื ืืช ื”ื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืจืžื” ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”.
06:52
So for instance, in Congo,
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ื›ืš ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื‘ืงื•ื ื’ื•,
06:54
because of how they are socialized and trained,
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ื“ืจืš ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ืžืื•ืžื ื™ื,
06:58
United Nations officials, donors, diplomats,
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ืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื•"ื, ืชื•ืจืžื™ื, ื“ื™ืคืœื•ืžื˜ื™ื,
07:01
the staff of most nongovernmental organizations,
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ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืœื-ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ื™ื,
07:04
they interpret continued fighting and massacres as a top-down problem.
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ื”ื ืžืคืจืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ืœื—ื™ืžื” ื”ื‘ืœืชื™ ืคื•ืกืงืช ื•ื”ื˜ื‘ื—ื™ื ื›ื‘ืขื™ื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืคืจืงื” ืžืœืžืขืœื” ืœืžื˜ื”.
07:11
To them, the violence they see
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ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื, ื”ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ืฉื”ื ืจื•ืื™ื
07:13
is the consequence of tensions between President Kabila
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ื”ื™ื ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ืฉืœ ืžืชื—ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื ืฉื™ื ืงื‘ื™ืœื
07:18
and various national opponents,
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ื•ืžืชื ื’ื“ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื,
07:21
and tensions between Congo, Rwanda and Uganda.
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ื•ื”ืžืชื—ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืงื•ื ื’ื•, ืจื•ืื ื“ื” ื•ืื•ื’ื ื“ื”.
07:26
In addition, these international peacebuilders view local conflicts
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ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ืขื•ืฉื™ ื”ืฉืœื•ื ืจื•ืื™ื ืกื›ืกื•ื›ื™ื ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื
07:32
as simply the result of national and international tensions,
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ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ื” ืฉืœ ืžืชื—ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื,
07:38
insufficient state authority,
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ืกืžื›ื•ืช ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ืช ื“ืœื”,
07:40
and what they call the Congolese people's so-called inherent penchant for violence.
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ื•ืžื” ืฉื”ื ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื• ื”ื ื˜ื™ื™ื” ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืงื•ื ื’ื•ืœื–ื™ื™ื ืœืืœื™ืžื•ืช.
07:47
The dominant culture also constructs intervention
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ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื“ื•ืžื™ื ื ื˜ื™ืช ื’ื ื™ื•ืฆืจืช ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช
07:51
at the national and international levels
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ื‘ืจืžื•ืช ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช
07:54
as the only natural and legitimate task for United Nations staffers and diplomats.
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ื›ืžืฉื™ืžื” ื—ื•ืงื™ืช ื•ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืœืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืื•"ื ื•ืœื“ื™ืคืœื•ืžื˜ื™ื.
08:01
And it elevates the organization of general elections,
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ื•ื”ื™ื ืžืขืœื” ืืช ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื›ืœืœื™ื•ืช,
08:05
which is now a sort of cure-all,
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ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื™ืŸ ืชืจื•ืคื” ื›ืœืœื™ืช,
08:07
as the most crucial state reconstruction mechanism
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ื›ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ื›ื™ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”
08:11
over more effective state-building approaches.
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ื”ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื”ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืœื‘ื ื™ื™ืชื”.
08:15
And that happens not only in Congo but also in many other conflict zones.
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ื•ื–ื” ืงื•ืจื” ืœื ืจืง ื‘ืงื•ื ื’ื• ืืœื ื’ื ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืื–ื•ืจื™ ืกื›ืกื•ืš.
08:21
But let's dig deeper,
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืกืชื›ืœ ืขืžื•ืง ื™ื•ืชืจ,
08:23
into the other main sources of violence.
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ืœืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืืœื™ืžื•ืช.
08:27
In Congo, continuing violence
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ื‘ืงื•ื ื’ื•, ื”ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ื”ืžืชืžืฉื›ืช
08:29
is motivated not only by the national and international causes
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ืžื•ื ืขืช ืœื ืจืง ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช
08:34
but also by longstanding bottom-up agendas
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ืืœื ื’ื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืื’'ื ื“ื•ืช ืขืชื™ืงื•ืช ื•ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื•ืช
08:39
whose main instigators are villagers, traditional chiefs,
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ืฉื”ืกื›ืกื›ื ื™ื ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื ื‘ื”ืŸ ื”ื ื›ืคืจื™ื™ื, ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ื™ื,
08:43
community chiefs or ethnic leaders.
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ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ืงื”ื™ืœืชื™ื™ื ืื• ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ืืชื ื™ื.
08:46
Many conflicts revolve around political, social and economic stakes
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ืกื›ืกื•ื›ื™ื ื ื•ื‘ืขื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื, ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื ื•ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื
08:52
that are distinctively local.
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ืฉื”ื ื‘ืžื•ื‘ื”ืง ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื.
08:54
For instance, there is a lot of competition
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืชื—ืจื•ืช
08:57
at the village or district level
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ื‘ื›ืคืจ ืื• ื‘ืจืžื” ื”ืžื—ื•ื–ื™ืช
09:00
over who can be chief of village or chief of territory
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ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื–ื”ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ื”ื›ืคืจ ืื• ื”ื˜ืจื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ื™ื”
09:03
according to traditional law,
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ืœืคื™ ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื”ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ื™ื,
09:06
and who can control the distribution of land
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ื•ืžื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฉืœื•ื˜ ื‘ื—ืœื•ืงืช ื”ืื“ืžื”
09:09
and the exploitation of local mining sites.
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ื•ื”ื ื™ืฆื•ืœ ืฉืœ ืืชืจื™ ืžื›ืจื•ืช ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื.
09:13
This competition often results in localized fighting,
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ื”ืชื—ืจื•ืช ื”ื–ืืช ืœืจื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืฆืจืช ืœื—ื™ืžื” ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช,
09:17
for instance in one village or territory,
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื‘ื›ืคืจ ืื• ื˜ืจื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ื”,
09:21
and quite frequently, it escalates into generalized fighting,
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ืฉื”ื•ืคื›ืช ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืœืœื—ื™ืžื” ื›ืœืœื™ืช,
09:25
so across a whole province,
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ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื›ืœ ื”ืžื—ื•ื–,
09:27
and even at times into neighboring countries.
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ื•ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืœืชื•ืš ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืฉื›ื ื•ืช.
09:30
Take the conflict between Congolese of Rwandan descent
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ืชืจืื• ืืช ื”ืกื›ืกื•ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืงื•ื ื’ื•ืœื–ื™ื™ื ืฉืžื•ืฆืื ืžืจื•ืื ื“ื”
09:35
and the so-called indigenous communities of the Kivus.
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ื•ื”"ื™ืœื™ื“ื™ื" ืฉืœ ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ืงื™ื•ื•ืก.
09:40
This conflict started in the 1930s during Belgian colonization,
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ื”ืกื›ืกื•ืš ื”ื–ื” ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-30 ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืงื•ืœื•ื ื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ื”ื‘ืœื’ื™ืช,
09:45
when both communities competed over access to land and to local power.
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ื›ืฉืฉืชื™ ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืชื—ืจื• ืขืœ ื’ื™ืฉื” ืœืื“ืžื•ืช ื•ืœื›ื•ื— ืžืงื•ืžื™.
09:51
Then, in 1960, after Congolese independence,
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ื•ืื–, ื‘-1960, ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ืฉืœ ืงื•ื ื’ื•,
09:54
it escalated because each camp tried to align with national politicians,
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ื”ื™ื ื”ืชื’ื‘ืจื” ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื›ืœ ืžื—ื ื” ื ื™ืกื” ืœื”ืฉืชื™ื™ืš ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ืœืื•ืžื™ืช,
10:00
but still to advance their local agendas.
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ืื‘ืœ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืงื“ื ืืช ื”ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื”ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื.
10:04
And then, at the time of the 1994 genocide in Rwanda,
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ื•ืื– ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื˜ื‘ื— ื”ืขื ื‘ืจื•ืื ื“ื” ื‘-1994,
10:08
these local actors allied with Congolese and Rwandan armed groups,
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ื”ืฉื—ืงื ื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื ืฉื™ื™ื›ื• ืืช ืขืฆืžื ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื”ื—ืžื•ืฉื•ืช ืฉืœ ืงื•ื ื’ื• ื•ืจื•ืื ื“ื”,
10:15
but still to advance their local agendas in the provinces of the Kivus.
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ืื‘ืœ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื ื™ืกื• ืœืงื“ื ืืช ื”ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ื‘ืžื—ื•ื– ืงื™ื•ื•ืก.
10:20
And since then, these local disputes over land and local power
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ื•ืžืื–, ื”ืžื—ืœื•ืงื•ืช ืขืœ ืื“ืžื” ื•ื›ื•ื—
10:26
have fueled violence,
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ื”ื ื™ืขื• ืืœื™ืžื•ืช,
10:27
and they have regularly jeopardized
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ื•ืกื™ื›ื ื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืงื‘ื•ืข
10:29
the national and international settlements.
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ืืช ื”ื”ืกื›ืžื™ื ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื.
10:35
So we can wonder why in these circumstances
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ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืชื”ื•ืช ืœืžื” ื‘ืชื ืื™ื ื”ืืœื•
10:39
the international peacebuilders have failed to help implement
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ืขื•ืฉื™ ื”ืฉืœื•ื ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื ืœื ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ืœื‘ืฆืข
10:44
local peacebuilding programs.
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ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื•ื ืžืงื•ืžื™ื•ืช.
10:47
And the answer is that international interveners
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ื•ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืœื›ืš ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ืช
10:52
deem the resolution of grassroots conflict
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ื”ืคื›ื” ืืช ื”ืชืจืช ื”ืกื›ืกื•ืš ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™
10:55
an unimportant, unfamiliar, and illegitimate task.
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ืœืžืฉื™ืžื” ืœื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื”, ืœื ืžื•ื›ืจืช ื•ืœื ืœื’ื™ื˜ื™ืžื™ืช.
11:02
The very idea of becoming involved at the local level clashes fundamentally
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ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืขืฆืžื• ืฉืœ ืœื”ืชืขืจื‘ ื‘ืจืžื” ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช ื”ืชื ื’ื“ ื‘ื‘ืกื™ืกื•
11:08
with existing cultural norms,
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ืœื ื•ืจืžื•ืช ื”ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช,
11:10
and it threatens key organizational interests.
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ื•ืื™ื™ื ืขืœ ืื™ื ื˜ืจืกื™ื ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื™ื ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื™ื.
11:14
For instance, the very identity of the United Nations
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื”ื–ื”ื•ืช ืขืฆืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื•"ื
11:18
as this macro-level diplomatic organization
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ื‘ืจืžื” ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืฉืœ ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืคืœื•ืžื˜ื™
11:22
would be upended if it were to refocus on local conflicts.
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ืชืฉื•ื‘ืฉ ืื ืื ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžืชืžืงื“ืช ื‘ืกื›ืกื•ื›ื™ื ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื.
11:28
And the result is that neither the internal resistance
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ื•ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ื”ื™ื ืฉืœื ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช
11:33
to the dominant ways of working
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ืœืฆื•ืจื” ื”ื“ื•ืžื™ื ื ื˜ื™ืช ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื”
11:35
nor the external shocks
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ื•ืœื ื”ืฉื•ืงื™ื ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื
11:38
have managed to convince international actors that they should reevaluate
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ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ืœืฉื›ื ืข ืืช ื”ืฉื—ืงื ื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื ืฉื”ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืขืจื™ืš ืžื—ื“ืฉ
11:43
their understanding of violence and intervention.
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ืืช ื”ื”ื‘ื ื” ืฉืœื”ื ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ื•ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ืช.
11:47
And so far, there have been only very few exceptions.
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ื‘ื ืชื™ื™ื, ื”ื™ื• ืžืขื˜ ืžืื•ื“ ื™ื•ืฆืื™ ื“ื•ืคืŸ.
11:51
There have been exceptions, but only very few exceptions,
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ื”ื™ื• ื™ื•ืฆืื™ ื“ื•ืคืŸ, ืื‘ืœ ืžืขื˜ ืžืื•ื“,
11:54
to this broad pattern.
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ืœืชื‘ื ื™ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื”ื–ืืช.
11:58
So to wrap up, the story I just told you
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ืื– ื›ื“ื™ ืœืกื›ื, ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืกื™ืคืจืชื™ ืœื›ื
12:01
is a story about how a dominant peacebuilding culture
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ื”ื•ื ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืขืœ ืื™ืš ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืขื•ืฉืช ืฉืœื•ื
12:06
shapes the intervener's understanding of what the causes of violence are,
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ืžืขืฆื‘ืช ืืช ื”ื”ื‘ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืชืขืจื‘ื™ื ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืืœื™ืžื•ืช,
12:11
how peace is made,
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ืื™ืš ืฉืœื•ื ื ื•ืฆืจ,
12:12
and what interventions should accomplish.
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ื•ืžื” ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืืžื•ืจื•ืช ืœื”ืฉื™ื’.
12:16
These understandings enable international peacebuilders
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ื”ื”ื‘ื ื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ืื™ืคืฉืจื• ืœืขื•ืฉื™ ืฉืœื•ื ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื
12:20
to ignore the micro-level foundations
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ืœื”ืชืขืœื ืžื”ื‘ืกื™ืก, ื‘ืจืžื” ื”ื ืžื•ื›ื”,
12:23
that are so necessary for sustainable peace.
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ืฉื”ืŸ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ืœืฉืœื•ื ืžื‘ื•ืกืก.
12:28
The resulting inattention to local conflicts
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ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ืœืกื›ืกื•ื›ื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื
12:31
leads to inadequate peacebuilding in the short term
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ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืœืขืฉื™ื™ืช ืฉืœื•ื ืœืงื•ื™ื” ื‘ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ืงืฆืจ
12:35
and potential war resumption in the long term.
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ื•ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืžืœื—ืžื” ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœื™ืช ื‘ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ืืจื•ืš.
12:39
And what's fascinating is that this analysis
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ื•ืžื” ืฉื”ื›ื™ ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ื”ื‘ื—ื ื” ื”ื–ืืช
12:42
helps us to better understand many cases of lasting conflict
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ืขื•ื–ืจืช ืœื ื• ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืขื•ื“ ืžืงืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ืžืชืžืฉื›ืช
12:46
and international intervention failures, in Africa and elsewhere.
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ื•ื›ื™ืฉืœื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช, ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื” ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ืื—ื“.
12:51
Local conflicts fuel violence in most war and post-war environments,
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ืกื›ืกื•ื›ื™ื ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื ืžื ื™ืขื™ื ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ื•ื”ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืคื•ืกื˜-ืžืœื—ืžืชื™ื™ื,
12:57
from Afghanistan to Sudan to Timor-Leste,
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ืžืืคื’ื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ ืœืกื•ื“ืŸ ืœืžื–ืจื— ื˜ื™ืžื•ืจ,
13:00
and in the rare cases where there have been comprehensive,
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ื•ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ื ื“ื™ืจื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ื”ืฆืขื•ืช
13:04
bottom-up peacebuilding initiatives,
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ืฉืœื•ื ืžืงื™ืคื•ืช ื•ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ื•ืช,
13:07
these attempts have been successful at making peace sustainable.
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ื”ื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœื•ื ืžื‘ื•ืกืก.
13:12
One of the best examples is the contrast
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ืื—ืช ื”ื“ื•ื’ืžื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื”ื ื™ื’ื•ื“
13:15
between the relatively peaceful situation in Somaliland,
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืฉืœื™ื• ื‘ืกื•ืžื™ืœื™ืœื ื“,
13:20
which benefited from sustained grassroots peacebuilding initiatives,
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ืฉื”ืจื•ื•ื™ื—ื” ืžื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืขืฉื™ื™ืช ืฉืœื•ื ื‘ืกื™ืกื™,
13:25
and the violence prevalent in the rest of Somalia,
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ื•ื”ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ื”ื ืคื•ืฆื” ื‘ืฉืืจ ืกื•ืžืœื™ื”,
13:29
where peacebuilding has been mostly top-down.
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ืฉื ื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืฉืœื•ื ืฉืœื” ื”ื™ื• ืœืจื•ื‘ ืžืœืžืขืœื” ืœืžื˜ื”.
13:32
And there are several other cases
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืขื•ื“ ืžืงืจื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื
13:35
in which local, grassroots conflict resolution
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ื‘ื”ื ืคืชื™ืจืช ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืžืงื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื•ืช
13:38
has made a crucial difference.
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ื™ืฆืจื• ืืช ืฉื ื•ื™ ื—ืฉื•ื‘.
13:41
So if we want international peacebuilding to work,
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ืื– ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืขืฉื™ื™ืช ืฉืœื•ื ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ืฉืชืขื‘ื•ื“,
13:46
in addition to any top-down intervention,
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ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืœืžืขืœื” ืœืžื˜ื”,
13:49
conflicts must be resolved from the bottom up.
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ืกื›ืกื•ื›ื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ืคืชืจ ืžื”ื‘ืกื™ืก.
13:53
And again, it's not that national and international tensions don't matter.
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ื•ืฉื•ื‘, ื–ื” ืœื ืฉืžืชื—ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื ืœื ืžืฉื ื™ื,
13:58
They do.
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ื”ื ื›ืŸ.
13:59
And it's not that national and international peacebuilding
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ื•ื–ื” ืœื ืฉืœื ืฆืจื™ืš ืขืฉื™ื™ืช ืฉืœื•ื ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ื•ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ืช
14:03
isn't necessary.
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ื”ื™ื ืœื ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ืช.
14:04
It is.
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ื”ื™ื ื›ืŸ.
14:06
Instead, it is that both macro-level and micro-level peacebuilding are needed
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื–ืืช, ืฆืจื™ืš ืขืฉื™ื™ืช ืฉืœื•ื ื‘ืจืžื” ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื›ืžื• ื‘ืจืžื” ื”ื ืžื•ื›ื”
14:13
to make peace sustainable,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืฉืœื•ื ืžื‘ื•ืกืก,
14:15
and local nongovernmental organizations,
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ื•ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ืœื-ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ื™ื ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื,
14:18
local authorities and civil society representatives
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ืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืกืžื›ื•ืช ืžืงื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื•ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ื™ ื—ื‘ืจื” ืื–ืจื—ื™ื
14:21
should be the main actors in the bottom-up process.
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ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™.
14:25
So of course, there are obstacles.
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ืื– ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื™ืฉ ืžื›ืฉื•ืœื™ื.
14:28
Local actors often lack the funding
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ืœืฉื—ืงื ื™ื ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื ืœืจื•ื‘ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ
14:30
and sometimes the logistical means and the technical capacity
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ื•ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื”ืืžืฆืขื™ื ื”ืœื•ื’ื™ืกื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืœืช ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ืช
14:34
to implement effective, local peacebuilding programs.
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ืœื”ืคืขืœืช ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืขืฉื™ื™ืช ืฉืœื•ื ืžืงื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื•ืืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช.
14:38
So international actors should expand their funding and support
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ืื– ืฉื—ืงื ื™ื ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืจื—ื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืชืžื™ื›ื” ืฉืœื”ื
14:43
for local conflict resolution.
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ืœืคืชื™ืจืช ืกื›ืกื•ื›ื™ื ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื.
14:47
As for Congo, what can be done?
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ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืงื•ื ื’ื•, ืžื” ืืคืฉืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืช?
14:51
After two decades of conflict and the deaths of millions,
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ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื ื™ ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืกื›ืกื•ืš ื•ืžื•ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ื,
14:54
it's clear that we need to change our approach.
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ื–ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื’ื™ืฉื”.
14:58
Based on my field research,
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ืœืคื™ ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ืฉื“ื” ืฉืœื™,
15:00
I believe that international and Congolese actors
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ืื ื™ ืžืืžื™ื ื” ืฉื”ืฉื—ืงื ื™ื ื”ืงื•ื ื’ื•ืœื–ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื
15:03
should pay more attention to the resolution of land conflict
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ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืฉื™ื ืœื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืคื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ืกื™ื›ืกื•ื›ื™ ืื“ืžื•ืช
15:07
and the promotion of inter-community reconciliation.
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ื•ืœืงื“ื ืคื™ื•ืก ืชื•ืš ืงื”ื™ืœืชื™.
15:11
So for instance, in the province of the Kivus,
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื‘ืžื—ื•ื– ืฉืœ ืงื™ื•ื•ืก,
15:14
the Life and Peace Institute and its Congolese partners
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ืžื•ืกื“ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืฉืœื•ื ื•ื”ืคืจื˜ื ืจื™ื ื”ืงื•ื ื’ื•ืœื–ื™ื™ื
15:17
have set up inter-community forums
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ื™ืฆืจื• ืคื•ืจื•ืžื™ื ืชื•ืš-ืงื”ื™ืœืชื™ื™ื
15:20
to discuss the specifics of local conflicts over land,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื“ื•ืŸ ื‘ืคืจื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืกื›ืกื•ืš ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ ืขืœ ื”ืื“ืžื”,
15:25
and these forums have found solutions to help manage the violence.
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ื•ื‘ืคื•ืจื•ืžื™ื ื”ืืœื• ื”ื ืžืฆืื• ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืœืืœื™ืžื•ืช.
15:30
That's the kind of program that is sorely needed
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ืฆืจื™ืš ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื’ ื›ื–ื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื“ื—ื•ืฃ
15:34
throughout eastern Congo.
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื–ืจื— ืงื•ื ื’ื•.
15:37
It's with programs like this
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ืขื ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื›ืืœื•
15:38
that we can help people like Isabelle and her husband.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœืื ืฉื™ื ื›ืžื• ืื™ื–ื‘ืœ ื•ื‘ืขืœื”.
15:43
So these will not be magic wands,
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ืื– ืืœื” ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžื˜ื•ืช ืงืกืžื™ื,
15:46
but because they take into account deeply rooted causes of the violence,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ืŸ ืœื•ืงื—ื•ืช ื‘ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืขืžื•ืงื•ืช ืœืืœื™ืžื•ืช,
15:52
they could definitely be game-changers.
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ื”ืŸื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžืฆื‘.
15:54
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืœื›ื.
15:57
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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