Severine Autesserre: To solve mass violence, look to locals

48,139 views ใƒป 2015-01-27

TED


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: hansom Lee ๊ฒ€ํ† : Jihyeon J. Kim
00:12
I want to speak about a forgotten conflict.
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์˜ค๋Š˜ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์–˜๊ธฐํ•  ์ฃผ์ œ๋Š” ์žŠํ˜€์ง„ ๋ถ„์Ÿ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:15
It's a conflict that rarely hits the headlines.
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์žŠํ˜€์ง„ ๋ถ„์Ÿ์ด๋ž€ ์‹ ๋ฌธ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ์— ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋‚˜์˜ค์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋งํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:19
It happens right here, in the Democratic Republic of Congo.
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์ด ์ผ์€ ์ง€๊ธˆ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ฝฉ๊ณ  ๋ฏผ์ฃผ ๊ณตํ™”๊ตญ์—์„œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด์—์„œ ์‚ด์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์ฝฉ๊ณ  ์ „์Ÿ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ์ž˜ ๋ชจ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:24
Now, most people outside of Africa don't know much about the war in Congo,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์•„์ฃผ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์‚ฌ์‹ค ๋ช‡๊ฐ€์ง€๋ฅผ ์•Œ๋ ค๋“œ๋ฆฌ๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:28
so let me give you a couple of key facts.
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00:32
The Congolese conflict is the deadliest conflict since World War II.
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์ฝฉ๊ณ  ๋‚ด์ „์€ ์„ธ๊ณ„2์ฐจ ๋Œ€์ „ ์ดํ›„๋กœ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ž”์ธํ•œ ์ „์Ÿ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:37
It has caused almost four million deaths.
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์ด ์ „์Ÿ์€ 400๋งŒ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ๋ชฉ์ˆจ์„ ์•—์•„๊ฐ”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:40
It has destabilized most of Central Africa for the past 18 years.
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์ด ์ „์Ÿ์€ ์ง€๋‚œ 18๋…„๋™์•ˆ ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์„ ๋ถˆ์•ˆํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:45
It is the largest ongoing humanitarian crisis in the world.
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์ด ์ „์Ÿ์€ ์„ธ๊ณ„์—์„œ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ธ๋„์ฃผ์˜์  ์œ„๊ธฐ ์ค‘ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฐ ์ผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:50
That's why I first went to Congo in 2001.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด 2001๋…„๋„์— ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ฝฉ๊ณ ์— ๊ฐ„ ์ฒซ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์ด์œ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:54
I was a young humanitarian aid worker, and I met this woman who was my age.
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์ €๋Š” ๊ทธ๋•Œ ์–ด๋ฆฐ ๊ตญ์ œ ๊ตฌํ˜ธ๊ฐ€์˜€๊ณ  ์ œ ๋‚˜์ด ๋˜๋ž˜ ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋ถ„์„ ๋งŒ๋‚ฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:59
She was called Isabelle.
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๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ์ด์‚ฌ๋ฒจ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:02
Local militias had attacked Isabelle's village.
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ํ˜„์ง€ ๋ฏผ๋ณ‘๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ์ด์‚ฌ๋ฒจ์˜ ๋งˆ์„์„ ๊ณต๊ฒฉํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:06
They had killed many men, raped many women.
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์—„์ฒญ๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŽ์€ ๋‚จ์ž๋ฅผ ์ฃฝ์ด๊ณ , ์—ฌ์ž๋“ค์„ ๊ฐ•๊ฐ„ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:09
They had looted everything.
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๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋นผ์•—์•„ ๊ฐ”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:11
And then they wanted to take Isabelle,
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์ด์‚ฌ๋ฒจ์„ ๋ฐ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ฐ€๋ ค๊ณ  ํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ๊ทธ ๋•Œ ๊ทธ๋…€์˜ ๋‚จํŽธ์ด ๋“ค์–ด์™€์„œ,
01:13
but her husband stepped in,
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01:15
and he said, "No, please don't take Isabelle.
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๋งํ•˜๊ธธ "์•ˆ๋ผ์š”, ์ œ๋ฐœ ์ด์‚ฌ๋ฒจ์€ ์•ˆ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:18
Take me instead."
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์ฐจ๋ผ๋ฆฌ ์ €๋ฅผ ๋ฐ๋ ค๊ฐ€์„ธ์š”." ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:21
So he had gone to the forest with the militias,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋ฏผ๋ณ‘๋Œ€์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ˆฒ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ๋ผ์กŒ๊ณ  ,
01:24
and Isabelle had never seen him again.
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์ด์‚ฌ๋ฒจ์€ ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:28
Well, it's because of people like Isabelle and her husband
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๊ธ€์Ž„์š”, ์ด์‚ฌ๋ฒจ๊ณผ ๊ทธ๋…€์˜ ๋‚จํŽธ ๊ฐ™์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด
01:32
that I have devoted my career to studying this war
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๊ด€์‹ฌ ๋ฐ–์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์ „์Ÿ,
01:35
that we know so little about.
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์ œ ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ์„ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ „์Ÿ์„ ๊ณต๋ถ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์Œ“๋Š” ์ด์œ ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๊ฒ ์ง€์š”.
01:38
Although there is one story about Congo that you may have heard.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ์—๋„ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์ด ์ฝฉ๊ณ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋งŽ์ด ๋“ค์–ด๋ดค์„ ์–˜๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:43
It's a story about minerals and rape.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๊ด‘๋ฌผ๊ณผ ๊ฐ•๊ฐ„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:47
Policy statements and media reports
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์ •์ฑ… ๋ฐœํ‘œ์™€ ๋งค์Šค์ปด๋“ค์˜ ๋ฐœํ‘œ๋Š”
01:49
both usually focus on a primary cause of violence in Congo --
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์ฝฉ๊ณ ์—์„œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ํญ๋ ฅ์˜ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ทผ๋ณธ์ ์ธ ์›์ธ์„
01:54
the illegal exploitation and trafficking of natural resources --
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๋ถ€๋‹นํ•œ ์ฐฉ์ทจ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ฒœ์—ฐ์ž์›์˜ ๋ฐ€๊ฑฐ๋ž˜์ด๋ฉฐ
01:59
and on a main consequence --
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฃผ์š” ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋กœ
02:02
sexual abuse of women and girls as a weapon of war.
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์ „์Ÿ ๋ฌด๊ธฐ๋กœ์จ ์—ฌ์ž์™€ ์—ฌ์ž์•„์ด๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ€ํ•ด์ง€๋Š” ์„ฑํญ๋ ฅ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:07
So, not that these two issues aren't important and tragic. They are.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ, ์ง€๊ธˆ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋‘๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ด์Šˆ๋Š” ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜์ง€๋„ ๋น„๊ทน์ ์ด๋„ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:14
But today I want to tell you a different story.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ €๋Š” ์˜ค๋Š˜ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋“ค๋ ค๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์‹ถ๊ตฐ์š”.
02:17
I want to tell you a story that emphasizes a core cause
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๊ณ„์†๋˜๋Š” ๋ถ„์Ÿ์˜ ํ•ต์‹ฌ ์ด์œ ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๋Š” ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋“ค๋ ค๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:21
of the ongoing conflict.
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02:24
Violence in Congo is in large part driven by local bottom-up conflicts
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์ฝฉ๊ณ ์˜ ํญ๋ ฅ์€ ๋Œ€๊ฐœ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ๋ถ„์Ÿ์—์„œ ์‹œ์ž‘๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:31
that international peace efforts have failed to help address.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ตญ์ œ ํ‰ํ™”๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์ด ์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์‹คํŒจํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋œป์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:37
The story starts from the fact that not only is Congo notable
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์ด ์‚ฌ์‹ค์€ ๋‹จ์ง€ ์ฝฉ๊ณ ๋งŒ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ,
02:42
for being the world's worst ongoing humanitarian crisis,
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์„ธ๊ณ„์—์„œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋งŽ์€ ์ธ๋„์ฃผ์˜์  ์œ„๊ธฐ๋“ค,
02:46
but it is also home to some of the largest
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์„ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š”
02:50
international peacebuilding efforts in the world.
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๊ตญ์ œ ํ‰ํ™” ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:54
Congo hosts the largest
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์ฝฉ๊ณ ๋Š” UN์—์„œ ํ‰ํ™”์œ ์ง€์— ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋งŽ์€ ๋น„์šฉ๊ณผ ๊ทœ๋ชจ๊ฐ€ ๋“œ๋Š” ๋‚˜๋ผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:56
and most expensive United Nations peacekeeping mission in the world.
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03:01
It was also the site of the first European-led peacekeeping mission,
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๋˜ํ•œ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ์ด ์ฒซ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋กœ ํ‰ํ™” ์œ ์ง€ ์ž„๋ฌด๋ฅผ ๋งก์€ ์ง€์—ญ์ด๋ฉฐ
03:06
and for its first cases ever,
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๊ตญ์ œ ์‚ฌ๋ฒ• ์žฌํŒ์†Œ๊ฐ€ ๊ตฐ ์ง€๋„์ž๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์‹คํ˜•์„ ์„ ๊ณ ํ•œ ์ตœ์ดˆ์˜ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:08
the International Criminal Court chose to prosecute Congolese warlords.
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03:15
In 2006, when Congo held the first free national elections in its history,
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2006๋…„์—, ์ฝฉ๊ณ  ์—ญ์‚ฌ์ƒ ์ฒซ ์ด์„ ์ด ์‹ค์‹œ ๋˜์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ,
03:22
many observers thought that an end to violence in the region had finally come.
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๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์ฝฉ๊ณ  ๋‚ด์ „์ด ๋“œ๋””์–ด ๋๋‚  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:28
The international community lauded the successful organization of these elections
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๊ตญ์ œ ์‚ฌํšŒ๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์„ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์„ฑ๊ณต์„ ์น˜ํ•˜ํ–ˆ๊ณ 
03:34
as finally an example of successful international intervention
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์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์ด ์—†๋Š” ๊ณณ์—์„œ
03:38
in a failed state.
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๊ฐ€์žฅ ์„ฑ๊ณต์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง„ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:41
But the eastern provinces
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋™๋ถ€์—์„œ๋Š”
03:42
have continued to face massive population displacements
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์•„์ง๋„ ๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋”์ฐํ•œ ์ธ๊ถŒ ์นจํ•ด ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
03:46
and horrific human rights violations.
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์ด๋ฏผ ๊ฐ€๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:49
Shortly before I went back there last summer,
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€๊ธฐ ์ง์ „ ์—ฌ๋ฆ„์—,
03:52
there was a horrible massacre in the province of South Kivu.
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ํ‚ค๋ถ€ ๋‚จ์ชฝ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋”์ฐํ•œ ๋Œ€ํ•™์‚ด์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:57
Thirty-three people were killed.
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33๋ช…์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์‚ดํ•ด๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:59
They were mostly women and children,
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๊ทธ๋“ค ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์€ ์—ฌ์ž์™€ ์•„์ด๋“ค์ด์—ˆ๊ณ ,
04:01
and many of them were hacked to death.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์ค‘ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์€ ๋„๋ผ๋กœ ์ฃฝ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:06
During the past eight years,
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์ง€๋‚œ 8๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ,
04:08
fighting in the eastern provinces has regularly reignited
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๋™๋ถ€์—์„œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ์ „์Ÿ์€ ์ผ์ƒ์ ์ธ ์ผ์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ 
04:12
full-scale civil and international war.
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๊ทธ ๊ทœ๋ชจ๋Š” ๋™๋ถ€์ง€์—ญ ์ „๋ฐ˜์— ๊ฑธ์นœ ์ „์Ÿ์ด๋ฉด์„œ ๊ตญ์ œ ์ „์Ÿ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:15
So basically, every time we feel that we are on the brink of peace,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ทผ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋งค์ˆœ๊ฐ„๋งˆ๋‹ค ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํ‰ํ™”์˜ ๋ฒผ๋ž‘๋์— ์„œ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋Š๋‚„๋•Œ๋งˆ๋‹ค
04:20
the conflict explodes again.
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์ „์Ÿ์ด ๋‹ค์‹œ ํ„ฐ์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:22
Why?
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์–ด์งธ์„œ ๊ทธ๋Ÿด๊นŒ์š”?
04:24
Why have the massive international efforts
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์™œ ๋งŽ์€ ๊ตญ์ œ์ ์ธ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ 
04:27
failed to help Congo achieve lasting peace and security?
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์ฝฉ๊ณ ์˜ ํ‰ํ™”๋ฅผ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์•ˆ์ „์„ ์ง€ํ‚ค์ง€ ๋ชปํ• ๊นŒ์š”?
04:34
Well, my answer to this question revolves around two central observations.
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๊ธ€์Ž„์š”, ์ด ์งˆ๋ฌธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ €์˜ ๋Œ€๋‹ต์„ ๋‘๊ฐ€์ง€ ๊ด€์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:41
First, one of the main reasons for the continuation of violence in Congo
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์ฒซ์งธ๋กœ, ์ฝฉ๊ณ ์—์„œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ์ง€์†์ ์ธ ํญ๋ ฅ์˜ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์›์ธ์€
04:47
is fundamentally local --
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๋ฐ”๋กœ ๊ทผ๋ณธ์ ์ธ ์ง€์—ญ--
04:50
and when I say local,
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ง€์—ญ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ• ๋•Œ๋Š” ๊ทธ ์†์— ๊ฐœ์ธ, ๊ฐ€์กฑ,
04:51
I really mean at the level of the individual, the family,
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04:54
the clan, the municipality, the community, the district,
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์ง‘๋‹จ, ์ง€๋ฐฉ, ์ง€์—ญ, ๊ตฌ์—ญ, ๋•Œ๋กœ๋Š” ์ข…์กฑ๊นŒ์ง€ ํฌํ•จํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:58
sometimes the ethnic group.
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05:01
For instance, you remember the story of Isabelle that I told you.
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค๋ฉด, ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์•ž์—์„œ ์ด์‚ฌ๋ฒจ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์–˜๊ธฐํ–ˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•˜์‹ค ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:06
Well, the reason why militias had attacked Isabelle's village
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์™œ ํ˜„์ง€ ๋ฏผ๋ณ‘๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ์ด์‚ฌ๋ฒจ์˜ ๋งˆ์„์„ ๊ณต๊ฒฉํ–ˆ๋Š”์ง€๋Š” ๊ธ€์Ž„์š”,
05:10
was because they wanted to take the land
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์•„๋งˆ๋„ ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๋งˆ์„ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์‚ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์‹๋Ÿ‰์„ ์žฌ๋ฐฐํ•˜๋Š” ๋•…์„
05:13
that the villagers needed to cultivate food and to survive.
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๋นผ์•—๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ์ผ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:18
The second central observation is that international peace efforts
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๋‘๋ฒˆ์งธ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ด์œ ๋Š” ํ‰ํ™” ์œ ์ง€๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ตญ์ œ์ ์ธ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์ด
05:23
have failed to help address local conflicts
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์ง€์—ญ ๋ถ„์Ÿ์„ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์‹คํŒจํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
05:27
because of the presence of a dominant peacebuilding culture.
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ํ˜„์กดํ•˜๋Š” ํ‰ํ™” ๊ตฌ์ถ• ๋ฌธํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ์ง€๋ฐฐ์ ์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:32
So what I mean is that
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋งํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€,
05:35
Western and African diplomats,
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์„œ๋ถ€์™€ ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด ์™ธ๊ต๊ด€๋“ค, ๊ตญ์ œ ์—ฐํ•ฉ ํ‰ํ™” ์œ ์ง€๊ฐ€๋“ค, ๊ธฐ์ฆ์ž๋“ค,
05:38
United Nations peacekeepers, donors,
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05:40
the staff of most nongovernmental organizations
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๋น„์˜๋ฆฌ ๋‹จ์ฒด์—์„œ ์ผํ•˜๋Š” ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€
05:43
that work with the resolution of conflict,
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๋ถ„์Ÿ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ์ฑ…์„ ์ฐพ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ํž˜์„ ํ•ฉ์น˜๊ณ 
05:46
they all share a specific way of seeing the world.
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๊ทธ๋“ค ๊ฐ์ž ์„ธ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๊ณต์œ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:51
And I was one of these people, and I shared this culture,
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์ €๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค ์ค‘ ํ•œ๋ช…์ด์—ˆ๊ณ , ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ฌธํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ณต์œ  ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค,
05:55
so I know all too well how powerful it is.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ํž˜์„ ๊ฐ€์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์••๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:59
Throughout the world, and throughout conflict zones,
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์„ธ๊ณ„ ๊ณณ๊ณณ์˜ ๋ถ„์Ÿ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ,
06:03
this common culture shapes the intervener's understanding
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์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ๋ฌธํ™”๋Š” ์ค‘์žฌ์ž๋“ค์ด ํญ๋ ฅ์˜ ์›์ธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ดํ•ด๋ฅผ ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ
06:07
of the causes of violence
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06:09
as something that is primarily located in the national and international spheres.
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๊ตญ๊ฐ€์  ์ฐจ์›์—์„œ ์šฐ์„ ์ˆœ์œ„์— ๋’€๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ตญ์ œ ์‚ฌํšŒ์—๋„ ์ ์šฉ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:16
It shapes our understanding of the path toward peace
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ํ‰ํ™”๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ธ๋ฐ
06:19
as something again that requires top-down intervention
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๊ทธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด๋ž€ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋‚ด์—์„œ ์ƒ๊ธด ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ๊ณผ ๊ตญ์ œ์ ์ธ ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ์ด ๋‹ค์‹œ ์ƒ๊ธฐ๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉด
06:23
to address national and international tensions.
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ํ•˜ํ–ฅ์‹์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐœ์ž…ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:27
And it shapes our understanding of the roles of foreign actors
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํ™œ๋™๊ฐ€๋“ค์ด ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์™€ ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉด
06:31
as engaging in national and international peace processes.
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๊ตญ์ œ ํ‰ํ™”๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ณผ์ •์œผ๋กœ ์ดํ•ดํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:37
Even more importantly, this common culture
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋ณด๋‹ค ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€, ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ๋ฌธํ™”๊ฐ€
06:41
enables international peacebuilders to ignore the micro-level tensions
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๊ตญ์ œ ํ‰ํ™” ์œ ์ง€๋‹จ์ด ๋ฏธ์‹œ์  ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ์ง€์—ญ๋ถ„์Ÿ์„ ๋ฌด์‹œํ•˜๊ณ 
06:47
that often jeopardize the macro-level settlements.
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์ข…์ข… ๊ฑฐ์‹œ์ ์ธ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ๋งŒํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋  ์œ„ํ—˜์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:52
So for instance, in Congo,
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด์„œ, ์ฝฉ๊ณ ์—์„œ๋Š”,
06:54
because of how they are socialized and trained,
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์–ด๋Š ์ •๋„ ์‚ฌํšŒํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋˜์–ด์žˆ๊ณ , ํ›ˆ๋ จ์ด ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค,
06:58
United Nations officials, donors, diplomats,
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๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๊ณต๋ฌด์›๋“ค, ๊ธฐ์ฆ์ž๋“ค, ์™ธ๊ต๊ด€๋“ค, ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ๋น„์˜๋ฆฌ ๋‹จ์ฒด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€
07:01
the staff of most nongovernmental organizations,
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07:04
they interpret continued fighting and massacres as a top-down problem.
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์ง€์†์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ๋ถ„์Ÿ๊ณผ ๋Œ€ํ•™์‚ด์„
ํ•˜ํ–ฅ์‹ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋กœ ๋ณด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:11
To them, the violence they see
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๊ทธ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ํญ๋ ฅ์ด๋ž€
07:13
is the consequence of tensions between President Kabila
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์นด๋นŒ๋ผ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น๊ณผ ๋งŽ์€ ๋ฐ˜๋ž€๊ตฐ๋“ค์ด ๋Œ€์น˜ํ•ด์„œ ์ƒ๊ธด ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ด๊ณ ,
07:18
and various national opponents,
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07:21
and tensions between Congo, Rwanda and Uganda.
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์ฝฉ๊ณ ์™€,๋ฅด์™„๋‹ค,์šฐ๊ฐ„๋‹ค,์‚ฌ์ด์—์„œ ์ƒ๊ธด ๋ถ„์Ÿ์ผ ๋ฟ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:26
In addition, these international peacebuilders view local conflicts
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๋” ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ€์„œ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ตญ์ œ ํ‰ํ™” ์œ ์ง€๋‹จ๋“ค์€
07:32
as simply the result of national and international tensions,
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์ง€์—ญ ๋ถ„์Ÿ์ด ๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์™€ ๊ตญ์ œ์ ์ธ ๋ถ„์Ÿ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ด๊ฑฐ๋‚˜
07:38
insufficient state authority,
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๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ์ž์น˜๊ถŒ ๋ถ€์กฑ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ณ 
07:40
and what they call the Congolese people's so-called inherent penchant for violence.
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์ฝฉ๊ณ  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ํ”ํžˆ ์„ ์ฒœ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํญ๋ ฅ์ ์ธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์—ฌ๊น๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:47
The dominant culture also constructs intervention
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ง€๋ฐฐ์ ์ธ ๋ฌธํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์™€ ๊ตญ์ œ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์˜
07:51
at the national and international levels
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๊ฐœ์ž…์„ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ
07:54
as the only natural and legitimate task for United Nations staffers and diplomats.
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๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๊ตฌํ˜ธ๊ฐ€๋“ค๊ณผ ์™ธ๊ต๊ด€๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ๋งŒ ์ž์—ฐ์Šค๋Ÿฝ๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋ฒ•์ ์ธ ์ผ์ด ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:01
And it elevates the organization of general elections,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์กฐ์ง์ด ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ์„ ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ๋†’๊ฒŒ ์น˜๋ฉด์„œ
08:05
which is now a sort of cure-all,
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์„ ๊ฑฐ๊ฐ€ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•ด ์ค€๋‹ค๋Š” ๋“ฏ์ด,
08:07
as the most crucial state reconstruction mechanism
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๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ฃผ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์žฌ์„ค์ •ํ•ด์„œ
08:11
over more effective state-building approaches.
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๋” ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ธ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ํ˜•์„ฑ ์ ‘๊ทผ๋ฒ•์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:15
And that happens not only in Congo but also in many other conflict zones.
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ผ์€ ์ฝฉ๊ณ  ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ๋„ ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:21
But let's dig deeper,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์กฐ๊ธˆ ๋” ๊นŠ์ด ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๋ฉด,
08:23
into the other main sources of violence.
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ํญ๋ ฅ์—๋Š” ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ด์œ ๋“ค์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:27
In Congo, continuing violence
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์ฝฉ๊ณ ์˜ ์ง€์†์ ์ธ ํญ๋ ฅ์€
08:29
is motivated not only by the national and international causes
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๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์™€ ๊ตญ์ œ์ ์ธ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋“ค ๋•Œ๋ฌธ๋งŒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๊ณ ,
08:34
but also by longstanding bottom-up agendas
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์˜ค๋žซ๋™์•ˆ ๋ฐ‘์—์„œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์Œ“์—ฌ์™”๋˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋“ค์ด ์ˆ˜๋ฉด์œ„๋กœ ์˜ฌ๋ผ์™€
08:39
whose main instigators are villagers, traditional chiefs,
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ผ์„ ์ฃผ๋กœ ์„ ๋™ํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ๋งˆ์„ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค, ์ „ํ†ต์ ์ธ ์ง€๋„์ž๋“ค,
08:43
community chiefs or ethnic leaders.
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๋งˆ์„ ์ง€๋„์ž, ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ๋ถ€์กฑ ์žฅ๋“ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:46
Many conflicts revolve around political, social and economic stakes
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๋งŽ์€ ๋ถ„์Ÿ๋“ค์ด ์ •์น˜์ ,์‚ฌํšŒ์ ,๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ์ดํ•ด๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์ง€์—ญ๋งˆ๋‹ค ์–ฝํ˜€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:52
that are distinctively local.
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08:54
For instance, there is a lot of competition
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๊ฐ€๋ น ๋งˆ์„์ด๋‚˜ ๊ตฌ์—ญ๋งˆ๋‹ค ๋งŽ์€ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ์ด ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
08:57
at the village or district level
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09:00
over who can be chief of village or chief of territory
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์ „ํ†ต๋ฒ•์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ˆ„๊ฐ€ ๋งˆ์„์˜ ์ˆ˜์žฅ์ด ๋ ๊ฒƒ์ธ์ง€
09:03
according to traditional law,
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09:06
and who can control the distribution of land
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์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ๊ทธ๋•…์„ ๋ˆ„๊ฐ€ ํ†ต์น˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ถ„๋ฐฐํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ธ์ง€์™€
09:09
and the exploitation of local mining sites.
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์ง€์—ญ๊ด‘์‚ฐ ์ด์šฉ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:13
This competition often results in localized fighting,
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ์€ ์ข…์ข… ์ง€์—ญ๋ถ„์Ÿ์œผ๋กœ ์ด์–ด์ง€๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜๊ณ ,
09:17
for instance in one village or territory,
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์ž๋ฉด ํ•œ ๋งˆ์„ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ์˜ํ† ,
09:21
and quite frequently, it escalates into generalized fighting,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ž์ฃผ ๋‚ด์ „์œผ๋กœ ์ด์–ด์ ธ์„œ,
09:25
so across a whole province,
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์ง€์—ญ ์ „์ฒด๊นŒ์ง€ ํผ์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋˜๊ณ , ์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด ์ด์›ƒ ๋‚˜๋ผ๊นŒ์ง€ ํ™•๋Œ€ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:27
and even at times into neighboring countries.
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09:30
Take the conflict between Congolese of Rwandan descent
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๋ฅด์™„๋‹ค ํ›„์†์˜ ์ฝฉ๊ณ ์ธ๋“ค๊ณผ
09:35
and the so-called indigenous communities of the Kivus.
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์†Œ์œ„ ํ‚ค๋ถ€ ์›์ฃผ๋ฏผ ์ง‘๋‹จ๊ณผ์˜ ๋ถ„์Ÿ์„ ์˜ˆ๋กœ ์‚ดํŽด ๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค.
09:40
This conflict started in the 1930s during Belgian colonization,
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ 1930๋…„๋Œ€ ๋ฒจ๊ธฐ์—์˜ ์‹๋ฏผ ํ†ต์น˜๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›๋Š” ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ์— ์‹œ์ž‘ ๋๋Š”๋ฐ
09:45
when both communities competed over access to land and to local power.
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๊ทธ๋•Œ ๋‘ ์ง€์—ญ์ด ํ† ์ง€์™€ ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ ์Ÿํƒˆ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ์„ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:51
Then, in 1960, after Congolese independence,
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๊ทธ ํ›„ 1960๋…„๋„์— ์ฝฉ๊ณ ๊ฐ€ ๋…๋ฆฝํ•˜๊ณ ,
09:54
it escalated because each camp tried to align with national politicians,
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ฐ€์†ํ™” ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ฐ ์ง„์˜์ด ์ •์น˜์ธ๋“ค๊ณผ ๊ฒฐ์†์„ ํ•˜๋ ค ํ–ˆ์œผ๋‚˜,
10:00
but still to advance their local agendas.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์ž์‹ ๋“ค์˜ ์ง€์—ญ ํ†ต์น˜๊ถŒ์„ ์ฃผ์žฅํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:04
And then, at the time of the 1994 genocide in Rwanda,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  1994๋…„ ๋ฅด์™„๋‹ค์—์„œ ํ•™์‚ด์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ๋Š”๋ฐ,
10:08
these local actors allied with Congolese and Rwandan armed groups,
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์ง€์—ญ ํ™œ๋™๊ฐ€๋“ค์ด ์ฝฉ๊ณ ์™€ ๋ฅด์™„๋‹ค ๋ฌด์žฅ๋‹จ์ฒด์™€ ๋™๋งน์„ ๋งบ์œผ๋ ค ํ–ˆ์œผ๋‚˜,
10:15
but still to advance their local agendas in the provinces of the Kivus.
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์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ์ž์‹ ๋“ค์˜ ํ‚ค๋ถ€ ์ง€์—ญ ์ „์ฒด์˜ ํ†ต์น˜๊ถŒ์„ ์ฃผ์žฅํ•˜์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:20
And since then, these local disputes over land and local power
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๊ทธ๋•Œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ, ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ง€์—ญ ๋ถ„์Ÿ์€ ๋•…๊ณผ ์ง€์—ญ์ด ๊ฐ€์ง„ ํž˜์ด
10:26
have fueled violence,
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ํญ๋ ฅ์„ ์•ผ๊ธฐํ–ˆ๊ณ ,
10:27
and they have regularly jeopardized
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์ž์ฃผ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ„ ๊ตญ์ œํ˜‘์•ฝ์„ ์–ด๊ฒผ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:29
the national and international settlements.
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10:35
So we can wonder why in these circumstances
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์ด์ œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์™œ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ƒํ™ฉ์ด
10:39
the international peacebuilders have failed to help implement
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๊ตญ์ œ ํ‰ํ™” ์œ ์ง€๋‹จ๋“ค์ด ์ง€์—ญ ํ‰ํ™”๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ๋“ค์ด
10:44
local peacebuilding programs.
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์‹คํŒจํ•˜๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ๊ถ๊ธˆํ•ดํ• ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:47
And the answer is that international interveners
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๊ทธ ๋Œ€๋‹ต์€ ๊ตญ์ œ ์ค‘์žฌ์ž๋“ค์ด
10:52
deem the resolution of grassroots conflict
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๊ฐ ์ง€์—ญ ์ฃผ๋ฏผ์— ์˜ํ•œ ๋ถ„์Ÿํ•ด๊ฒฐ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„
10:55
an unimportant, unfamiliar, and illegitimate task.
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์‚ฌ์†Œํ•˜๊ณ  ๋‚ฏ์„ค๋ฉฐ ๋ถˆ๋ฒ•์ ์ธ ์ผ๋กœ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:02
The very idea of becoming involved at the local level clashes fundamentally
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๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ƒ๊ฐ์ด ์ง€์—ญ ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ๋ถ„์Ÿ์€ ์ด๋ฏธ ์กด์žฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฌธํ™”์  ๊ทœ๋ฒ”์„
11:08
with existing cultural norms,
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ํฌํ•จํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ณ ,
11:10
and it threatens key organizational interests.
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์กฐ์ง์˜ ์ดํ•ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ˜‘ํ• ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ฐœ๋…์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:14
For instance, the very identity of the United Nations
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค๋ฉด, ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๊ฐ™์ด ๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ์ •์ฒด์„ฑ์ด
11:18
as this macro-level diplomatic organization
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์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ ๊ทœ๋ชจ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ ์™ธ๊ต ๋Œ€์‚ฌ๊ด€๋“ค์ด
11:22
would be upended if it were to refocus on local conflicts.
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๊ฑฐ๊พธ๋กœ ์ง€์—ญ ๋ถ„์Ÿ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ์ดˆ์ ์„ ๋งž์ถ”๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:28
And the result is that neither the internal resistance
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‚ด๋ถ€์ €ํ•ญ์—์„œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ
11:33
to the dominant ways of working
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๊ฐ€์žฅ ์šฐ์„ธํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋„ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ์ถฉ๊ฒฉ๋„ ์•„๋‹Œ
11:35
nor the external shocks
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11:38
have managed to convince international actors that they should reevaluate
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๊ตญ์ œ ๊ตฌํ˜ธ๊ฐ€๋“ค์ด ์ดํ•ดํ•œ ํญ๋ ฅ๊ณผ ๊ฐœ์ž…์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ƒ๊ฐ์„
11:43
their understanding of violence and intervention.
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์žฌ๊ณ  ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:47
And so far, there have been only very few exceptions.
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๋” ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ€ ์•„์ฃผ ์ ์€ ์˜ˆ์™ธ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:51
There have been exceptions, but only very few exceptions,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒƒ์—๋Š” ํ•ญ์ƒ ์˜ˆ์™ธ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํŒจํ„ด์—์„œ๋Š”
11:54
to this broad pattern.
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๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ์ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:58
So to wrap up, the story I just told you
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์ •๋ฆฌํ•˜์ž๋ฉด, ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๊ป˜ ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฐ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋Š”
12:01
is a story about how a dominant peacebuilding culture
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์ง€๋ฐฐ์ ์ธ ํ‰ํ™” ์œ ์ง€ ๋ฌธํ™”๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ
12:06
shapes the intervener's understanding of what the causes of violence are,
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๊ฐœ์ž…์ž๋“ค์ด ํญ๋ ฅ์„ ์ผ์œผํ‚ค๋Š” ์›์ธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ดํ•ด๋ฅผ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•˜๊ณ ,
12:11
how peace is made,
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ํ‰ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง€๋ฉฐ,
12:12
and what interventions should accomplish.
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๊ฐœ์ž…์€ ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ์ด๋ค„์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:16
These understandings enable international peacebuilders
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ดํ•ด๋Š” ๊ตญ์ œ ํ‰ํ™” ์œ ์ง€๋‹จ๋“ค์ด
12:20
to ignore the micro-level foundations
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๋ฌด์‹œํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋˜ ๋ฏธ์„ธํ•œ ํ† ๋Œ€๋“ค์ด
12:23
that are so necessary for sustainable peace.
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ํ‰ํ™”๋ฅผ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ธ์ง€ ์•Œ๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:28
The resulting inattention to local conflicts
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ง€์—ญ๋ถ„์Ÿ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ถ€์ฃผ์˜์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š”
12:31
leads to inadequate peacebuilding in the short term
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์•„์ฃผ ์งง์€ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ๋งŒ์˜ ํ‰ํ™”์œ ์ง€์ผ๋ฟ์ด๋ฉฐ
12:35
and potential war resumption in the long term.
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์ž ์žฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธด ์ „์Ÿ์ด ๋‹ค์‹œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:39
And what's fascinating is that this analysis
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ๋†€๋ผ์šด ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ถ„์„์ด
12:42
helps us to better understand many cases of lasting conflict
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ง€์†์ ์ธ ๋ถ„์Ÿ์˜ ์›์ธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋” ์ž˜ ์ดํ•ดํ• ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ 
12:46
and international intervention failures, in Africa and elsewhere.
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์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด๋‚ด์˜ ๊ตญ์ œ ๊ฐœ์ž…์ด ์‹คํŒจํ•œ ๊ณณ๋“ค๋„ ๋„์šธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:51
Local conflicts fuel violence in most war and post-war environments,
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์ง€์—ญ๋ถ„์Ÿ์€ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์ „์Ÿ๊ณผ ์ „ํ›„ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์—์„œ ํญ๋ ฅ์„ ์‹ฌํ™”์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ ,
12:57
from Afghanistan to Sudan to Timor-Leste,
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์•„ํ”„๊ฐ€๋‹ˆ์Šคํƒ„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ˆ˜๋‹จ, ๋™ํ‹ฐ๋ชจ๋ฅด๊นŒ์ง€,
13:00
and in the rare cases where there have been comprehensive,
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์ „์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒํ–ฅ์‹ ํ‰ํ™” ์œ ์ง€ ๊ณ„ํš์€ ๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ
13:04
bottom-up peacebuilding initiatives,
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๋“œ๋ฌธ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์ธ๋ฐ
13:07
these attempts have been successful at making peace sustainable.
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ ‘๊ทผ๋ฒ•์€ ํ‰ํ™”์œ ์ง€์— ๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ์„ฑ๊ณต์ ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:12
One of the best examples is the contrast
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๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ข‹์€ ์˜ˆ๋Š” ๋น„๊ตํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ธ๋ฐ
13:15
between the relatively peaceful situation in Somaliland,
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์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ์†Œ๋ง๋ฆฌ์•„์—์„œ ํ‰ํ™”์ ์ธ ๊ณณ์€
13:20
which benefited from sustained grassroots peacebuilding initiatives,
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ํ’€๋ฟŒ๋ฆฌ ํ‰ํ™”์ •์ฑ…์œผ๋กœ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ณณ์ด๊ณ ,
13:25
and the violence prevalent in the rest of Somalia,
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์†Œ๋ง๋ฆฌ์•„์˜ ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์€ ํญ๋ ฅ์ด ๋นˆ๋ฒˆํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š”๋ฐ
13:29
where peacebuilding has been mostly top-down.
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๊ทธ ๊ณณ์€ ํ‰ํ™”์œ ์ง€๊ฐ€ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ํ•˜ํ–ฅ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€๋Š” ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:32
And there are several other cases
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋„ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
13:35
in which local, grassroots conflict resolution
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์ง€์—ญ, ๊ทผ๋ณธ์ ์ธ ๋ถ„์Ÿ์˜ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ์€
13:38
has made a crucial difference.
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๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ญ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:41
So if we want international peacebuilding to work,
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ‰ํ™”์œ ์ง€์— ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ์ผ์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ๊ณ ,
13:46
in addition to any top-down intervention,
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๋˜ ํ•˜ํ–ฅ์‹ ๊ฐœ์ž…์ด ์–ด๋–ค ๊ฒƒ์ด๋“  ๊ฐ„์—,
13:49
conflicts must be resolved from the bottom up.
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๋ถ„์Ÿ์˜ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ์€ ๋ฐ˜๋“œ์‹œ ์ƒํ–ฅ์‹์ด์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:53
And again, it's not that national and international tensions don't matter.
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๋‹ค์‹œ ํ•œ๋ฒˆ ๋งํ•˜์ž๋ฉด, ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ธด์žฅ์€ ์ƒ๊ด€ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:58
They do.
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๊ทธ๋ ‡์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:59
And it's not that national and international peacebuilding
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์™€ ๊ตญ์ œ ํ‰ํ™” ์œ ์ง€๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š” ์—†๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:03
isn't necessary.
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14:04
It is.
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ํ•„์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:06
Instead, it is that both macro-level and micro-level peacebuilding are needed
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๋Œ€์‹ , ๊ฑฐ์‹œ์ ์ธ ์ˆ˜์ค€๊ณผ ๋ฏธ์‹œ์ ์ธ ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ํ‰ํ™” ์œ ์ง€๊ฐ€
14:13
to make peace sustainable,
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ํ‰ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ง€์†์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ ,
14:15
and local nongovernmental organizations,
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์ง€์—ญ์˜ ๋น„์˜๋ฆฌ ๋‹จ์ฒด, ์ง€์—ญ ์ž์น˜์™€ ์‹œ๋ฏผ ์‚ฌํšŒ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ๋“ค์ด
14:18
local authorities and civil society representatives
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14:21
should be the main actors in the bottom-up process.
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๋ฐ˜๋“œ์‹œ ์ƒํ–ฅ์‹ ์ค‘์‹ฌ ํ™œ๋™๊ฐ€๋“ค์ด ๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:25
So of course, there are obstacles.
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๋‹น์—ฐํžˆ ์žฅ์• ๋ฌผ๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:28
Local actors often lack the funding
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์ง€์—ญ ํ™œ๋™๊ฐ€๋“ค์€ ์ข…์ข… ๊ธฐ๊ธˆ์ด ๋ถ€์กฑํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜
14:30
and sometimes the logistical means and the technical capacity
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๋•Œ๋กœ๋Š” ์ˆ˜์†ก ์ˆ˜๋‹จ๊ณผ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์˜ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„
14:34
to implement effective, local peacebuilding programs.
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์ง€์—ญ ํ‰ํ™” ์œ ์ง€ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ ์‹คํ–‰์ด ์ž˜ ์•ˆ ๋ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:38
So international actors should expand their funding and support
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๊ตญ์ œ ํ™œ๋™๊ฐ€๋“ค์€ ๋ฐ˜๋“œ์‹œ ๋ˆ๊ณผ ์ง€์›์„
14:43
for local conflict resolution.
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์ง€์—ญ ๋ถ„์Ÿ์„ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์ง€์›ํ•ด์ค˜์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:47
As for Congo, what can be done?
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์ฝฉ๊ณ ์— ๊ด€ํ•ด์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ํ• ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
14:51
After two decades of conflict and the deaths of millions,
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์ง€๋‚œ 20๋…„์˜ ๋ถ„์Ÿ๊ณผ ์ˆ˜ ๋ฐฑ๋งŒ๋ช…์˜ ์ฃฝ์Œ,
14:54
it's clear that we need to change our approach.
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์ ‘๊ทผ ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ๋ฐ”๊ฟ”์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์ด ํ™•์‹คํ•ด์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:58
Based on my field research,
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์ €์˜ ํ˜„์ง€ ์กฐ์‚ฌ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด,
15:00
I believe that international and Congolese actors
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๊ตญ์ œ์  ์ฝฉ๊ณ  ํ™œ๋™๊ฐ€๋“ค์ด
15:03
should pay more attention to the resolution of land conflict
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๋•… ๋ถ„์Ÿ์„ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๊ณ 
15:07
and the promotion of inter-community reconciliation.
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์ง€์—ญ ์‚ฌํšŒ๋‚ด์˜ ํ™”ํ•ด ์ฆ์ง„์— ๋” ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์„ ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:11
So for instance, in the province of the Kivus,
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์ž๋ฉด, ํ‚ค๋ถ€ ์ง€์—ญ์€
15:14
the Life and Peace Institute and its Congolese partners
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์‚ถ๊ณผ ํ‰ํ™” ๊ธฐ๊ด€ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ฝฉ๊ณ  ํŒŒํŠธ๋„ˆ๋“ค ๋ชจ์€
15:17
have set up inter-community forums
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๊ณต๋™์ฒด ํšŒ์˜๋ฅผ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์„œ
15:20
to discuss the specifics of local conflicts over land,
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์ง€์—ญ์— ๊ฑธ์นœ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์ธ ์ง€์—ญ ๋ถ„์Ÿ์˜ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ์„ ๋…ผ์˜ํ•˜๊ณ 
15:25
and these forums have found solutions to help manage the violence.
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ชจ์ž„์€ ํญ๋ ฅ์„ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ํ•ด๊ฒฐ์ฑ…์„ ์ฐพ๊ฒŒ ๋„์›€์„ ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:30
That's the kind of program that is sorely needed
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์ฝฉ๊ณ  ๋™๋ถ€์ง€์—ญ ์ „์ฒด์— ์ด๋Ÿฐ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์ด ๋ชน์‹œ ํ•„์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:34
throughout eastern Congo.
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15:37
It's with programs like this
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์ด์‚ฌ๋ฒจ๊ณผ ๊ทธ๋…€์˜ ๋‚จํŽธ ๊ฐ™์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ๋„์šธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:38
that we can help people like Isabelle and her husband.
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15:43
So these will not be magic wands,
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๋งˆ๋ฒ•์ง€ํŒก์ด๊ฐ€ ๋  ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์—†์ง€๋งŒ,
15:46
but because they take into account deeply rooted causes of the violence,
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๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ํญ๋ ฅ์˜ ๊ทผ๋ณธ์ ์ธ ์›์ธ์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด
15:52
they could definitely be game-changers.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์ƒํ™ฉ์„ ๋ฐ”๊พธ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ๋ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:54
Thank you.
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๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:57
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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