How a fleet of wind-powered drones is changing our understanding of the ocean | Sebastien de Halleux

171,488 views ใƒป 2018-12-11

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Roni Weisman ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Roni Ravia
00:12
We know more about other planets than our own,
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ื”ื™ื“ืข ืฉืœื ื• ืขืœ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ ืœื›ืช ืื—ืจื™ื ืจื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ื™ื“ืข ืขืœ ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืฉืœื ื•,
00:17
and today, I want to show you a new type of robot
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ื•ื”ื™ื•ื, ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืœื›ื ืกื•ื’ ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜
00:20
designed to help us better understand our own planet.
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ืืฉืจ ืชื•ื›ื ืŸ ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื ื• ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืช ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืฉืœื ื•.
00:25
It belongs to a category
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ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ื™ืš ืœืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”
00:27
known in the oceanographic community as an unmanned surface vehicle, or USV.
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ื”ื™ื“ื•ืขื” ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืงื”ื™ืœืช ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื ื‘ืฉื "ื›ืœื™ ืฉื™ื™ื˜ ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžืื•ื™ื™ืฉ", ืื• ื›ืฉื‘"ืž.
00:32
And it uses no fuel.
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ื”ื•ื ืื™ื ื• ืฆื•ืจืš ื“ืœืง.
00:35
Instead, it relies on wind power for propulsion.
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื–ืืช, ื”ื•ื ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ืจื•ื— ื›ื›ื•ื— ืžื ื™ืข.
00:39
And yet, it can sail around the globe for months at a time.
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ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ, ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฉื™ื™ื˜ ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืขื•ืœื ื‘ืžืฉืš ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืœืœื ืชื—ื–ื•ืงื”.
00:43
So I want to share with you why we built it,
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ืื– ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื—ืœื•ืง ืื™ืชื›ื ืืช ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ื‘ืฉึตืœื” ื‘ื ื™ื ื• ืื•ืชื•,
00:46
and what it means for you.
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ื•ืžื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื• ืขื‘ื•ืจื›ื.
00:49
A few years ago, I was on a sailboat making its way across the Pacific,
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ืœืคื ื™ ืžืกืคืจ ืฉื ื™ื, ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืขืœ ืกืคื™ื ืช-ืžืคืจืฉ ืฉื—ืฆืชื” ืืช ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื”ืฉืงื˜,
00:54
from San Francisco to Hawaii.
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ืžืกืŸ-ืคืจื ืฆื™ืกืงื• ืœื”ื•ื•ืื™.
00:57
I had just spent the past 10 years working nonstop,
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ื‘ื™ืœื™ืชื™ ืืช 10 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช, ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ืคื•ืกืงืช,
01:00
developing video games for hundreds of millions of users,
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ืฉืœ ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืžืฉื—ืงื™ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžืื•ืช ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื,
01:03
and I wanted to take a step back and look at the big picture
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ื•ืจืฆื™ืชื™ ืœืงื—ืช ืฆืขื“ ืื—ื“ ืื—ื•ืจื” ื•ืœื”ืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื”
01:07
and get some much-needed thinking time.
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ื•ืœื–ื›ื•ืช ื‘ืžืขื˜ ื–ืžืŸ ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ื ื—ื•ืฅ.
01:09
I was the navigator on board,
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื ื•ื•ื˜ ื”ืกืคื™ื ื”,
01:12
and one evening, after a long session analyzing weather data
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ื•ืขืจื‘ ืื—ื“, ืœืื—ืจ ืคืจืง ื–ืžืŸ ืืจื•ืš ืฉืœ ื ื™ืชื•ื— ื ืชื•ื ื™ ืžื–ื’ ืื•ื™ืจ
01:15
and plotting our course,
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ื•ื”ืชื•ื•ื™ื™ืช ืžืกืœื•ืœ ื”ืฉื™ื˜ ืฉืœื ื•,
01:17
I came up on deck and saw this beautiful sunset.
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ืขืœื™ืชื™ ืœืกื™ืคื•ืŸ ื•ืจืื™ืชื™ ืืช ื”ืฉืงื™ืขื” ื”ื™ืคื”ืคื™ื” ื”ื–ืืช.
01:20
And a thought occurred to me:
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ื•ืื– ื—ืœืคื” ื‘ืžื•ื—ื™ ืžื—ืฉื‘ื”:
01:22
How much do we really know about our oceans?
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ื›ืžื” ื‘ืืžืช ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืกื™ื ืฉืœื ื•?
01:27
The Pacific was stretching all around me as far as the eye could see,
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ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื”ืฉืงื˜ ื”ื™ื” ืคืจื•ืฉ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื™ ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ืขื™ืŸ ื™ื›ืœื” ืœืจืื•ืช,
01:31
and the waves were rocking our boat forcefully,
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ื•ื”ื’ืœื™ื ื ืขื ืขื• ืืช ื”ืกืคื™ื ื” ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ืขื•ืฆืžื”,
01:33
a sort of constant reminder of its untold power.
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ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืชื–ื›ื•ืจืช ืงื‘ื•ืขื” ืœืขื•ืฆืžืชื• ื”ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ื™ืชื ืช ืœืชืื•ืจ.
01:37
How much do we really know about our oceans?
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ื›ืžื” ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ืืžืช ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืกื™ื?
01:41
I decided to find out.
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ื”ื—ืœื˜ืชื™ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืืช ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”.
01:44
What I quickly learned is that we don't know very much.
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ื’ื™ืœื™ืชื™ ืžื”ืจ ืžืื•ื“ ืฉืื ื• ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื”.
01:47
The first reason is just how vast oceans are,
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ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืœื›ืš ื”ื™ื ื’ื•ื“ืœื ื”ืขืฆื•ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืกื™ื,
01:50
covering 70 percent of the planet,
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70 ืื—ื•ื– ืžืคื ื™ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ,
01:53
and yet we know they drive complex planetary systems
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ื•ืขื ื–ืืช, ืื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื”ื ืžื ื™ืขื™ื ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืคืœื ื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช
01:56
like global weather,
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ื›ืžื• ืžื–ื’ ื”ืื•ื™ืจ ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™,
01:57
which affect all of us on a daily basis,
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ืืฉืจ ืžืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ื™ื•ืžื™,
02:00
sometimes dramatically.
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ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื“ืจืžื˜ื™.
02:02
And yet, those activities are mostly invisible to us.
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ืืš ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ, ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ืœืจื•ื‘ ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืจืื•ืช ืœืขื™ื ื™ื ื•.
02:06
Ocean data is scarce by any standard.
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ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืกื™ื ื”ื ืžืฆื•ืžืฆื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืœ ืงื ื” ืžื™ื“ื”.
02:11
Back on land, I had grown used to accessing lots of sensors --
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ื‘ื™ื‘ืฉื”, ื”ืชืจื’ืœืชื™ ืœื›ืš ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื™ ื’ื™ืฉื” ืœื”ืจื‘ื” ื—ื™ื™ืฉื ื™ื --
02:16
billions of them, actually.
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ืžื™ืœืืจื“ื™ื, ืœืžืขืฉื”.
02:18
But at sea, in situ data is scarce and expensive.
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื™ื, ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืฉื ืืกืคื™ื ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื•ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืืžืช, ื”ื ืžืฆื•ืžืฆืžื™ื ื•ื™ืงืจื™ื.
02:25
Why? Because it relies on a small number of ships and buoys.
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ืžื“ื•ืข? ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื ืชืœื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ืงื˜ืŸ ืฉืœ ืื ื™ื•ืช ื•ืžืฆื•ืคื™ื.
02:29
How small a number was actually a great surprise.
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ื”ื•ืคืชืขืชื™ ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ืงื˜ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืžืกืคืจ ื–ื”.
02:33
Our National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration,
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ืœ"ืžื™ื ื”ืœ ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืกื™ื ื•ื”ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื” ื”ืœืื•ืžื™" ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™,
02:36
better known as NOAA,
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ื”ื™ื“ื•ืข ื‘ืฉื NOAA,
02:38
only has 16 ships,
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ื™ืฉ ืจืง 16 ืกืคื™ื ื•ืช,
02:40
and there are less than 200 buoys offshore globally.
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ื•ื™ืฉื ื ืคื—ื•ืช ืž-200 ืžืฆื•ืคื™ื ื”ืžืจื•ื—ืงื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ื—ื•ืฃ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
02:45
It is easy to understand why:
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ืงืœ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื“ื•ืข:
02:47
the oceans are an unforgiving place,
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ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืกื™ื ืžื”ื•ื•ื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืœื ืกืœื—ื ื™ืช,
02:49
and to collect in situ data, you need a big ship,
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ื•ื›ื“ื™ ืœืืกื•ืฃ ืžื”ื ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช, ื ื“ืจืฉืช ืื ื™ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื”,
02:52
capable of carrying a vast amount of fuel
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ืืฉืจ ืžืกื•ื’ืœืช ืœืฉืืช ื›ืžื•ืช ืขืฆื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ื“ืœืง
02:55
and large crews,
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ื•ืฆื•ื•ืชื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื,
02:57
costing hundreds of millions of dollars each,
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ื•ืขื•ืœื” ืžืื•ืช ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื,
03:00
or, big buoys tethered to the ocean floor with a four-mile-long cable
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ืื• ืžืฆื•ืคื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื”ืจืชื•ืžื™ื ืœืงืจืงืขื™ืช ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ืขื ื›ื‘ืœื™ื ื‘ืื•ืจืš ืฉืœ 6.5 ืง"ืž
03:06
and weighted down by a set of train wheels,
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ื”ืžืขื•ื’ื ื™ื ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืกื“ืจื” ืฉืœ ื’ืœื’ืœื™ ืจื›ื‘ืช,
03:09
which is both dangerous to deploy and expensive to maintain.
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ืฉื”ืฆื‘ืชื ืžืกื•ื›ื ืช ื•ืชื—ื–ื•ืงืชื ื™ืงืจื”.
03:14
What about satellites, you might ask?
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ืžื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืœื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ื, ืืชื ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœืฉืื•ืœ?
03:17
Well, satellites are fantastic,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืœื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื”ื ื ื”ื“ืจื™ื,
03:18
and they have taught us so much about the big picture
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ื•ื”ื ืœื™ืžื“ื• ืื•ืชื ื• ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ืขืœ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื”
03:21
over the past few decades.
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ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื.
03:23
However, the problem with satellites
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ืื‘ืœ, ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ืขื ืœื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ื,
03:25
is they can only see through one micron of the surface of the ocean.
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ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฆืคื•ืช ื“ืจืš ืžื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ืื—ื“ ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืฉืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ื™ื.
03:31
They have relatively poor spatial and temporal resolution,
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ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืจื–ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื™ื” ื–ืžื ื™ืช ื•ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ืช ื’ืจื•ืขื” ื™ื—ืกื™ืช,
03:35
and their signal needs to be corrected for cloud cover and land effects
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ื•ืืช ื”ืื•ืชื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืชืงืŸ ืขืงื‘ ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ื”ืขื ื ื•ืช, ื”ื˜ื•ืคื•ื’ืจืคื™ื”,
03:39
and other factors.
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ื•ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื.
03:42
So what is going on in the oceans?
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ืื– ืžื” ืงื•ืจื” ื‘ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืกื™ื?
03:45
And what are we trying to measure?
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ื•ืžื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื ืกื™ื ืœืžื“ื•ื“?
03:48
And how could a robot be of any use?
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ื•ืื™ืš ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœืฉืžืฉ ืื•ืชื ื•?
03:51
Let's zoom in on a small cube in the ocean.
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ื”ื‘ื” ื ืชืžืงื“ ื‘ืงื•ื‘ื™ื” ืงื˜ื ื” ื‘ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก.
03:55
One of the key things we want to understand is the surface,
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ืื—ื“ ืžื ื•ืฉืื™ ื”ืžืคืชื— ืื•ืชื ืื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืคื ื™ ื”ื™ื,
03:58
because the surface, if you think about it,
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ื›ื™ ืคื ื™ ื”ื™ื, ืื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื–ื”,
04:00
is the nexus of all air-sea interaction.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื” ื”ืžืงืฉืจืช ื‘ื›ืœ ืคืขื•ืœืช ื’ื•ืžืœื™ืŸ ื”ืžืชืจื—ืฉืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืจ ืœื™ื.
04:04
It is the interface through which all energy and gases must flow.
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ื–ื”ื• ื”ืžืžืฉืง ื“ืจื›ื• ืžืชืจื—ืฉื™ื ืžืขื‘ืจื™ ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื•ื’ื–ื™ื.
04:09
Our sun radiates energy,
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ื”ืฉืžืฉ ืฉืœื ื• ืžืงืจื™ื ื” ืื ืจื’ื™ื”,
04:11
which is absorbed by oceans as heat
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ืืฉืจ ื ืกืคื’ืช ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืกื™ื ื›ื—ื•ื
04:14
and then partially released into the atmosphere.
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ื•ืื– ืžืฉืชื—ืจืจืช ื—ืœืงื™ืช ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื”.
04:17
Gases in our atmosphere like CO2 get dissolved into our oceans.
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ื’ื–ื™ื ื‘ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื” ืฉืœื ื• ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืคื—ืžืŸ ื“ื•-ื—ืžืฆื ื™ ืžื•ืžืกื™ื ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืกื™ื.
04:22
Actually, about 30 percent of all global CO2 gets absorbed.
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื›-30 ืื—ื•ื– ืžื”ืคื—ืžืŸ ื”ื“ื•-ื—ืžืฆื ื™ ื ืกืคื’.
04:26
Plankton and microorganisms release oxygen into the atmosphere,
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ืคืœื ืงื˜ื•ืŸ ื•ืžื™ืงืจื•-ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ืžื™ื ืžืฉื—ืจืจื™ื ื—ืžืฆืŸ ืœืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื”,
04:30
so much so that every other breath you take comes from the ocean.
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ื›ืš ืฉื›ืœ ื ืฉื™ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื” ืฉืื ื• ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ืžืงื•ืจื” ืžืŸ ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก.
04:34
Some of that heat generates evaporation, which creates clouds
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ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื—ื•ื ื’ื•ืจื ืœื”ืชืื“ื•ืช, ื”ื™ื•ืฆืจืช ืขื ื ื™ื,
04:37
and then eventually leads to precipitation.
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ื”ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ื ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืœืžืฉืงืขื™ื.
04:39
And pressure gradients create surface wind,
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ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ ืœื—ืฆื™ื ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืจื•ื—ื•ืช ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ื™ื,
04:42
which moves the moisture through the atmosphere.
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ืืฉืจ ืžืกื™ืขื•ืช ืืช ื”ืœื—ื•ืช ื“ืจืš ื”ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื”.
04:45
Some of the heat radiates down into the deep ocean
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ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื—ื•ื ืงื•ืจืŸ ื›ืœืคื™ ืžื˜ื” ืืœ ืขื•ืžืงื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก
04:49
and gets stored in different layers,
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ื•ืžืื•ื—ืกืŸ ื‘ืฉื›ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช,
04:51
the ocean acting as some kind of planetary-scale boiler
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ื•ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ืžืžืœื ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืฉืœ ืžืขื™ืŸ ื“ื•ึผื“ ื—ื™ืžื•ื ื‘ืงื ื” ืžื™ื“ื” ืขื•ืœืžื™
04:55
to store all that energy,
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ืœืื™ื—ืกื•ืŸ ื›ืœ ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื”,
04:56
which later might be released in short-term events like hurricanes
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ืืฉืจ ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉื•ื—ืจืจืช ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ืงืฆืจื™-ื–ืžืŸ ื›ืžื• ื”ื•ืจื™ืงื ื™ื
05:00
or long-term phenomena like El Niรฑo.
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ืื• ืืจื•ื›ื™ ื–ืžืŸ ื›ืžื• ืืœ-ื ื™ื ื™ื•.
05:03
These layers can get mixed up by vertical upwelling currents
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ื”ืฉื›ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ืขืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ืชืขืจื‘ื‘ ืข"ื™ ื–ืจืžื™ ืขืœื™ื™ืช ืžื™ ืขื•ืžืง ืื ื›ื™ื™ื
05:07
or horizontal currents, which are key in transporting heat
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ืื• ื–ืจืžื™ื ืื•ืคืงื™ื™ื, ืืฉืจ ืžื”ื•ื•ื™ื ื’ื•ืจื ืžืคืชื— ื‘ื”ืกืขืช ื—ื•ื
05:11
from the tropics to the poles.
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ืžื”ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื”ื˜ืจื•ืคื™ื™ื ืืœ ื”ืงื˜ื‘ื™ื.
05:13
And of course, there is marine life,
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ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื™ืžื™ื™ื,
05:16
occupying the largest ecosystem in volume on the planet,
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ืืฉืจ ืžื”ื•ื•ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ,
05:21
from microorganisms to fish to marine mammals,
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ืžื”ืžื™ืงืจื•ืืจื’ื ื™ื–ืžื™ื, ื“ืจืš ื”ื“ื’ื™ื, ื•ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื ื”ื™ืžื™ื™ื,
05:25
like seals, dolphins and whales.
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ื›ืžื• ื›ืœื‘ื™ ื”ื™ื, ื”ื“ื•ืœืคื™ื ื™ื ื•ื”ืœื•ื•ื™ื™ืชื ื™ื.
05:28
But all of these are mostly invisible to us.
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื”ื ื‘ืจื•ื‘ื ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืจืื™ื ืœืขื™ื ื™ื ื•.
05:33
The challenge in studying those ocean variables at scale
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ื”ืืชื’ืจ ื”ื›ืจื•ืš ื‘ื—ืงืจ ืžืฉืชื ื™ ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื”ืœืœื• ื‘ืงื ื” ืžื™ื“ื” ืจื—ื‘
05:39
is one of energy,
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ืงืฉื•ืจ ื‘ืขื™ืงืจื• ื‘ืื ืจื’ื™ื”,
05:41
the energy that it takes to deploy sensors into the deep ocean.
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ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื”ื ื“ืจืฉืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืคืขืœ ื—ื™ื™ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืžืง ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก.
05:46
And of course, many solutions have been tried --
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ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื ื•ืกื• --
05:48
from wave-actuated devices
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ื”ื—ืœ ืžืžืชืงื ื™ื ื”ืžื•ืคืขืœื™ื ืข"ื™ ื’ืœื™ื
05:50
to surface drifters
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ื“ืจืš ืžืชืงื ื™ื ื”ืฆืคื™ื ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ื™ื
05:52
to sun-powered electrical drives --
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ื•ื›ืœื” ื‘ื”ื ืขื” ื—ืฉืžืœื™ืช ืข"ื™ ื”ืฉืžืฉ --
05:54
each with their own compromises.
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ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืขื ื”ืคืฉืจื•ืช ืฉืœื•.
05:57
Our team breakthrough came from an unlikely source --
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ืคืจื™ืฆืช ื”ื“ืจืš ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืžืžืงื•ืจ ืœื ืฆืคื•ื™ --
06:00
the pursuit of the world speed record in a wind-powered land yacht.
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ื”ืžืจื“ืฃ ืื—ืจ ืฉื™ื ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืขื•ืœืžื™ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื™ืื›ื˜ืช ื™ื‘ืฉื” ื”ืžื•ื ืขืช ืขืดื™ ืจื•ื—.
06:05
It took 10 years of research and development
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ื ื“ืจืฉื• 10 ืฉื ื•ืช ืžื—ืงืจ ื•ืคื™ืชื•ื—
06:08
to come up with a novel wing concept
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื›ื ืฃ ื—ื“ืฉื ื™
06:10
that only uses three watts of power to control
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ืืฉืจ ืขื•ืฉื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘-3 ื•ื•ืื˜ ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ึถืกืคึตึผืง ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืงืจื”
06:14
and yet can propel a vehicle all around the globe
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ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื ื™ืข ื›ืœื™ ืชื—ื‘ื•ืจื” ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืขื•ืœื
06:17
with seemingly unlimited autonomy.
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ืขื ืžื” ืฉื ืจืื” ื›ืžื• ืื•ื˜ื•ื ื•ืžื™ื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœืช.
06:20
By adapting this wing concept into a marine vehicle,
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื™ืžื•ืฅ ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื”ื›ื ืฃ ื”ื–ื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืœื™ ืชื—ื‘ื•ืจื” ื™ืžื™,
06:24
we had the genesis of an ocean drone.
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ื™ืฆืจื ื• ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืืช ืดืจื—ืคืŸ-ื”ื™ืืด.
06:27
Now, these are larger than they appear.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื”ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžื” ืฉื”ื ื ืจืื™ื.
06:29
They are about 15 feet high, 23 feet long, seven feet deep.
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ื”ื ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื›-4.5 ืžื˜ืจ, ืื•ืจืš ืฉืœ ื›-7 ืž', ื•ืขื•ืžืง ืฉืœ ื›-2 ืž'.
06:34
Think of them as surface satellites.
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ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœื™ื”ื ื›ืขืœ ืœื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืฉืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื—.
06:36
They're laden with an array of science-grade sensors
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ื”ื ืžื•ืขืžืกื™ื ื‘ืžืขืจืš ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ืื™ื›ื•ืช ืžื“ืขื™ืช
06:39
that measure all key variables,
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ืืฉืจ ืžื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืืช ื›ืœ ืžืฉืชื ื™ ื”ืžืคืชื—,
06:41
both oceanographic and atmospheric,
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ื’ื ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื™ื ื•ื’ื ื”ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคืจื™ื™ื,
06:44
and a live satellite link transmits this high-resolution data
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ื•ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืœื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ืช ื—ื™ื” ืžืฉื“ืจืช ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืžื“ื•ื™ื™ืงื™ื ืืœื”,
06:48
back to shore in real time.
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ื‘ื—ื–ืจื” ืœื—ื•ืฃ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืืžืช.
06:51
Our team has been hard at work over the past few years,
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ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ืขื‘ื“ ืงืฉื” ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช,
06:54
conducting missions in some of the toughest ocean conditions
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ื•ื‘ื™ืฆืข ืžืฉื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ืชื ืื™ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื™ืžื™ืช,
06:57
on the planet,
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ืžืŸ ื”ืงืฉื™ื ืฉืขืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ,
06:59
from the Arctic to the tropical Pacific.
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ืžืŸ ื”ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืงื˜ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื”ืฉืงื˜ ื•ืขื“ ืื–ื•ืจื• ื”ื˜ืจื•ืคื™.
07:01
We have sailed all the way to the polar ice shelf.
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ื”ืคืœื’ื ื• ื›ืœ ื”ื“ืจืš ืืœ ืžื“ืฃ ื”ืงืจื— ื”ืงื•ื˜ื‘ื™.
07:04
We have sailed into Atlantic hurricanes.
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ื”ืคืœื’ื ื• ืืœ ืชื•ืš ื”ื•ืจื™ืงื ื™ื ืื˜ืœื ื˜ื™ื™ื.
07:07
We have rounded Cape Horn,
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ื”ื™ืงืคื ื• ืืช ื›ืฃ ื”ื•ืจืŸ,
07:09
and we have slalomed between the oil rigs of the Gulf of Mexico.
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ื•ื–ื’ื–ื’ื ื• ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืกื“ื•ืช ื”ื ืคื˜ ืฉืœ ืžืคืจืฅ ืžื›ืกื™ืงื•.
07:12
This is one tough robot.
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ื–ื”ื• ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ ืžืžืฉ ืงืฉื•ื—.
07:15
Let me share with you recent work that we did
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ื”ืจืฉื• ืœื™ ืœืฉืชืฃ ืืชื›ื ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืขืฉื™ื ื• ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื”
07:18
around the Pribilof Islands.
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ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืื™ื™ ืคืจื™ื‘ื™ืœื•ืฃ.
07:20
This is a small group of islands deep in the cold Bering Sea
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืงื˜ื ื” ืฉืœ ืื™ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืžืงื• ืฉืœ ื™ื ื‘ึตึผืจื™ื ื’ ื”ืงืจ
07:24
between the US and Russia.
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืจื”"ื‘ ืœืจื•ืกื™ื”.
07:26
Now, the Bering Sea is the home of the walleye pollock,
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ื™ื ื‘ืจื™ื ื’ ื”ื™ื ื• ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืช ื”ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื“ื’ ื”ื‘ืงืœื” ื”ืืœืกืงื™ืช,
07:30
which is a whitefish you might not recognize,
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ืฉื–ื”ื• ื“ื’ ืœื‘ืŸ ืฉืื•ืœื™ ืื™ื ื›ื ืžื–ื”ื™ื,
07:32
but you might likely have tasted if you enjoy fish sticks or surimi.
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ืื‘ืœ ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœื•ื“ืื™ ืฉื˜ืขืžืชื ืื•ืชื• ืื ืืชื ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืžืงืœื•ืช ื“ื’ ืื• ืกื•ึผืจื™ืžื™.
07:37
Yes, surimi looks like crabmeat, but it's actually pollock.
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ื ื›ื•ืŸ, ืกื•ืจื™ืžื™ ื ืจืื” ื›ืžื• ื‘ืฉืจ ืกืจื˜ื ื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ื–ื”ื• ืœืžืขืฉื” ื“ื’ ืžืžืฉืคื—ืช ื”ืฉื™ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ื™ื.
07:41
And the pollock fishery is the largest fishery in the nation,
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ื•ืžื“ื’ืช ื”ื“ื’ื™ื ื”ืฉื™ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื ื”ืžื“ื’ื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื”,
07:44
both in terms of value and volume --
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ื’ื ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ืขืจืš ื•ื’ื ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื›ืžื•ืช --
07:47
about 3.1 billion pounds of fish caught every year.
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ื‘ืขืจืš 1.4 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื“ื’ื™ื ื ืชืคืกื™ื ื›ืœ ืฉื ื”.
07:51
So over the past few years, a fleet of ocean drones
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ื•ื›ืš ื‘ืžืฉืš ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช, ืฆื™ ืฉืœ ืจื—ืคื ื™ื ื™ืžื™ื™ื
07:54
has been hard at work in the Bering Sea
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ืขื‘ื“ ืงืฉื” ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืจื™ื ื’
07:56
with the goal to help assess the size of the pollock fish stock.
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ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืœืืžื•ื“ ืืช ื’ื•ื“ืœื• ืฉืœ ืžืœืื™ ื”ื“ื’ื™ื ื”ืฉื™ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ื™ื.
08:01
This helps improve the quota system that's used to manage the fishery
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ื–ื” ืžืกื™ื™ืข ื‘ืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืžื›ืกื” ืฉืžืฉืžืฉืช ืœื ื”ื•ืœ ื”ืžื“ื’ื”
08:04
and help prevent a collapse of the fish stock
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ื•ืขื•ื–ืจ ื‘ืžื ื™ืขืช ืงืจื™ืกืช ืžืœืื™ ื”ื“ื’ื™ื
08:07
and protects this fragile ecosystem.
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ื•ืžื’ืŸ ืขืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ืฉื‘ื™ืจื” ื–ื•.
08:10
Now, the drones survey the fishing ground using acoustics,
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ืจื—ืคื ื™-ื”ื™ื ืกื•ืจืงื™ื ืืช ืื–ื•ืจื™ ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื”ื“ื’ื” ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืืงื•ืกื˜ื™ืงื”,
08:15
i.e., a sonar.
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืกื•ื ืืจ.
08:16
This sends a sound wave downwards,
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ื”ื ืฉื•ืœื—ื™ื ื’ืœื™ ืงื•ืœ ื›ืœืคื™ ืžื˜ื”,
08:20
and then the reflection, the echo from the sound wave
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ื•ืื– ื”ื”ื“ ืฉืœ ื’ืœื™ ื”ืงื•ืœ,
08:22
from the seabed or schools of fish,
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ื”ืžื•ื—ื–ืจ ืžืงืจืงืขื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืื• ืžืœื”ืงื•ืช ื”ื“ื’ื™ื,
08:24
gives us an idea of what's happening below the surface.
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ื ื•ืชืŸ ืœื ื• ืžื•ืฉื’ ืžื” ืงื•ืจื” ืžืชื—ืช ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื™ื.
08:27
Our ocean drones are actually pretty good at this repetitive task,
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ืจื—ืคื ื™-ื”ื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ื”ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ื“ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืžืฉื™ืžื•ืช ื—ื•ื–ืจื•ืช ื•ื ืฉื ื•ืช ืžืขื™ืŸ ืืœื•,
08:31
so they have been gridding the Bering Sea day in, day out.
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ื•ื›ืš ื”ื ืจื™ืฉืชื• ืืช ื™ื ื‘ืจื™ื ื’ ื™ื•ื ืื—ืจ ื™ื•ื.
08:35
Now, the Pribilof Islands are also the home of a large colony of fur seals.
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ืื™ื™ ืคืจื™ื‘ื™ืœื•ืฃ ื”ื ื’ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืช ื”ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื•ืฉื‘ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ื“ื•ื‘ื™ ื™ื.
08:43
In the 1950s, there were about two million individuals in that colony.
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ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-50 ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”ืขืฉืจื™ื ื”ืžื•ืฉื‘ื” ืžื ืชื” ื›ืฉื ื™ ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ื‘ื™ื.
08:48
Sadly, these days, the population has rapidly declined.
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ืœืฆืขืจื ื•, ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ืืœื”, ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื” ืงึธื˜ื ื” ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช.
08:52
There's less than 50 percent of that number left,
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ืคื—ื•ืช ืž-50 ืื—ื•ื– ืžืžืกืคืจ ื–ื” ื ื•ืชืจื•,
08:54
and the population continues to fall rapidly.
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ื•ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื” ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืœืงื˜ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช.
08:57
So to understand why,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื“ื•ืข,
09:00
our science partner at the National Marine Mammal Laboratory
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ื”ืฉื•ืชืฃ ื”ืžื“ืขื™ ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื” ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ืœื™ื•ื ืงื™ื ื™ืžื™ื™ื
09:03
has fitted a GPS tag on some of the mother seals,
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ื”ืชืื™ื ืชื’ื™ืช GPS ืœื›ืžื” ืžื”ืืžื”ื•ืช ื‘ืžื•ืฉื‘ื”,
09:06
glued to their furs.
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ื•ื”ื“ื‘ื™ืง ืื•ืชื” ืœืคืจื•ื•ืชืŸ.
09:08
And this tag measures location and depth
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ื•ื”ืชื’ื™ืช ื”ื–ืืช ืžื•ื“ื“ืช ืžื™ืงื•ื ื•ืขื•ืžืง
09:11
and also has a really cool little camera
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ื•ื™ืฉ ื‘ื” ื’ื ืžืฆืœืžื” ืงื˜ื ื” ื•ืžื“ืœื™ืงื”
09:13
that's triggered by sudden acceleration.
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ื”ืžื•ืคืขืœืช ืข"ื™ ื”ืืฆื” ืคืชืื•ืžื™ืช.
09:16
Here is a movie taken by an artistically inclined seal,
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ื”ื ื” ืกืจื˜ ืฉืฆื•ืœื ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ื“ื•ื‘ืช ื™ื ื‘ืขืœืช ื ื˜ื™ื™ื” ืืžื ื•ืชื™ืช,
09:20
giving us unprecedented insight into an underwater hunt
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ืฉื ื•ืชืŸ ืœื ื• ืชื•ื‘ื ื” ื—ืกืจืช-ืชืงื“ื™ื ืขืœ ืฆื™ื™ื“ ืชืช-ืžื™ื™ืžื™
09:23
deep in the Arctic,
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ืขืžื•ืง ื‘ื™ื ื”ืืจืงื˜ื™,
09:25
and the shot of this pollock prey
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ื•ืฆื™ืœื•ื ืฉืœ ื“ื’ื™ ืฉื™ื‘ื•ื˜ ืืœื”
09:28
just seconds before it gets devoured.
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ืฉื ื™ื•ืช ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื ื ื˜ืจืคื™ื.
09:30
Now, doing work in the Arctic is very tough, even for a robot.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ื™ื ื”ืืจืงื˜ื™ ื–ื• ืžืฉื™ืžื” ืงืฉื” ืžืื“, ืืคื™ืœื• ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜.
09:34
They had to survive a snowstorm in August
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ื”ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืฉืจื•ื“ ืกื•ืคืช ืฉืœื’ื™ื ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜
09:37
and interferences from bystanders --
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ื•ื”ืคืจืขื•ืช ืžืขื•ื‘ืจื™ ืื•ืจื— --
09:40
that little spotted seal enjoying a ride.
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ื›ืœื‘ ื™ื ืžื ื•ืงื“ ืงื˜ืŸ ื–ื” ื ื”ื ื” ืœืชืคื•ืก ื˜ืจืžืค.
09:44
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
09:47
Now, the seal tags have recorded over 200,000 dives over the season,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื”ืชื’ื™ื•ืช ืฉืขืœ ื“ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืจืฉืžื• ืžืขืœ ืœ-200,000 ืฆืœื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ื ื”,
09:54
and upon a closer look,
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ื•ื‘ืžื‘ื˜ ืงืจื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ,
09:56
we get to see the individual seal tracks and the repetitive dives.
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ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืžืกืœื•ืœื™ื ืื™ื ื“ื•ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืืœื™ื ื•ืืช ื”ืฆืœื™ืœื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ื–ืจื•ืช ื•ื ืฉื ื•ืช.
10:01
We are on our way to decode what is really happening
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ื“ืจื›ื ื• ืœืคืขื ื— ืžื” ืฉื‘ืืžืช ืงื•ืจื”
10:04
over that foraging ground,
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ื‘ืฉื“ื” ื”ืฆื™ื™ื“ ื”ื–ื”,
10:05
and it's quite beautiful.
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ื•ื–ื” ื™ืคื”ืคื”.
10:08
Once you superimpose the acoustic data collected by the drones,
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ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉืžื•ืกื™ืคื™ื ืœื–ื” ืืช ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื”ืืงื•ืกื˜ื™ื™ื ืฉื ืืกืคื• ืข"ื™ ืจื—ืคื ื™-ื”ื™ื
10:11
a picture starts to emerge.
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ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ืœื”ืชื’ืœื•ืช
10:13
As the seals leave the islands and swim from left to right,
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื“ื•ื‘ื™ ื”ื™ื ืขื•ื–ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ืื™ื™ื ื•ืฉื•ื—ื™ื ืžืฉืžืืœ ืœื™ืžื™ืŸ,
10:18
they are observed to dive at a relatively shallow depth of about 20 meters,
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ื ืจืื” ืฉื”ื ืฆื•ืœืœื™ื ืœืขื•ืžืง ืจื“ื•ื“ ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืฉืœ 20 ืžื˜ืจ ื‘ืขืจืš,
10:22
which the drone identifies is populated by small young pollock
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ืื–ื•ืจ ืฉืขืœ ืคื™ ืจื—ืคืŸ-ื”ื™ื ืžืื•ื›ืœืก ื‘ื“ื’ื™ ืฉื™ื‘ื•ื˜ ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื•ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื
10:26
with low calorific content.
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ื‘ืขืœื™ ืขืจืš ืงืœื•ืจื™ ื ืžื•ืš.
10:28
The seals then swim much greater distance and start to dive deeper
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ื“ื•ื‘ื™ ื”ื™ื ืฉื•ื—ื™ื ืื– ืœืžืจื—ืง ืจื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœืฆืœื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืขื•ืžืง,
10:33
to a place where the drone identifies larger, more adult pollock,
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ืœืื–ื•ืจ ืฉืขืœ ืคื™ ืจื—ืคืŸ-ื”ื™ื ืžืื•ื›ืœืก ื‘ื“ื’ื™ ืฉื™ื‘ื•ื˜ ื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ื•ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ,
10:37
which are more nutritious as fish.
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ื•ืžื–ื™ื ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ.
10:40
Unfortunately, the calories expended by the mother seals
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ืœืจื•ืข ื”ืžื–ืœ, ื“ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื•ืช ื‘ืงืœื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ื“ืคื•ืช
10:44
to swim this extra distance
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉื—ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžืจื—ืง ื”ืขื•ื“ืฃ
10:46
don't leave them with enough energy to lactate their pups back on the island,
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ื•ืœื ื ืฉืืจืช ืœื”ืŸ ืžืกืคื™ืง ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืœื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื—ืœื‘ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื’ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ืขื ื—ื–ืจืชืŸ ืœืื™,
10:51
leading to the population decline.
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ืžื” ืฉืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœื“ืขื™ื›ืช ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื”.
10:54
Further, the drones identify that the water temperature around the island
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ื ื•ืกืฃ ืขืœ ื›ืš, ืจื—ืคื ื™-ื”ื™ื ืžื–ื”ื™ื ืฉื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจืช ื”ืžื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืื™
10:59
has significantly warmed.
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ืขืœืชื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™.
11:01
It might be one of the driving forces that's pushing the pollock north,
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ื–ื” ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืื—ื“ ื”ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืฉืžื ื™ืขื™ื ืืช ื“ื’ื™ ื”ืฉื™ื‘ื•ื˜ ืฆืคื•ื ื”,
11:05
and to spread in search of colder regions.
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ื•ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœื”ื ืœื”ืชืคื–ืจ ื‘ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ืื—ืจ ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืงืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ.
11:08
So the data analysis is ongoing,
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ื ื™ืชื•ื— ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืžืฉืš,
11:10
but already we can see that some of the pieces of the puzzle
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ื›ื‘ืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื—ืœืงื™ื ืžื—ื™ื“ืช ื—ื™ื™ื”ื ื”ืžืกืชื•ืจื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื“ื•ื‘ื™ ื”ื™ื
11:13
from the fur seal mystery
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11:15
are coming into focus.
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ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœื”ื—ืฉืฃ.
11:18
But if you look back at the big picture,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ื‘ื—ื–ืจื” ืขืœ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื”,
11:20
we are mammals, too.
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ื’ื ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื.
11:23
And actually, the oceans provide up to 20 kilos of fish per human per year.
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ื•ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืกื™ื ืžืกืคืงื™ื ืœื ื• ืขื“ 20 ืงืดื’ ืฉืœ ื“ื’ื™ื ืœื›ืœ ืื“ื ื‘ืฉื ื”.
11:26
As we deplete our fish stocks, what can we humans learn
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืื ื• ืžื“ืœืœื™ื ืืช ืžืื’ืจื™ ื”ื“ื’ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•, ืžื” ืื ื• ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืœืžื•ื“
11:30
from the fur seal story?
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ืžื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื“ื•ื‘ื™ ื”ื™ื?
11:32
And beyond fish, the oceans affect all of us daily
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ื•ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื“ื’ื™ื, ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืกื™ื ืžืฉืคื™ืขื™ื ืขืœ ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืžื“ื™ ื™ื•ื
11:35
as they drive global weather systems,
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ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื ืžื ื™ืขื™ื ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืžื–ื’ ืื•ื™ืจ ืขื•ืœืžื™ื•ืช,
11:37
which affect things like global agricultural output
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ืฉืžืฉืคื™ืขื•ืช ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืžื• ื”ืชืคื•ืงื” ื”ื—ืงืœืื™ืช ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช
11:40
or can lead to devastating destruction of lives and property
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ืื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ืจื›ื•ืฉ
11:43
through hurricanes, extreme heat and floods.
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ื“ืจืš ื”ื•ืจื™ืงื ื™ื, ื—ื•ื ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ื•ืฉื˜ืคื•ื ื•ืช.
11:47
Our oceans are pretty much unexplored and undersampled,
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ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืกื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ืจื•ื‘ื ื˜ืจื ื ื—ืงืจื• ื•ื˜ืจื ื ื“ื’ืžื•,
11:51
and today, we still know more about other planets than our own.
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ื•ื”ื™ื•ื, ื”ื™ื“ืข ืฉืœื ื• ืขืœ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ ืœื›ืช ืื—ืจื™ื ืงื˜ืŸ ืžื”ื™ื“ืข ืขืœ ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืฉืœื ื•.
11:56
But if you divide this vast ocean in six-by-six-degree squares,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ืชื—ืœืงื• ืืช ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืกื™ื ื”ืขื ืงื™ื ื”ืืœื• ืœืžืฉื‘ืฆื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉืฉ-ืขืœ-ืฉืฉ ืžืขืœื•ืช,
11:59
each about 400 miles long,
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ื›ืœ ืื—ืช ื‘ืื•ืจืš ืฉืœ ื›-640 ืง"ืž,
12:03
you'd get about 1,000 such squares.
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ืชืงื‘ืœื• ื›-1,000 ืžืฉื‘ืฆื•ืช ื›ืืœื”.
12:05
So little by little, working with our partners,
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ืื– ืฆืขื“ ืื—ืจ ืฆืขื“, ื›ืฉืื ื• ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืขื ืฉื•ืชืคื™ื ื•,
12:08
we are deploying one ocean drone in each of those boxes,
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ืื ื• ืžื›ื ื™ืกื™ื ืœืคืขื•ืœื” ืจื—ืคืŸ-ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืื—ืช ืžืžืฉื‘ืฆื•ืช ืืœื”,
12:12
the hope being that achieving planetary coverage
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ื‘ืชืงื•ื•ื” ืฉื”ืฉื’ืช ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ ืžืœื ืฉืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ
12:14
will give us better insights into those planetary systems
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ืชื™ืชืŸ ืœื ื• ืชื•ื‘ื ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ื”ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืคืœื ื˜ืจื™ื•ืช
12:17
that affect humanity.
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ืืฉืจ ืžืฉืคื™ืขื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช.
12:19
We have been using robots to study distant worlds in our solar system
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ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื ื• ื‘ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืขื•ืœืžื•ืช ืจื—ื•ืงื™ื ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ ืฉืœื ื•
12:23
for a while now.
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ื›ื‘ืจ ืžื–ื” ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘.
12:24
Now it is time to quantify our own planet,
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ื›ืขืช ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืœื›ืžืช ืืช ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืฉืœื ื•,
12:28
because we cannot fix what we cannot measure,
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ื›ื™ ืื ื• ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืชืงืŸ ืืช ืžื” ืฉืื™ื ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืžื“ื•ื“,
12:32
and we cannot prepare for what we don't know.
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ื•ืื ื• ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชื›ื•ื ืŸ ืœื‘ืœืชื™ ื™ื“ื•ืข.
12:35
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”.
12:36
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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