Is civility a sham? | Teresa Bejan

75,691 views ใƒป 2018-12-05

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Shlomo Adam ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Sigal Tifferet
00:12
This talk contains mature language Viewer discretion is advised
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[ื”ืจืฆืื” ื–ื• ื›ื•ืœืœืช ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ื•ื˜ื”]
00:17
Let's get this out of the way.
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื•ืจื™ื“ ืืช ื–ื” ืžื”ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ.
ืื ื™ ื›ืืŸ ื›ื™ ื›ืชื‘ืชื™ ืกืคืจ ืขืœ ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื•ืช,
00:20
I'm here because I wrote a book about civility,
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00:24
and because that book came out
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ื•ื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ืกืคืจ ื”ื–ื” ื™ืฆื ืœืื•ืจ ื‘ืกืžื•ืš ืœื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืœื ืฉื™ืื•ืช ืฉืœ 2016,
00:26
right around the 2016 American presidential election,
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00:30
I started getting lots of invitations to come and talk about civility
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ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืœืงื‘ืœ ื”ืžื•ืŸ ื”ื–ืžื ื•ืช ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื•ืช
00:36
and why we need more of it in American politics.
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ื•ืœืกืคืจ ืœืžื” ื ื—ื•ืฅ ืœื ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื–ื” ื‘ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื” ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ืช.
00:40
So great.
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ื™ื•ืคื™.
00:42
The only problem was that I had written that book about civility
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ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ื”ื™ืชื” ืฉื›ืชื‘ืชื™ ืืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ื–ื” ืขืœ ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื•ืช
00:46
because I was convinced that civility is ...
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ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžืฉื•ื›ื ืขืช ืฉื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื...
ืงืฉืงื•ืฉ.
00:52
bullshit.
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00:53
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
00:55
Now, that may sound like a highly uncivil thing to say,
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ื–ื” ืื•ืœื™ ื ืฉืžืข ืžืื“ ืœื-ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™,
00:58
and lucky for you, and for my publisher,
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืžื–ืœื›ื ื•ืœืžื–ืœื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•"ืœ ืฉืœื™,
ืฉื™ื ื™ืชื™ ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืืช ื“ืขืชื™.
01:01
I did eventually come to change my mind.
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01:03
In the course of writing that book
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ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื›ืชื™ื‘ืช ื”ืกืคืจ
01:05
and studying the long history of civility and religious tolerance
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ื•ืžื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืขืจื›ืชื™ ืขืœ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืืจื•ื›ื”
ืฉืœ ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืกื•ื‘ืœื ื•ืช ื”ื“ืชื™ืช ื‘ืžืื” ื”-17,
01:09
in the 17th century,
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01:11
I came to discover that there is a virtue of civility,
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ื”ื’ืขืชื™ ืœืžืกืงื ื” ืฉืžืขืœืช ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืงื™ื™ืžืช,
ื•ืœื ืจืง ืฉื”ื™ื ืื™ื ื ื” ืงืฉืงื•ืฉ ืืœื ืฉื”ื™ื ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ืช ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ,
01:16
and far from being bullshit, it's actually absolutely essential,
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ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืœื—ื‘ืจื” ืกื•ื‘ืœื ื™ืช,
01:20
especially for tolerant societies,
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ื—ื‘ืจื” ื›ืžื• ื–ืืช, ืฉืžื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื” ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืœื ืจืง ืขืœ ื”ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™,
01:22
so societies like this one, that promise not only to protect diversity
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01:27
but also the heated and sometimes even hateful disagreements
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ืืœื ื’ื ืขืœ ื”ืžื—ืœื•ืงื•ืช ื”ืœื•ื”ื˜ื•ืช ื•ืžืœืื•ืช-ื”ืฉื ืื” ืœืคืขืžื™ื
01:32
that that diversity inspires.
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ืฉืžืขื•ืจืจ ื”ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื”.
01:35
You see, the thing about disagreement
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ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืขื ืื™-ื”ืกื›ืžื”
01:37
is that there is a reason
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ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœื›ืš
01:39
that "disagreeable" is a synonym for "unpleasant."
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ืฉ"ืื™-ื”ืกื›ืžื”" ื”ื™ื ืžื™ืœื” ื ืจื“ืคืช ืœ"ืื™-ื ืขื™ืžื•ืช" (ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช).
01:44
As the English philosopher Thomas Hobbes pointed out
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ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืื ื’ืœื™ ืชื•ืžืก ื”ื•ื‘ืก ืฆื™ื™ืŸ ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘-1642,
01:47
all the way back in 1642,
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01:49
that's because the mere act of disagreement is offensive.
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ื–ื” ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืขืฆื ืื™-ื”ื”ืกื›ืžื” ื”ื™ื ืคื•ื’ืขื ื™ืช.
01:55
And Hobbes is still right. It works like this:
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ื”ื•ื‘ืก ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื“ืง, ื•ื›ื›ื” ื–ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“:
01:58
so, if you and I disagree,
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ืื ืืชื ื•ืื ื™ ื—ืœื•ืงื™ื ื‘ื“ืขื•ืชื™ื ื•,
02:01
and I'm right, because I always am,
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ื•ืื ื™ ืฆื•ื“ืงืช, ื›ื™ ืื ื™ ืชืžื™ื“ ืฆื•ื“ืงืช,
02:04
how am I to make sense of the fact that you are so very, very wrong?
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ืื™ืš ืขืœื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉืืชื ื›ืœ-ื›ืš ื˜ื•ืขื™ื?
02:10
It couldn't possibly be that you've just come to a different conclusion
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ืœื ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉืคืฉื•ื˜ ื”ื’ืขืชื ื‘ืชื•ื ืœื‘ ืœืžืกืงื ื” ืื—ืจืช ืžืฉืœื™?
02:13
in good faith?
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ืœื. ืืชื ืžืŸ ื”ืกืชื ื–ื•ืžืžื™ื ืžืฉื”ื•, ืืชื ื›ื ืจืื” ื˜ืคืฉื™ื,
02:15
No, you must be up to something, you must be stupid,
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ืืชื ื’ื–ืขื ื™ื, ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ืื™ื ื˜ืจืกื™ื.
02:18
bigoted, interested.
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02:20
Maybe you're insane.
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ืื•ืœื™ ืืชื ืœื-ืฉืคื•ื™ื™ื.
02:21
And the same goes the other way. Right?
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ื•ื›ืš ื’ื ื‘ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
02:23
So the mere fact of your disagreeing with me
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ืžืขืฆื ื–ื” ืฉืื™ื ื›ื ืžืกื›ื™ืžื™ื ืื™ืชื™
ืžืฉืชืžืข ืขืœื‘ื•ืŸ ืœื ืจืง ืœื”ืฉืงืคื•ืชื™, ืืœื ื’ื ืœืื™ื ื˜ืœื™ื’ื ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœื™.
02:27
is implicitly an insult not only to my views, but to my intelligence, too.
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02:32
And things only get worse when the disagreements at stake
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ื•ื”ืžืฆื‘ ืจืง ืžื—ืžื™ืจ ื›ืฉื”ืžื—ืœื•ืงื•ืช ื”ืืœื”
ื ื•ื’ืขื•ืช ืœืžื” ืฉื ื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื ื• ืœืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ื™ื
02:36
are the ones that we somehow consider to be fundamental,
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ื‘ื”ืฉืงืคื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ืฉืœื ื• ืื• ื‘ื–ื”ื•ืชื ื•.
02:39
whether to our worldviews or to our identities.
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02:42
You know the kinds of disagreement I mean.
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ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืขืœ ืื™ืœื• ืื™-ื”ืกื›ืžื•ืช ืื ื™ ืžื“ื‘ืจืช.
02:45
One doesn't discuss religion or politics
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ื›ื‘ืจ ืœื ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื“ืช ืื• ืขืœ ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื”,
02:47
or increasingly, the politics of popular culture, at the dinner table,
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ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ืช, ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืืจื•ื—ื”.
02:52
because these are the disagreements,
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ื›ื™ ืืœื” ื”ืŸ ื”ืžื—ืœื•ืงื•ืช,
ืืœื” ื”ื ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืžืžืฉ ื—ืœื•ืงื™ื ืขืœื™ื”ื
02:54
these are the things that people really, seriously disagree about,
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02:57
and they define themselves against their opponents in the controversy.
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ื•ืžื’ื“ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื‘ื”ื ืœืขื•ืžืชื ื™ืจื™ื‘ื™ื”ื ื‘ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช.
03:03
But of course those fundamental disagreements
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ืื‘ืœ ืืœื” ื”ืŸ ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื”ืžื—ืœื•ืงื•ืช ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ื•ืช
03:06
are precisely the ones that tolerant societies
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ืฉื—ื‘ืจื” ืกื•ื‘ืœื ื™ืช ื›ืžื• ืืจื”"ื‘ ืžืชื™ื™ืžืจืช ืœืกื‘ื•ืœ,
03:09
like the United States propose to tolerate,
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03:13
which perhaps explains why, historically, at least,
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ื•ื–ื” ืื•ืœื™ ืžืกื‘ื™ืจ ืžื“ื•ืข, ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช,
ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืกื•ื‘ืœื ื™ื•ืช ืœื ื”ื™ื• "ืฉื‘ืช ืื—ื™ื ื’ื ื™ื—ื“"
03:17
tolerant societies haven't been the happy-clappy communities of difference
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03:21
that you sometimes hear about.
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ื›ืคื™ ืฉืฉื•ืžืขื™ื ืœืคืขืžื™ื.
03:23
No, they tend to be places where people have to hold their noses
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ืœื. ื‘ื“"ื› ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื”ืŸ ื ืืœืฆื• ืœืกืชื•ื ืืช ื”ืืฃ
ื•ืœื”ืชื—ื›ืš ืืœื” ื‘ืืœื” ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ื•ื– ื”ื”ื“ื“ื™.
03:28
and rub along together despite their mutual contempt.
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03:32
That's what I learned from studying religious tolerance
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ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืœืžื“ืชื™ ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ืกื•ื‘ืœื ื•ืช ื”ื“ืชื™ืช
03:34
in early modern England and America.
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ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ื” ื•ืืžืจื™ืงื” ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืžื•ืช.
03:37
And I also learned that the virtue that makes
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ื•ืœืžื“ืชื™ ื’ื ืฉื”ืžืขืœื”
ืฉืžืืคืฉืจืช ืืช ื”ื“ื•-ืงื™ื•ื ื”ื‘ืœืชื™-ืจืฆื—ื ื™ ื”ื–ื”, ืืคืฉืจ ืœื•ืžืจ,
03:40
that un-murderous coexistence, if you will, possible,
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03:46
is the virtue of civility,
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ื”ื™ื ืžืขืœืช ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื•ืช,
03:48
because civility makes our disagreements tolerable
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ื›ื™ ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœืฉืืช ืืช ื”ืžื—ืœื•ืงื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ื™ื ื•
ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื—ืœื•ืง ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื’ื ืื ืื™ื ื ื• ื—ื•ืœืงื™ื ืื•ืชื” ืืžื•ื ื” --
03:53
so that we can share a life together even if we don't share a faith --
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03:59
religious, political or otherwise.
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ื“ืชื™ืช, ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ืื• ืื—ืจืช.
04:03
Still, I couldn't help but notice
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ืขื ื–ืืช, ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื™ ืฉืœื ืœื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ
04:06
that when most people talk about civility today --
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ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื ืขืœ ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื•ืช --
04:09
and boy, do they talk about civility a lot --
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ื•ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื–ื” ื”ืžื•ืŸ--
04:12
they seem to have something else in mind.
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ื”ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ืžืฉื”ื• ืื—ืจ.
04:14
So if civility is the virtue that makes it possible to tolerate disagreement
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ืื ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื”ืžืขืœื” ืฉืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœืกื‘ื•ืœ ืžื—ืœื•ืงื•ืช
04:19
so that we can actually engage with our opponents,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ืงืฉืจ ืขื ื™ืจื™ื‘ื ื•,
04:22
talking about civility
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ื”ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืขืœ ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื•ืช
ื ืจืื” ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื›ื“ืจืš ืœื”ืชื ืชืงื•ืช.
04:24
seems to be mainly a strategy of disengagement.
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04:27
It's a little bit like threatening to take your ball and go home
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ื–ื” ืงืฆืช ื›ืžื• ืœืื™ื™ื "ืชื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ื›ื“ื•ืจ. ืื™ืŸ ืžืฉื—ืง",
04:31
when the game isn't going your way.
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ื›ืฉื”ืžืฉื—ืง ืœื ืžืชื ื”ืœ ืœืคื™ ืจื•ื—ืš.
04:33
Because the funny thing about incivility
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ื›ื™ ืžื” ืฉืžื•ื–ืจ ื‘ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื•ืช
ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื•ืชื” ืชืžื™ื“ ื”ื—ื˜ื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืจื™ื‘.
04:36
is that it's always the sin of our opponents.
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ื›ืžื” ืžืฉื•ื ื”.
04:40
It's funny.
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04:41
When it comes to our own bad behavior,
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ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื”ืจืขื” ืฉืœื ื•,
04:43
well, we seem to develop sudden-onset amnesia,
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ืื ื• ืžืคืชื—ื™ื ืœืคืชืข ืฉื›ื—ื” ืžื™ื™ื“ื™ืช,
04:46
or we can always justify it as an appropriate response
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ืื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืชืžื™ื“ ืœื”ืฆื“ื™ืง ื–ืืช ื›ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ื•ืœืžืช
04:51
to the latest outrage from our opponents.
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ืœื”ืชืคืจืฆื•ืชื• ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืจื™ื‘.
04:54
So, "How can I be civil to someone who is set out to destroy
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"ืื™ืš ืื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืชื ื”ื’ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ ื›ืœืคื™ ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืฉืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืจื•ืก
04:59
everything I stand for?
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"ืืช ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืžื™ื™ืฆื’?
05:00
And by the way, they started it."
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"ื•ื—ื•ืฅ ืžื–ื”, ื”ื•ื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ."
05:03
It's all terrifically convenient.
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ื–ื” ื ื•ืจื ื ื•ื—.
ื ื•ื—ื” ื’ื ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉืจื•ื‘ ื”ื“ื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ื
05:06
Also convenient is the fact that most of today's big civility talkers
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05:11
tend to be quite vague and fuzzy
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ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœื”ืชื‘ื˜ื ื“ื™ ื‘ืžืขื•ืจืคืœ
05:13
when it comes to what they think civility actually entails.
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ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืžื” ืฉืœื“ืขืชื ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช.
05:17
We're told that civility is simply a synonym for respect,
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ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืœื ื• ืฉ"ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื•ืช" ื”ื™ื ืžื™ืœื” ื ืจื“ืคืช ืœ"ื›ื‘ื•ื“",
ืœื ื™ืžื•ืกื™ืŸ ื•ืœื”ืœื™ื›ื•ืช,
05:22
for good manners, for politeness,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื”-ื‘ืขืช ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉืœื”ืืฉื™ื ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื‘ื—ื•ืกืจ-ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื•ืช
05:25
but at the same time, it's clear that to accuse someone of incivility
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ื’ืจื•ืข ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื ืžื ื•ืžืก,
05:30
is much, much worse than calling them impolite,
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ื›ื™ ื—ื•ืกืจ-ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืขืœื•ืœื” ืœืขื•ืจืจ ืื™-ืกื•ื‘ืœื ื•ืช
05:34
because to be uncivil is to be potentially intolerable
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05:39
in a way that merely being rude isn't.
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ืฉืœื ื›ืžื• ื’ืกื•ืช-ืจื•ื— ื’ืจื™ื“ื.
05:42
So to call someone uncivil, to accuse them of incivility,
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ืื– ืœื›ื ื•ืช ืžื™ืฉื”ื• "ืœื-ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™", ืœื”ืืฉื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื—ื•ืกืจ-ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื•ืช,
05:46
is a way of communicating that they are somehow beyond the pale,
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ื–ื• ื“ืจืš ืœื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ืœื• ืฉื”ื•ื ื—ืจื’ ืžื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช,
05:51
that they're not worth engaging with at all.
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ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื ืจืื•ื™ ื›ืœืœ ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช.
05:55
So here's the thing:
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ื”ื ื” ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ:
ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืื™ื ื ื” ืงืฉืงื•ืฉ.
05:58
civility isn't bullshit,
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06:00
it's precious because it's the virtue that makes fundamental disagreement
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ื”ื™ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื–ื• ื”ืžืขืœื”
ื”ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืžื—ืœื•ืงื•ืช ืžื”ื•ืชื™ื•ืช
06:06
not only possible but even sometimes occasionally productive.
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ื•ืืฃ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืื•ืชืŸ ืœืชื•ืจืžื•ืช.
06:10
It's precious, but it's also really, really difficult.
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ื”ื™ื ื™ืงืจื”, ืื‘ืœ ื’ื ืžืื“-ืžืื“ ืงืฉื”.
ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™, ืžืื™ื“ืš,
06:15
Civility talk, on the other hand,
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06:17
well, that's really easy,
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ื˜ื•ื‘, ื–ื” ืงืœ ืžืื“,
06:20
really easy,
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ืžืžืฉ ืงืœ,
ื•ื”ื•ื ื›ืžืขื˜ ืชืžื™ื“ ืงืฉืงื•ืฉ ื’ืžื•ืจ,
06:22
and it also is almost always complete bullshit,
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06:26
which makes things slightly awkward for me
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ืžื” ืฉืงืฆืช ืžืกืจื‘ืœ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืชื™ ืืช ื”ืžืฆื‘,
06:30
as I continue to talk to you about civility.
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ื›ื™ ืื ื™ ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืื™ืชื›ื ืขืœ ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื•ืช.
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
06:33
(Laughter)
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06:34
Anyway, we tend to forget it,
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืื•ืคืŸ,
ืื ื• ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœืฉื›ื•ื— ื–ืืช,
06:38
but politicians and intellectuals have been warning us for decades now
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ืื‘ืœ ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืื™ื ื•ืžืฉื›ื™ืœื™ื ืžื–ื”ื™ืจื™ื ืื•ืชื ื• ืžื–ื” ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื
06:41
that the United States is facing a crisis of civility,
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ืฉืืจื”"ื‘ ื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ืžืฉื‘ืจ ืฉืœ ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื•ืช,
06:44
and they've tended to blame that crisis on technological developments,
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ื•ื”ื ื‘ื“"ื› ื”ืืฉื™ืžื• ื‘ืžืฉื‘ืจ ืืช ื”ืคื™ืชื•ื—ื™ื ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื,
06:47
on things like cable TV, talk radio, social media.
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ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืžื• ื˜ืœื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ื‘ื›ื‘ืœื™ื, ื“ื™ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืจื“ื™ื•, ืžื“ื™ื” ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช.
ืื‘ืœ ื›ืœ ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื™ืืžืจ ืœื›ื
06:52
But any historian will tell you
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06:53
that there never was a golden age of disagreement,
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ืฉืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืชื•ืจ ื–ื”ื‘ ืฉืื™ืคืฉืจ ืžื—ืœื•ืงื•ืช,
06:55
let alone good feelings,
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ืฉืœื ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืจื’ืฉื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื”. ืœื ื‘ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื” ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ืช.
06:57
not in American politics.
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06:59
In my book, though, I argue that the first modern crisis of civility
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืกืคืจื™ ืื ื™ ื˜ื•ืขื ืช ืฉืžืฉื‘ืจ ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ
07:02
actually began about 500 years ago,
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ื”ื—ืœ ืœืžืขืฉื” ืœืคื ื™ ื›-500 ืฉื ื”,
07:05
when a certain professor of theology named Martin Luther
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ื›ืฉืžืจืฆื” ืžืกื•ื™ื ืœืชื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื‘ืฉื ืžืจื˜ื™ืŸ ืœื•ืชืจ
07:09
took advantage of a recent advancement in communications technology,
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ื ื™ืฆืœ ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ื—ื“ืฉื” ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช,
ื”ื“ืคื•ืก,
07:13
the printing press,
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07:14
to call the Pope the Antichrist,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื›ื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืืคื™ืคื™ื•ืจ "ืื ื˜ื™-ื›ืจื™ืกื˜", ืื•ื™ื‘ื• ืฉืœ ื™ืฉื•,
07:18
and thus inadvertently launch the Protestant Reformation.
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ื•ื‘ืฉื•ื’ื’ ื—ื•ืœืœ ืืช ื”ืจืคื•ืจืžืฆื™ื” ื”ืคืจื•ื˜ืกื˜ื ื˜ื™ืช.
ื—ื™ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื”ื“ืคื•ืก ื›ืขืœ "ื˜ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืจ" ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”-16,
07:22
So think of the press, if you will, as the Twitter of the 16th century,
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07:26
and Martin Luther as the original troll.
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ื•ืขืœ ืžืจื˜ื™ืŸ ืœื•ืชืจ ื›ืขืœ ื”ื˜ืจื•ืœ ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™.
ืื™ื ื ื™ ืžื’ื–ื™ืžื”.
07:29
And I'm not exaggerating here.
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07:31
He once declared himself unable to pray
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ื”ื•ื ืคืขื ื”ืฆื”ื™ืจ ืฉืื™ื ื ื• ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœื”ืชืคืœืœ
07:34
without at the same time cursing
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ืžื‘ืœื™ ื‘ื•-ื–ืžื ื™ืช ืœืงืœืœ
07:36
his "anti-Christian," i.e. Catholic, opponents.
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ืืช ื”"ืื ื˜ื™-ื›ืจื™ืกื˜ื™ื" ืฉืœื•, ื”ืงืชื•ืœื™ื ื™ืจื™ื‘ื™ื•.
ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ืื•ืชื ื™ืจื™ื‘ื™ื ืงืชื•ืœื™ื™ื ื ืœืคืชื• ื‘ื—ืจื“ื”
07:40
And of course, those Catholic opponents clutched their pearls
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ื•ืชื‘ืขื• ื’ื ื”ื ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื•ืช,
07:43
and called for civility then, too,
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07:44
but all the while, they gave as good as they got
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ, ื”ื ื ืชื ื• ืžืขืฆืžื
ื‘ื”ืฉืžืฆื•ืช ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื›ื’ื•ืŸ "ื›ื•ืคืจื™ื",
07:47
with traditional slurs like "heretic,"
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ื•ื”ื›ื™ ื’ืจื•ืข: "ืคืจื•ื˜ืกื˜ื ื˜ื™ื",
07:49
and, worst of all, "Protestant,"
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07:52
which began in the 16th century as an insult.
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ืžื” ืฉื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืžืื” ื”-16 ื”ื™ื” ืžื™ืœืช ื’ื ืื™.
07:57
The thing about civility talk, then as now,
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ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืขื ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื•ืช, ื›ืื– ื›ืŸ ืขืชื”,
08:00
was that you could call out your opponent for going low,
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ื”ื™ื” ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœืชื ืœื”ื•ืงื™ืข ืืช ื”ื™ืจื™ื‘ ื›ืžื™ ืฉืžื•ืจื™ื“ ืืช ื”ืจืžื”,
08:05
and then take advantage of the moral high ground
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ื•ืื– ืœื ืฆืœ ืืช ืขืœื™ื•ื ื•ืชื›ื ื”ืžื•ืกืจื™ืช
08:07
to go as low or lower,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืจื“ืช ื ืžื•ืš ื›ืžื•ื”ื• ืื• ื™ื•ืชืจ,
ื›ื™ ื”ืงืจื™ืื” ืœืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืžืฆื™ื™ืจืช ืืช ื”ืงื•ืจื ื›ืžื•ืคืช ืœื”ื’ื™ื ื•ืช,
08:10
because calling for civility sets up the speaker
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08:12
as a model of decorum while implicitly, subtly stigmatizing
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ื•ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืžื•ืงื™ืขื” ื‘ืžืจื•ืžื– ื•ื‘ืกืชืจ ื›ืœ ื‘ืจ-ืคืœื•ื’ืชื ื›ื—ืกืจ-ืชืจื‘ื•ืช
08:16
anyone with the temerity to disagree as uncivil.
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08:20
And so civility talk in the 17th century becomes a really effective way
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ื•ื›ืš, ื”ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ ื‘ืžืื” ื”-17 ื”ื•ืคืš ืœื“ืจืš ื™ืขื™ืœื” ืžืื“
08:24
for members of the religious establishment
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ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืžืžืกื“ ื”ื“ืชื™
ืœื”ืฉืชื™ืง, ืœื“ื›ื, ืœื”ื“ื™ืจ ืžืชื ื’ื“ื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ื›ื ืกื™ื” ื”ืžืžื•ืกื“ืช,
08:27
to silence, suppress, exclude dissenters outside of the established church,
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08:32
especially when they spoke out against the status quo.
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ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื›ืฉืžื—ื• ืขืœ ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืงื™ื™ื.
08:35
So Anglican ministers could lecture atheists
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ื›ืžืจื™ื ืื ื’ืœื™ืงื ื™ื™ื ื ื”ื’ื• ืœื”ื˜ื™ืฃ ืœืืชืื™ืกื˜ื™ื ืขืœ ื”"ืคื•ื’ืขื ื•ืช" ืฉื‘ืฉื™ื— ืฉืœื”ื.
08:37
on the offensiveness of their discourse.
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ื›ื•ืœื ื”ืชืœื•ื ื ื• ืขืœ ื”ืงื•ื•ื™ื™ืงืจื™ื
08:40
Everyone could complain about the Quakers
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08:42
for refusing to doff and don their hats
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ืฉืžืกืจื‘ื™ื ืœื”ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ื›ื•ื‘ืข ื‘ื‘ืจื›ื”
08:44
or their "uncouth" practice of shaking hands.
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ืื• ืขืœ ื ื•ื”ื’ื ื”"ืœื-ื™ืื”" ืœืœื—ื•ืฅ ื™ื“ื™ื™ื.
08:48
But those accusations of incivility
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืืฉืžื•ืช ืืœื” ื‘ื—ื•ืกืจ-ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื•ืช
08:50
pretty soon became pretexts for persecution.
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ื”ืคื›ื• ื‘ืžื”ืจื” ืœืืžืชืœื•ืช ืœืจื“ื™ืคื”.
08:54
So far, so familiar, right?
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ืžื•ื›ืจ ืžืื“, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
ืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘ ืืช ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ื–ืืช.
08:57
We see that strategy again and again.
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08:59
It's used to silence civil rights protesters in the 20th century.
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ื”ื™ื ืฉื™ืžืฉื” ืœื”ืฉืชืงืช ืžืคื’ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืขื“ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื“ื ื‘ืžืื” ื”-20.
09:04
And I think it explains why partisans on both sides of the aisle
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ื•ืœื“ืขืชื™ ื–ื” ืžืกื‘ื™ืจ ืžื“ื•ืข ื—ื‘ืจื™ ืžืคืœื’ื” ืžื›ืœ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื
09:08
keep reaching for this, frankly, antiquated,
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ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ืขื–ืจ ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื–ืืช, ื”ืžื™ื•ืฉื ืช, ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืืžืช,
09:11
early modern language of civility
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ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืžืช ื”ื–ื• ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื•ืช,
09:14
precisely when they want to communicate that certain people and certain views
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ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืฉื”ื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืข ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื
09:18
are beyond the pale,
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ืขื‘ืจื• ืืช ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœ,
09:20
but they want to save themselves the trouble
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ื•ื’ื ืœื—ืกื•ืš ืžืขืฆื ืืช ื”ื˜ื™ืจื“ื”
09:22
of actually making an argument.
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ืฉื‘ื”ืขืœืืช ื˜ื™ืขื•ืŸ ืžืžืฉื™.
ืื– ืื™ืŸ ืคืœื ืฉืกืคืงื ื™ื ื›ืžื•ื ื™ ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœื’ืœื’ืœ ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื
09:25
So no wonder skeptics like me tend to roll our eyes
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09:28
when the calls for conversational virtue begin,
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ื›ืฉืžืชื—ื™ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื™ืฉืžืข ืงืจื™ืื•ืช ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ืืช ืจืžืช ื”ื“ื™ื•ืŸ,
09:31
because instead of healing our social and political divisions,
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ื›ื™ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœืจืคื ืืช ื”ืคืœื’ื ื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ื•ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœื ื•,
09:34
it seems like so much civility talk is actually making the problem worse.
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ื ืจืื” ืฉื”ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืจื‘ ืขืœ ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืžื—ืžื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื”.
09:37
It's saving us the trouble of actually speaking to each other,
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ื”ื•ื ื—ื•ืกืš ืžืื™ืชื ื• ืืช ื”ื˜ื™ืจื“ื” ืฉืœ ืžืžืฉ ืœืฉื•ื—ื— ืขื ื”ื–ื•ืœืช,
09:41
allowing us to speak past each other or at each other
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ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื ื• ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืžืขืœ ืจืืฉื• ืื• ืœื”ื˜ื™ื— ื‘ื• ื“ื‘ืจื™ื,
ื›ืฉืื ื• ืžืกืžื ื™ื ืืช ืขืœื™ื•ื ื•ืชื ื• ื”ืžื•ืกืจื™ืช
09:45
while signaling our superior virtue
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09:47
and letting the audience know which side we're on.
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ื•ืจื•ืžื–ื™ื ืœืงื”ืœ ื”ืฉื•ืžืขื™ื ื‘ืื™ื–ื” ืฆื“ ืื ื•.
09:51
And given this, I think one might be forgiven, as I did,
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ื•ืœืื•ืจ ื–ืืช ื ืจืื” ืœื™ ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœืกืœื•ื— ืœื™ ื•ืœืฉื›ืžื•ืชื™
09:55
for assuming that because so much civility talk is bullshit,
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ืขืœ ื”ื”ื ื—ื” ืฉื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื›ืœ-ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื”ืฉื™ื— ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ ื”ื•ื ืงืฉืงื•ืฉ,
09:58
well then, the virtue of civility must be bullshit, too.
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ืžืŸ ื”ืกืชื ื’ื ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืขืฆืžื” ื”ื™ื ืงืฉืงื•ืฉ.
10:02
But here, again, I think a little historical perspective goes a long way.
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ืืš ื’ื ื›ืืŸ, ืœื“ืขืชื™, ืชื•ืขื™ืœ ืžืื“ ืงืฆืช ื”ืกืชื›ืœื•ืช ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช.
10:06
Because remember, the same early modern crisis of civility
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ื›ื™ ืขืœื™ื›ื ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ ืฉืื•ืชื• ืžืฉื‘ืจ ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืงื“ื
10:09
that launched the Reformation
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ืฉื—ื•ืœืœ ืืช ื”ืจืคื•ืจืžืฆื™ื”
10:11
also gave birth to tolerant societies,
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ื”ื•ืœื™ื“ ื’ื ืืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืกื•ื‘ืœื ื™ื•ืช,
10:14
places like Rhode Island, Pennsylvania,
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ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืจื•ื“ ืื™ื™ืœื ื“, ืคื ืกื™ืœื‘ื ื™ื”,
10:17
and indeed, eventually the United States,
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ื•ืื›ืŸ, ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ, ืืช ืืจื”"ื‘ ืขืฆืžื”,
10:19
places that at least aspired to protect disagreement
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ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืฉืœื›ืœ ื”ืคื—ื•ืช ืฉืืคื• ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช
10:24
as well as diversity,
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ื•ื’ื ืขืœ ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื“ืขื•ืช,
10:27
and what made that possible was the virtue of civility.
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ื•ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืฉืื™ืคืฉืจื” ื–ืืช.
10:33
What made disagreement tolerable,
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ืžื” ืฉืื™ืคืฉืจ ืœืกื‘ื•ืœ ืืช ื”ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช,
ืžื” ืฉืื™ืคืฉืจ ืœื ื• ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ืืœื” ืœืฆื“ ืืœื”,
10:35
what it made it possible for us to share a life,
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ืœื ื—ืœืงื ื• ืื•ืชื” ืืžื•ื ื”,
10:38
even when we didn't share a faith,
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10:40
was a virtue,
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ื”ื™ื” ืžืขืœื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช,
10:42
but one, I think, that is perhaps less aspirational
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ื•ืœื“ืขืชื™, ืžืขืœื” ืคื—ื•ืช ืื™ื“ืืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืช, ืื•ืœื™,
10:45
and a lot more confrontational
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ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืžืคื’ืฉ
10:47
than the one that people who talk about civility a lot today
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ืžืืฉืจ ื–ื• ืฉืขืœื™ื” ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืžื™ ืฉืžืจื‘ื™ื ืœื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื•ื ืขืœ ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื•ืช.
10:51
tend to have in mind.
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10:52
So I like to call that virtue "mere civility."
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ืื ื™ ืžืขื“ื™ืคื” ืœื›ื ื•ืช ืžืขืœื” ื–ืืช "ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื•ืช-ื’ืจื™ื“ื".
10:57
You may know it as the virtue that allows us to get through
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ืืชื ืื•ืœื™ ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ืื•ืชื” ื‘ืชื•ืจ ื”ืžืขืœื” ืฉืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœื ื•
ืœื ื”ืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืขื ื‘ื ื™-ื–ื•ื’ ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ
11:01
our relations with an ex-spouse,
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11:03
or a bad neighbor,
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ืื• ืฉื›ื ื™ื ื’ืจื•ืขื™ื,
ืฉืœื ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืžืคืœื’ื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื”.
11:05
not to mention a member of the other party.
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11:07
Because to be merely civil is to meet a low bar grudgingly,
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ื›ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™-ื’ืจื™ื“ื
ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืฉืืช ื‘ืžื™ืื•ืŸ ืจืžื” ื ืžื•ื›ื”,
11:14
and that, again, makes sense,
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ื•ื–ื” ื’ื ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™,
11:15
because civility is a virtue that's meant to help us disagree,
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ื›ื™ ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืžืขืœื” ืฉื ื•ืขื“ื” ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื ื• ืœื ืœื”ืกื›ื™ื,
11:19
and as Hobbes told us all those centuries ago,
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ื•ื›ืคื™ ืฉืืžืจ ืœื ื• ื”ื•ื‘ืก ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืœ ืื•ืชืŸ ืžืื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื,
11:22
disagreeable means unpleasant for a reason.
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ืฉื™ืฉ ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœื›ืš ืฉ"ืื™-ื”ืกื›ืžื”" ืžืฉืžืขื” "ืื™-ื ืขื™ืžื•ืช".
11:28
But if it isn't bullshit, what exactly is civility or mere civility?
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื–ื” ืื™ื ื ื• ืงืฉืงื•ืฉ,
ืžื”ื™ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื•ืช, ืื• ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื•ืช-ื’ืจื™ื“ื?
11:33
What does it require?
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ืžื” ื”ื™ื ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช?
11:35
Well, to start, it is not and cannot be
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื ืชื—ื™ืœ ืžื›ืš ืฉื”ื™ื ืื™ื ื” ื•ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช
ื–ื”ื” ืœืžืชืŸ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืื• ื ื™ืžื•ืกื™ื•ืช,
11:40
the same thing as being respectful or polite,
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11:43
because we need civility precisely when we're dealing with those people
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ื›ื™ ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื ื—ื•ืฆื” ืœื ื• ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืขืกืง ืขื ืื ืฉื™ื
ืฉืื ื• ื”ื›ื™ ืžืชืงืฉื™ื ืื• ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืœื ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื›ื‘ื“.
11:47
that we find it the most difficult, or maybe even impossible, to respect.
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11:52
Similarly, being civil can't be the same as being nice,
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ื›ืš ื’ื, ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืกืชื ื ื—ืžื“ื•ืช,
11:55
because being nice means not telling people what you really think about them
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ื›ื™ ื ื—ืžื“ื•ืช ืžืฉืžืขื” ืœื ืœื•ืžืจ ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืžื” ื‘ืืžืช ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœื™ื”ื
12:01
or their wrong, wrong views.
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ืื• ืขืœ ื“ืขื•ืชื™ื”ื, ื•ืื•ื™ ื›ืžื” ืฉื”ืŸ ืžื•ื˜ืขื•ืช.
12:04
No, being civil means speaking your mind,
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ืœื. ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืžืฉืžืขื” ืœื•ืžืจ ืืช ืืฉืจ ืขืœ ืœื™ื‘ื›ื,
ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืคื ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืจื™ื‘ื”
12:10
but to your opponent's face,
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12:13
not behind her back.
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ื•ืœื ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื’ื‘ื”.
ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื•ืช-ื’ืจื™ื“ื ืื™ื ื” ืื•ืžืจืช ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžืžื”ืœื•ืžื•ืช,
12:16
Being merely civil means not pulling our punches,
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12:20
but at the same time, it means maybe not landing all those punches all at once,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ, ืื•ืœื™ ืœื ืœื”ื ื—ื™ืช ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืžื”ืœื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ื‘ืช-ืื—ืช,
12:24
because the point of mere civility
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ื›ื™ ืžื˜ืจืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื•ืช-ื’ืจื™ื“ื
ื”ื™ื ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœื ื• ืœื ืœื”ืกื›ื™ื, ืœื ืœื”ืกื›ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื™ืกื•ื“ื™,
12:27
is to allow us to disagree, to disagree fundamentally,
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ืืš ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœืžื ื•ืข ืื• ืœื”ืจื•ืก ืืช ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื“ื•-ืงื™ื•ื ืžื—ืจ
12:31
but to do so without denying or destroying the possibility of a common life tomorrow
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12:37
with the people that we think are standing in our way today.
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ืขื ืžื™ ืฉืœื“ืขืชื ื• ืขื•ืžื“ ื‘ื“ืจื›ื ื• ื”ื™ื•ื.
12:42
And in that sense, I think civility is actually closely related
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ื•ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื–ื” ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืฉื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืงืจื•ื‘ื” ืžืื“
12:45
to another virtue, the virtue of courage.
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ืœืžืขืœื” ืื—ืจืช, ืžืขืœืช ื”ืื•ืžืฅ.
ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื•ืช-ื’ืจื™ื“ื ื”ื™ื ื”ืื•ืžืฅ ืœื”ืฆื™ื‘ ืขืฆืžื›ื ื›ืžื™ ืฉื—ืœื•ืงื™ื ื‘ื“ืขืชื
12:48
So mere civility is having the courage to make yourself disagreeable,
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12:54
and to stay that way,
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ื•ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ ื›ืš,
12:56
but to do so while staying in the room
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœืขื–ื•ื‘ ืืช ื”ื–ื™ืจื” ื•ื‘ื–ืžื™ื ื•ืช ืœื™ืจื™ื‘ื›ื.
13:00
and staying present to your opponents.
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13:03
And it also means that, sometimes, calling bullshit on people's civility talk
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ื•ื–ื” ื’ื ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืœืคืขืžื™ื, ื”ื•ืงืขืช ื”ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ ื›ืงืฉืงื•ืฉ
13:08
is really the only civil thing to do.
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ื”ื™ื ื”ืžืขืฉื” ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ื”ืืคืฉืจื™.
ื›ืš ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช.
13:11
At least that's what I think.
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13:13
But look, if I've learned anything from studying the long history
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ืื‘ืœ ืจืื•, ืื ื™ืฉ ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืœืžื“ืชื™ ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืืจื•ื›ื”
ืฉืœ ื”ืกื•ื‘ืœื ื•ืช ื”ื“ืชื™ืช ื‘ืžืื” ื”-17, ื–ื” ื”ื“ื‘ืจ:
13:18
of religious tolerance in the 17th century, it's this:
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13:21
if you're talking about civility as a way to avoid an argument,
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ืื ืืชื ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื›ืืžืฆืขื™ ืœื”ืชื—ืžืง ืžื•ื•ื™ื›ื•ื—,
13:26
to isolate yourself in the more agreeable company
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ืœื‘ื•ื“ื“ ืืช ืขืฆืžื›ื ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ื ืขื™ืžื” ื™ื•ืชืจ
13:30
of the like-minded who already agree with you,
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ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ื›ืžื•ื›ื ืฉืžืžื™ืœื ืžืกื›ื™ืžื™ื ืื™ืชื›ื,
13:34
if you find yourself never actually speaking to anyone
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ืื ืืชื ืžื’ืœื™ื ืฉืœืขื•ืœื ืื™ื ื›ื ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขื ืื ืฉื™ื
ืฉื‘ืืžืช ื•ื‘ืชืžื™ื ื•ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ ืื™ื ื›ื ืžืกื›ื™ืžื™ื ืื™ืชื›ื,
13:38
who really, truly, fundamentally disagrees with you,
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13:42
well, you're doing civility wrong.
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ื”ืจื™ ืฉื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื›ื ืฉื’ื•ื™ื”.
ืชื•ื“ื” ืœื›ื.
13:47
Thank you.
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13:48
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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