Is civility a sham? | Teresa Bejan

76,144 views ใƒป 2018-12-05

TED


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Jongho Jeong ๊ฒ€ํ† : JY Kang
00:12
This talk contains mature language Viewer discretion is advised
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์ด ๊ฐ•์—ฐ์—๋Š” ์„ฑ์ธ ์–ธ์–ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์‹œ์ฒญ์ž๊ป˜์„œ ์‹ ์ค‘ํ•˜์‹ค ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ถŒ๊ณ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:17
Let's get this out of the way.
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์ด ๋ง์”€์„ ๋จผ์ € ๋“œ๋ ค์•ผ๊ฒ ์–ด์š”.
00:20
I'm here because I wrote a book about civility,
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ด์œ ๋Š” ์˜ˆ์˜ ๋ฐ”๋ฆ„์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์ฑ…์„ ์ €์ˆ ํ–ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๊ณ 
00:24
and because that book came out
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๊ทธ ์ฑ…์ด ์ถœ๊ฐ„๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ด
00:26
right around the 2016 American presidential election,
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๋ฐ”๋กœ 2016 ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น ์„ ๊ฑฐ ๋ฌด๋ ต์ด์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:30
I started getting lots of invitations to come and talk about civility
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๊ทธ ๋’ค๋กœ ๊ฐ•์—ฐ ์ดˆ์ฒญ์„ ๋งŽ์ด ๋ฐ›๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ์š”.
์˜ˆ์˜ ๋ฐ”๋ฆ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๊ฐ•์—ฐํ•ด๋‹ฌ๋ผ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜
00:36
and why we need more of it in American politics.
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๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ •์น˜์—์„œ ์™œ ์˜ˆ์˜ ๋ฐ”๋ฆ„์ด ๋” ํ•„์š”ํ•œ์ง€ ๋งํ•ด๋‹ฌ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์˜€์ฃ .
00:40
So great.
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์—„์ฒญ ๋Œ€๋‹จํ–ˆ์–ด์š”.
00:42
The only problem was that I had written that book about civility
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๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์˜ˆ์˜ ๋ฐ”๋ฆ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฑ…์„ ์ €์ˆ ํ•œ ์ด์œ ์˜€๋Š”๋ฐ์š”.
00:46
because I was convinced that civility is ...
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ํ™•์‹ ํ•˜๊ธฐ์— ์˜ˆ์˜ ๋ฐ”๋ฆ„์€..
00:52
bullshit.
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ํ—›์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ๊ฑฐ๋“ ์š”.
00:53
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
00:55
Now, that may sound like a highly uncivil thing to say,
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์ž, ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋งํ•˜๋ฉด ๋งค์šฐ ์˜ˆ์˜์— ์–ด๊ธ‹๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ๋“ค๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ์ง€๋งŒ
00:58
and lucky for you, and for my publisher,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๊ณผ ์ถœํŒ์‚ฌ์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ๋‹คํ–‰์Šค๋Ÿฝ๊ฒŒ๋„
01:01
I did eventually come to change my mind.
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์ €๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ์ƒ๊ฐ์„ ๋ฐ”๊พธ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:03
In the course of writing that book
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๊ทธ ์ฑ…์„ ์ €์ˆ ํ•˜๊ณ 
01:05
and studying the long history of civility and religious tolerance
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์˜ˆ์˜ ๋ฐ”๋ฆ„์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์˜ค๋žœ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์™€
17์„ธ๊ธฐ ๋ฌด๋ ต์˜ ์ข…๊ต์  ๊ด€์šฉ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ
01:09
in the 17th century,
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01:11
I came to discover that there is a virtue of civility,
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์˜ˆ์˜ ๋ฐ”๋ฆ„์—๋„ ๋•๋ชฉ์ด ์žˆ์Œ์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:16
and far from being bullshit, it's actually absolutely essential,
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์˜ˆ์˜ ๋ฐ”๋ฆ„์ด ์ ˆ๋Œ€ ํ—›์†Œ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์˜คํžˆ๋ ค ๋ฐ˜๋“œ์‹œ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑธ ์•Œ์•˜์ฃ .
01:20
especially for tolerant societies,
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ํŠนํžˆ ๊ด€์šฉ์  ์‚ฌํšŒ์—์„œ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
01:22
so societies like this one, that promise not only to protect diversity
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์‚ฌํšŒ๋Š” ์–ด๋–ค ์‚ฌํšŒ๋ƒ ํ•˜๋ฉด
๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ์„ ์ง€์ผœ์ฃผ๊ฒ ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์•ฝ์†ํ•  ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
01:27
but also the heated and sometimes even hateful disagreements
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๊ฒฉํ•˜๊ณ , ๋•Œ๋กœ๋Š” ํ˜์˜ค์Šค๋Ÿฐ ์ด๊ฒฌ์กฐ์ฐจ ์ธ์ •ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์•ฝ์†ํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌํšŒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:32
that that diversity inspires.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์ด๊ฒฌ๋„ ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ์—์„œ ๋‚˜์˜ค์ฃ .
01:35
You see, the thing about disagreement
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ '์ด๊ฒฌ'์„ ๋œปํ•˜๋Š” 'disagreement' ๋ผ๋Š” ๋‹จ์–ด๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋ฉด
01:37
is that there is a reason
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๊ทธ ํ˜•์šฉ์‚ฌ์ธ 'disagreeable'์ด '๋ถˆ์พŒํ•œ'์˜ ๋œป์„ ๊ฐ–๋Š” ์ด์œ ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:39
that "disagreeable" is a synonym for "unpleasant."
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01:44
As the English philosopher Thomas Hobbes pointed out
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1642๋…„์œผ๋กœ ๊ฑฐ์Šฌ๋Ÿฌ ์˜ฌ๋ผ๊ฐ€ ์˜๊ตญ์˜ ์ฒ ํ•™์ž ํ† ๋งˆ์Šค ํ™‰์Šค๋Š”
01:47
all the way back in 1642,
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01:49
that's because the mere act of disagreement is offensive.
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์˜๊ฒฌ ๋ถˆ์ผ์น˜์˜ ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•œ ํ–‰์œ„๊ฐ€ ๋ชจ์š•์ ์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:55
And Hobbes is still right. It works like this:
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ํ™‰์Šค์˜ ๋ง์€ ์ง€๊ธˆ๋„ ๋งž์•„์š”. ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค๋ฉด ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์‹์ด์ฃ .
01:58
so, if you and I disagree,
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์ž, ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๊ณผ ์ €์˜ ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:01
and I'm right, because I always am,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์˜ณ์•„์š”. ์ „ ๋Š˜ ์˜ณ์€ ๋ง๋งŒ ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋“ ์š”.
02:04
how am I to make sense of the fact that you are so very, very wrong?
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์™„์ „ํžˆ ํ‹€๋ ธ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑธ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ฆ๋ช…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
02:10
It couldn't possibly be that you've just come to a different conclusion
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์„ ์˜๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์˜๊ฒฌ์„ ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์ผ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์€ ์—†์„ ํ…Œ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
02:13
in good faith?
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๋ถ„๋ช… ๋ญ”๊ฐ€ ๊ฟ๊ฟ์ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ๋ฉ์ฒญํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜
02:15
No, you must be up to something, you must be stupid,
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02:18
bigoted, interested.
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๊ฝ‰ ๋ง‰ํ˜”๊ณ 
๋ญ”๊ฐ€ ๋…ธ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ์žˆ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์•„๋งˆ ๋ฏธ์ณค๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•  ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:20
Maybe you're insane.
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02:21
And the same goes the other way. Right?
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๊ทธ๊ฑด ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ ์ž…์žฅ์—์„œ๋„ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€์ฃ .
02:23
So the mere fact of your disagreeing with me
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์ €์™€ ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅด๋‹ค๋Š” ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•œ ์‚ฌ์‹ค๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ๋„
02:27
is implicitly an insult not only to my views, but to my intelligence, too.
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์ €์˜ ๊ฒฌํ•ด๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ก , ์ง€์„ฑ ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ๋„ ์ ˆ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ชจ์š•์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:32
And things only get worse when the disagreements at stake
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๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ์‹ฌํ•ด์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋Š”
๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ์˜๊ฒฌ ์ถฉ๋Œ์ด ์ƒ๊ธธ ๋•Œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:36
are the ones that we somehow consider to be fundamental,
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02:39
whether to our worldviews or to our identities.
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์ž์‹ ์˜ ์„ธ๊ณ„๊ด€์ด๋ผ๋“ ์ง€ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์ •์ฒด์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
02:42
You know the kinds of disagreement I mean.
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์–ด๋–ค ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ์˜๊ฒฌ ๋ถˆ์ผ์น˜๋ฅผ ๋งํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ๋‹ค๋“ค ์•„์‹ค ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”.
02:45
One doesn't discuss religion or politics
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์‹ํƒ์—์„œ ์ข…๊ต๋‚˜ ์ •์น˜๋ฅผ ๋…ผํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜
02:47
or increasingly, the politics of popular culture, at the dinner table,
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ํ•œ์ˆ  ๋” ๋– ์„œ ๋Œ€์ค‘ ๋ฌธํ™”์˜ ์ •์น˜์„ฑ์„ ๋…ผํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:52
because these are the disagreements,
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š”
02:54
these are the things that people really, seriously disagree about,
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์ง„์ง€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด ๋Œ€๋ฆฝํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์ด๊ณ 
02:57
and they define themselves against their opponents in the controversy.
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์ƒ๋Œ€๋ฐฉ๊ณผ ๋…ผ์Ÿ์„ ๋ฒŒ์ด๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์ •์ฒด์„ฑ์„ ๊ทœ์ •ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:03
But of course those fundamental disagreements
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๋ฌผ๋ก  ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์ธ ๋ฌธ์ œ์˜ ์˜๊ฒฌ ์ถฉ๋Œ์€
03:06
are precisely the ones that tolerant societies
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๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๊ฐ™์ด ํ™•์‹คํžˆ ๊ด€์šฉ์ ์ธ ์‚ฌํšŒ์—์„œ๋Š”
03:09
like the United States propose to tolerate,
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๊ด€๋Œ€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์—ฌ์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:13
which perhaps explains why, historically, at least,
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์–ด์ฉŒ๋ฉด ์ด ์‚ฌ์‹ค๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ
์ ์–ด๋„ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ด€์šฉ์ ์ธ ์‚ฌํšŒ์—์„œ
03:17
tolerant societies haven't been the happy-clappy communities of difference
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๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ์ด ํ™˜์˜๋ฐ›์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ๋˜ ์ด์œ ๊ฐ€ ์„ค๋ช…๋ ์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:21
that you sometimes hear about.
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03:23
No, they tend to be places where people have to hold their noses
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์•„๋‹ˆ์—์š”. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๊ณต๋™์ฒด์—์„œ๋Š” ๋งˆ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•ด ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:28
and rub along together despite their mutual contempt.
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์„œ๋กœ๋ฅผ ๊ฒฝ๋ฉธํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ๋„ ์นœ๋ฐ€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ง€๋‚ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
03:32
That's what I learned from studying religious tolerance
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ข…๊ต์  ๊ด€์šฉ์„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์•Œ๊ฒŒ ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:34
in early modern England and America.
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๊ทผ๋Œ€ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์ž‰๊ธ€๋žœ๋“œ์™€ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์—์„œ์˜ ์ข…๊ต์  ๊ด€์šฉ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜€์ฃ .
03:37
And I also learned that the virtue that makes
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋˜ ํ•˜๋‚˜ ์•Œ๊ฒŒ ๋œ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์€
๊ทธ๋Ÿผ์—๋„ ์„œ๋กœ ํ•ด์น˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ๊ณต์กด์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์ด์œ ๋Š”
03:40
that un-murderous coexistence, if you will, possible,
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03:46
is the virtue of civility,
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์˜ˆ์˜ ๋ฐ”๋ฆ„ ๋•๋ถ„์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:48
because civility makes our disagreements tolerable
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์˜ˆ์˜ ๋ฐ”๋ฆ„์€ ์ด๊ฒฌ์„ ์ฐธ์„ ๋งŒํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:53
so that we can share a life together even if we don't share a faith --
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๊ฐ™์€ ์‹ ๋…์„ ๊ฐ–์ง€ ์•Š๋”๋ผ๋„ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์‚ด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
03:59
religious, political or otherwise.
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์ข…๊ต, ์ •์น˜ ํ˜น์€ ์–ด๋–ค ๊ฒƒ์ด๋“ ์ง€์š”.
04:03
Still, I couldn't help but notice
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋˜ ๊นจ๋‹ซ๊ฒŒ ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ์š”.
04:06
that when most people talk about civility today --
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์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚  ๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์˜ˆ์˜ ๋ฐ”๋ฆ„์„ ๋”ฐ์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:09
and boy, do they talk about civility a lot --
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์˜ˆ์˜ ๋ฐ”๋ฆ„์— ๊ด€ํ•ด ์ •๋ง๋กœ ๋งŽ์ด๋“ค ๋งํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ์š”.
04:12
they seem to have something else in mind.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ž˜๋ชป ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์•„์š”.
04:14
So if civility is the virtue that makes it possible to tolerate disagreement
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ์˜ˆ์˜ ๋ฐ”๋ฆ„์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์˜๊ฒฌ์„ ์ธ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๋•๋ชฉ์ด๊ณ 
04:19
so that we can actually engage with our opponents,
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์ด๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€๋ก ์ž๋“ค๊ณผ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๋…ผ์Ÿํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด
04:22
talking about civility
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์˜ˆ์˜ ๋ฐ”๋ฆ„์ด๋ž€
04:24
seems to be mainly a strategy of disengagement.
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๋…ผ์Ÿ์„ ํ”ผํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ „๋žต์œผ๋กœ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:27
It's a little bit like threatening to take your ball and go home
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๋งˆ์น˜ ๊ณต์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์ง‘์— ๊ฐ€๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์œ„ํ˜‘ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ์•ฝ๊ฐ„ ๋น„์Šทํ•ด์š”.
04:31
when the game isn't going your way.
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๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋œป๋Œ€๋กœ ์•ˆ ํ’€๋ฆด ๋•Œ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
04:33
Because the funny thing about incivility
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ๋ฌด๋ก€ํ•จ์˜ ์žฌ๋ฐŒ๋Š” ์ ์€
04:36
is that it's always the sin of our opponents.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋Š˜ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€๋ก ์ž์—๊ฒŒ ์ฃ„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:40
It's funny.
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์›ƒ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
04:41
When it comes to our own bad behavior,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ๋‚˜์œ ํ–‰์‹ค์— ๊ด€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š”
04:43
well, we seem to develop sudden-onset amnesia,
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๊ฐ‘์ž๊ธฐ ๊ฑด๋ง์ฆ์ด ์ฐพ์•„์˜ค๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜๊ณ 
04:46
or we can always justify it as an appropriate response
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์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ฑธ ์ •๋‹นํ™”ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ
๋ฐ˜๋Œ€๋ก ์ž๋“ค์˜ ๋ฌด๋ก€ํ•จ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ ์ ˆํ•œ ๋Œ€์‘์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:51
to the latest outrage from our opponents.
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04:54
So, "How can I be civil to someone who is set out to destroy
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"๋‚ด ์ฃผ์žฅ์—๋Š” ๋ญ๋“ ์ง€ ๋ฐ˜๋ฐ•ํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์—๊ฒŒ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์˜ˆ์˜๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–์ถœ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์–ด?
04:59
everything I stand for?
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05:00
And by the way, they started it."
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์•„๋ฌดํŠผ, ๊ทธ์ชฝ์ด ๋จผ์ € ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•œ ๊ฑฐ์•ผ."
05:03
It's all terrifically convenient.
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์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ๋„˜์–ด๊ฐ‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:06
Also convenient is the fact that most of today's big civility talkers
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๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํŽธ๋ฆฌํ•œ ์ ์€
์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚  ์˜ˆ์˜๋ฅผ ๋”ฐ์ง€๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด
05:11
tend to be quite vague and fuzzy
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์˜ˆ์˜ ๋ฐ”๋ฆ„์ด ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๋ญ๋ƒ๋Š” ๋ฌผ์Œ์—๋Š” ๋ชจํ˜ธํ•˜๊ณ  ์• ๋งคํ•œ ํƒœ๋„๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”.
05:13
when it comes to what they think civility actually entails.
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05:17
We're told that civility is simply a synonym for respect,
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์˜ˆ์˜ ๋ฐ”๋ฆ„์€ ๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ ์กด์ค‘์˜ ์œ ์˜์–ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ”ํžˆ ๋งํ•˜๊ณ 
05:22
for good manners, for politeness,
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์ข‹์€ ์˜ˆ์ ˆ๊ณผ ๊ณต์†ํ•จ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ
05:25
but at the same time, it's clear that to accuse someone of incivility
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ์—๋„ ๋ช…๋ฐฑํžˆ ๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์˜ˆ์˜ ๋ฐ”๋ฅด์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋น„๋‚œํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
05:30
is much, much worse than calling them impolite,
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๊ณต์†ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋ณด๋‹ค ํ›จ์”ฌ ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ๋‚˜์ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:34
because to be uncivil is to be potentially intolerable
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์˜ˆ์˜ ๋ฐ”๋ฅด์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ž ์žฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์šฉ์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
05:39
in a way that merely being rude isn't.
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๋‹จ์ง€ ๋ฒ„๋ฆ‡์—†๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ทธ ์ •๋„๊นŒ์ง€๋Š” ์•„๋‹ˆ๊ฑฐ๋“ ์š”.
05:42
So to call someone uncivil, to accuse them of incivility,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์˜ˆ์˜ ๋ฐ”๋ฅด์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•˜๊ณ  ์˜ˆ์˜ ์—†์Œ์œผ๋กœ ๋น„๋‚œํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
05:46
is a way of communicating that they are somehow beyond the pale,
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๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์—ฌํ•˜ํŠผ ๋„๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ „๋‹ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:51
that they're not worth engaging with at all.
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ํ•จ๊ป˜ํ•  ๊ฐ€์น˜๊ฐ€ ์ „ํ˜€ ์—†๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
05:55
So here's the thing:
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์ž, ์š”์ ์„ ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:58
civility isn't bullshit,
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์˜ˆ์˜ ๋ฐ”๋ฆ„์€ ํ—›์†Œ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:00
it's precious because it's the virtue that makes fundamental disagreement
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๊ฐ€์น˜์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
์™œ๋ƒ๋ฉด ๊ทธ ๋•๋ถ„์— ๊ทผ๋ณธ์ ์ธ ์˜๊ฒฌ ๋ถˆ์ผ์น˜๊ฐ€..
06:06
not only possible but even sometimes occasionally productive.
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๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•  ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๋•Œ๋กœ๋Š” ์ƒ์‚ฐ์ ์ด ๋˜๊ฒŒ๋„ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:10
It's precious, but it's also really, really difficult.
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์˜ˆ์˜ ๋ฐ”๋ฆ„์€ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋˜ํ•œ ์ •๋ง ์ •๋ง ์–ด๋ ต์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:15
Civility talk, on the other hand,
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์˜ˆ์˜ ๋ฐ”๋ฆ„์„ ๋…ผํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€.. ํ•œํŽธ์œผ๋กœ๋Š”..
06:17
well, that's really easy,
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๊ธ€์Ž„์š”.. ๊ทธ๊ฑด ์ •๋ง ์‰ฌ์›Œ์š”.
06:20
really easy,
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์ •๋ง ์‰ฝ์ง€์š”.
06:22
and it also is almost always complete bullshit,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ ๋˜ํ•œ ์–ธ์ œ๋‚˜ ์™„์ „ ํ—›์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:26
which makes things slightly awkward for me
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ด ์ƒํ™ฉ์ด ์ œ๊ฒŒ๋Š” ์•ฝ๊ฐ„ ์–ด์ƒ‰ํ•œ๋ฐ์š”..
06:30
as I continue to talk to you about civility.
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์ €๋„ ์˜ˆ์˜ ๋ฐ”๋ฆ„์— ๊ด€ํ•ด ๊ณ„์† ๋งํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
06:33
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
06:34
Anyway, we tend to forget it,
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์—ฌํ•˜ํŠผ..
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ž์ฃผ ์žŠ์–ด๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ์ง€๋งŒ
06:38
but politicians and intellectuals have been warning us for decades now
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์ •์น˜๊ฐ€์™€ ์ง€์‹์ธ๋“ค์ด ์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ˆ˜์‹ญ๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:41
that the United States is facing a crisis of civility,
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๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ด ์˜ˆ์˜ ๋ฐ”๋ฆ„์˜ ์œ„๊ธฐ์— ์ง๋ฉดํ•ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ฒฝ๊ณ ํ–ˆ์ฃ .
06:44
and they've tended to blame that crisis on technological developments,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ ์œ„๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ถˆ๋Ÿฌ์˜จ ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ณผํ•™๊ธฐ์ˆ ์˜ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํƒ“ํ•˜๋ฉฐ
06:47
on things like cable TV, talk radio, social media.
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์ผ€์ด๋ธ” TV, ๋ผ๋””์˜ค ํ† ํฌ์‡ผ, SNS ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ๋น„๋‚œํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:52
But any historian will tell you
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์—ญ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€๋“ค์€ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋งํ•  ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”.
06:53
that there never was a golden age of disagreement,
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์˜๊ฒฌ ์ถฉ๋Œ์˜ ํ™ฉ๊ธˆ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๊ฒฐ์ฝ” ์กด์žฌํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
06:55
let alone good feelings,
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์ ์–ด๋„ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ •์น˜์— ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๊ฑด ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:57
not in American politics.
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06:59
In my book, though, I argue that the first modern crisis of civility
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๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€๋งŒ ์ œ ์ฑ…์—์„œ๋„ ์–ธ๊ธ‰ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์˜ˆ์˜ ๋ฐ”๋ฆ„์˜ ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๊ทผ๋Œ€์  ์œ„๊ธฐ๋Š”
07:02
actually began about 500 years ago,
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์‚ฌ์‹ค ์•ฝ 500๋…„ ์ „์— ์‹œ์ž‘๋์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:05
when a certain professor of theology named Martin Luther
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๊ทธ๋•Œ ๋งˆํ‹ด ๋ฃจํ„ฐ๋ผ๋Š” ์ด๋ฆ„์˜ ์–ด๋Š ์‹ ํ•™ ๊ต์ˆ˜๊ฐ€
07:09
took advantage of a recent advancement in communications technology,
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๋‹น๋Œ€ ์ตœ์‹ ์˜ ํ†ต์‹  ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ–ˆ์ฃ .
07:13
the printing press,
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๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ธ์‡„๊ธฐ์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:14
to call the Pope the Antichrist,
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๊ตํ™ฉ์ด ์ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์Šค๋„๋ผ๋Š” ๋‚ด์šฉ์˜ ์ธ์‡„๋ฌผ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ์ฃ .
07:18
and thus inadvertently launch the Protestant Reformation.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์˜๋„์น˜ ์•Š๊ฒŒ ์ข…๊ต ๊ฐœํ˜์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:22
So think of the press, if you will, as the Twitter of the 16th century,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ธ์‡„๊ธฐ๋ฅผ, ๋งํ•˜์ž๋ฉด 16์„ธ๊ธฐ์˜ ํŠธ์œ„ํ„ฐ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด
07:26
and Martin Luther as the original troll.
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๋งˆํ‹ด ๋ฃจํ„ฐ๋Š” ์•…์„ฑ ๋Œ“๊ธ€๋Ÿฌ์˜ ์›์กฐ๋‚˜ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€์˜ˆ์š”.
07:29
And I'm not exaggerating here.
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์žˆ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฌ์ž๋ฉด
07:31
He once declared himself unable to pray
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๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ํ•œ๋ฒˆ์€ ๋ถ„๋ช…ํžˆ ๋งํ•˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ž์‹ ์€ ๊ธฐ๋„ํ•  ๋•Œ๋งˆ๋‹ค
07:34
without at the same time cursing
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๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋น„๋‚œํ•  ์ˆ˜ ๋ฐ–์— ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ–ˆ์–ด์š”.
07:36
his "anti-Christian," i.e. Catholic, opponents.
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'๋ฐ˜๊ธฐ๋…๊ต๋„์ธ', ์ฆ‰ ์ฒœ์ฃผ๊ต๋„๋“ค์ด ๊ทธ ๋น„๋‚œ์˜ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:40
And of course, those Catholic opponents clutched their pearls
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๋ฌผ๋ก  ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ํŒŒ์ธ ์ฒœ์ฃผ๊ต๋„๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ ๋ง์— ๊นœ์ง ๋†€๋ผ์„œ
07:43
and called for civility then, too,
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์˜ˆ์˜๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–์ถœ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์š”๊ตฌํ–ˆ์ฃ .
07:44
but all the while, they gave as good as they got
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๊ทธ๋“ค๋„ ๋‹นํ•œ ๋งŒํผ ๋˜‘๊ฐ™์ด ๋˜๋Œ๋ ค ์ฃผ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:47
with traditional slurs like "heretic,"
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'์ด๋‹จ์ž'๋ผ๋Š” ๊ณ ์ „์  ๋น„๋ฐฉ์„ ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜
07:49
and, worst of all, "Protestant,"
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๋” ์‹ฌํ•˜๋ฉด 'ํ”„๋กœํ…Œ์Šคํƒ„ํŠธ'๋ผ๊ณ  ๋น„ํ•˜ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:52
which began in the 16th century as an insult.
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'๊ฐœ์‹ ๊ต๋„'๋ผ๋Š” ๋œป์œผ๋กœ 16์„ธ๊ธฐ์— ๋ชจ์š•์  ์˜๋ฏธ๋กœ ์“ฐ์ด๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์ฃ .
07:57
The thing about civility talk, then as now,
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๊ทธ๋•Œ๋‚˜ ์ง€๊ธˆ์ด๋‚˜ ์˜ˆ์˜ ๋ฐ”๋ฆ„์„ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•  ๋•Œ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ ์€
08:00
was that you could call out your opponent for going low,
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๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ํŒŒ์—๊ฒŒ ์ˆ˜์ค€ ๋‚ฎ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ
08:05
and then take advantage of the moral high ground
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๋„๋•์ ์œผ๋กœ ์šฐ์›”ํ•œ ์œ„์น˜๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:07
to go as low or lower,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์•ผ ๋” ์ˆ˜์ค€ ๋‚ฎ๊ฒŒ ํ–‰๋™ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
08:10
because calling for civility sets up the speaker
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์˜ˆ์˜๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–์ถฐ ๋‹ฌ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜๋ฉด
๊ทธ๊ฑธ ์š”๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ์ชฝ์€ ์˜ˆ์˜๋ฅผ ์ง€ํ‚ค๋Š” ๋ณธ๋ณด๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๊ณ 
08:12
as a model of decorum while implicitly, subtly stigmatizing
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๋ฌด๋ชจํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒ๋Œ€๋ฐฉ์€ ๋ฌด๋ก€ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋‚™์ธ ์ฐํžˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
08:16
anyone with the temerity to disagree as uncivil.
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08:20
And so civility talk in the 17th century becomes a really effective way
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ 17์„ธ๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ์˜ˆ์˜ ๋ฐ”๋ฆ„์„ ๊ฑฐ๋ก ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด
์ข…๊ต์  ๊ธฐ๋“๊ถŒ์ธต์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ์ข‹์€ ์ˆ˜๋‹จ์ด ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:24
for members of the religious establishment
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08:27
to silence, suppress, exclude dissenters outside of the established church,
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๊ธฐ์กด ๊ตํšŒ์˜ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ํŒŒ๋“ค์„ ์นจ๋ฌต์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ  ์–ต์••ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ฐฐ์ œํ•˜๋Š” ์ˆ˜๋‹จ์œผ๋กœ ์“ฐ์˜€์ฃ .
08:32
especially when they spoke out against the status quo.
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ํŠนํžˆ ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ๊ณต๊ฐœ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ €ํ•ญํ•  ๋•Œ๋Š” ๋”์šฑ ๊ทธ๋žฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:35
So Anglican ministers could lecture atheists
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์˜๊ตญ์˜ ์„ฑ๊ณตํšŒ ๋ชฉ์‚ฌ๋“ค์ด ์„ค๊ต๋ฅผ ํ•  ๋•Œ๋Š”
08:37
on the offensiveness of their discourse.
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๋ฌด์‹ ๋ก ์ž๋“ค์˜ ๋ฌด๋ก€ํ•œ ๋ฐœ์–ธ์„ ๋ฌธ์ œ์‚ผ๊ณค ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:40
Everyone could complain about the Quakers
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๋ชจ๋‘๊ฐ€ ํ€˜์ด์ปค ๊ต๋„๋“ค์„ ๋น„๋‚œํ•˜๋ฉฐ
08:42
for refusing to doff and don their hats
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๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ๋ชจ์ž๋ฅผ ๋ฒ—์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ธ์‚ฌํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ 
08:44
or their "uncouth" practice of shaking hands.
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๋ฌด๋ก€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์•…์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋น„๋‚œํ–ˆ์ฃ .
08:48
But those accusations of incivility
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๋ฌด๋ก€ํ•จ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋น„๋‚œ์€
08:50
pretty soon became pretexts for persecution.
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๊ณง์ด์–ด ๋ฐ•ํ•ด์˜ ๊ตฌ์‹ค์ด ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:54
So far, so familiar, right?
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ๊นŒ์ง€๋Š” ์ต์ˆ™ํ•œ ๋‚ด์šฉ์ด์ฃ ?
08:57
We see that strategy again and again.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์ „๋žต์„ ์ž์ฃผ ์ ‘ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:59
It's used to silence civil rights protesters in the 20th century.
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20์„ธ๊ธฐ์— ์ธ๊ถŒ์šด๋™๊ฐ€๋“ค์˜ ์ž…์„ ๋ง‰๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ด์šฉ๋˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ์ฃ .
09:04
And I think it explains why partisans on both sides of the aisle
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์ด ์‚ฌ์‹ค๋กœ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ์š”.
๊ฐ ์ •๋‹น์˜ ์—ดํ˜ˆ ์ง€์ง€์ž๋“ค์ด
09:08
keep reaching for this, frankly, antiquated,
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๊ณ„์† ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ตฌ์‹ ์ „๋žต์„ ๊พ€ํ•˜๋Š” ์ด์œ ๋ฅผ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ฃ .
09:11
early modern language of civility
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์‹œ๋Œ€์— ๋’ค๋–จ์–ด์ง„ '๊ณต์†ํ•จ'์„ ๋“ค๋จน๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฉด์„œ์š”.
09:14
precisely when they want to communicate that certain people and certain views
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๊ทธ๊ฑด ๋ฐ”๋กœ ํŠน์ • ์ง‘๋‹จ๊ณผ ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ํŠน์ •ํ•œ ๊ฒฌํ•ด๊ฐ€
09:18
are beyond the pale,
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๋„๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚ฌ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์•Œ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์‹ถ์ง€๋งŒ
09:20
but they want to save themselves the trouble
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์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์ฃผ์žฅ์„ ํŽผ์น˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ˆ˜๊ณ ๋ฅผ ๋œ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:22
of actually making an argument.
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09:25
So no wonder skeptics like me tend to roll our eyes
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋‹น์—ฐํžˆ ์ €์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ํšŒ์˜๋ก ์ž๋Š”
๋Œ€ํ™”์˜ ๋ฏธ๋•์„ ๋งํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๋ฉด ๋”ฐ๋ถ„ํ•จ์„ ๋Š๋ผ๊ณค ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:28
when the calls for conversational virtue begin,
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09:31
because instead of healing our social and political divisions,
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์‚ฌํšŒ์ , ์ •์น˜์  ๋ถ„์—ด์„ ์น˜์œ ํ•จ์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ
์˜ˆ์˜๋ฅผ ์ง€๋‚˜์น˜๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ•์กฐํ•˜๋ฉด ์˜คํžˆ๋ ค ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ์•…ํ™”์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์•„์„œ์ฃ .
09:34
it seems like so much civility talk is actually making the problem worse.
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09:37
It's saving us the trouble of actually speaking to each other,
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์„œ๋กœ๊ฐ€ ์ง„์ง€ํ•œ ๋Œ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๊ณ 
09:41
allowing us to speak past each other or at each other
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์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ง๋งŒ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ž๊ธฐ ์ฃผ์žฅ๋งŒ ํŽผ์น˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ญ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:45
while signaling our superior virtue
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์ž์‹ ์ด ๋„๋•์ ์œผ๋กœ ์šฐ์›”ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚ด๋ฉด์„œ
09:47
and letting the audience know which side we're on.
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์ž์‹ ์ด ์–ด๋Š ํŽธ์— ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์•Œ๋ฆฌ๋ ค ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:51
And given this, I think one might be forgiven, as I did,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋งํ•ด๋„ ์šฉ์„œ๊ฐ€ ๋  ๊ฑฐ๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด์š”.
09:55
for assuming that because so much civility talk is bullshit,
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์˜ˆ์˜๋ฅผ ์ง€๋‚˜์น˜๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ•์กฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ํ—›์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋ผ๊ณ  ์นœ๋‹ค๋ฉด
09:58
well then, the virtue of civility must be bullshit, too.
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์˜ˆ์˜๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–์ถ”๋Š” ๋ฏธ๋• ๋˜ํ•œ ํ—›์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:02
But here, again, I think a little historical perspective goes a long way.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์  ๊ด€์ ์€ ์ด๊ฒŒ ์ „๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:06
Because remember, the same early modern crisis of civility
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์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด ๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
๊ทผ๋Œ€ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ์˜ ์˜ˆ์˜ ๋ฐ”๋ฆ„์˜ ์œ„๊ธฐ๊ฐ€,
10:09
that launched the Reformation
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์ข…๊ต ๊ฐœํ˜์„ ์ด‰๋ฐœํ–ˆ๋˜ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๊ทธ ์œ„๊ธฐ๊ฐ€
10:11
also gave birth to tolerant societies,
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๊ด€์šฉ์ ์ธ ์‚ฌํšŒ๋„ ํƒ„์ƒ์‹œ์ผฐ์ž–์•„์š”.
10:14
places like Rhode Island, Pennsylvania,
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๋กœ๋“œ ์•„์ผ๋žœ๋“œ, ํŽœ์‹ค๋ฒ ๋‹ˆ์•„
10:17
and indeed, eventually the United States,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ถ๊ทน์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ณณ์„์š”.
10:19
places that at least aspired to protect disagreement
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ณณ๋“ค์—์„œ๋Š” ์ ์–ด๋„ ์ด๊ฒฌ์„ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:24
as well as diversity,
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๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ์€ ๋ฌผ๋ก ์ด๊ณ ์š”.
10:27
and what made that possible was the virtue of civility.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์ผ€ ํ•ด์ค€ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์˜ˆ์˜ ๋ฐ”๋ฆ„์˜ ๋ฏธ๋•์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:33
What made disagreement tolerable,
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์˜๊ฒฌ ๋ถˆ์ผ์น˜๊ฐ€ ์šฉ์ธ๋˜๊ณ 
10:35
what it made it possible for us to share a life,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋”๋ถˆ์–ด ์‚ด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ 
10:38
even when we didn't share a faith,
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์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด ์‹ ๋…์ด ๋‹ฌ๋ผ๋„ ๊ทธ๋Ÿด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์€
10:40
was a virtue,
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ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ๋ฏธ๋• ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
10:42
but one, I think, that is perhaps less aspirational
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ œ ์ƒ๊ฐ์— ๊ทธ ๋ฏธ๋•์€ ์–ด์ฉŒ๋ฉด ์—ด๋ง์ด ๋œํ•˜๊ณ 
10:45
and a lot more confrontational
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ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ๋Œ€๋ฆฝ์ ์ธ ๋ฏธ๋•์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:47
than the one that people who talk about civility a lot today
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์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚  ์˜ˆ์˜ ๋ฐ”๋ฆ„์— ๊ด€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•˜๋Š” ๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด
10:51
tend to have in mind.
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๋งˆ์Œ์— ๋‘๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋ณด๋‹ค์š”.
10:52
So I like to call that virtue "mere civility."
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์ €๋Š” ๊ทธ ๋ฏธ๋•์„ ์ผ์ปฌ์–ด '์ตœ์†Œํ•œ์˜ ์˜ˆ์˜'๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:57
You may know it as the virtue that allows us to get through
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์•„์‹œ๋‹ค์‹œํ”ผ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๋ฏธ๋•์€
ํ—ค์–ด์ง„ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ์ž์™€์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ์— ํ•„์š”ํ•˜์ฃ .
11:01
our relations with an ex-spouse,
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11:03
or a bad neighbor,
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๋‚˜์œ ์ด์›ƒ๊ณผ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋‚˜
11:05
not to mention a member of the other party.
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋‹น์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์›๋“ค๊ณผ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋„ ๋ฌผ๋ก ์ด๊ณ ์š”.
11:07
Because to be merely civil is to meet a low bar grudgingly,
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์ตœ์†Œํ•œ์˜ ์˜ˆ์˜๋ฅผ ์ง€ํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋งˆ์ง€๋ชปํ•ด ์ƒ๋Œ€์—๊ฒŒ ๋งž์ถฐ์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
11:14
and that, again, makes sense,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋„ ๋ง์ด ๋˜์š”.
11:15
because civility is a virtue that's meant to help us disagree,
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์˜ˆ์˜ ๋ฐ”๋ฆ„์˜ ๋ฏธ๋•์ด ์žˆ๊ธฐ์— ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ˜๋ก ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
11:19
and as Hobbes told us all those centuries ago,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋ช‡ ์„ธ๊ธฐ ์ „ ํ™‰์Šค์˜ ๋ง๋Œ€๋กœ
11:22
disagreeable means unpleasant for a reason.
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"์˜๊ฒฌ ๋ถˆ์ผ์น˜"๊ฐ€ "๋ถˆ์พŒํ•จ"์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋„ ์ด์œ ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:28
But if it isn't bullshit, what exactly is civility or mere civility?
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ํ—ˆ๋‚˜ ํ—›์†Œ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ๋ฉด
'์˜ˆ์˜ ๋ฐ”๋ฆ„'๊ณผ '์ตœ์†Œํ•œ์˜ ์˜ˆ์˜'๋Š” ์ •ํ™•ํžˆ ๋ฌด์—‡์ผ๊นŒ์š”?
11:33
What does it require?
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ํ•„์š”๋กœ ํ• ๊นŒ์š”?
11:35
Well, to start, it is not and cannot be
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์ž, ๋ฏธ๋ฆฌ ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฌ๋ฉด
์กด์ค‘์ด๋‚˜ ๊ณต์†ํ•จ๊ณผ๋Š” ๊ฐ™์ง€๋„ ์•Š๊ณ  ๊ฐ™์„ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:40
the same thing as being respectful or polite,
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11:43
because we need civility precisely when we're dealing with those people
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์˜ˆ์˜๊ฐ€ ์ •๋ง๋กœ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๋•Œ๋Š”
์กด์ค‘ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ต๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ๋Œ€ํ•  ๋•Œ์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
11:47
that we find it the most difficult, or maybe even impossible, to respect.
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11:52
Similarly, being civil can't be the same as being nice,
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๋˜ํ•œ, ์˜ˆ์˜ ๋ฐ”๋ฅธ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์นœ์ ˆํ•จ๊ณผ๋„ ๊ฐ™์„ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:55
because being nice means not telling people what you really think about them
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์นœ์ ˆํ•จ์ด ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
์ƒ๋Œ€๋ฐฉ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ๋งํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
12:01
or their wrong, wrong views.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์ž˜๋ชป๋œ ๊ฒฌํ•ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋„์š”.
12:04
No, being civil means speaking your mind,
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๋ฐ˜๋ฉด์— ์˜ˆ์˜ ๋ฐ”๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ํ–‰๋™ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ์ƒ๊ฐ์„ ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:10
but to your opponent's face,
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋„ ์ƒ๋Œ€๋ฐฉ์„ ์•ž์— ๋‘๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”.
12:13
not behind her back.
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๋’ค์—์„œ ์ˆ˜๊ทผ๋Œ€์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ ์š”.
12:16
Being merely civil means not pulling our punches,
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์ตœ์†Œํ•œ์˜ ์˜ˆ์˜๋ฅผ ์ง€ํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋น„๋‚œํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:20
but at the same time, it means maybe not landing all those punches all at once,
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด์„œ ๊ฐ‘์ž๊ธฐ ์ฃผ๋จน๋‹ค์ง์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋„ ์•„๋‹ˆ์—์š”.
12:24
because the point of mere civility
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์ตœ์†Œํ•œ์˜ ์˜ˆ์˜์˜ ์š”์ ์€
12:27
is to allow us to disagree, to disagree fundamentally,
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๊ทผ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ˜๋ก  ์ œ์‹œ๋ฅผ ์šฉ์ธํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ๋„
12:31
but to do so without denying or destroying the possibility of a common life tomorrow
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์žฅ๋ž˜์— ๊ณต์กดํ•  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ๋ถ€์ •ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ํŒŒ๊ดดํ•˜์ง€๋Š” ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:37
with the people that we think are standing in our way today.
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๋น„๋ก ์ง€๊ธˆ์€ ์ƒ๋Œ€๋ฐฉ์ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์•ž๊ธธ์„ ๊ฐ€๋กœ๋ง‰๊ณ  ์žˆ๋”๋ผ๋„ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
12:42
And in that sense, I think civility is actually closely related
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๋ฉด์—์„œ ์˜ˆ์˜ ๋ฐ”๋ฆ„์€ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋•๋ชฉ๊ณผ ๊ธด๋ฐ€ํžˆ ์—ฐ๊ด€๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:45
to another virtue, the virtue of courage.
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๋ฐ”๋กœ ์šฉ๊ธฐ๋ผ๋Š” ๋•๋ชฉ์ด์ฃ .
12:48
So mere civility is having the courage to make yourself disagreeable,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ตœ์†Œํ•œ์˜ ์˜ˆ์˜๋Š” ๋™์˜ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์„ ์šฉ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”.
12:54
and to stay that way,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ ์ƒํƒœ๋ฅผ ์œ ์ง€ํ•œ ์ฑ„๋กœ
12:56
but to do so while staying in the room
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๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ํŒŒ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์— ์žˆ๊ณ 
13:00
and staying present to your opponents.
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ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋จธ๋ฌด๋ฅด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:03
And it also means that, sometimes, calling bullshit on people's civility talk
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๋˜ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์˜ˆ์˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋…ผํ•  ๋•Œ ํ—›์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์•ผ๋ง๋กœ
13:08
is really the only civil thing to do.
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์‚ฌ์‹ค ์œ ์ผํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์˜ˆ์˜ ๋ฐ”๋ฅธ ํ–‰์œ„๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:11
At least that's what I think.
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์ ์–ด๋„ ์ €๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด์š”.
13:13
But look, if I've learned anything from studying the long history
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ, ๊ทธ ์˜ค๋žœ ์—ญ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๊ณต๋ถ€ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ญ”๊ฐ€ ๋ฐฐ์šด ๊ฒƒ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด
13:18
of religious tolerance in the 17th century, it's this:
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17์„ธ๊ธฐ์˜ ์ข…๊ต์  ๊ด€์šฉ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ์ด๊ฑธ ๊นจ๋‹ฌ์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:21
if you're talking about civility as a way to avoid an argument,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ๋…ผ์Ÿ์„ ํ”ผํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉํŽธ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ˆ์˜ ๋ฐ”๋ฆ„์— ๊ด€ํ•ด ๋งํ•˜๊ณ 
13:26
to isolate yourself in the more agreeable company
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๋” ์šฐํ˜ธ์ ์ธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค ์‚ฌ์ด์—์„œ ์ž์‹ ์„ ๊ณ ๋ฆฝ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ์ˆ˜๋‹จ์ด ๋˜์–ด
13:30
of the like-minded who already agree with you,
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๊ฐ™์€ ์ƒ๊ฐ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„ ์˜๊ฒฌ์— ๋™์˜ํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค๊ณผ ๋ฉ€์–ด์ง€๊ฑฐ๋‚˜
13:34
if you find yourself never actually speaking to anyone
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ํ˜น์€ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ํŒŒ์™€ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์ง„์ •ํ•œ ๋Œ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ 
13:38
who really, truly, fundamentally disagrees with you,
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์ •๋ง๋กœ ๊ทผ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค๊ณผ ์ „ํ˜€ ๋Œ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๋ฉด
13:42
well, you're doing civility wrong.
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๊ธ€์Ž„์š”, ๋‹น์‹ ์€ ์˜ˆ์˜ ๋ฐ”๋ฆ„์„ ์ž˜๋ชป ํ–‰ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:47
Thank you.
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๊ณ ๋ง™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:48
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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