Yuko Munakata: The science behind how parents affect child development | TED

473,331 views ใƒป 2021-06-02

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ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

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ืชืจื’ื•ื: Naama Lieberman ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Ido Dekkers
ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื
ืชืœืžื™ื“ื” ื‘ืื” ืืœื™ื™ ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ืฉื ื™ ื‘ืงื•ืจืก ืฉืœื™
ืขืœ ื”ื•ืจื•ืช ื•ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ื™ืœื“.
ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ืกืกื” ืœืจื’ืข ื•ืื– ื”ืชื•ื•ื“ืชื”,
00:13
A few years ago,
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00:14
a student came up to me after the second day of my class
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โ€œื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ื–ื” ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื™ ืžืื•ื“,
00:17
on parenting and child development.
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ืื‘ืœ ืงื™ื•ื•ื™ืชื™ ืฉื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืฉืœืš ื™ืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืื™ืžื ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ
00:20
She hesitated for a second and then she confessed,
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ืื ื™ื”ื™ื• ืœื™ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“โ€.
ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžืื•ื›ื–ื‘ืช.
00:24
"I'm really interested in this material,
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00:26
but I was hoping your class would help me to become a better parent
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ืขืžื“ื ื• ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืื™ืš ืœื”ื•ืจื™ื ืื™ืŸ ืฉืœื™ื˜ื”
00:30
if I have kids someday."
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ื‘ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื”ืื“ื ืฉื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ื™ื”ื™ื•.
00:32
She was disappointed.
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ื”ื™ื ืงืคืฆื” ืœืžืกืงื ื” ืฉื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืฉืœื™ ืœื ื™ืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื”.
00:34
We were going to talk about how parents do not have control
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00:38
in shaping who their children become.
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ื ืชืคืกืชื™ ืœื ืžื•ื›ื ื”.
ื”ืื ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืžื“ืข ืฉืœ ื”ื•ืจื•ืช ื•ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ื™ืœื“,
00:41
She jumped to the conclusion that my class wouldn't help her.
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ืœื ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ ืœื”ื•ืจื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื”?
00:46
I was caught off guard.
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ืื ื™ ืžืงื•ื•ื” ืฉื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืฉืœื™ ืฉื™ื ื” ืืช ื“ืขืชื”.
00:48
Would confronting the science of parenting and child development,
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ื”ื•ืจื™ื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืžื” ืฉื”ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื,
00:52
not be relevant to being a good parent?
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ื”ื•ืจื™ื ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ื•ื–ืงื ื™ื,
00:55
I hope that my class changed her mind.
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ืขืฉื™ืจื™ื ื•ืขื ื™ื™ื,
ื ืฉื•ืื™ื ื•ื’ืจื•ืฉื™ื.
00:59
Parents want what's best for their children,
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ื•ืกืคืจื™ ื”ื•ืจื•ืช ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื™ื ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืื™ืš ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช,
01:01
young and old parents,
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01:03
rich and poor,
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ืœื“ื•ืŸ ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ื”ืงืฉื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ืจื™ื ืžื—ืœื™ื˜ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื
01:05
married and divorced.
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01:07
And parenting books promise to show how to achieve the best outcomes,
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ื•ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื–ื”, ื’ื ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืœืžื” ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžืืชื ื• ื™ืฆื ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ื•ื.
01:12
to address the difficult decisions that parents face every day
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ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉืกืคืจื™ ื”ื•ืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื—ื™ื ืžืกืจื™ื ืกื•ืชืจื™ื.
01:17
and in the process, to reveal why each of us turned out the way we did.
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ื”ื•ืจื•ืช ื ืžืจ ืงืฉื•ื—ื” ืื• ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ืช?
01:23
The problem is that parenting books send conflicting messages.
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ื”ื•ืจื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื”ื”ื•ืœื ื“ื™ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืœื’ื“ืœ ืืช ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื”ืฉืžื—ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื
01:27
Tiger parenting or free-range parenting?
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ืื• ื›ืžื• ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืœื’ื“ืœ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืขืฆืžืื™ื?
01:31
Parent like the Dutch to raise the happiest kids in the world
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ื”ืžืกืจ ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ื”ื•ื ืฉืื ื”ื™ืœื“ ืฉืœื›ื ืœื ืžืฆืœื™ื—,
01:36
or like the Germans, to raise self-reliant children?
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ืืชื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืžืฉื”ื• ืœื ื ื›ื•ืŸ.
ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช.
01:40
The one consistent message is that if your child isn't succeeding,
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ื”ืžื“ืข ืชื•ืžืš ื‘ืžืกืจ ืื—ืจ ืœื’ืžืจื™
01:44
you're doing something wrong.
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ืฉื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืขืฆื™ื.
01:47
There's good news, though.
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ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœื ื‘ื ืื™ืš ื™ืœื“ ื™ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืขืชื™ื“,
01:48
The science supports a totally different message
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ืœืคื™ ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ืจื™ื• ืขืฉื•
01:52
that is ultimately empowering.
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ื–ื” ื›ืžื• ืœื ื‘ื ื”ื•ืจื™ืงืŸ
01:56
Trying to predict how a child will turn out
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ืžื ืคื ื•ืฃ ื›ื ืคื™ ืคืจืคืจ.
01:59
based on choices made by the parents
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ื”ืื ืืชื ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืคืจืคืจ,
02:02
is like trying to predict a hurricane
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ื”ืื—ื“ ื”ืคืชื’ืžื™, ืฉืžื ืคื ืฃ ื‘ื›ื ืคื™ื• ื‘ืกื™ืŸ,
02:05
from the flap of a butterfly's wings.
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ืฉืžืคืจื™ืข ืœืื˜ืžื•ืกืคืจื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžืกืคื™ืง ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืœื”ื–ื™ื– ืžืฉื‘ื™ ืจื•ื—
02:09
Do you know the butterfly,
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02:11
the proverbial one, that flaps its wings in China,
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ืฉืขื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉืžื™ื™ื ืžืขืœ ื—ื•ืคื™ื ื˜ืจื•ืคื™ื™ื ืœื‘ื ื™ื
02:14
perturbing the atmosphere just enough to shift wind currents
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ืžื’ื‘ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืชืื“ื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื ืžื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื‘ืกืคื™ืจืœื” ืฉืœ ืจื•ื—
02:19
that make their way to the skies over tropical white beaches
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ื•ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื”ื•ืจื™ืงืŸ ื‘ืงืจื™ื‘ื™ื™ื
ืฉื™ืฉื” ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ ื ืคื ื•ืฃ ื”ื›ื ืคื™ื™ื.
02:23
intensifying the water evaporating from the ocean in a spiral of wind
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ืื ืืชื ื”ื•ืจื™ื,
ืืชื ื”ืคืจืคืจ ืฉืžื ืคื ืฃ ื‘ื›ื ืคื™ื™ื.
02:28
and fueling a hurricane in the Caribbean
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02:31
six weeks after that flutter of wings.
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ื”ื™ืœื“ ืฉืœื›ื ื”ื•ื ื”ื”ื•ืจื™ืงืŸ, ื›ื•ื— ื˜ื‘ืข ืขื•ืฆืจ ื ืฉื™ืžื”.
02:34
If you are a parent,
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02:36
you are the butterfly flapping your wings.
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ืืชื ืชืขืฆื‘ื• ืืช ื”ืื“ื ืฉื™ืœื“ื›ื ื™ื”ื™ื”
ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ืคืจืคืจ ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืืช ื”ื”ื•ืจื™ืงืŸ
02:40
Your child is the hurricane, a breathtaking force of nature.
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ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช, ื‘ืœืชื™ ืฆืคื•ื™ื•ืช ืื‘ืœ ืขืฆืžืชื™ื•ืช.
02:45
You will shape the person your child becomes
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02:47
like the butterfly shapes the hurricane
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ื”ื”ื•ืจื™ืงืŸ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืงื™ื™ื ื‘ืœื™ ื”ืคืจืคืจ.
02:50
in complex, seemingly unpredictable but powerful ways.
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โ€œื—ื›ื™โ€œ, ืืชื ืื•ืœื™ ืฉื•ืืœื™ื,
ืžื” ืขื ื›ืœ ื”ื”ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื™ื ืขื ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื™ื
02:56
The hurricane wouldn't exist without the butterfly.
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ืื• ื”ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืงืฉื” ืœื”ื ืขื ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉืงืฉื” ืœื”ื?โ€
02:59
"Wait," you might ask,
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ืื•ืœื™ ื”ื ืžืจืื™ื ืืช ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืฉืœ ื”ื•ืจื•ืช.
03:01
what about all the successful parents with successful children
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืžืขื•ืฆื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืžืฉื•ืœื‘ื™ื,
03:04
or the struggling parents with struggling children?"
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03:07
They might seem to show the simple power of parenting.
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ื›ืžื• ื”ื•ืจื™ื ืžื•ืฆืœื—ื™ื, ื’ื ื™ื ืžื•ืฆืœื—ื™ื,
ืขืžื™ืชื™ื ืžื•ืฆืœื—ื™ื,
03:11
But children can be shaped by many forces that are often intertwined,
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ื•ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื ื’ื“ืœื•.
ื›ืš ืงืฉื” ืœื“ืขืช ืื™ืœื• ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืฉืคื™ืขื• ืขืœ ืžื™ ืฉื”ื™ืœื“ ื ื”ื™ื”.
03:16
like successful parents, successful genes,
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03:19
successful peers
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โ€œื˜ื•ื‘โ€œ, ืืชื ืื•ืœื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื,
03:20
and a culture of success that they grow up in.
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โ€œื›ืŸ, ืงืฉื” ืœื”ืคืจื™ื“ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ืœ ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืืคืฉืจื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื”,
03:23
This can make it hard to know which forces influence who children become.
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ืื‘ืœ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื ื—ืฉ ื ื™ื—ื•ืฉื™ื ื“ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื•ืจื™ืโ€œ.
03:27
"OK," you might think,
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ืื•ืœื™.
03:29
"yes, it's hard to pull apart all these possible forces,
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ื›ืžื” ืžื›ื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืื™ืš ืื•ืคื ื™ื™ื ืคื•ืขืœื™ื?
03:32
but we can make pretty good guesses about the importance of parents."
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ื ื›ื•ืŸ, ืจืื™ืชื ืื ืฉื™ื ืจื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ืื•ืคื ื™ื™ื
03:36
Perhaps.
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ืื•ืœื™ ืจื›ื‘ืชื ื‘ืขืฆืžื›ื
03:38
Well, how many of you know how a bicycle works?
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ืื• ืืคื™ืœื• ื ื™ืกื™ืชื ืœืœืžื“ ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืื—ืจ ืื™ืš ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”.
ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืžื• ื”ื•ืจื•ืช --
03:43
Right, you've seen people riding bikes,
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ืจืื™ืชื ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืขื•ืฉื” ืืช ื–ื”,
03:45
maybe you've ridden one yourself
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ืื•ืœื™ ืขืฉื™ืชื ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ืขืฆืžื›ื
03:47
or even tried to teach someone else how to do it.
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ืื• ืืคื™ืœื• ื ื™ืกื™ืชื ืœืœืžื“ ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืื—ืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”.
03:50
Just like parenting --
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื™ื ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืœืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื.
03:52
you've seen people doing it,
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03:53
maybe you've done it yourself
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ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืื™ืš ืื•ืคื ื™ื™ื ืคื•ืขืœื™ื,
03:55
or even tried to teach someone else how to do it.
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ื ื“ืžื” ืœื ื• ืฉื‘ืจืืฉ ืฉืœื ื• ื™ืฉ ืžืฉื”ื• ื›ื–ื”.
03:58
We can feel confident about what we know.
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ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืงืฉื•ืจ ืœืคื“ืœื™ื, ืœืฉืจืฉืจืช ื•ืœื’ืœื’ืœื™ื.
04:02
When we say we know how a bicycle works,
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04:04
we think we have something in our heads like this.
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืฉืžื‘ืงืฉื™ื ืžืื ืฉื™ื ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืื™ืš ืื•ืคื ื™ื™ื ืคื•ืขืœื™ื,
04:08
Something that relates the pedals to the chain and to the wheels.
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ื”ื ืžืคื™ืงื™ื ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ื ื›ืืœื”.
04:13
But when you ask people to explain how a bicycle works,
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ื•ื›ืืœื”.
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
04:17
they produce drawings like this.
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ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืื™ืŸ ืžื•ืฉื’ ืื™ืš ืื•ืคื ื™ื™ื ืคื•ืขืœื™ื.
ืื• ืจื•ื›ืกื ื™ื ืื• ืงืฉืช ื‘ืขื ืŸ,
04:22
And like this.
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04:23
(Laughter)
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ืื• ืืคื™ืœื• ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืฉื”ื ืžืชื•ื•ื›ื—ื™ื ืขืœื™ื”ื ื‘ืœื”ื˜.
04:25
People have no idea how bicycles work.
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ื›ืฉืœื•ื—ืฆื™ื ืขืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืื™ืš ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื,
04:29
Or zippers or rainbows,
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ื”ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืœื ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื™ื.
04:32
or even topics they argue passionately about.
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ืื ืื›ืคืช ืœื ื• ืžืžืฉื”ื• ื›ืžื• ื”ื•ืจื•ืช,
04:36
When you push people to explain how these things work,
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ืื• ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื™ื ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื–ื”,
ื–ื” ืœื ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ืืช ื–ื”.
04:39
they usually can't.
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04:41
Just caring about something, like parenting,
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ื•ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื›ื•ืœื ืฆื•ื“ืงื™ื ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ื•ืจื•ืช,
04:45
or feeling confident about it,
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ื‘ื”ืชื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ื”ืื“ื™ืจื” ืฉืชืคื™ืกื•ืช ื”ืฉืชื ื•.
04:47
doesn't guarantee that we understand it.
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ืื™ืžื”ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉืœ ืฆื™ื™ื“ื™ื-ืœืงื˜ื™ื
04:49
And everyone can't possibly be right about how parenting works,
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ื”ืฆื˜ืขืจื• ื›ืฉื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉืœื”ืŸ ื ื—ืชื›ื•
04:53
given how wildly beliefs have varied.
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ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืฉื™ื—ืงื• ื‘ืกื›ื™ื ื™ื,
ืื‘ืœ ื”ืŸ ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืฉื”ื—ืชื›ื™ื ืฉื•ื•ื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉ ืœื—ืงื•ืจ.
04:57
Mothers in a hunter-gatherer society
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04:59
regretted when their children cut themselves themselves
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ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืชื•ืš ื—ื‘ืจื” ื›ืžื• ืฉืœื ื•,
05:02
while playing with knives,
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ื”ื•ืจื•ืช ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžื•ืฉื’ ืจื•ื•ื— ืขื“ ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืฉื‘ืขื™ื.
05:04
but they thought the cuts were worth the freedom to explore.
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ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืŸ, ื”ื•ืจื™ื ืœื ื ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืžืขืฆื‘ื™ื ืคืขื™ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืขืชื™ื“ ืฉืœ ื™ืœื“ื™ื”ื.
05:08
Even within one society like ours,
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05:11
parenting wasn't a common term until the 1970s.
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื ื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช,
ืื ืฉื™ื ืื•ืœื™ ื™ืกืชื›ืœื• ืขืœ ื”ืชืคื™ืกื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ื
05:15
Before then, parents weren't viewed as active shapers of children's futures.
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ื•ื™ืจื’ื™ืฉื• ื”ืžื•ืžื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืžื•ื ื•
ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืฉื•ืžืขื™ื ืขืœ ื–ืžื ื™ื ื•ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ื.
05:21
Years from now,
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05:22
people may look back on today's views
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ื”ืžื“ืข ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื”ื•ืจื™ื,
05:25
and feel just as amazed as we feel
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ื•ืœื”ื•ืจื™ื ืœืขืชื™ื“ ื›ืžื• ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื” ืฉืœื™,
05:27
when hearing about other times and places.
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ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ื ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ืžืขืฆื‘ื™ื ืืช ืžื™ ืฉื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ื™ื”ื™ื•.
05:31
The science could help parents,
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ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื ื—ืงืจื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืกื‘ืš ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืžืขืฆื‘ื™ื
05:33
and potential parents like my student,
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05:36
to understand how they actually shape who their children become.
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ืฉื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืžืฉื•ืœื‘ื™ื ื–ื” ื‘ื–ื”.
ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืืœื” ืขืงื‘ื• ืื—ืจ ืชืื•ืžื™ื ื–ื”ื™ื ื•ืœื ื–ื”ื™ื
05:40
Millions of children have been studied to disentangle all those shaping forces
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ื•ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืื—ืจื™ ืื—ื™ื
05:44
that are usually intertwined.
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ืฉื’ื“ืœื• ื™ื—ื“ ืื• ืฉืื•ืžืฆื• ื•ื’ื“ืœื• ื‘ื ืคืจื“.
05:47
These studies follow identical twins and fraternal twins
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ื•ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉื’ื ืื ื”ื ื’ื“ืœื™ื ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื™ืช
05:51
and plain old siblings
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05:53
growing up together or adopted and raised apart.
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ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืœื ื“ื•ืžื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ื‘ืžื™ื“ืช ื”ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืฉืœื”ื,
05:57
And it turns out that growing up in the same home
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ืื• ื‘ืžื™ื“ืช ื”ืื•ืฉืจ ืื• ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืœืื”.
06:02
does not make children noticeably more alike in how successful they are,
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ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืฉืœืื—ืจ ื”ืœื™ื“ื” ื”ื™ื• ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ืืชื›ื
ื•ืžื’ื“ืœื™ื ืืชื›ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืœื™ื“ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืžืฉืžืืœ
06:07
or how happy or self-reliant and so on.
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ื•ื”ืื— ืื• ื”ืื—ื•ืช ืฉืœื›ื ื”ื™ื• ื’ื“ืœื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืœื™ื“
06:11
Imagine if you had been taken from birth
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืžื™ืžื™ืŸ,
06:13
and raised next door by the family to the left
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ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืœืœื™, ื–ื” ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื’ื•ืจื ืœื›ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื“ื•ืžื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื• ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ
06:17
and your brother or sister had been raised next door
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ืžืืฉืจ ืื ื”ื™ื™ืชื ื’ื“ืœื™ื ื™ื—ื“ ืชื—ืช ืื•ืชื” ืงื•ืจืช ื’ื’.
06:19
by the family to the right,
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06:22
by and large, that would have made you no more similar or different
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ืžืฆื“ ืื—ื“, ื”ืžืžืฆืื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื ืจืื™ื ืœื ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื.
ืชื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืžื‘ืชื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื
06:26
than growing up together under the same roof.
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ื•ืขืœ ื›ืžื” ื”ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ืื ื”ื ื›ืžื• ื”ืœื™ืงื•ืคื˜ืจ
06:31
On the one hand, these findings seem unbelievable.
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ื•ื›ืžื” ื”ื ืžืจืขื™ืคื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ืื”ื‘ื”.
06:34
Think about all the ways that parents differ from home to home
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื–ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืžืกืคื™ืง
06:37
and how often they argue and whether they helicopter
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉื’ื“ืœื™ื ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื™ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื“ื•ืžื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ
06:41
and how much they shower their children with love.
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ืžืืฉืจ ืื ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ื’ื“ืœื™ื ื‘ื ืคืจื“.
ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืœื.
06:44
You would think that would matter enough
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ื‘-2015 , ืžื˜ื”-ืื ืœื™ื–ื”,
06:46
to make children growing up in the same home more alike
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ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืœ ืžื—ืงืจื™ื,
06:49
than if they had been raised apart.
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ืžืฆื ืืช ื”ืชื‘ื ื™ืช ื”ื–ื• ืœืจื•ื—ื‘ ืืœืคื™ ืžื—ืงืจื™ื
06:52
But it doesn't.
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ืฉืขืงื‘ื• ืื—ืจื™ 14 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื–ื•ื’ื•ืช ืชืื•ืžื™ื ื‘-39 ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช.
06:54
In 2015, a meta analysis,
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06:56
a study of studies,
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06:58
found this pattern across thousands of studies
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ื”ื ืžื“ื“ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-17,000 ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช.
07:01
following over 14 million twin pairs across 39 countries.
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ื•ื”ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื”ืกื™ืงื•
ืฉื›ืœ ืื—ืช ืžื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ื”ื™ื ืชื•ืจืฉืชื™ืช.
07:07
They measured over 17,000 outcomes.
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ืื– ื’ื ื™ื ืžืฉืคื™ืขื™ื ืขืœ ืžื™ ืฉื™ืœื“ื™ื ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช.
07:10
And the researchers concluded
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ืื‘ืœ ื’ื ื™ื ืœื ืžืกื‘ื™ืจื™ื ื”ื›ื•ืœ.
07:12
that every single one of those outcomes is heritable.
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ื’ื ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื”,
ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžืฉื”ื• ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”
07:16
So genes influence who children become.
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ืฉืœื ื’ืจื ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉื’ื“ืœื• ื™ื—ื“ ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื™ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื“ื•ืžื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ.
07:19
But genes didn't explain everything.
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07:21
The environment mattered too,
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ื™ืฉ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื”ืกืชื›ืœื• ืขืœ ื”ืžืžืฆืื™ื ื”ืืœื”
07:23
just something in the environment
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ื•ื”ืกื™ืงื• ืฉื”ื•ืจื•ืช ืœื ืžืฉื ื”.
07:25
that didn't shape children growing up in the same home to be more alike.
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ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื ืื•ืชื• ืื“ื ืฉืืชื ื”ื™ื•ื,
07:30
Some people have looked at these findings
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ื•ืœื ืžืฉื ื” ืžื™ ื’ื™ื“ืœ ืืชื›ื.
07:33
and concluded that parenting doesn't matter.
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ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™,
ื•ื‘ืืžืช, ืื ื™ ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื’ื™ื“, ืžืฆื“ื“ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื,
07:36
That you would have become the same person you are today,
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ื›ื™ ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืกื™ื™ื’ื™ื ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื–ื”,
07:39
regardless of who raised you.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ืืชืžืงื“ ื‘ืื—ื“.
07:41
On the other hand,
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ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™,
07:43
and really, I should say on the other hands,
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ื”ืžืžืฆืื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืœื ืžื–ืขื–ืขื™ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš.
07:45
because there are many caveats to that story,
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ืื ืชื—ืฉื‘ื• ืื™ืš ืื•ืชื ื”ื•ืจื™ื
07:48
but I'll focus on one.
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ืžืขืฆื‘ื™ื ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื•ืช.
07:50
On the other hand,
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07:51
these findings are not all that shocking.
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ื™ืœื“ื” ืื—ืช ืื•ืœื™ ื–ืงื•ืงื” ืœืื™ืžื ืฉืชืกืคืง ืžืกื’ืจืช.
07:54
If you think about how the same parent
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ืื—ื•ืชื” ืื•ืœื™ ืชืจื’ื™ืฉ ืฉื–ื” ืžื—ื ื™ืง.
07:57
could shape different children in different ways.
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ื™ืœื“ ืื—ื“ ืื•ืœื™ ื™ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉืœื”ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœื• ืื›ืคืช
08:01
One child might find it helpful when her mother provides structure.
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ื›ืฉื”ื ืฉื•ืืœื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืœื•.
ืื—ื™ื• ืื•ืœื™ ื™ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉื”ื ื—ื˜ื˜ื ื™ื™ื.
08:05
Her sister might find it's stifling.
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ื™ืœื“ ืื—ื“ ืื•ืœื™ ื™ืจืื” ื‘ื’ื™ืจื•ืฉื™ื ื˜ืจื’ื“ื™ื”,
08:08
One child might think his parents are caring
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉืื—ื•ืชื• ืชื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉื–ื• ื”ืงืœื”.
08:10
when they ask questions about his friends.
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08:12
His brother might think they're being nosy.
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ืื•ืชื• ืื™ืจื•ืข, ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ืฉื•ื ื”.
08:14
One child might view a divorce as a tragedy,
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08:17
while his sister sees it as a relief.
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ื‘ืขืœื™ ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื•ื•ื™ื ื• ืืช ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ืœืคื ื™ 20 ืฉื ื”
08:21
Same event, different experience.
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ื›ืฉื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ื” 30,000 ืจื’ืœ ืžืขืœ ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื”ืื˜ืœื ื˜ื™,
ื‘ื˜ื™ืกื” ืžืฉื™ืงื’ื• ืœืฉื˜ื•ืงื”ื•ืœื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืขืœ ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ืžื—ืงืจ.
08:25
My husband and I experienced this concept 20 years ago
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ื”ื“ื™ื™ืœื™ื ืคื™ื ื• ืืช ืžื’ืฉื™ ืืจื•ื—ืช ื”ืขืจื‘,
08:29
when we were 30,000 feet over the Atlantic,
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ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืชื›ื•ื ื ื• ืœืœื›ืช ืœื™ืฉื•ืŸ.
08:32
flying from Chicago to Stockholm to work on a research project.
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ื ื›ื ืกื ื• ืœืื–ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื›ื™ืกื™ ืื•ื•ื™ืจ
ื•ื›ืžื” ื ืขืจื™ื ืฆื”ืœื• ื‘ื”ืชืจื’ืฉื•ืช.
08:36
The flight attendants were clearing the dinner trays,
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08:39
people were getting ready to sleep.
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ื•ืื– ืคืชืื•ื, ื”ืžื˜ื•ืก ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืฆื ื•ื—,
08:42
We hit a patch of bumpy air
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ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื•ืขื’ืœื•ืช ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืคื’ืขื• ื‘ืชืงืจื”.
08:44
and a bunch of teenagers whooped in excitement.
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ื ืจืื” ืฉื”ืžื˜ื•ืก ืžืชื™ื™ืฆื‘,
08:47
Then all of a sudden, the plane was plummeting,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื– ื”ื•ื ืฉื•ื‘ ืฆื ื—.
ืคื ืœื™ื ื‘ืชืงืจื” ืขืคื• ืœืžืขืœื” ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืชืื™ื,
08:50
children and food carts hit the ceiling.
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ื•ื”ื—ื™ื•ื•ื˜ ื ื—ืฉืฃ.
08:53
The plane seemed to stabilize,
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08:55
but then plummeted again.
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ืฉื‘ืจื™ื ื ืคืœื• ืขืœื™ื ื•.
08:57
The ceiling panels flew up into their compartments from the force,
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืฆืจื—ื• ื•ื‘ื›ื•.
ื”ืžื˜ื•ืก ืฆื ื— ืฉื•ื‘.
09:01
revealing wiring inside.
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09:03
Debris came crumbling down on us.
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ืื—ืจื™ ื ืฆื—, ื”ื˜ื™ื™ืก ื”ื›ืจื™ื–,
09:06
People were screaming and sobbing.
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โ€œืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืžื” ื–ื” ื”ื™ื”.
09:08
The plane plummeted again.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืžื” ืขื•ื“ ื™ื’ื™ืข. ื”ื™ืฉืืจื• ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื›ืโ€œ.
09:11
After an eternity, the pilot came on and announced,
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ื‘ืขืœื™ ื™ืฆื ืžื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ื‘ื”ืจื’ืฉื” ืฉืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ื”ื ื ื•ืจื ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื™ื.
09:15
"We don't know what that was.
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09:17
We don't know what's coming. Stay in your seats."
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
09:20
My husband came away from that experience feeling like planes are incredibly safe.
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ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ืชืขื•ืคื” ืฉืœื—ื” ืžื›ืชื‘ ื•ื™ื™ื“ืขื” ืื•ืชื ื• ืฉืœื ืกืชื ื ืคืœื ื•
ืœืื•ืจืš ืืœืคื™ ืจื’ืœ ืฉืœ ื›ื™ืกื™ ืื•ื•ื™ืจ.
09:27
(Laughter)
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09:30
The airline sent a letter informing us that we hadn't simply been falling
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ืขืœ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืก ืคืขืœื• ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-2G.
ืœืžื“ื ื• ืฉืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื—ื–ืงื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ.
09:35
across those thousands of feet of clear air turbulence.
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09:38
The plane had been subjected to forces greater than 2G.
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ืื– ื‘ืขืœื™ ืžืจื’ื™ืฉ ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืœื˜ื•ืก.
ื ืจืื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ืืžืช ืœื ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ืื—ืจืช.
09:42
We learned that planes can withstand forces many times larger.
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ืื ื™ ืžื‘ื™ื ื” ืืช ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ, ืื‘ืœ ืจืง ืชื™ืื•ืจื˜ื™ืช.
09:47
So my husband feels safe flying.
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09:49
He seems genuinely baffled by how anyone could feel otherwise.
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ืžืื– ืื ื™ ืœื ืžืกื•ื’ืœืช ืœื˜ื•ืก ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืฆื•ืจื”.
ืื•ืชื• ืื™ืจื•ืข, ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ืฉื•ื ื”.
09:54
I get that concept, but only in the abstract.
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ืจืง ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืื™ืจื•ืข ืœื ืžืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืฆื•ืจื”,
09:58
I've never been able to fly the same way since.
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ื–ื” ืœื ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื• ื”ืฉืคืขื”.
10:01
Same event, different experience.
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ื”ื”ื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื›ื ืื•ืœื™ ืžืขืฆื‘ืช ืืช ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉืœื›ื,
10:05
Just because an event doesn't shape people in the same way,
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ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื ื‘ื“ืจืš ืฉืชื”ืคื•ืš ืื•ืชื ื“ื•ืžื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ.
10:09
that doesn't mean it had no effect.
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ื”ื”ื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื›ื ืื•ืœื™ ืชื’ืจื•ื ืœื™ืœื“ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืจืฆื™ื ื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ,
10:11
Your parenting could be shaping your children,
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ื•ืœื™ืœื“ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืจื’ื•ืข ื™ื•ืชืจ.
10:14
just not in ways that lead them to become more alike.
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ื”ื™ืœื“ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ืžื•ื›ื,
10:18
Your parenting could be leading your first child to become more serious,
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ื”ื™ืœื“ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื” ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ.
10:22
your second child to become more relaxed.
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ืืชื ืžื ืคื ืคื™ื ื‘ื›ื ืคื™ ื”ืคืจืคืจ ืœื™ืœื“ื™ ื”ื”ื•ืจื™ืงืŸ ืฉืœื›ื.
10:25
Your first child to want to be like you,
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10:27
your second child to want to be nothing like you.
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ื–ื• ืœื ื”ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉื‘ื” ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ.
10:30
You are flapping your butterfly wings to your hurricane children.
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ืื™ืŸ ื›ืืŸ ืขืฆื•ืช ืคืฉื•ื˜ื•ืช.
ืื™ืš ืกืคืจื™ ื”ื•ืจื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืื™ืš ืœื’ื“ืœ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื™ื, ืฉืžื—ื™ื,
10:36
This isn't how we typically think about parenting.
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ืขืฆืžืื™ื™ื,
10:38
It doesn't make for simple advice.
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ืื ืื•ืชื” ื”ื•ืจื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช
10:41
How could parenting books tell people how to raise successful, happy,
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ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื™ืช?
ื‘ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ื–ื•, ืืชื ืื•ืœื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื,
10:45
self-reliant children,
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ื›ืžื• ืฉืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ื›ื™ืชื” ืฉืœื™ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืœืคืขืžื™ื,
10:47
if the same parenting can lead to different outcomes
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โ€œืื•ืงื™ื™, ื”ื‘ื ื•.
10:50
for children in the same home?
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ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื–ื” ืžืกื•ื‘ืš.
10:52
At this point, you might be thinking,
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ื•ืื•ืœื™ ืœื ืฉื•ื•ื” ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืืช ื–ื” ื›ื™ ื–ื” ืžืกื•ื‘ืš ืžื“ื™โ€œ.
10:54
like students in my class sometimes say,
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10:56
"OK, we get it.
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ืื‘ืœ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื—ืœืฅ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืžืชื•ืš ื”ื›ืื•ืก.
10:58
development is complicated.
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11:00
And maybe it's not worth studying because it's too complicated."
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ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื ืื™ืš ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืžื’ื•ืฉ ืจื•ืคืก ื›ื–ื”
11:04
But meaning can be made from chaos.
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ืœื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ืขืฆืžืื™ื™ื ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื, ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื, ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื, ืžืชื—ื‘ืจื™ื.
11:08
Scientists now understand how babies go from these apparent lumps
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ื”ื ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ืืช ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื–ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ ืžืกืคื™ืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชืขืจื‘,
11:13
to become walking, talking, thinking, social independent beings.
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ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ื™ืœื•ื“ื™ื, ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”,
ื•ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ืžื—ืœื” ื’ื ื˜ื™ืช ืฉืคืขื ื’ืจืžื” ืœืคื™ื’ื•ืจ ืฉื›ืœื™.
11:20
They understand this process well enough to intervene,
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ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืžืคืชื—ื™ื ื”ื‘ื ื” ืืคื™ืœื• ืขื•ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืชื•ื—ื›ืžืช
11:23
to test newborns, for example,
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11:25
and treat them for a genetic condition that used to lead to mental retardation.
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ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื•ืจื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื”ืขืชื™ื“ ืฉืœ ื™ืœื“ื™ื”ื.
ื”ืžื“ืข ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืœื ื• ื”ืจื‘ื”.
11:31
Scientists are developing ever more sophisticated understanding
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ื™ื’ืœื” ืœื ื• ื”ื›ื•ืœ.
11:34
of how parents could shape their children's futures.
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ืื– ืžื” ื ืขืฉื” ืขื ื–ื”?
ืจืืฉื™ืช, ื“ืขื• ืฉื”ื”ื•ืจื™ื ืžืฉืคื™ืขื™ื.
11:39
Science can tell us a lot.
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11:41
But it will never tell us everything.
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ื–ื” ื ืจืื” ืื•ืœื™ ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืืœื™ื•,
ืื‘ืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื ืื—ืจืช,
11:44
So what can we do with this?
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ื•ืžื” ืฉื ืจืื” ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืืœื™ื• ืœื ืชืžื™ื“ ื ื›ื•ืŸ, ื›ืžื• ืฉืจืื™ื ื•.
11:46
First, know that parents matter.
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ืฉื ื™ืช, ื“ืขื• ืฉื”ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื•ืจื™ื ืžืฉืคื™ืขื™ื ื”ื•ื ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ื•ืงืฉื” ืœืฆืคื•ืช ืื•ืชื•.
11:50
That might seem obvious,
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11:51
but smart people are arguing otherwise,
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11:54
and what seems obvious is not always true, as we've seen.
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ืœื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืคืขื ื”ื•ืจื”, ืชืคืกื™ืงื• ืœื”ืืฉื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื›ื,
11:57
Second, know that how parents matter is complex and difficult to predict.
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ื›ืื™ืœื• ืฉืืชื ืฉื•ืœื˜ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืžืกืข ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉืœื›ื.
12:03
For anyone who has ever been a parent, stop blaming yourself,
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ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ื”ืฉืคืขื”,
ืื‘ืœ ืื™ืŸ ืœื›ื ืฉืœื™ื˜ื”.
ืœื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืคืขื ื™ืœื“,
12:08
as if you are in control of your child's path.
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ืชืคืกื™ืงื• ืœื”ืืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ื”ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœื›ื.
12:12
You have influence,
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
12:13
but you don't have control.
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ืœืคื—ื•ืช ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืœืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืืชื ืžื•ื’ื“ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื.
12:15
For anyone who has ever been a child,
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ืชืคืกื™ืงื• ืœื”ืืฉื™ื ื”ื•ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื.
12:18
stop blaming your parents.
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12:20
(Laughter)
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ืกืงืจ ืžื”ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืืœืคื™ ื”ื•ืจื™ื ืžืฆื ืฉ-90 ืื—ื•ื– ืžื”ืื™ืžื”ื•ืช
12:22
At least for the idea that you are defined by them.
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ื•-85 ืื—ื•ื– ืžื”ืื‘ื•ืช ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืฉืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื ืื•ืชื.
12:26
Stop blaming other parents.
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12:28
A recent survey of thousands of parents revealed that 90 percent of mothers
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ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœืžื—ืฆื™ืช ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืฉืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื ืื•ืชื ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืื• ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ
ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื”ื ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ื•ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื–ืจื™ื ื’ืžื•ืจื™ื.
12:33
and 85 percent of fathers feel judged.
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12:36
Close to half feel judged all the time or nearly all the time
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ื”ืฉื™ืคื•ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื”ื–ื• ื‘ื˜ื— ืœื ืžืฉืงืคืช ืืช ืžื” ืฉื”ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื.
12:40
by people they know and by complete strangers.
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ืื™ืš ืืคืฉืจ, ื‘ื”ืชื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืฉืชื ื” ืžื”ื•ืชื™ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื
ื•ืœืื•ืจืš ื–ืžืŸ?
12:45
These judgments probably don't reflect what's best for the kids.
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ื•ื‘ื”ืชื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ื–ื” ืฉืื•ืชื ื”ื•ืจื™ื ืžืขืฆื‘ื™ื ื™ืœื“ื™ื
12:48
How could they, given how profoundly parenting has varied around the world
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ืชื—ืช ืื•ืชื” ืงื•ืจืช ื’ื’ ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื›ืœ ื›ืš.
12:52
and across time?
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ืืคื™ืœื• ื›ืฉื”ื•ืจื™ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื™ื˜ื‘, ื”ื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืกืคืง ืืช ื›ื•ืœื.
12:54
And given how the same parents can shape children
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ืื™ืŸ ืžืกืคื™ืง ื–ืžืŸ.
12:57
under the same roof in such different ways.
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13:00
Even when parents try their best, they can't satisfy everybody.
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ื–ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืœื”ื•ืจื™ ื“ืจืงื•ืŸ.
13:04
There's only so much time.
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ื”ืกื•ืคืจืช, ืืžื™ืœื™ ืจืืค, ื”ื’ืชื” ืืช ื”ืžื•ืฉื’ ื”ื–ื”
13:08
This is especially true for dragon parents.
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ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื”ืชื™ื ื•ืง ืฉืœื” ืื•ื‘ื—ืŸ ืขื ืžื—ืœืช ื˜ืื™-ื–ืงืก.
13:14
The author, Emily Rapp, came up with this term
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ื”ื™ื ื™ื“ืขื” ืื– ืฉืจื•ื ืŸ ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ื™ืœืš ืื• ื™ื“ื‘ืจ.
13:17
after her baby was diagnosed with Tay-Sachs disease.
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ื”ื•ื ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœื•ื•ื“ืื™ ื™ืžื•ืช ืœืคื ื™ ื’ื™ืœ ืืจื‘ืข.
13:22
She knew then that Ronan would never walk or talk.
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ืœื ื™ื“ืขืชื™
13:27
He would likely die before turning four.
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ืฉื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื’ื ื”ื’ื•ืจืœ ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืŸ ื”ื‘ื›ื•ืจ ืฉืœื™.
13:33
I did not know
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ื”ื•ื ื ื•ืœื“ ืขื ืžื—ืœื”
ืฉืžื•ื ืขืช ืžื”ืžืขื™ื™ื ืœืกืคื•ื’ ื—ื•ืžืจื™ ืžื–ื•ืŸ
13:36
that this could also be the fate of my firstborn son.
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ืื• ืžื™ื ืœื’ื•ืฃ.
ื”ืžื—ืœื” ืคื•ื’ืขืช ื‘ืื—ื“ ืžื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช.
13:42
He was born with a condition
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13:44
that prevents the intestine from absorbing nutrients
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ืื—ื“ ืžื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ.
13:47
or water for the body.
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ื”ื™ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื ื“ื™ืจื”
13:50
It affects one in five million babies.
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ืฉืจื•ืคื ืื—ื“ ื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ื ื•ื— ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืœื ื• ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื ื™ื“ืคืง
ืื ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืชื™ื ื•ืง ืฉืœื ื•.
13:54
One in five million.
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13:57
It is so rare
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื–ื” ืฉื ืืœืฅ ืœืžืกื•ืจ ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื”ืจืขื•ืช ืื—ืจ ื›ืš.
13:58
that one doctor felt confident telling us that we would be screwed
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ืœื”ื•ืจื™ ื“ืจืงื•ืŸ ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื” ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืขืœ ื”ื•ืจื•ืช,
14:02
if that's what our baby had.
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ืืคื™ืœื• ื›ืฉื”ื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ื™ืžื•ืชื• ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื,
14:05
He was the one who had to break the news to us later.
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ืื• ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœื™,
ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ืžื•ืฉื’ ืื ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืง ืฉืœื ื• ื™ื—ื™ื”.
14:10
Dragon parents have a lot to say about parenting,
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14:13
even though they know their children will die young,
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ืืžื™ืœื™ ืจืืค ื›ืชื‘ื”,
14:16
or in my case,
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โ€œืœื ื ืฉืœื— ืืช ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ืœืขืชื™ื“ ืžื–ื”ื™ืจ ื•ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื—,
14:17
even if we have no idea whether our babies will live.
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14:21
Emily Rapp wrote,
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ืืœื ื ืœื•ื•ื” ืื•ืชื ืœืžื•ื•ืช ื”ืžืชืงืจื‘.โ€
14:24
"We will not launch our children into a bright and promising future,
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ื–ื” ื“ื•ืจืฉ ืขื•ืฆืžื” ื—ื“ืฉื”,
ืฆื•ืจืช ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื—ื“ืฉื”, ื—ื™ื” ื—ื“ืฉื”.
14:29
but see them into early graves."
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื”ื•ืจื™ ื“ืจืงื•ืŸ,
14:33
This requires a new ferocity,
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ืืžื™ืฆื™ื ื•ื ืืžื ื™ื ื•ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ื ื•ืจื.
14:36
a new way of thinking, a new animal.
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ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ืœื™ืžื“ื• ืื•ืชื ื• ืื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ื•ืจื™ื ื›ืืŸ ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื•,
14:40
We are dragon parents,
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14:42
fierce and loyal and loving as hell.
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ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ื”ื•ืจื•ืช,
ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ืฉื‘ืžืขืฉื” ืขืฆืžื•.
14:47
Our experiences have taught us how to parent for the here and now,
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ื”ื•ืจื•ืช, ื”ื’ืขืชื™ ืœื”ื‘ื ื”, ื”ื™ื ืœืื”ื•ื‘ ืืช ื”ื™ืœื“ ืฉืœื™ ื”ื™ื•ื,
14:52
for the sake of parenting,
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14:54
for the humanity implicit in the act itself.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•.
ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืœื›ืœ ื”ื•ืจื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื, ื–ื” ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื™ืฉ.
14:58
Parenting, I've come to understand, is about loving my child today,
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15:04
now.
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ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืฉื”ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื™ ื‘ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ื™ืœื“
15:06
In fact, for any parent anywhere, that's all there is.
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ืชืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื™ ืœื”ืชื›ื•ื ืŸ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ื•ืจื”.
ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื–ื”, ื›ืฉื ืขืฉื™ืชื™ ืœื”ื•ืจื” ืจืื™ืชื™ ืืช ื”ืžื“ืข ื‘ืื•ืจ ื—ื“ืฉ ืœื’ืžืจื™.
15:13
I had thought that my expertise in child development
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15:15
would help prepare me for becoming a parent.
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ืื– ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช, ืชืขืจื™ื›ื• ืืช ื”ื›ื•ื— ืฉืœ ืจื’ืขื™ื
15:19
Instead, becoming a parent helped me to see the science in a whole new light.
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ืœื›ื ื•ืœื™ืœื“ ืฉืœื›ื ื‘ืจื’ืข ื–ื”,
15:24
So third, appreciate how powerful the moments can be
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ืœื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืœื™ืœื“ื›ื ื‘ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ืืจื•ืš,
ืฉืื•ืชื” ืืชื ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื.
15:30
because of what they mean for you and your child right now,
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ื”ืคืขื™ืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ืื ื“ืจื• ืกื•ืœื•ืžื•ืŸ ืืžืจ,
15:34
not because of what they mean for your child long term,
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โ€œืขืœ ืืฃ ืฉืจื‘ื™ื ืžืื™ืชื ื• ืžืชื’ืื™ื ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืžื”ื”ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœื ื•,
15:37
which you do not know.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืขืฆื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืœื™ ืกื•ืฃ ืขืœ ื›ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืžืื™ืชื ื•โ€œ.
15:40
The activist Andrew Solomon noted,
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15:43
"Though many of us take pride in how different we are from our parents,
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ืื•ืœื™ ื ื”ื™ื” ืขืฆื•ื‘ื™ื ืคื—ื•ืช ืื ื ื”ื™ื” ืžืฆื™ืื•ืชื™ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ,
15:47
we are endlessly sad at how different our children are from us."
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ืื ื ื™ืคืจื“ ืžื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ
ืฉื”ืขืชื™ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืฉืœื™ื˜ืชื ื•.
15:52
Maybe we could be less sad if we were more realistic,
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ืื ื ืฆืœื™ื— ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•
15:56
if we let go of the notion
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ื ืฉื ื” ืืช ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ืฉืœื ื• ืœื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ื-ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื•ืจื•ืช
15:58
that our children's futures are in our control.
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16:01
If we can embrace the complexity of our children's development
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ื•ื”ื”ืขืฆืžื” ื”ื–ื• ืชื’ืจื•ื ืœื ื• ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ืžื” ืขื•ื“ ื™ืฉ ื‘ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื™ืœื“
16:05
that can transform how we approach those parenting decisions we face each day
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ื”ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืชื•ืฆืื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช.
ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ,
16:10
and empower us to realize how much more there is to having a child
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ื•ืื ื™ ืžืขืจื™ื›ื” ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ื‘ืจื’ืขื™ื ืขื ื”ื‘ืŸ ื”ื‘ื›ื•ืจ ืฉืœื™,
16:14
than trying to shape a specific outcome.
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ืฉืžืฉื’ืฉื’
16:17
So much more,
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ื•ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืื—ื™ื• ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ
16:19
which I appreciate every day in moments with my firstborn son,
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ื•ื”ืžืกืข ื”ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ ืฉืœื”ื.
ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื“ืคื•ืงื™ื.
16:24
who is thriving
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
16:26
and with his younger brother
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ื”ืžื“ืข ืฉืœ ื”ื•ืจื™ื ื•ื™ืœื“ื™ื,
16:28
and the unique paths they are taking.
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ืคืจืคืจื™ื ื•ื”ื”ื•ืจื™ืงื ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื,
16:31
We are not screwed.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฉื—ืจืจ ืื ืฉื™ื ืœื”ืชืžืงื“ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
16:34
(Laughter)
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16:36
The science of parents and children,
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ื•ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•.
16:38
butterflies and their hurricanes,
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ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื•ืจื•ืช
16:41
can free people to focus on what is most important
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ื•ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื™ืœื“ื•ืชื ื•
16:45
and meaningful in our lives.
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ืœืจืืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ื•ืžืกืคืงืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื›ืœ ื”ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื.
16:47
This can make the experience of being a parent
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ื•ื–ื”, ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช, ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ ืžืื•ื“ ืœื”ื•ืจื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื”.
16:51
and the experience of having been a child
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16:54
more realistic and satisfying for everyone involved.
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16:59
And that, I think, is very relevant to being a good parent.
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ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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