Aaron O'Connell: Making sense of a visible quantum object

140,994 views ใƒป 2011-06-03

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Yubal Masalker ืžื‘ืงืจ: Ido Dekkers
00:15
This is a representation of your brain,
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืชืฆื•ื’ืช ื”ืžื•ื— ืฉืœื ื•.
00:18
and your brain can be broken into two parts.
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ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื—ืœืง ืืช ืžื•ื—ื ื• ืœืฉื ื™ ื—ืœืงื™ื.
00:21
There's the left half, which is the logical side,
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ืฉื ื–ื” ื”ื—ืฆื™ ื”ืฉืžืืœื™, ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืฆื“ ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื™ื’ื™ื•ืŸ,
00:23
and then the right half,
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ื•ื›ืืŸ ื–ื” ื”ื—ืฆื™ ื”ื™ืžื ื™,
00:25
which is the intuitive.
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ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืฆื“ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ื•ืื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™.
00:27
And so if we had a scale to measure the aptitude of each hemisphere,
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ืื ื”ื™ื” ืœื ื• ืกืจื’ืœ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื“ื•ื“ ืืช ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื—ืฆื™,
00:30
then we can plot our brain.
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ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฆื™ื‘ ืืช ืžื•ื—ื ื• ืขืœ ื’ืจืฃ.
00:32
And for example, this would be somebody who's completely logical.
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื, ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืฉื”ื•ื ื›ื•ืœื• ื”ื™ื’ื™ื•ืŸ.
00:35
This would be someone who's entirely intuitive.
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืฉื”ื•ื ื›ื•ืœื• ืื™ื ื˜ื•ืื™ืฆื™ื”.
00:39
So where would you put your brain on this scale?
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ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื”ื™ื” ืฉื ืืช ืžื•ื—ื• ืขืœ ื’ืจืฃ ื–ื”?
00:42
Some of us may have opted for one of these extremes,
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ื—ืœืงื ื• ื”ื™ื• ืžืขื“ื™ืคื™ื ืื•ืœื™ ืืช ืื—ื“ ื”ืงืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•.
00:45
but I think for most people in the audience,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืืฆืœ ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืงื”ืœ ื–ื”,
00:47
your brain is something like this --
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ื”ืžื•ื— ื”ื•ื ืžืฉื”ื• ื›ื–ื” --
00:49
with a high aptitude in both hemispheres at the same time.
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ื‘ืขืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื ื™ ื”ื—ืฆืื™ื ื‘ื•-ื–ืžื ื™ืช.
00:52
It's not like they're mutually exclusive or anything.
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ื–ื” ืœื ืฉื”ื ืžื‘ื˜ืœื™ื ืื—ื“ ืืช ื”ืฉื ื™.
00:54
You can be logical and intuitive.
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ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื’ื ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™ ื•ื’ื ืื™ื ื˜ื•ืื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™.
00:56
And so I consider myself one of these people,
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ื•ื›ืš,ืื ื™ ืžื—ืฉื™ื‘ ืืช ืขืฆืžื™ ื›ืื—ื“ ืžืื ืฉื™ื ื›ืืœื”.
00:59
along with most of the other experimental quantum physicists,
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ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ืงืื™ื ื”ื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืจืช ื”ืงื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ื,
01:02
who need a good deal of logic
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ืื ื• ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืื•ื“ ื”ื™ื’ื™ื•ืŸ
01:04
to string together these complex ideas.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื ืืœื”.
01:06
But at the same time, we need a good deal of intuition
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ, ืื ื• ื’ื ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืื™ื ื˜ื•ืื™ืฆื™ื”
01:09
to actually make the experiments work.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“.
01:11
How do we develop this intuition? Well we like to play with stuff.
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ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืื ื• ืžืคืชื—ื™ื ืื™ื ื˜ื•ืื™ืฆื™ื” ื–ื•? ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืื ื• ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืฉื—ืง ืขื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื.
01:14
So we go out and play with it, and then we see how it acts,
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ืื ื• ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื ืขื ื–ื” ื•ืจื•ืื™ื ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื–ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“.
01:17
and then we develop our intuition from there.
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ื•ืžื–ื” ืื ื• ืžืคืชื—ื™ื ืืช ื”ืื™ื ื˜ื•ืื™ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœื ื•.
01:20
And really you do the same thing.
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ื’ื ืืชื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืžืžืฉ ืื•ืชื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ.
01:22
So some intuition
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ื›ืš ืฉื—ืœืง ืžื”ืื™ื ื˜ื•ืื™ืฆื™ื”
01:24
that you may have developed over the years
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ืฉืื•ืœื™ ืคื™ืชื—ืชื ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ืฉื ื™ื
01:26
is that one thing is only in one place at a time.
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ื”ื™ื ืฉื“ื‘ืจ ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื ื ืžืฆื ืืš ื•ืจืง ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืื—ื“ ื‘ืจื’ืข ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื.
01:30
I mean, it can sound weird to think about
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ื–ื” ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื–ืจ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื›ืš
01:33
one thing being in two different places at the same time,
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ืฉื“ื‘ืจ ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืฉื ื™ ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื•-ื–ืžื ื™ืช,
01:37
but you weren't born with this notion, you developed it.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื ื•ืœื“ื ื• ืขื ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื”, ืืœื ืคื™ืชื—ื ื• ืื•ืชื•.
01:40
And I remember watching a kid playing on a car stop.
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ืื ื™ ื–ื•ื›ืจ ืฉืจืื™ืชื™ ื™ืœื“ ืžืฉื—ืง ืขืœ ื—ื•ืกื ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช.
01:43
He was just a toddler and he wasn't very good at it, and he kept falling over.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืคืขื•ื˜ ื•ื”ื•ื ื ืคืœ ื”ืจื‘ื”.
01:46
But I bet playing with this car stop taught him a really valuable lesson,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืฉื”ืžืฉื—ืง ื”ื–ื” ืœื™ืžื“ ืื•ืชื• ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื‘ืขืœ ืขืจืš,
01:49
and that's that large things don't let you get right past them,
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืฉื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืœื ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืœืš ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ื“ืจื›ื,
01:53
and that they stay in one place.
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ื•ืฉื”ื ื ืฉืืจื™ื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืื—ื“.
01:56
And so this is a great conceptual model to have of the world,
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ื•ื–ื”ื• ืžื•ื“ืœ ืชืคื™ืกืชื™ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื,
01:59
unless you're a particle physicist.
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ืืœื ืื ืืชื” ืคื™ื–ื™ืงืื™ ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื.
02:01
It'd be a terrible model for a particle physicist,
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ื›ื™ ืื– ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ื“ืœ ืื™ื•ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืคื™ื–ื™ืงืื™ ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื,
02:03
because they don't play with car stops,
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ืžืื—ืจ ื•ื”ื ืœื ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื ืขื ื—ื•ืกืžื™ ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช,
02:05
they play with these little weird particles.
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ืืœื ืขื ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ื–ืขื™ืจื™ื ื•ืžื•ื–ืจื™ื.
02:08
And when they play with their particles,
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ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื ืขื ื”ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ืฉืœื”ื,
02:10
they find they do all sorts of really weird things --
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ื”ื ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืื•ืชื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืืžืช ืžื•ื–ืจื™ื --
02:12
like they can fly right through walls,
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื, ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ื“ืจืš ืงื™ืจื•ืช,
02:15
or they can be in two different places at the same time.
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ืื•, ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื ื™ ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื•-ื–ืžื ื™ืช.
02:19
And so they wrote down all these observations,
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ื”ื ืจืฉืžื• ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืชืฆืคื™ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•,
02:22
and they called it the theory of quantum mechanics.
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ื•ื”ื ื›ื™ื ื• ืื•ืชืŸ ืžื›ื ื™ืงื” ืงื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ืช.
02:26
And so that's where physics was at a few years ago;
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ืžืฆื‘ ืฉื”ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื” ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ื• ืขื“ ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื;
02:29
you needed quantum mechanics
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ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœืžื›ื ื™ืงื” ืงื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ืช
02:31
to describe little, tiny particles.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืืจ ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ื–ืขื™ืจื™ื.
02:33
But you didn't need it
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื” ืฆื•ืจืš
02:35
to describe the large, everyday objects around us.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืืจ ืขืฆืžื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื•ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ืžื™ื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื ื•.
02:39
This didn't really sit well with my intuition,
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ื–ื” ืœื ื”ืกืชื“ืจ ืœื™ ืขื ื”ืื™ื ื˜ื•ืื™ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœื™,
02:42
and maybe it's just because I don't play with particles very often.
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ื•ืื•ืœื™ ื–ื” ืจืง ื›ื™ ืื ื™ ืœื ืžืฉื—ืง ืขื ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช.
02:45
Well, I play with them sometimes,
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ื˜ื•ื‘, ืื ื™ ืžืฉื—ืง ืื™ืชื ืœืคืขืžื™ื,
02:47
but not very often.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช.
02:49
And I've never seen them.
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ื•ืืฃ ืคืขื ืœื ืจืื™ืชื™ ืื•ืชื.
02:51
I mean, nobody's ever seen a particle.
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ืจืื” ืื™-ืคืขื ื—ืœืงื™ืง.
02:54
But it didn't sit well with my logical side either.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื’ื ืœื ื”ืกืชื“ืจ ืœื™ ืขื ื”ื”ื™ื’ื™ื•ืŸ.
02:57
Because if everything is made up of little particles
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืื ื”ื›ืœ ื‘ื ื•ื™ ืžื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื
03:00
and all the little particles
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ื•ื›ืœ ื”ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ื”ืงื˜ื ื™ื
03:02
follow quantum mechanics,
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ืžืฆื™ื™ืชื™ื ืœืžื›ื ื™ืงื” ืงื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ืช,
03:04
then shouldn't everything just follow quantum mechanics?
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ืื– ื”ืื ืœื ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืฆื™ื™ืช ืœืžื›ื ื™ืงื” ืงื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ืช?
03:09
I don't see any reason why it shouldn't.
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ืื™ื ื™ ืจื•ืื” ืกื™ื‘ื” ืžื“ื•ืข ืœื.
03:12
And so I'd feel a lot better about the whole thing
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ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžืจื’ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื ื•ืฉื ื”ื–ื”
03:14
if we could somehow show
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ืื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืื™ื›ืฉื”ื•
03:16
that an everyday object
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ืฉื’ื ืขืฆื ืจื’ื™ืœ
03:18
also follows quantum mechanics.
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ืžืฆื™ื™ืช ืœืžื›ื ื™ืงื” ืงื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ืช.
03:20
So a few years ago, I set off to do just that.
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ืœื›ืŸ ืœืคื ื™ ืžืกืคืจ ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืœืคืขื•ืœ ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ
03:23
So I made one.
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ื•ื™ืฆืจืชื™ ืื—ื“ ื›ื–ื”.
03:26
This is the first object
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ื–ื”ื• ื”ืขืฆื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ
03:28
that you can see
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ืฉืืชื ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช
03:30
that has been in a mechanical quantum superposition.
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ืฉื”ื™ื” ืชื—ืช ืกื•ืคืจืคื•ื–ื™ืฆื™ื” (ืจื™ื‘ื•ื™ ืžื™ืงื•ืžื™ื) ืงื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ืช.
03:33
So what we're looking at here
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ืžื” ืฉืจื•ืื™ื ื›ืืŸ
03:35
is a tiny computer chip.
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ื”ื•ื ืฉื‘ื‘ ืžื—ืฉื‘ ืงื˜ื ื˜ืŸ.
03:37
And you can sort of see this green dot right in the middle.
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ื•ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ืขืจืš ืืช ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ื™ืจื•ืงื” ืžืžืฉ ื‘ืžืจื›ื–.
03:40
And that's this piece of metal I'm going to be talking about in a minute.
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ื•ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื—ืชื™ื›ืช ื”ืžืชื›ืช ืฉืื ื™ ืขื•ืžื“ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœื™ื” ืขื•ื“ ืžืขื˜.
03:43
This is a photograph of the object.
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ื–ื”ื• ืฆื™ืœื•ื ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ.
03:45
And here I'll zoom in a little bit. We're looking right there in the center.
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ื•ืื ื™ ืืชืงืจื‘ ืงืฆืช. ืื ื• ืฆื•ืคื™ื ืžืžืฉ ื™ืฉืจ ื‘ืžืจื›ื–.
03:48
And then here's a really, really big close-up of the little piece of metal.
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ื•ื”ื ื” ืชืงืจื™ื‘ ืžืžืฉ, ืžืžืฉ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ืคื™ืกืช ื”ืžืชื›ืช ื”ืงื˜ื ื”.
03:51
So what we're looking at is a little chunk of metal,
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ืžื” ืฉืื ื• ืฆื•ืคื™ื ื‘ื• ื”ื™ื ื—ืชื™ื›ืช ืžืชื›ืช ืงื˜ื ื”,
03:53
and it's shaped like a diving board, and it's sticking out over a ledge.
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ื•ืฆื•ืจืชื” ื›ืฉืœ ืžืงืคืฆืช ื‘ืจื™ื›ื” ื•ื”ื™ื ื‘ื•ืœื˜ืช ื”ื—ื•ืฆื” ืขืœ-ืคื ื™ ื”ืื“ืŸ.
03:56
And so I made this thing
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ื™ืฆืจืชื™ ื“ื‘ืจ ื–ื”
03:58
in nearly the same way as you make a computer chip.
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ื›ืžืขื˜ ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื“ืจืš ืฉื‘ื” ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืฉื‘ื‘ ืžื—ืฉื‘.
04:00
I went into a clean room with a fresh silicon wafer,
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ื ื›ื ืกืชื™ ืœื—ื“ืจ ื ืงื™ ืขื ืฉื‘ื‘ ืกื™ืœื™ืงื•ืŸ ื˜ืจื™,
04:03
and then I just cranked away at all the big machines for about 100 hours.
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ื•ืื– ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื”ืชืขืกืงืชื™ ืขื ื›ืœ ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ืžืฉืš ื›-100 ืฉืขื•ืช.
04:06
For the last stuff, I had to build my own machine --
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ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ, ื”ื™ื” ืขืœื™ื™ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืžื›ื•ื ื” ืžืฉืœื™ --
04:08
to make this swimming pool-shaped hole
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืืช ื”ืงื“ื— ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ื‘ืจื™ื›ืช-ืฉื—ื™ื”
04:11
underneath the device.
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ืชื—ืช ื”ื”ืชืงืŸ.
04:13
This device has the ability
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ืœื”ืชืงืŸ ื–ื” ื™ืฉ ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช
04:15
to be in a quantum superposition,
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ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืจื™ื‘ื•ื™-ืžื™ืงื•ืžื™ื ืงื•ื•ื ื˜ื™,
04:17
but it needs a little help to do it.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ื–ืงื•ืง ืœืžืขื˜ ืขื–ืจื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช.
04:19
Here, let me give you an analogy.
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ื‘ืจืฉื•ืชื›ื ืืขืฉื” ืœื›ื ืื ืœื•ื’ื™ื”.
04:21
You know how uncomfortable it is to be in a crowded elevator?
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ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ื–ื” ืœื ื ื•ื— ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžืขืœื™ืช ื“ื—ื•ืกื” ื‘ืื ืฉื™ื?
04:24
I mean, when I'm in an elevator all alone, I do all sorts of weird things,
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื™ ืœื‘ื“ ื‘ืžืขืœื™ืช, ืื ื™ ืขื•ืฉื” ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžื•ื–ืจื™ื,
04:27
but then other people get on board
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ืื‘ืœ ืื– ื ื›ื ืกื™ื ืื ืฉื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื
04:29
and I stop doing those things
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ื•ืื ื™ ืžืคืกื™ืง ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ืื•ืชื ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื,
04:31
because I don't want to bother them,
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ื›ื™ ืื ื™ ืœื ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ื˜ืจื™ื“ื,
04:33
or, frankly, scare them.
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ืื•, ื™ื•ืชืจ ื ื›ื•ืŸ, ืœื”ืคื—ื™ื“ื.
04:36
So quantum mechanics says
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ืื– ืžื›ื ื™ืงื” ืงื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ืช ืื•ืžืจืช
04:38
that inanimate objects feel the same way.
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ืฉืขืฆืžื™ื ื“ื•ืžืžื™ื ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ.
04:41
The fellow passengers for inanimate objects
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ื”ื ื•ืกืขื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืขืฆืžื™ื ื“ื•ืžืžื™ื
04:43
are not just people,
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ื”ื ืœื ืจืง ื”ืื ืฉื™ื,
04:45
but it's also the light shining on it
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ืืœื ื’ื ื”ืื•ืจ ืฉืžืื™ืจ ืขืœื™ื”ื
04:47
and the wind blowing past it and the heat of the room.
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ื•ื”ืจื•ื— ื”ื ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืขืœื™ื”ื ื•ื—ื•ื ื”ื—ื“ืจ.
04:50
And so we knew, if we wanted to see
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ืœื›ืŸ ื™ื“ืขื ื• ืฉืื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช
04:52
this piece of metal behave quantum mechanically,
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ืืช ืคื™ืกืช ื”ืžืชื›ืช ื”ื–ื• ืžืชื ื”ื’ืช ืœืคื™ ืžื›ื ื™ืงื” ืงื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ืช,
04:55
we're going to have to kick out all the other passengers.
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ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืกืœืง ื”ื—ื•ืฆื” ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื ื•ืกืขื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื™ื.
04:57
And so that's what we did.
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืขืฉื™ืชื™.
04:59
We turned off the lights,
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ื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ื• ืืช ื”ืื•ืจื•ืช,
05:01
and then we put it in a vacuum and sucked out all the air,
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ื•ืื– ืฉืžื ื• ืื•ืชื” ื‘ืชื-ื•ืืงื•ื ื•ืฉืื‘ื ื• ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืื•ื™ืจ,
05:03
and then we cooled it down
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ื•ืื—ืจ-ื›ืš ืงื™ืจืจื ื• ืื•ืชื”
05:05
to just a fraction of a degree above absolute zero.
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ืขื“ ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืžืขืœื” ืื—ืช ืžืขืœ ืœืืคืก ื”ืžื•ื—ืœื˜.
05:07
Now, all alone in the elevator,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื›ืœ ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื‘ื“ื” ื‘ืžืขืœื™ืช,
05:09
the little chunk of metal is free to act however it wanted.
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ืคื™ืกืช ื”ืžืชื›ืช ื”ืงื˜ื ื” ื”ื™ืชื” ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ื” ืœื”ืชื ื”ื’ ืื™ืš ืฉื”ื™ื ืจื•ืฆื”.
05:11
And so we measured its motion.
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ื•ื›ืš ืžื“ื“ื ื• ืืช ืชื ื•ืขืชื”.
05:13
We found it was moving in really weird ways.
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ืžืฆืื ื• ืฉื”ื™ื ื ืขื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืื•ื“ ืžื•ื–ืจ.
05:15
Instead of just sitting perfectly still, it was vibrating,
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžื ื•ื—ื”, ื”ื™ื ืจื˜ื˜ื”.
05:18
and the way it was vibrating was breathing something like this --
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ื•ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ื• ืจื˜ื˜ื” ื”ื™ื” ืœื ืฉื•ื ื›ื›ื” --
05:21
like expanding and contracting bellows.
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ื›ืื™ืœื• ืžืคื•ื— ืฉืžืชืคืฉื˜ ื•ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืฅ.
05:23
And by giving it a gentle nudge,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื ืชื ื ื• ืœื” ื˜ืคื™ื—ื” ืงืœื”,
05:25
we were able to make it both vibrate
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ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื’ืจื•ื ื’ื ืœืจื˜ื•ื˜
05:27
and not vibrate
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ื•ื’ื ืœื ืœืจื˜ื•ื˜
05:29
at the same time --
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ื‘ื•-ื–ืžื ื™ืช --
05:31
something that's only allowed with quantum mechanics.
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ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืชืจื—ืฉ ืจืง ื‘ืžื›ื ื™ืงื” ืงื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ืช.
05:34
So what I'm telling you here is something truly fantastic.
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ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืžืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ื›ืืŸ ื–ื” ื‘ืืžืช ืžืฉื”ื• ืคื ื˜ืกื˜ื™.
05:37
What does it mean for one thing
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ืžื” ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ื’ื ืœืจื˜ื•ื˜
05:39
to be both vibrating and not vibrating
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ื•ื’ื ืœื ืœืจื˜ื•ื˜
05:41
at the same time?
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ื‘ื•-ื–ืžื ื™ืช?
05:43
So let's think about the atoms.
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ื”ื‘ื” ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื”ืื˜ื•ืžื™ื.
05:45
So in one case:
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ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ืื—ื“:
05:47
all the trillions of atoms that make up that chunk of metal
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ื›ืœ ื˜ืจื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ื”ืื˜ื•ืžื™ื ื”ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืืช ืคื™ืกืช ื”ืžืชื›ืช
05:50
are sitting still
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ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื‘ืฉืงื˜
05:52
and at the same time those same atoms
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ื•ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืื•ืชื ื”ืื˜ื•ืžื™ื
05:54
are moving up and down.
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ื ืขื™ื ืžืขืœื” ืžื˜ื”.
05:56
Now it's only at precise times when they align.
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ืจืง ื‘ื–ืžื ื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื™ื ื”ื ืžืกื•ื“ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ื—ื“.
05:59
The rest of the time they're delocalized.
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ื‘ืฉืืจ ื”ื–ืžืŸ, ื”ื ืžื•ืกื˜ื™ื ืžืžืงื•ืžื.
06:01
That means that every atom
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ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื›ืœ ืื˜ื•ื
06:03
is in two different places at the same time,
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ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืฉื ื™ ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื•-ื–ืžื ื™ืช,
06:05
which in turn means the entire chunk of metal
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ืฉื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื›ืœ ืคื™ืกืช ื”ืžืชื›ืช
06:08
is in two different places.
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ื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ืฉื ื™ ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื.
06:10
I think this is really cool.
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื–ื” ืžืžืฉ ืžื“ืœื™ืง.
06:12
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
06:14
Really.
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ื‘ืืžืช.
06:16
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
06:19
It was worth locking myself in a clean room to do this for all those years
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืฉื•ื•ื” ืœื”ื™ื ืขืœ ื‘ื—ื“ืจ ื ืงื™ ืœื›ืœ ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืืœื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ืฆืข ื–ืืช.
06:24
because, check this out,
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ื›ื™, ืชืจืื• ืืช ื–ื”,
06:26
the difference in scale
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ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ืžื™ืžื“ื™ื
06:28
between a single atom and that chunk of metal
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื˜ื•ื ื‘ื•ื“ื“ ื•ืื•ืชื” ืคื™ืกืช ืžืชื›ืช
06:30
is about the same as the difference
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ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืจืš ื–ื”ื” ืœื”ื‘ื“ืœ
06:32
between that chunk of metal and you.
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื” ืคื™ืกื” ื•ืื ื—ื ื•.
06:34
So if a single atom can be in two different places at the same time,
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ืœื›ืŸ ืื ืื˜ื•ื ื‘ื•ื“ื“ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื ื™ ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื•-ื–ืžื ื™ืช,
06:37
that chunk of metal can be in two different places,
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ื•ืื•ืชื” ืคื™ืกืช ืžืชื›ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื ื™ ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื,
06:40
then why not you?
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ืื– ืžื“ื•ืข ืœื ืื ื—ื ื•?
06:42
I mean, this is just my logical side talking.
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ื–ื”ื• ืจืง ื”ืฆื“ ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื™ื’ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื™ ืฉืžื“ื‘ืจ.
06:46
So imagine if you're in multiple places at the same time,
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ืœื›ืŸ ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ื•-ื–ืžื ื™ืช,
06:50
what would that be like?
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ืื™ืš ื ืจื’ื™ืฉ ืื–?
06:53
How would your consciousness
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ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ืชื•ื“ืขื” ืฉืœื ื•
06:55
handle your body being delocalized in space?
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ืชืชื™ื—ืก ืœื’ื•ืคื ื• ืฉืื™ื ื• ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืžื•ื’ื“ืจ ื‘ื—ืœืœ?
06:59
There's one more part to the story.
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืฆื“ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœืกื™ืคื•ืจ.
07:01
It's when we warmed it up,
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื—ื™ืžืžื ื• ืื•ืชื”,
07:03
and we turned on the lights and looked inside the box,
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ื•ื”ื“ืœืงื ื• ืืช ื”ืื•ืจื•ืช ื•ื”ืกืชื›ืœื ื• ืคื ื™ืžื”,
07:06
we saw that the piece metal was still there in one piece.
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ืจืื™ื ื• ืฉืคื™ืกืช ื”ืžืชื›ืช ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืฉืืจื” ืฉืœืžื”.
07:10
And so I had to develop this new intuition,
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืขืœื™ื™ ืœืคืชื— ืื™ื ื˜ื•ืื™ืฆื™ื” ื—ื“ืฉื”,
07:13
that it seems like all the objects in the elevator
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ื•ื”ื™ื ืฉื ืจืื” ื›ืื™ืœื• ื›ืœ ื”ืขืฆืžื™ื ื‘ืžืขืœื™ืช
07:16
are really just quantum objects
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ื”ื ื‘ืืžืช ืขืฆืžื™ื ืงื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ื™ื
07:18
just crammed into a tiny space.
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ื”ื“ื—ื•ืกื™ื ื‘ื—ืœืœ ืงื˜ื ื˜ืŸ.
07:20
You hear a lot of talk
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ืฉื•ืžืขื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืขืœ ื›ืš
07:22
about how quantum mechanics says that everything is all interconnected.
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ืฉืœืคื™ ืžื›ื ื™ืงื” ืงื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ืช ื”ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ืฉืจ ื‘ื™ื—ื“.
07:25
Well, that's not quite right.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื–ื” ืœื ืœื’ืžืจื™ ื ื›ื•ืŸ;
07:27
It's more than that; it's deeper.
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ื–ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื–ื”, ื–ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืžื•ืง.
07:30
It's that those connections,
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ื–ื” ื›ืœ ืื•ืชื ื”ืงืฉืจื™ื,
07:32
your connections to all the things around you,
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ื”ืงืฉืจื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ืขื ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ื ื•,
07:35
literally define who you are,
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ืคืฉื•ื˜ื• ื›ืžืฉืžืขื•, ืžื’ื“ื™ืจื™ื ืžื™ ืื ื—ื ื•.
07:38
and that's the profound weirdness of quantum mechanics.
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ื•ื–ื• ื”ืžื•ื–ืจื•ืช ื”ืชื”ื•ืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžื›ื ื™ืงื” ืงื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ืช.
07:41
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืœื›ื.
07:43
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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