Steven Strogatz: How things in nature tend to sync up

236,742 views ใƒป 2008-12-23

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Yubal Masalker ืžื‘ืงืจ: Sigal Tifferet
00:19
I was trying to think, how is sync connected to happiness,
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ื ื™ืกื™ืชื™ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘, ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืกื™ื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœืื•ืฉืจ,
00:21
and it occurred to me that for some reason we take pleasure in synchronizing.
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ื•ืื– ืขืœื” ื‘ื“ืขืชื™ ืฉืžืกื™ื‘ื” ื›ืœืฉื”ื™ ืื ื—ื ื• ื ื”ื ื™ื ืžืกื™ื ื›ืจื•ืŸ.
00:28
We like to dance together, we like singing together.
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ืื ื• ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืจืงื•ื“ ื‘ื™ื—ื“, ืื ื• ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืฉื™ืจ ื‘ื™ื—ื“.
00:31
And so, if you'll put up with this, I would like to enlist your help
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ, ืื ืืชื ืžืกื›ื™ืžื™ื, ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื’ื™ื™ืก ืืช ืขื–ืจืชื›ื
00:36
with a first experiment today. The experiment is --
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ืœื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœื”ื™ื•ื. ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ื”ื•ื --
00:40
and I notice, by the way, that when you applauded,
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ื“ืจืš ืื’ื‘, ืฉืžืชื™ ืœื‘ ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ืžื—ืืชื ื›ืคื™ื™ื,
00:43
that you did it in a typical North American way,
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ืขืฉื™ืชื ื–ืืช ื‘ื“ืจืš ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช ื˜ื™ืคื•ืกื™ืช,
00:45
that is, you were raucous and incoherent.
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ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื•, ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืจื•ืขืฉื™ื ื•ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžืชื•ืืžื™ื.
00:49
You were not organized. It didn't even occur to you to clap in unison.
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ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืžืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื. ื–ื” ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื ืขืœื” ืขืœ ื“ืขืชื›ื ืœืžื—ื•ื ื›ืคื™ื™ื ื‘ื”ืจืžื•ื ื™ื”.
00:54
Do you think you could do it? I would like to see if this audience would --
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ื”ืื ืืชื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช? ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืจืื•ืช ืื ื”ืงื”ืœ ื”ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ --
00:58
no, you haven't practiced, as far as I know --
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ื ื›ื•ืŸ, ืœื ื”ืชืืžื ืชื, ื›ื›ืœ ืฉืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข --
01:00
can you get it together to clap in sync?
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ื”ืื ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืฉืชืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื” ื‘ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื ืžืกื•ื ื›ืจื ื•ืช?
01:04
(Clapping)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
01:14
Whoa! Now, that's what we call emergent behavior.
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ื–ื”ื•! ืœื–ื” ืงื•ืจืื™ื ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืžืชืคืชื—ืช.
01:16
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
01:18
So I didn't expect that, but -- I mean, I expected you could synchronize.
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ืœื ืฆื™ืคื™ืชื™ ืœื–ื” -- ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืฆื™ืคื™ืชื™ ืฉืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ืกืชื ื›ืจืŸ,
01:22
It didn't occur to me you'd increase your frequency.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืฉืชื’ื‘ื™ืจื• ืงืฆื‘.
01:25
It's interesting.
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ื–ื” ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ.
01:27
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
01:30
So what do we make of that? First of all, we know that you're all brilliant.
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ืื– ืžื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ืžื–ื”? ืงื•ื“ื ื›ืœ, ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉืืชื ืื ืฉื™ื ืžื‘ืจื™ืงื™ื.
01:34
This is a room full of intelligent people, highly sensitive.
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ืื•ืœื ื–ื” ืžืœื ื‘ืื ืฉื™ื ื ื‘ื•ื ื™ื, ื‘ืขืœื™ ืจื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”.
01:38
Some trained musicians out there.
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ื™ืฉ ื›ืืŸ ื›ืžื” ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืื™ื ืžื™ื•ืžื ื™ื.
01:41
Is that what enabled you to synchronize?
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ื”ืื ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืื™ืคืฉืจ ืœื›ื ืœื”ืกืชื ื›ืจืŸ?
01:43
So to put the question a little more seriously,
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ื›ืขืช ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืฉืืœ ื‘ืจืฆื™ื ื•ืช,
01:46
let's ask ourselves what are the minimum requirements for what you just did,
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ืžื”ืŸ ื”ื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื ื™ืžืœื™ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืžื” ืฉืขืฉื™ืชื ืจืง ืขื›ืฉื™ื•,
01:50
for spontaneous synchronization.
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ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืกื™ื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืกืคื•ื ื˜ื ื™?
01:53
Do you need, for instance, to be as smart as you are?
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ื”ืื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืžืฉืœ ืฉืชื”ื™ื• ืคื™ืงื—ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืฉืืชื?
01:57
Do you even need a brain at all just to synchronize?
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ื”ืื ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื™ืฉ ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืžื•ื— ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืœื”ืกืชื ื›ืจืŸ?
02:04
Do you need to be alive? I mean, that's a spooky thought, right?
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ื”ืื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื? ื–ื• ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืžืคื—ื™ื“ื”, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
02:09
Inanimate objects that might spontaneously synchronize themselves.
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ืขืฆืžื™ื ื“ื•ืžืžื™ื ืฉืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ืกืชื ื›ืจืŸ ื‘ืขืฆืžื ืกืคื•ื ื˜ื ื™ืช.
02:14
It's real. In fact, I'll try to explain today that sync is maybe one of,
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื• ื”ืืžืช. ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืื ืกื” ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ื”ื™ื•ื ืฉืกื™ื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืื•ืœื™ ืื—ื“
02:21
if not one of the most, perhaps the most pervasive drive in all of nature.
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ืžื”ื“ื—ืคื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ื ืคื•ืฆื™ื ื‘ื˜ื‘ืข, ืื ืœื ื”ื›ื™ ื ืคื•ืฅ.
02:25
It extends from the subatomic scale to the farthest reaches of the cosmos.
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ื”ื•ื ืžืฉืชืจืข ืžื”ืจืžื” ื”ืชืช-ืื˜ื•ืžื™ืช ื•ืขื“ ืœืžื™ืžื“ื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืงื•ื.
02:31
It's a deep tendency toward order in nature
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ื ื˜ื™ื” ืœืกื“ืจ ื‘ื˜ื‘ืข ื”ื˜ื‘ื•ืขื” ื‘ื• ืขืžื•ืง
02:35
that opposes what we've all been taught about entropy.
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ื•ื”ืžื ื•ื’ื“ืช ืœืžื” ืฉืœื™ืžื“ื• ืื•ืชื ื• ืขืœ ืื ื˜ืจื•ืคื™ื”.
02:38
I mean, I'm not saying the law of entropy is wrong -- it's not.
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืื ื™ ืœื ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื—ื•ืง ื”ืื ื˜ืจื•ืคื™ื” ื”ื•ื ืœื ื ื›ื•ืŸ.
02:41
But there is a countervailing force in the universe --
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ืื‘ืœ ืงื™ื™ื ื›ื•ื— ืžื ื•ื’ื“ ื‘ื™ืงื•ื, ืฉืžืื–ืŸ --
02:43
the tendency towards spontaneous order. And so that's our theme.
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ื•ื–ื• ื”ื ื˜ื™ื” ืืœ ืขื‘ืจ ืกื“ืจ ืกืคื•ื ื˜ื ื™. ื–ื” ื”ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ืฉืœื ื•.
02:48
Now, to get into that, let me begin with what might have occurred to you immediately
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืœื–ื”, ืืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ืจืฉื•ืชื›ื ืขื ืžื” ืฉืืชื ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืžื™ื™ื“ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘
02:52
when you hear that we're talking about synchrony in nature,
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื™ ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืกื™ื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื‘ื˜ื‘ืข,
02:56
which is the glorious example of birds that flock together,
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ืฉื–ื• ื”ื“ื•ื’ืžื ื”ื ื”ื“ืจืช ืฉืœ ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื”ืžืชืงื‘ืฆื•ืช ื‘ื™ื—ื“,
03:02
or fish swimming in organized schools.
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ืื• ื“ื’ื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื—ื™ื ื‘ื ื—ื™ืœื™-ื“ื’ื™ื ืžืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื.
03:06
So these are not particularly intelligent creatures,
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ืืœื” ืœื ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ื ื‘ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“, ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช,
03:10
and yet, as we'll see, they exhibit beautiful ballets.
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ื›ืคื™ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช, ื”ื ืžืฆื™ื’ื™ื ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ื™ืคื™ื™ืคื™ื•ืช.
03:15
This is from a BBC show called "Predators,"
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ื–ื” ืœืงื•ื— ืžืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ BBC ื”ื ืงืจืืช "ื˜ื•ืจืคื™ื",
03:17
and what we're looking at here are examples of synchrony that have to do with defense.
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ื•ืžื” ืฉืจื•ืื™ื ื›ืืŸ ื”ืŸ ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ืฉืœ ืกื™ื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื”ืงืฉื•ืจ ื‘ื”ื’ื ื”.
03:23
When you're small and vulnerable, like these starlings,
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืืชื” ืงื˜ืŸ ื•ืคื’ื™ืข, ื›ืžื• ื”ื–ืจื–ื™ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”,
03:26
or like the fish, it helps to swarm to avoid predators, to confuse predators.
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ืื• ื›ืžื• ื”ื“ื’ื™ื, ื–ื” ืขื•ื–ืจ ืœืœื”ืงื” ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžื”ื™ืชืงืœื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื•ืจืคื™ื, ืœื‘ืœื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ื˜ื•ืจืคื™ื.
03:35
Let me be quiet for a second because this is so gorgeous.
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ืืฉืชื•ืง ืœืจื’ืข ื›ื™ ื–ื” ื›ืœ-ื›ืš ืžื•ืคืœื.
03:53
For a long time, biologists were puzzled by this behavior,
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ื‘ืžืฉืš ืชืงื•ืคื” ืืจื•ื›ื”, ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ื”ืฉืชื•ืžืžื• ืขืœ ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื–ื•,
03:56
wondering how it could be possible.
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ื•ื”ืชืคืœืื• ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื–ื” ืืคืฉืจื™.
03:59
We're so used to choreography giving rise to synchrony.
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ืื ื• ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ืœื›ื•ืจื™ืื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ื”ืžื•ืœื™ื“ื” ืกื™ื ื›ืจื•ืŸ.
04:03
These creatures are not choreographed.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ืื™ืŸ ื”ื“ืจื›ื” ื›ื•ืจื™ืื•ื’ืจืคื™ืช.
04:05
They're choreographing themselves.
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ื”ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื›ื•ืจื™ืื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ืœืขืฆืžื.
04:09
And only today is science starting to figure out how it works.
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ื•ืจืง ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื”ืžื“ืข ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื–ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“.
04:13
I'll show you a computer model made by Iain Couzin, a researcher at Oxford,
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ืืจืื” ืœื›ื ืžื•ื“ืœ ืžืžื•ื—ืฉื‘ ืฉื ืขืฉื” ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ืื™ืืŸ ืงื•ื–ืืŸ, ื—ื•ืงืจ ืžืื•ืงืกืคื•ืจื“,
04:19
that shows how swarms work.
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ื”ืžืชืืจ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ื ื—ื™ืœื™ ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื.
04:21
There are just three simple rules.
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ื™ืฉื ื ืจืง ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ื.
04:24
First, all the individuals are only aware of their nearest neighbors.
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ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ื›ืœ ืคืจื˜ ื‘ื•ื“ื“ ืžื•ื“ืข ืจืง ืœืฉื›ื ื™ื• ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
04:29
Second, all the individuals have a tendency to line up.
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ื”ืฉื ื™, ืœื›ืœ ืคืจื˜ ื™ืฉ ื ื˜ื™ื” ืœื”ืกืชื“ืจ ื‘ืฉื•ืจื”.
04:33
And third, they're all attracted to each other,
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ื•ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™, ื”ื ื›ื•ืœื ื ืžืฉื›ื™ื ื–ื” ืœื–ื”,
04:36
but they try to keep a small distance apart.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ืžืงืคื™ื“ื™ื ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ืžืจื—ืง ืงื˜ืŸ.
04:39
And when you build those three rules in,
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ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ืžื—ื™ืœื™ื ืืช ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื”ื "ืœ,
04:42
automatically you start to see swarms
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ืื•ื˜ื•ืžื˜ื™ืช ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ื ื—ื™ืœื™ื
04:44
that look very much like fish schools or bird flocks.
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ื”ื ืจืื™ื ื“ื•ืžื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ืœืœื”ืงื•ืช ื“ื’ื™ื ืื• ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ื.
04:48
Now, fish like to stay close together, about a body length apart.
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ื“ื’ื™ื ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ื–ื” ืœื–ื”, ื‘ืขืจืš ื‘ืžืจื—ืง ืฉืœ ืื•ืจืš ื’ื•ืคื.
04:52
Birds try to stay about three or four body lengths apart.
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ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืžื ืกื•ืช ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ ื‘ืžืจื—ืง ืฉื”ื•ื 3-4 ืคืขืžื™ื ืื•ืจืš ื’ื•ืคืŸ.
04:55
But except for that difference, the rules are the same for both.
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ืื‘ืœ ืžืœื‘ื“ ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื”ืœืœื•, ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื–ื”ื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื ื™ื”ื.
05:04
Now, all this changes when a predator enters the scene.
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืœ ื–ื” ืžืฉืชื ื” ื›ืืฉืจ ื˜ื•ืจืฃ ื ื›ื ืก ืœืชืžื•ื ื”.
05:09
There's a fourth rule: when a predator's coming, get out of the way.
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ื™ืฉื ื• ื—ื•ืง ืจื‘ื™ืขื™: ื›ืืฉืจ ื˜ื•ืจืฃ ืžื’ื™ืข, ื”ืกืชืœืง ืžื“ืจื›ื•.
05:23
Here on the model you see the predator attacking.
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ื›ืืŸ ื‘ืžื•ื“ืœ ืจื•ืื™ื ื˜ื•ืจืฃ ืฉืชื•ืงืฃ.
05:28
The prey move out in random directions,
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ื”ื˜ืจืฃ ื ืข ื‘ื›ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืืงืจืื™ื™ื,
05:30
and then the rule of attraction brings them back together again,
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ื•ืื– ื—ื•ืง ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืžื—ื–ื™ืจื ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื—ื“,
05:33
so there's this constant splitting and reforming.
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ื›ืš ืฉื™ืฉ ื”ืชืคืฆืœื•ืช ื•ื”ืชืœื›ื“ื•ืช ืงื‘ื•ืขื™ื.
05:37
And you see that in nature.
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ื•ืจื•ืื™ื ื–ืืช ื‘ื˜ื‘ืข.
05:47
Keep in mind that, although it looks as if each individual is acting to cooperate,
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ื™ืฉ ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ ืฉืืฃ ืขืœ-ืคื™ ืฉื ืจืื” ื›ืื™ืœื• ื›ืœ ืคืจื˜ ืคื•ืขืœ ืขืœ-ืžื ืช ืœืฉืชืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื”,
05:53
what's really going on is a kind of selfish Darwinian behavior.
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ืžื” ืฉื‘ืืžืช ืžืชืจื—ืฉ ื”ื•ื ืžื™ืŸ ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื“ืืจื•ื•ื™ื ื™ืช ืื ื•ื›ื™ืช.
05:57
Each is scattering away at random to try to save its scales or feathers.
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ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื ืข ืขืฆืžืื™ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืืงืจืื™ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื ืกื•ืช ื•ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ืืช ืงืฉืงืฉื™ื• ืื• ื ื•ืฆื•ืชื™ื•.
06:03
That is, out of the desire to save itself,
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ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื•, ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื•,
06:06
each creature is following these rules,
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ื›ืœ ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžืฆื™ื™ืช ืœื—ื•ืงื™ื ื”ืœืœื•,
06:09
and that leads to something that's safe for all of them.
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ื•ื–ื” ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ื•ืœื ื‘ื™ื—ื“.
06:11
Even though it looks like they're thinking as a group, they're not.
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ื’ื ืื ื–ื” ื ืจืื” ื›ืื™ืœื• ืฉื”ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื™ื—ื“ ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื”, ื”ื ืœื.
06:32
You might wonder what exactly is the advantage to being in a swarm,
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ืืชื ืื•ืœื™ ืฉื•ืืœื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื›ื ืžื”ื• ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื”ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืœื”ืงื”.
06:35
so you can think of several.
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ืื– ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื›ืžื” ื›ืืœื”.
06:37
As I say, if you're in a swarm, your odds of being the unlucky one
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ืื ื™ ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ืฉืื ืืชื” ื‘ืœื”ืงื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื”, ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฉ-ืžื–ืœ
06:41
are reduced as compared to a small group.
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ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืขื•ืžืช ืื ืืชื” ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืงื˜ื ื”.
06:45
There are many eyes to spot danger.
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ื™ืฉื ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ื”ืชืจื•ืช ืื—ืจ ืกื›ื ื”.
06:48
And you'll see in the example with the starlings, with the birds,
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ื•ืชืจืื• ื‘ื“ื•ื’ืžื ืขื ื”ื–ืจื–ื™ืจื™ื,
06:55
when this peregrine hawk is about to attack them,
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื‘ื– ืขื•ืžื“ ืœืชืงื•ืฃ ืื•ืชื,
06:57
that actually waves of panic can propagate,
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ืœืžืขืฉื” ืื– ื’ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืคื ื™ืงื” ืžืชืคืฉื˜ื™ื
07:00
sending messages over great distances.
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ื•ืžืฉื’ืจื™ื ืžืกืจื™ื ืœืžืจื—ืงื™ื ืืจื•ื›ื™ื.
07:03
You'll see -- let's see, it's coming up possibly at the very end -- maybe not.
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ื”ื‘ื” ื ืจืื”, ื–ื” ืงื•ืจื” ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื ืจืื” ืžืžืฉ ื‘ืกื•ืฃ - ื•ืื•ืœื™ ืœื.
07:12
Information can be sent over half a kilometer away
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ืžื™ื“ืข ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ืฉืœื— ืœืžืจื—ืง ืฉืœ ื—ืฆื™ ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจ
07:15
in a very short time through this mechanism.
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ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืžืื•ื“ ืงืฆืจ, ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ื–ื”.
07:20
Yes, it's happening here.
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ื›ืŸ, ื–ื” ืงื•ืจื” ื›ืืŸ.
07:22
See if you can see those waves propagating through the swarm.
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ืชืจืื• ืื ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ื’ืœื™ื ื”ืžืชืคืฉื˜ื™ื ื‘ืœื”ืงื”.
07:26
It's beautiful. The birds are, we sort of understand, we think,
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ื–ื” ื™ืคื”. ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ืžืฉื”ื• ืžืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื” ื›ืืŸ,
07:30
from that computer model, what's going on.
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ื“ืจืš ื”ืžื•ื“ืœ ื”ืžืžื•ื—ืฉื‘.
07:32
As I say, it's just those three simple rules,
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ื›ืžื• ืฉืืžืจืชื™, ืืœื” ืจืง ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื”ื”ื,
07:34
plus the one about watch out for predators.
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ื•ืขื•ื“ ืื—ื“ ื”ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœื–ื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืžืคื ื™ ื˜ื•ืจืคื™ื.
07:36
There doesn't seem to be anything mystical about this.
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ืœื ื ืจืื” ืฉื™ืฉ ื›ืืŸ ืžืฉื”ื• ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ื”.
07:39
We don't, however, really understand at a mathematical level.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ืžื” ืงื•ืจื” ื‘ืจืžื” ื”ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืช.
07:42
I'm a mathematician. We would like to be able to understand better.
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ืื ื™ ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงืื™. ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
07:46
I mean, I showed you a computer model, but a computer is not understanding.
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ื”ืจืืชื™ ืœื›ื ืžื•ื“ืœ ืžืžื•ื—ืฉื‘, ืื‘ืœ ื–ืืช ืœื ื”ื‘ื ื”.
07:49
A computer is, in a way, just another experiment.
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ื”ืžื•ื“ืœ ื”ืžืžื•ื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื ื”ื•ื ืจืง ืขื•ื“ ื ื™ืกื•ื™.
07:52
We would really like to have a deeper insight into how this works
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ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืงื‘ืœ ืชื•ื‘ื ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืžื•ืงื”
07:55
and to understand, you know, exactly where this organization comes from.
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ืขืœ ืื™ืš ื–ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื•ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžื”ื™ื›ืŸ ื”ืกื“ืจ ื”ื–ื” ืžื’ื™ืข.
08:00
How do the rules give rise to the patterns?
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ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืžื•ืœื™ื“ื™ื ืืช ื”ืชื‘ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•?
08:02
There is one case that we have begun to understand better,
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ื™ืฉ ืžืงืจื” ืื—ื“ ืฉื”ืชื—ืœื ื• ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ,
08:05
and it's the case of fireflies.
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ื’ื—ืœื™ืœื™ื•ืช.
08:08
If you see fireflies in North America,
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ืื ืจื•ืื™ื ื’ื—ืœื™ืœื™ื•ืช ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ-ืืžืจื™ืงื”,
08:10
like so many North American sorts of things,
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ื›ืžื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžื”ื™ื‘ืฉืช ื”ื–ื•,
08:12
they tend to be independent operators. They ignore each other.
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ื”ืŸ ื ื•ื˜ื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืขืฆืžืื™ื•ืช ื‘ืคืขื•ืœืชืŸ. ื”ืŸ ืžืชืขืœืžื•ืช ื–ื• ืžื–ื•.
08:16
They each do their own thing, flashing on and off,
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ื›ืœ ืื—ืช ืžื”ืŸ ืคื•ืขืœืช ืขืฆืžืื™ืช, ืžื“ืœื™ืงื” ื•ืžื›ื‘ื”,
08:18
paying no attention to their neighbors.
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ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœืฉื™ื ืœื‘ ืœืฉื›ื ื•ืชื™ื”.
08:20
But in Southeast Asia -- places like Thailand or Malaysia or Borneo --
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื“ืจื•ื-ืžื–ืจื— ืืกื™ื” -- ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืชืื™ืœื ื“, ืžืœื–ื™ื”, ื‘ื•ืจื ืื• --
08:25
there's a beautiful cooperative behavior that occurs among male fireflies.
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ืžืชืงื™ื™ืžืช ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืฉื™ืชื•ืคื™ืช ื ื”ื“ืจืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ื—ืœื™ืœื™ื•ืช ื–ื™ื›ืจื™ื•ืช.
08:30
You can see it every night along the river banks.
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ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ื–ืืช ื‘ื›ืœ ืœื™ืœื” ืœืื•ืจืš ื’ื“ื•ืช ื”ื ื”ืจ.
08:33
The trees, mangrove trees, are filled with fireflies communicating with light.
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ื”ืขืฆื™ื, ืขืฆื™ ืžื ื’ืจื•ื‘ื”, ืžืœืื™ื ื‘ื’ื—ืœื™ืœื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืชืงืฉืจื•ืช ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืื•ืจ.
08:38
Specifically, it's male fireflies who are all flashing in perfect time together,
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ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“, ืืœื” ื”ื–ื›ืจื™ื ืืฉืจ ืžื ืฆื ืฆื™ื ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ื‘ืชื™ื–ืžื•ืŸ ืžื“ื•ื™ื™ืง,
08:43
in perfect synchrony, to reinforce a message to the females.
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ื‘ืกื™ื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืžื•ืฉืœื, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืžืกืจ ืœื ืงื‘ื•ืช.
08:47
And the message, as you can imagine, is "Come hither. Mate with me."
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ื•ื”ืžืกืจ, ื›ืคื™ ืฉืืชื ื•ื“ืื™ ืžื“ืžื™ื™ื ื™ื ื”ื•ื, "ื‘ื•ืื™ ืœื›ืืŸ. ืชื–ื“ื•ื•ื’ื™ ืื™ืชื™."
08:52
(Music)
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(ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”)
08:59
In a second I'm going to show you a slow motion of a single firefly
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ืžื™ื™ื“ ืืจืื” ืœื›ื ื”ื™ืœื•ืš ืื™ื˜ื™ ืฉืœ ื’ื—ืœื™ืœื™ืช ืื—ืช
09:03
so that you can get a sense. This is a single frame.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืชืงื‘ืœื• ืžื•ืฉื’. ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืชืžื•ื ื” ืื—ืช.
09:06
Then on, and then off -- a 30th of a second, there.
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ื•ืื– ื ื“ืœืง ื•ื ื›ื‘ื” -- ื–ื” ืื—ื“ ื—ืœืงื™ ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ื”ืฉื ื™ื”.
09:11
And then watch this whole river bank, and watch how precise the synchrony is.
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ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืชืกืชื›ืœื• ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื’ื“ืช ื”ื ื”ืจ, ื•ืชืฉื™ืžื• ืœื‘ ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ืžื“ื•ื™ื™ืง ื”ื•ื ื”ืกื™ื ื›ืจื•ืŸ.
09:18
On, more on and then off.
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ื ื“ืœืง, ืžืชื—ื–ืง, ื•ืื– ื ื›ื‘ื”.
09:27
The combined light from these beetles -- these are actually tiny beetles --
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ื”ืื•ืจ ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“ ืžื”ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• -- ืืœื• ื”ืŸ ื‘ืขืฆื ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ื–ืขื™ืจื•ืช --
09:30
is so bright that fishermen out at sea can use them
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ื”ื•ื ื›ื” ื—ื–ืง ืฉื“ื™ื™ื’ื™ื ื‘ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื•
09:33
as navigating beacons to find their way back to their home rivers. It's stunning.
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ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืžืฉื•ืืช ื ื™ื•ื•ื˜ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืืช ื“ืจื›ื ืœื ื”ืจ ื”ืžื•ืฆื ืฉืœื”ื. ื–ื” ืžื“ื”ื™ื.
09:37
For a long time it was not believed
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ื‘ืžืฉืš ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘ ืœื ื”ืืžื™ื ื•,
09:39
when the first Western travelers, like Sir Francis Drake,
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื ื•ืกืขื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืžื”ืžืขืจื‘, ื›ืžื• ืกืจ ืคืจื ืกื™ืก ื“ืจื™ื™ืง,
09:42
went to Thailand and came back with tales of this unbelievable spectacle.
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ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœืชืื™ืœื ื“ ื•ื—ื–ืจื• ืขื ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืžื•ืคืข ื”ืจืื•ื•ื” ื”ืžื•ืคืœื ื”ื–ื”.
09:46
No one believed them.
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ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ื”ืืžื™ืŸ ืœื”ื.
09:48
We don't see anything like this in Europe or in the West.
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ืœื ืจื•ืื™ื ื“ื‘ืจ ื›ื–ื” ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ืื• ื‘ืžืขืจื‘.
09:51
And for a long time, even after it was documented,
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ื•ื‘ืžืฉืš ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘, ืืคื™ืœื• ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืชื•ืขื“,
09:54
it was thought to be some kind of optical illusion.
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ื–ื” ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืœืžื™ืŸ ืืฉืœื™ื” ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืช.
09:56
Scientific papers were published saying it was twitching eyelids
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ืžืืžืจื™ื ืžื“ืขื™ื™ื ืคื•ืจืกืžื• ื‘ืื•ืžืจื ืฉื–ื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ
09:59
that explained it, or, you know, a human being's tendency
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ืขืคืขืคื™ื™ื ืจื•ืขื“ื•ืช, ืื•, ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ื ื˜ื™ื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช
10:03
to see patterns where there are none.
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ืœืจืื•ืช ืชื‘ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื›ืืœื•.
10:05
But I hope you've convinced yourself now, with this nighttime video,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ืžืงื•ื” ืฉื”ืฉืชื›ื ืขืชื, ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืœื™ืœื™ ื–ื”,
10:08
that they really were very well synchronized.
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ืฉื”ื ื‘ืืžืช ื”ื™ื• ืžืกื•ื ื›ืจื ื™ื ื”ื™ื˜ื‘.
10:11
Okay, well, the issue then is, do we need to be alive
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ื˜ื•ื‘, ื”ืฉืืœื” ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ื™ื, ื”ืื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื
10:14
to see this kind of spontaneous order,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ืกื“ืจ ืกืคื•ื ื˜ื ื™ ืฉื›ื–ื”?
10:16
and I've already hinted that the answer is no.
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ืื ื™ ื›ื‘ืจ ืจืžื–ืชื™ ืงื•ื“ื ืฉื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉืœื™ืœื™ืช.
10:21
Well, you don't have to be a whole creature.
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ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืฉืœื.
10:23
You can even be just a single cell.
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ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืชื ื‘ื•ื“ื“.
10:25
Like, take, for instance, your pacemaker cells in your heart right now.
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ื ื™ืงื— ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื ืืช ืชืื™ ืงื•ืฆื‘-ื”ืœื‘ ืฉืœื ื•.
10:28
They're keeping you alive.
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ื”ื ืžืฉืื™ืจื™ื ืื•ืชื ื• ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื.
10:30
Every beat of your heart depends on this crucial region, the sinoatrial node,
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ื›ืœ ืคืขื™ืžืช ืœื‘ ืฉืœื ื• ืชืœื•ื™ื” ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ ื–ื”, ื”ืงืฉืจ ืกื™ื ื•ืก-ืคืจื•ื–ื“ื•ืจ,
10:35
which has about 10,000 independent cells that would each beep,
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ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ื›-10,000 ืชืื™ื ืขืฆืžืื™ื™ื ืฉื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ืžืื•ืชืช,
10:39
have an electrical rhythm -- a voltage up and down --
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ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืžืงืฆื‘ ื—ืฉืžืœื™ - ืžืชื— ืขื•ืœื” ื•ื™ื•ืจื“ --
10:42
to send a signal to the ventricles to pump.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืœื•ื— ืื•ืช ืœื—ื“ืจื™-ื”ืœื‘ ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืคืขืžื•.
10:45
Now, your pacemaker is not a single cell.
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ืื‘ืœ ืงื•ืฆื‘-ื”ืœื‘ ืื™ื ื• ืชื ื‘ื•ื“ื“.
10:48
It's this democracy of 10,000 cells that all have to fire in unison
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ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืฉื›ืœ 10,000 ื”ืชืื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื“ืœืง ื‘ื•-ื–ืžื ื™ืช
10:51
for the pacemaker to work correctly.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืงื•ืฆื‘-ื”ืœื‘ ื™ืคืขืœ ื›ืจืื•ื™.
10:54
I don't want to give you the idea that synchrony is always a good idea.
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ืื™ื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉืชื—ืฉื‘ื• ืฉืกื™ื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืชืžื™ื“ ื“ื‘ืจ ื˜ื•ื‘.
10:57
If you have epilepsy, there is an instance of billions of brain cells, or at least millions,
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ืื ื™ืฉ ื”ืชืงืฃ ื ืคื™ืœื”, ื–ื” ืžืงืจื” ืฉื‘ื• ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ื™ ืชืื™ ืžื•ื—, ืื• ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ื ื›ืืœื”,
11:02
discharging in pathological concert.
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ืคื•ืจืงื™ื ืžื˜ืขืŸ ื‘ืชื™ืื•ื ืคืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™.
11:06
So this tendency towards order is not always a good thing.
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ื ื˜ื™ื” ืœืกื“ืจ ื•ืื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ืื™ื ื” ืชืžื™ื“ ื“ื‘ืจ ื˜ื•ื‘.
11:10
You don't have to be alive. You don't have to be even a single cell.
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ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืจืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื. ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืจืš ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืชื.
11:13
If you look, for instance, at how lasers work,
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ืื ืชืกืชื›ืœื•, ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื, ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ืœื™ื™ื–ืจื™ื,
11:16
that would be a case of atomic synchrony.
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ื–ื” ืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ืกื™ื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืจืžื” ื”ืื˜ื•ืžื™ืช.
11:19
In a laser, what makes laser light so different from the light above my head here
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ื‘ืœื™ื™ื–ืจ, ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ืคืš ืื•ืจ ืœื™ื™ื–ืจ ืœื›ืœ-ื›ืš ืฉื•ื ื” ืžื”ืื•ืจ ืฉืžืขืœ ืœืจืืฉื™ ื›ืืŸ
11:23
is that this light is incoherent --
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ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ืื•ืจ ื›ืืŸ ื”ื•ื ื‘ืœืชื™ ืื—ื™ื“ --
11:25
many different colors and different frequencies,
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื™ื ื™ ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ื•ืชื“ื™ืจื•ื™ื•ืช,
11:28
sort of like the way you clapped initially --
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ื‘ืขืจืš ื›ืžื• ืฉืžื—ืืชื ื›ืคื™ื™ื ื‘ื”ืชื—ืœื” --
11:31
but if you were a laser, it would be rhythmic applause.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืœื™ื™ื–ืจ, ื”ื™ื• ืืœื• ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืžื™ืงืฆื‘.
11:34
It would be all atoms pulsating in unison,
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื›ืื™ืœื• ื›ืœ ื”ืื˜ื•ืžื™ื ืคื•ืขืžื™ื ื‘ื™ื—ื“,
11:36
emitting light of one color, one frequency.
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ื•ืคื•ืœื˜ื™ื ืื•ืจ ื‘ืฆื‘ืข ืื—ื“ ื•ืชื“ื™ืจื•ืช ืื—ืช.
11:40
Now comes the very risky part of my talk,
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ื›ืขืช ืžื’ื™ืข ื”ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืžืกื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ื”ืจืฆืืชื™,
11:43
which is to demonstrate that inanimate things can synchronize.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืฉืขืฆืžื™ื ื“ื•ืžืžื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืกืชื ื›ืจืŸ.
11:47
Hold your breath for me.
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ืขื™ืฆืจื• ืืช ื ืฉื™ืžืชื›ื ืœืžืขื ื™.
11:49
What I have here are two empty water bottles.
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ืžื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื™ ื›ืืŸ ื”ื ืฉื ื™ ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืงื™ ืžื™ื ืจื™ืงื™ื.
11:56
This is not Keith Barry doing a magic trick.
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ืื ื™ ืœื ืงื™ืช ื‘ืืจื™ ืฉืขื•ืฉื” ืงืกืžื™ื.
11:58
This is a klutz just playing with some water bottles.
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ื–ื” ืจืง ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืžื’ื•ืฉื ืฉืžืฉื—ืง ืขื ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืงื™ ืžื™ื.
12:03
I have some metronomes here.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ื›ืืŸ ืžื˜ืจื•ื ื•ืžื™ื.
12:08
Can you hear that?
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ื”ืื ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉืžื•ืข?
12:12
All right, so, I've got a metronome,
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ื˜ื•ื‘, ืื– ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ืžื˜ืจื•ื ื•ื,
12:14
and it's the world's smallest metronome, the -- well, I shouldn't advertise.
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ืžื˜ืจื•ื ื•ื ื”ืงื˜ืŸ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ -- ื˜ื•ื‘, ืืกื•ืจ ืœื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืคืจืกื•ืžืช.
12:18
Anyway, so this is the world's smallest metronome.
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืื•ืคืŸ, ื–ื” ื”ืžื˜ืจื•ื ื•ื ื”ืงื˜ืŸ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
12:21
I've set it on the fastest setting, and I'm going to now take
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ื›ื™ื•ื•ื ืชื™ ืื•ืชื• ืœืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื•ื›ืขืช ืืงื—
12:24
another one set to the same setting.
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ืขื•ื“ ืื—ื“ ื•ืื›ื•ื•ื ื• ืœืื•ืชื” ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช.
12:28
We can try this first. If I just put them on the table together,
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ื ื ืกื” ืืช ื–ื”. ืื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืื ื™ื— ืื•ืชื ืขืœ ื”ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ื‘ื™ื—ื“,
12:33
there's no reason for them to synchronize, and they probably won't.
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ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉื”ื ื™ืกืชื ื›ืจื ื•, ื•ื”ื ื›ื ืจืื” ืœื.
12:42
Maybe you'd better listen to them. I'll stand here.
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ืื•ืœื™ ืขื“ื™ืฃ ืฉืชืื–ื™ื ื• ืœื”ื. ืืขืžื•ื“ ื›ืืŸ.
12:49
What I'm hoping is that they might just drift apart
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ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืžืงื•ื” ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ื ื™ืชืคืœื’ื•
12:51
because their frequencies aren't perfectly the same.
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืชื“ื™ืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ืื™ื ืŸ ื–ื”ื•ืช ืœื’ืžืจื™.
13:01
Right? They did.
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ื ื›ื•ืŸ? ื”ื ื”ื™ื•.
13:03
They were in sync for a while, but then they drifted apart.
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ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืžืกื•ื ื›ืจื ื™ื ืœื–ืžืŸ ืžื” ื•ืื– ื”ืชืคืœื’ื•.
13:07
And the reason is that they're not able to communicate.
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ื•ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœื›ืš ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืชืงืฉืจ ื–ื” ืขื ื–ื”.
13:09
Now, you might think that's a bizarre idea.
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ืืชื ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉื–ื” ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืžื•ื–ืจ.
13:11
How can metronomes communicate?
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ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืžื˜ืจื•ื ื•ืžื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืชืงืฉืจ?
13:14
Well, they can communicate through mechanical forces.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืชืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืžื™ื›ื ื™ื™ื.
13:17
So I'm going to give them a chance to do that.
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ืœื›ืŸ ืืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช.
13:19
I also want to wind this one up a bit. How can they communicate?
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ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืžืชื•ื— ืื•ืชื• ืงืฆืช. ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืชืงืฉืจ?
13:22
I'm going to put them on a movable platform,
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ืื ื™ื— ืื•ืชื ืขืœ ืžืฉื˜ื— ื ื™ื™ื“,
13:24
which is the "Guide to Graduate Study at Cornell." Okay? So here it is.
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ืฉื–ื” ื”"ืžื“ืจื™ืš ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ื”ืกืžื›ื” ื‘ืงื•ืจื ืœ." ืื– ื–ื”ื• ื–ื”.
13:33
Let's see if we can get this to work.
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ื”ื‘ื” ื ืจืื” ืื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื–ื” ืœืขื‘ื•ื“.
13:37
My wife pointed out to me that it will work better if I put both on at the same time
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ืืฉืชื™ ื”ืขื™ืจื” ืœื™ ืฉื–ื” ื™ืขื‘ื•ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืื ืื ื™ื— ืืช ืฉื ื™ื”ื ื‘ื•-ื–ืžื ื™ืช
13:41
because otherwise the whole thing will tip over.
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ืฉืื ืœื ื›ืŸ, ื›ืœ ื–ื” ื™ืชื”ืคืš.
13:43
All right. So there we go. Let's see. OK, I'm not trying to cheat --
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ื˜ื•ื‘. ื”ื ื” ื–ื” ืžืชื—ื™ืœ. ื”ื‘ื” ื ืจืื”. ืื ื™ ืœื ืžื ืกื” ืœืจืžื•ืช --
13:50
let me start them out of sync. No, hard to even do that.
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ืืคืขื™ืœ ืื•ืชื ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื ืœื ืžืกื•ื ื›ืจื ื™ื. ืืคื™ืœื• ื–ื” ืงืฉื” ืœื”ืฉื™ื’.
14:08
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
14:12
All right. So before any one goes out of sync, I'll just put those right there.
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ืื– ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื–ื” ื™ื•ืฆื ืžื”ืกื™ื ื›ืจื•ืŸ, ืื ื™ื— ืื•ืชื ื›ืืŸ.
14:17
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
14:18
Now, that might seem a bit whimsical,
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ื–ื” ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ืจืื•ืช ืžื•ื–ืจ,
14:20
but this pervasiveness of this tendency towards spontaneous order
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื˜ื™ื” ื—ื•ื“ืจืช-ื›ืœ ื–ื• ืืœ ืขื‘ืจ ืกื“ืจ ืกืคื•ื ื˜ื ื™
14:25
sometimes has unexpected consequences.
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ื™ืฉ ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื‘ืœืชื™ ืฆืคื•ื™ื•ืช.
14:29
And a clear case of that,
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ื•ื”ืžืงืจื” ืฉื”ื‘ืœื™ื˜ ื ื˜ื™ื” ื–ื•
14:31
was something that happened in London in the year 2000.
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ื”ื™ื” ืžื” ืฉืงืจื” ื‘ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉื ืช 2000.
14:34
The Millennium Bridge was supposed to be the pride of London --
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ื’ืฉืจ ื”ืžื™ืœื ื™ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืืžื•ืจ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื’ืื•ื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ --
14:37
a beautiful new footbridge erected across the Thames,
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ื’ืฉืจ ื™ืคื™ื™ืคื” ื—ื“ืฉ ืœื”ื•ืœื›ื™-ืจื’ืœ ืฉื”ื•ืงื ื•ื—ืฆื” ืืช ื ื”ืจ ื”ืชืžื–ื”,
14:41
first river crossing in over 100 years in London.
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ืคืขื ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžื–ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-100 ืฉื ื” ื‘ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ.
14:45
There was a big competition for the design of this bridge,
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ื”ื™ืชื” ืชื—ืจื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืขืœ ืžื™ ื™ืชื›ื ืŸ ืืช ื”ื’ืฉืจ,
14:48
and the winning proposal was submitted by an unusual team --
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ื•ืžื™ ืฉื–ื›ื” ื”ื™ืชื” ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื™ื•ืฆืืช-ื“ื•ืคืŸ --
14:52
in the TED spirit, actually -- of an architect --
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ืœืžืขืฉื” ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืจื•ื— TED -- ืงื‘ื•ืฆืชื• ืฉืœ ืืจื›ื™ื˜ืงื˜ --
14:55
perhaps the greatest architect in the United Kingdom, Lord Norman Foster --
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ืื•ืœื™ ืื—ื“ ืฉื ื—ืฉื‘ ืœืืจื›ื™ื˜ืงื˜ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื”, ืœื•ืจื“ ื ื•ืจืžืŸ ืคื•ืกื˜ืจ --
14:59
working with an artist, a sculptor, Sir Anthony Caro,
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ืฉืขื‘ื“ ืขื ืืžืŸ-ืคืกืœ, ืกืจ ืื ื˜ื•ื ื™ ืงืืจื•,
15:04
and an engineering firm, Ove Arup.
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ื•ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ื ื“ืกื”, ืื•ื• ืืจื•ืค.
15:08
And together they submitted a design based on Lord Foster's vision,
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ื•ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ื”ื ื”ืฉืœื™ืžื• ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื”ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืขืœ ื—ื–ื•ื ื• ืฉืœ ืœื•ืจื“ ืคื•ืกื˜ืจ,
15:13
which was -- he remembered as a kid reading Flash Gordon comic books,
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ืฉื”ื™ื” -- ื”ื•ื ื–ื›ืจ ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื” ื™ืœื“ ื”ื•ื ืงืจื ืกืคืจื™ ืงื•ืžื™ืงืก ืฉืœ ืคืœืืฉ ื’ื•ืจื“ื•ืŸ,
15:17
and he said that when Flash Gordon would come to an abyss,
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ืคืœืืฉ ื’ื•ืจื“ื•ืŸ ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืชื”ื•ื,
15:20
he would shoot what today would be a kind of a light saber.
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ื”ื•ื ื™ืจื” ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื”ื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื—ืฉื‘ ืœื—ืจื‘ ืฉืœ ืื•ืจ.
15:23
He would shoot his light saber across the abyss, making a blade of light,
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ื”ื•ื ื™ืจื” ืืช ื—ืจื‘ ื”ืื•ืจ ืฉืœื• ืขืœ-ืคื ื™ ื”ืชื”ื•ื, ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื™ืฆืจ ืœื”ื‘ ืื•ืจ,
15:27
and then scamper across on this blade of light.
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ื•ืื– ืจืฅ ืขืœ-ื’ื‘ื™ ืœื”ื‘ ืื•ืจ ื–ื”.
15:29
He said, "That's the vision I want to give to London.
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ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ, "ื–ื” ื”ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ืฉืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืขื ื™ืง ืœืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ.
15:31
I want a blade of light across the Thames."
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ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ื‘ ืื•ืจ ืขืœ-ืคื ื™ ื ื”ืจ ื”ืชืžื–ื”."
15:35
So they built the blade of light,
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ื•ื›ืš ื”ื ื‘ื ื• ืืช ืœื”ื‘ ื”ืื•ืจ,
15:37
and it's a very thin ribbon of steel, the world's --
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ื•ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ืจืฆื•ืขื” ืžืื•ื“ ื“ืงื” ืฉืœ ืคืœื“ื” --
15:43
probably the flattest and thinnest suspension bridge there is,
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ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื ืจืื” ื”ื’ืฉืจ ื”ืชืœื•ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื•ื— ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื”ื“ืง ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืงื™ื™ื,
15:46
with cables that are out on the side.
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ืขื ื›ื‘ืœื™ื ื”ื‘ื•ืœื˜ื™ื ืžื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื.
15:49
You're used to suspension bridges with big droopy cables on the top.
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ืื ื• ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ืœื’ืฉืจื™ื ืชืœื•ื™ื™ื ืขื ื›ื‘ืœื™ื ื”ืžื™ื“ืœื“ืœื™ื ื›ืœืคื™ ืžื˜ื”.
15:52
These cables were on the side of the bridge,
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ื›ืืŸ ื”ื›ื‘ืœื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืฆื™ื“ื™ ื”ื’ืฉืจ,
15:55
like if you took a rubber band and stretched it taut across the Thames --
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ื›ืื™ืœื• ืœืงื—ื• ืจืฆื•ืขืช ื’ื•ืžื™ ื•ืžืชื—ื• ืื•ืชื” ื™ืฉืจ ืขืœ-ืคื ื™ ื ื”ืจ ื”ืชืžื–ื” --
15:59
that's what's holding up this bridge.
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ื•ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ืืช ื”ื’ืฉืจ.
16:01
Now, everyone was very excited to try it out.
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ื›ื•ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืžืื•ื“ ื ืจื’ืฉื™ื ืœื ืกื•ืช ืืช ื”ื’ืฉืจ.
16:03
On opening day, thousands of Londoners came out, and something happened.
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ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืคืชื™ื—ื”, ืืœืคื™ ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ื•ืื– ืงืจื” ืžืฉื”ื•.
16:08
And within two days the bridge was closed to the public.
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ื‘ืชื•ืš ื™ื•ืžื™ื™ื ื”ื’ืฉืจ ื ืกื’ืจ ืœืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ.
16:12
So I want to first show you some interviews with people
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ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืืจืื” ืœื›ื ื›ืžื” ืจืื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืขื ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื ื›ื—ื• ืขืœ ื”ื’ืฉืจ ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืคืชื™ื—ื”,
16:17
who were on the bridge on opening day, who will describe what happened.
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ืืฉืจ ื™ืชืืจื• ืืช ืžื” ืฉืงืจื”.
16:20
Man: It really started moving sideways and slightly up and down,
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ื’ื‘ืจ: ื”ื•ื ื”ื—ืœ ืœื”ืชื ื•ืขืข ืžืฆื“ ืœืฆื“ ื•ืžืขื˜ ืœืžืขืœื”-ืœืžื˜ื”,
16:25
rather like being on the boat.
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ืžืฉื”ื• ื›ืžื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ืกืคื™ื ื”.
16:28
Woman: Yeah, it felt unstable, and it was very windy,
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ืื™ืฉื”: ื›ืŸ, ื”ืจื’ืฉืชื™ ื—ื•ืกืจ ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช, ื•ื”ื™ืชื” ื’ื ืจื•ื— ื—ื–ืงื”,
16:31
and I remember it had lots of flags up and down the sides, so you could definitely --
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ื•ืื ื™ ื–ื•ื›ืจืช ืฉืจืื™ืชื™ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื“ื’ืœื™ื ืขื•ืœื™ื ื•ื™ื•ืจื“ื™ื ื‘ืฆื“ื“ื™ื, ื›ืš ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื•ืช --
16:35
there was something going on sideways, it felt, maybe.
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ื”ื™ื” ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื”ืชืจื—ืฉ ืžืฆื“ ืœืฆื“, ื›ื›ื” ื”ืจื’ืฉืชื™, ืื•ืœื™.
16:38
Interviewer: Not up and down? Boy: No.
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ืžืจืื™ื™ืŸ: ืœื ืœืžืขืœื”-ืœืžื˜ื”? ื ืขืจ: ืœื.
16:40
Interviewer: And not forwards and backwards? Boy: No.
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ืžืจืื™ื™ืŸ: ื•ืœื ืงื“ื™ืžื”-ืื—ื•ืจื”? ื ืขืจ: ืœื.
16:42
Interviewer: Just sideways. About how much was it moving, do you think?
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ืžืจืื™ื™ืŸ: ืจืง ืžืฆื“ ืœืฆื“. ื›ืžื” ื‘ืขืจืš ื”ืชื ื•ืขืข, ืœืคื™ ื“ืขืชืš?
16:45
Boy: It was about --
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ื ืขืจ: ื‘ืขืจืš --
16:47
Interviewer: I mean, that much, or this much?
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ืžืจืื™ื™ืŸ: ื›ื›ื”, ืื• ื›ื›ื”?
16:49
Boy: About the second one.
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ื ืขืจ: ื›ืžื• ื–ื” ื”ืฉื ื™.
16:51
Interviewer: This much? Boy: Yeah.
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ืžืจืื™ื™ืŸ: ื›ื›ื”? ื ืขืจ: ื›ืŸ.
16:53
Man: It was at least six, six to eight inches, I would have thought.
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ื’ื‘ืจ: ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืœืคื—ื•ืช 15, 15 ืขื“ 20 ืก"ืž, ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืื•ืžืจ.
16:56
Interviewer: Right, so, at least this much? Man: Oh, yes.
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ืžืจืื™ื™ืŸ: ืื–, ื›ื›ื” ื‘ืขืจืš? ื’ื‘ืจ: ื›ืŸ.
16:58
Woman: I remember wanting to get off.
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ืื™ืฉื”: ืื ื™ ื–ื•ื›ืจืช ืฉืจืฆื™ืชื™ ืœืจื“ืช ืžืฉื.
17:00
Interviewer: Oh, did you? Woman: Yeah. It felt odd.
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ืžืจืื™ื™ืŸ: ื•ื™ืจื“ืช? ืื™ืฉื”: ื›ืŸ, ื”ืจื’ืฉืชื™ ืžื•ื–ืจ.
17:02
Interviewer: So it was enough to be scary? Woman: Yeah, but I thought that was just me.
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ืžืจืื™ื™ืŸ: ืื– ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืกืคื™ืง ื—ื–ืง ืขื“ ื›ื“ื™ ืคื—ื“? ืื™ืฉื”: ื›ืŸ, ืื‘ืœ ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืฉื–ื• ืจืง ืื ื™.
17:08
Interviewer: Ah! Now, tell me why you had to do this?
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ืžืจืื™ื™ืŸ: ืื”! ืกืคืจ ืœื™ ืžื“ื•ืข ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช?
17:11
Boy: We had to do this because, to keep in balance
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ื ืขืจ: ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ืฉื™ื•ื•ื™-ืžืฉืงืœ
17:13
because if you didn't keep your balance,
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ืฉืื ืœื ื›ืŸ,
17:15
then you would just fall over about, like, to the left or right, about 45 degrees.
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ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื ื•ืคืœื™ื ื™ืžื™ื ื” ืื• ืฉืžืืœื”, ื›-45 ืžืขืœื•ืช.
17:21
Interviewer: So just show me how you walk normally. Right.
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ืžืจืื™ื™ืŸ: ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืจืง ืชืจืื” ืœื™ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืืชื” ื”ื•ืœืš ืจื’ื™ืœ. ื˜ื•ื‘.
17:26
And then show me what it was like when the bridge started to go. Right.
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ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืชืจืื” ืœื™ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ืœื›ืช ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื’ืฉืจ ื”ื—ืœ ืœื”ืชื ื•ืขืข.
17:31
So you had to deliberately push your feet out sideways and --
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ืื– ื”ื™ื™ืช ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื–ื™ื– ื‘ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืืช ืจื’ืœื™ืš ืžืฆื“ ืœืฆื“ --
17:35
oh, and short steps?
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ืื”, ื•ื‘ืฆืขื“ื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื?
17:37
Man: That's right. And it seemed obvious to me
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ื’ื‘ืจ: ื ื›ื•ืŸ. ื•ื–ื” ื ืจืื” ืœื™ ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืžืืœื™ื•
17:40
that it was probably the number of people on it.
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ืฉื–ื” ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœืžืกืคืจ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืขืœ ื”ื’ืฉืจ.
17:44
Interviewer: Were they deliberately walking in step, or anything like that?
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ืžืจืื™ื™ืŸ: ื”ืื ื”ื ื”ืœื›ื• ื‘ืงืฆื‘ ื‘ื›ื•ื•ื ื”, ืื• ืžืฉื”ื• ื›ื–ื”?
17:48
Man: No, they just had to conform to the movement of the bridge.
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ื’ื‘ืจ: ืœื, ื”ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื”ื™ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืชืื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื ืœืชื ื•ืขืช ื”ื’ืฉืจ.
17:52
Steven Strogatz: All right, so that already gives you a hint of what happened.
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ืกื˜ื™ื‘ืŸ ืกื˜ืจื•ื’ืืฅ: ื˜ื•ื‘, ื–ื” ื‘ืืžืช ื ื•ืชืŸ ืœื›ื ืžื•ืฉื’ ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉืงืจื” ืฉื.
17:55
Think of the bridge as being like this platform.
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ืชื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื”ื’ืฉืจ ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ื™ื” ืžืฉื˜ื— ื–ื”.
17:59
Think of the people as being like metronomes.
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ืชื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ื™ื• ืžื˜ืจื•ื ื•ืžื™ื.
18:02
Now, you might not be used to thinking of yourself as a metronome,
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ืื•ืœื™ ืืชื ืœื ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื›ื ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืžื˜ืจื•ื ื•ืžื™ื,
18:05
but after all, we do walk like -- I mean, we oscillate back and forth as we walk.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื›ืœ, ืื ื—ื ื• ื›ืŸ ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ื›ืžื• -- ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชื ื“ื ื“ื™ื ืงื“ื™ืžื” ื•ืื—ื•ืจื” ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืœื™ื›ื”.
18:09
And especially if we start to walk like those people did, right?
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ื•ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื›ืช ื›ืžื• ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื”ื, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
18:12
They all showed this strange sort of skating gait
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ื”ื ื›ื•ืœื ื”ืคื’ื™ื ื• ืžื™ืŸ ื”ืœื™ื›ื” ืžื•ื–ืจื” ื›ื–ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืœืงื”,
18:16
that they adopted once the bridge started to move.
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ืฉื”ื ืื™ืžืฆื• ืœืขืฆืžื ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื”ื’ืฉืจ ื”ื—ืœ ืœื”ืชื ื“ื ื“.
18:19
And so let me show you now the footage of the bridge.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืืจืื” ืœื›ื ืงื˜ืข ืžืฆื•ืœื ืฉืœ ื”ื’ืฉืจ.
18:22
But also, after you see the bridge on opening day, you'll see an interesting clip
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ืื‘ืœ ื’ื, ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืชืจืื• ืืช ื”ื’ืฉืจ ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืคืชื™ื—ื”, ืชืจืื• ืงื˜ืข ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ
18:26
of work done by a bridge engineer at Cambridge named Allan McRobie,
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ืขืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉื ืขืฉืชื” ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ืžื”ื ื“ืก ื’ืฉืจื™ื ืžืงื™ื™ืžื‘ืจื™ื“ื’' ืฉืฉืžื• ืืœืŸ ืžืง'ืจื•ื‘ื™,
18:31
who figured out what happened on the bridge,
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ืืฉืจ ื’ื™ืœื” ืžื” ืงืจื” ืขืœ ื”ื’ืฉืจ,
18:33
and who built a bridge simulator to explain exactly what the problem was.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื‘ื ื” ื”ื“ืžื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื’ืฉืจ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžื” ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ื‘ืขื™ื”.
18:37
It was a kind of unintended positive feedback loop
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ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ืžื™ืŸ ืœื•ืœืืช ืžืฉื•ื‘ ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืช ืœื ืžืชื•ื›ื ื ืช
18:41
between the way the people walked and the way the bridge began to move,
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ื• ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืœื›ื• ื•ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ื• ื”ื’ืฉืจ ื”ื—ืœ ืœื”ืชื ื•ืขืข,
18:44
that engineers knew nothing about.
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ื•ืฉื”ืžื”ื ื“ืกื™ื ื›ืœืœ ืœื ื™ื“ืขื• ืขืœื™ื”.
18:46
Actually, I think the first person you'll see
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ื‘ืขืฆื, ื”ืื“ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืชืจืื•
18:48
is the young engineer who was put in charge of this project. Okay.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืžื”ื ื“ืก ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ ืฉืžื•ื ื” ื›ืื—ืจืื™ ืœืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ ื–ื”.
18:53
(Video) Interviewer: Did anyone get hurt? Engineer: No.
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(ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ): ืžืจืื™ื™ืŸ: ื”ืื ื”ื™ื• ื ืคื’ืขื™ื? ืžื”ื ื“ืก: ืœื.
18:55
Interviewer: Right. So it was quite small -- Engineer: Yes. Interviewer: -- but real?
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ืžืจืื™ื™ืŸ: ืื– ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืฉื”ื• ืงื˜ืŸ ื™ื—ืกื™ืช -- ืžื”ื ื“ืก: ื›ืŸ. ืžืจืื™ื™ืŸ: -- ืื‘ืœ ืืžื™ืชื™?
18:58
Engineer: Absolutely. Interviewer: You thought, "Oh, bother."
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ืžื”ื ื“ืก: ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ. ืžืจืื™ื™ืŸ: ืืชื” ื—ืฉื‘ืช, "ืžื” ืœื›ืœ ื”ืจื•ื—ื•ืช...".
19:01
Engineer: I felt I was disappointed about it.
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ืžื”ื ื“ืก: ื—ืฉืชื™ ืื›ื–ื‘ื” ื‘ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.
19:04
We'd spent a lot of time designing this bridge, and we'd analyzed it,
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ื”ืฉืงืขื ื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ื–ืžืŸ ืขืœ ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื’ืฉืจ ื–ื”, ื ื™ืชื—ื ื• ืื•ืชื• ืžื›ืœ ื”ื›ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื,
19:08
we'd checked it to codes -- to heavier loads than the codes --
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ื‘ื“ืงื ื• ืื•ืชื• ืœืคื™ ื”ืชืงื ื™ื -- ืืคื™ืœื• ืœืขื•ืžืกื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืžื”ืชืงื ื™ื --
19:11
and here it was doing something that we didn't know about.
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ื•ืื– ื”ื•ื ืขืฉื” ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืœื ื™ื“ืขื ื• ืขืœื™ื•.
19:14
Interviewer: You didn't expect. Engineer: Exactly.
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ืžืจืื™ื™ืŸ: ืœื ืฆื™ืคื™ืช ืœื–ื”. ืžื”ื ื“ืก: ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง.
19:16
Narrator: The most dramatic and shocking footage
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ืงืจื™ื™ืŸ: ื”ืงื˜ืข ื”ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ ื•ื”ืžื–ืขื–ืข ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
19:19
shows whole sections of the crowd -- hundreds of people --
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ืžืจืื” ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœืžื™ื ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื - ืžืื•ืช ืื ืฉื™ื --
19:22
apparently rocking from side to side in unison,
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ืžืชื ื“ื ื“ื™ื ืžืฆื“ ืœืฆื“ ื‘ื™ื—ื“,
19:24
not only with each other, but with the bridge.
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ืœื ืจืง ื”ืื—ื“ ืขื ื”ืฉื ื™, ืืœื ืขื ื”ื’ืฉืจ.
19:27
This synchronized movement seemed to be driving the bridge.
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ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ืžืกื•ื ื›ืจื ืช ื ืจืื™ืช ื›ืื—ืช ืฉืžื ื™ืขื” ืืช ื”ื’ืฉืจ.
19:31
But how could the crowd become synchronized?
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื›ืœ ื”ืงื”ืœ ื”ืคืš ืœืžืกื•ื ื›ืจืŸ?
19:34
Was there something special about the Millennium Bridge that caused this effect?
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ื”ืื ื”ื™ื” ืฉื ืžืฉื”ื• ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืขืœ ื’ืฉืจ ื”ืžื™ืœื ื™ื•ื ืฉื’ืจื ืœืชื•ืคืขื” ื–ื•?
19:38
This was to be the focus of the investigation.
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืืžื•ืจ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืงื“ ื”ื—ืงื™ืจื”.
19:42
Interviewer: Well, at last the simulated bridge is finished, and I can make it wobble.
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ืžืจืื™ื™ืŸ: ืœืคื—ื•ืช ื”ื’ืฉืจ ื”ืžื“ื•ืžื” ื”ื•ืฉืœื ื•ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื• ืœื”ืชื ื•ื“ื“.
19:49
Now, Allan, this is all your fault, isn't it? Allan McRobie: Yes.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืืœืŸ, ื–ื• ืืฉืžืชืš, ื ื›ื•ืŸ? ืืœืŸ ืžืง'ืจื•ื‘ื™: ื›ืŸ.
19:53
Interviewer: You designed this, yes, this simulated bridge,
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ืžืจืื™ื™ืŸ: ืืชื” ืชื›ื ื ืช ืืช ื–ื”, ืืช ื”ื’ืฉืจ ื”ืžื“ื•ืžื”,
19:55
and this, you reckon, mimics the action of the real bridge?
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ื•ื–ื”, ืืชื” ืกื‘ื•ืจ, ืžื“ืžื” ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื’ืฉืจ ืืžื™ืชื™?
19:58
AM: It captures a lot of the physics, yes.
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ื.ืž.: ื–ื” ืื›ืŸ ืžื‘ื˜ื ืืช ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื” ืฉืœื• ื‘ืจื•ื‘ื”.
20:00
Interviewer: Right. So if we get on it, we should be able to wobble it, yes?
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ืžืจืื™ื™ืŸ: ื ื›ื•ืŸ. ืื– ืื ื ืขืœื” ืขืœื™ื•, ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื ืขื ืข ืื•ืชื•, ื›ืŸ?
20:06
Allan McRobie is a bridge engineer from Cambridge who wrote to me,
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ืืœืŸ ืžืง'ืจื•ื‘ื™ ื”ื•ื ืžื”ื ื“ืก ื’ืฉืจื™ื ืžืงื™ื™ืžื‘ืจื™ื“ื’' ืฉื›ืชื‘ ืœื™,
20:09
suggesting that a bridge simulator ought to wobble
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ื‘ื”ืฆื™ืขื• ืฉื”ื’ืฉืจ ื”ืžื“ื•ืžื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืชื ื•ื“ื“
20:12
in the same way as the real bridge --
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ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืžื• ื”ื’ืฉืจ ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ --
20:14
provided we hung it on pendulums of exactly the right length.
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ื‘ืชื ืื™ ืฉื ืชืœื” ืื•ืชื• ืขืœ ืžื˜ื•ื˜ืœื•ืช ืฉืื•ืจื›ืŸ ืžืชืื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง.
20:16
AM: This one's only a couple of tons, so it's fairly easy to get going.
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ื.ืž.: ื–ื” ืฉื•ืงืœ ืจืง ื›ืžื” ื˜ื•ื ื•ืช, ืœื›ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืœ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื• ืœื”ืชื ื•ื“ื“.
20:19
Just by walking. Interviewer: Well, it's certainly going now.
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ืจืง ื‘ื–ื” ืฉื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื. ืžืจืื™ื™ืŸ: ื–ื” ื‘ืืžืช ืžืชื ื•ื“ื“ ืขื›ืฉื™ื•.
20:22
AM: It doesn't have to be a real dangle. Just walk. It starts to go.
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ื.ืž.: ื–ื” ืœื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื ื™ื“ื ื•ื“ ืžื›ื•ื•ืŸ. ืจืง ืœืœื›ืช. ื–ื” ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ื•ืฆืจ.
20:25
Interviewer: It's actually quite difficult to walk.
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ืžืจืื™ื™ืŸ: ื‘ืขืฆื ื–ื” ื“ื™ ืงืฉื” ืœืœื›ืช.
20:28
You have to be careful where you put your feet down, don't you,
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ืขืœื™ืš ืœืฉื™ื ืœื‘ ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืืชื” ืžื ื™ื— ืืช ื›ืคื•ืช ืจื’ืœื™ืš,
20:31
because if you get it wrong, it just throws you off your feet.
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืื ืชื˜ืขื”, ื–ื” ื™ืคื™ืœ ืื•ืชืš ืžืจื’ืœื™ืš.
20:34
AM: It certainly affects the way you walk, yes. You can't walk normally on it.
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ื.ืž.: ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืฉื–ื” ืžืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื”ื”ืœื™ื›ื”. ืื™-ืืคืฉืจ ืœืœื›ืช ืขืœื™ื• ืจื’ื™ืœ.
20:39
Interviewer: No. If you try and put one foot in front of another,
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ืžืจืื™ื™ืŸ: ืœื. ืื ืžื ืกื™ื ืœืฉื™ื ืจื’ืœ ืื—ืช ืžืœืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื ื™ื”,
20:41
it's moving your feet away from under you. AM: Yes.
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ื–ื” ืžืกื™ื˜ ืืช ื”ืจื’ืœื™ื™ื ืžืชื—ืชื™ืš. ื.ืž.: ื›ืŸ.
20:44
Interviewer: So you've got to put your feet out sideways.
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ืžืจืื™ื™ืŸ: ืœื›ืŸ ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืืช ื”ืจื’ืœื™ื™ื ื”ืฆื™ื“ื”.
20:47
So already, the simulator is making me walk in exactly the same way
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ืื– ื›ื‘ืจ ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืžื“ื•ืžื” ื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœื™ ืœืœื›ืช ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืื•ืคืŸ
20:50
as our witnesses walked on the real bridge.
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ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ื ื”ืœื›ื• ืขืœ ื”ื’ืฉืจ ื”ืืžื™ืชื™.
20:52
AM: ... ice-skating gait. There isn't all this sort of snake way of walking.
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ื.ืž.: ... ื”ืœื™ื›ืช ื”ื—ืœืงื” ืขืœ ืงืจื—. ืื™ืŸ ื”ืœื™ื›ืช-ื ื—ืฉ ื›ื–ื•.
20:55
Interviewer: For a more convincing experiment,
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ืžืจืื™ื™ืŸ: ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ื™ื”ื™ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉื›ื ืข,
20:57
I wanted my own opening-day crowd, the sound check team.
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ืจืฆื™ืชื™ ืงื”ืœ ืžืฉืœื™ ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ื™ื•ื-ื”ืคืชื™ื—ื”, ืฆื•ื•ืช ื‘ื“ื™ืงืช ื”ืงื•ืœ.
21:00
Their instructions: just walk normally.
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ื”ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ืฉื”ื ืงื™ื‘ืœื•: ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืชืชื”ืœื›ื• ืจื’ื™ืœ.
21:12
It's really intriguing because none of these people is trying to drive it.
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ื–ื” ื‘ืืžืช ืžืกืงืจืŸ ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ืื™ื ื• ืžื ืกื” ืœื ืขื ืข ืื•ืชื•.
21:16
They're all having some difficulty walking.
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ื”ื ื›ื•ืœื ื ืชืงืœื™ื ื‘ืงื•ืฉื™ ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื ืœืœื›ืช.
21:19
And the only way you can walk comfortably is by getting in step.
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ื•ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืœื›ืช ื‘ื ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืœืงืฆื‘.
21:22
But then, of course, everyone is driving the bridge.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื–, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื›ื•ืœื ืžื ืขื ืขื™ื ืืช ื”ื’ืฉืจ.
21:27
You can't help it. You're actually forced by the movement of the bridge to get into step,
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ืื™ืŸ ืžื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช. ืืชื” ื ืืœืฅ ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืชื ื•ืขืช ื”ื’ืฉืจ ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืœืงืฆื‘,
21:32
and therefore to drive it to move further.
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืœื ืขื ืข ืื•ืชื• ืขื•ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ื–ืง.
21:38
SS: All right, well, with that from the Ministry of Silly Walks,
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ืกื˜ื™ื‘ืŸ ืกื˜ืจื•ื’ืืฅ: ื˜ื•ื‘, ืขื ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื–ื” ืžื”ืžืฉืจื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืจ ืœื”ืœื™ื›ื” ืžืฆื—ื™ืงื”,
21:42
maybe I'd better end. I see I've gone over.
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ืื•ืœื™ ืขื“ื™ืฃ ืฉืืกื™ื™ื. ืื ื™ ืจื•ืื” ืฉืขื‘ืจืชื™ ืืช ื”ื–ืžืŸ.
21:45
But I hope that you'll go outside and see the world in a new way,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ืžืงื•ื” ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ืชืฆืื• ื”ื—ื•ืฆื” ืชืกืชื›ืœื• ืขืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืื—ืจืช,
21:48
to see all the amazing synchrony around us. Thank you.
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ื•ืชืจืื• ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืกื™ื ื›ืจื•ื ื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ื”ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื” ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื ื•. ืชื•ื“ื” ืœื›ื.
21:51
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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