Sarah Kurnick: "Aliens built the pyramids" and other absurdities of pseudo-archaeology | TED

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2021-03-18 ใƒป TED


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Sarah Kurnick: "Aliens built the pyramids" and other absurdities of pseudo-archaeology | TED

403,845 views ใƒป 2021-03-18

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

00:00
Transcriber:
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ืชืจื’ื•ื: Naama Lieberman ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Ido Dekkers
ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื ืื™ืฉ ื–ืจ ืฉื™ืฉื‘ ืœื™ื“ื™ ื‘ืžื˜ื•ืก,
ืฉืืœ ืžื” ืื ื™ ืขื•ืฉื” ืœืžื—ื™ื™ืชื™.
ืืžืจืชื™ ืœื• ืฉืื ื™ ืืจื›ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ื•ืฉืื ื™ ื—ื•ืงืจืช ืืช ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืื™ื” ื”ืขืชื™ืงื”.
00:12
A few years ago, a stranger sitting next to me on a plane,
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ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ: โ€œื•ื•ืื•, ืื ื™ ืื•ื”ื‘ ืืจื›ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”โ€
00:17
asked what I did for a living.
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ื•ืกื™ืคืจ ืœื™ ื›ืžื” ื”ื•ื ื ืจื’ืฉ ืœืฉืžื•ืข ืขืœ ืชื’ืœื™ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช.
00:19
I told him that I'm an archeologist and I study the ancient Maya.
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ื•ืื– ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ ืœื™ ื›ืžื” ื–ื” ืžื“ื”ื™ื
00:24
He said, "Wow, I love archeology,"
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ืฉื—ื™ื™ื–ืจื™ื ืžื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื ื™ื‘ื™ืจื• ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ
00:27
and told me how excited he gets when hearing about new finds.
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ื•ื™ื™ืกื“ื• ืืช ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ืžืจื™ืช ื”ืขืชื™ืงื” ื‘ืžืกื•ืคื•ื˜ืžื™ื”.
00:32
Then he told me how amazing it is
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00:35
that aliens from the planet Nibiru had come to Earth
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ืื ื™ ืžื ื”ืœืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ื›ืืœื” ื‘ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื,
00:39
and established the ancient Sumerian culture in Mesopotamia.
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ื‘ื—ื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืกืคืจื™ื ื•ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื.
ืื ืฉื™ื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืื™ืชื™ ืขืœ ืคืกืื•ื“ื•-ืืจื›ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”,
00:44
I have these conversations a lot on planes,
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ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื ืจืื” ื›ืžื• ืืจื›ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”, ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ืœื.
00:49
in bookstores and in bars.
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00:52
People want to talk with me about pseudoarcheology,
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ื–ื” ื›ื•ืœืœ ื˜ืขื ื•ืช ืคืจื•ืขื•ืช ื•ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ืขืœ ืขื‘ืจ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช,
00:56
something that seems like archeology, but isn't.
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ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืžื• ื—ื™ื™ื–ืจื™ื ื‘ื ื• ืืช ื”ืคื™ืจืžื™ื“ื•ืช
01:00
It involves making wild and unproven claims about the human past,
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ืื• ืฉื•ืจื“ื™ื ืžื”ื™ื‘ืฉืช ื”ืื‘ื•ื“ื” ืื˜ืœื ื˜ื™ืก
ื”ืžืฆื™ืื• ืืช ื”ื›ืชื‘ ื”ื”ื™ืจื•ื’ืœื™ืคื™.
01:06
things like aliens built the pyramids
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ืจื•ื‘ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื˜ืขื ื•ืช ื›ืืœื” ื”ืŸ ืœื ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื•ืช
01:09
or survivors from the lost continent of Atlantis
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ื•ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืืžืช ืžื’ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช.
01:12
invented hieroglyphic writing.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืŸ ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื.
01:14
Now, most of us know that claims like these are unfounded
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ื”ืŸ ื‘ืชื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื”, ื‘ืกืจื˜ื™ื ื•ื‘ืกืคืจื™ื.
01:19
and frankly absurd.
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01:21
Yet they're everywhere.
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ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื”ืกื“ืจื” ื‘ืขืจื•ืฅ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” โ€œื—ื™ื™ื–ืจื™ื ืขืชื™ืงื™ืโ€œ,
01:23
They're on TV shows, in movies and in books.
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ื‘ืขื•ื ื” ื”-15 ื›ืจื’ืข,
ืื• ื”ืกืจื˜ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืกื“ืจืช ืื™ื ื“ื™ืื ื” ื’โ€™ื•ื ืก
01:29
Think of the History Channel series "Ancient Aliens,"
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ืขืœ ืžืžืœื›ืช ื’ื•ืœื’ื•ืœืช ื”ื‘ื“ื•ืœื—,
01:32
currently in its 15th season,
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ืื• ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ืงืœืืกื™ ืฉืœ ืืจื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื ื™ืงืŸ โ€œืžืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืืœื™ื?โ€
01:36
or of the most recent Indiana Jones movie
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01:39
about the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull,
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ื”ื ื” ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื”. ืœืžื™ ืื›ืคืช?
01:43
or Erich von Dรคnikenโ€™s classic book โ€œChariots of the Gods?โ€
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ื–ื” ืจืง ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืจ, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
ื–ื” ืœื ื ื—ืžื“ ืœื‘ืจื•ื— ืžื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื•ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื‘ื“ืจืš ืžื”ื ื”?
01:48
Here's the crucial question. Who cares?
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ื–ื” ืœื.
01:53
It's just entertainment, right?
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ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืคืกืื•ื“ื•-ืืจื›ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื™ื ื’ื–ืขื ื™ืช ื•ืงืกื ื•ืคื•ื‘ื™ืช
01:55
Isn't it a nice escape from reality and a fun way to think about the world?
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ื•ื›ืžื• ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืจ, ื”ื™ื ืžืฉืคื™ืขื” ืขืœ ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžืžืฉื™ืช.
02:00
It's not.
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02:02
Most pseudoarcheology is racist and xenophobic
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ืืชืŸ ืœื›ื ื“ื•ื’ืžื”.
02:07
and like other forms of entertainment, it influences our culture in real ways.
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ื ืคื•ืฅ ืœืฉืžื•ืข ืคืกืื•ื“ื•-ืืจื›ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื
ืฉืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื ื”ืขืชื™ืงื™ื ืื• ื”ืžืื™ื”
02:13
Let me give you an example.
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02:15
It's common to hear pseudoarcheologists claim
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ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœื”ื™ืฉื’ื™ื ืื“ื™ืจื™ื,
ืื‘ืœ ืจืง ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื•ืช, ื›ืžื• ื—ื™ื™ื–ืจื™ื ืื• ืื ืฉื™ ืžืื˜ืœื ื˜ื™ืก.
02:19
that groups like the ancient Egyptians or the ancient Maya
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02:23
accomplished incredible things,
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ื ื“ื™ืจ ืœืฉืžื•ืข ืคืกืื•ื“ื•-ืืจื›ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื
02:26
but only with the help of outside groups, like aliens or people from Atlantis.
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ืฉื ื ื™ื—, ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืขื–ืจ ืœืจื•ืžืื™ื ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืงื•ืœื•ืกื™ืื•ื
02:33
What you rarely hear is pseudoarcheologists claiming
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ืื• ืฉื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ืขื–ืจื• ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ื”ืคืจืชื ื•ืŸ.
ืœืžื”?
02:38
that, say, Romans had help building the Colosseum
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ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืคืกืื•ื“ื•-ืืจื›ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื
ืื™ืจื•ืคืื™ื ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœื”ื™ืฉื’ื™ื ื‘ืขืฆืžื,
02:42
or that Greeks had help building the Parthenon.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื-ืื™ืจื•ืคืื™ื ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ื ืขื–ืจื• ื‘ื”ื ื—ื™ื” ืžื‘ื—ื•ืฅ.
02:45
Why is that?
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02:47
For pseudoarcheologists
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02:49
Europeans could have accomplished their feats on their own,
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ื˜ืขื ื•ืช ื›ืืœื” ื”ืŸ ืœื ืจืง ืฉืขืจื•ืจื™ื™ืชื™ื•ืช.
ื”ืŸ ืคื•ื’ืขื ื™ื•ืช.
02:53
but non-Europeans must have had outside guidance.
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ื›ืืŸ ื•ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื,
02:57
Claims like these are not just outrageous.
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ืคืกืื•ื“ื•-ืืจื›ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืžื ืฆื™ื—ื” ืžื™ืชื•ืกื™ื ืฉืœ ืขืœื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืœื‘ื ื”,
03:00
They are offensive.
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03:02
Here and in so many other instances,
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ืžืฉืžื™ืฆื” ืœื-ืื™ืจื•ืคืื™ื
ื•ืžืขืจืขืจืช ืขืœ ื”ื”ื™ืฉื’ื™ื ืขืœ ืื‘ื•ืชื™ื”ื.
03:06
pseudoarcheology sustains myths of white supremacy,
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ื‘ื™ืœื™ืชื™ ืืช 12 ื”ืงื™ืฆื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื
03:10
disparages non-Europeans
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ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ืฉื˜ื— ืืจื›ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ ื”ืžืื™ื”.
03:12
and discredits their ancestors' achievements.
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ืœืคื ื™ ืžืกืคืจ ืฉื ื™ื,
ื’ืจืชื™ ื‘ื›ืคืจ ืงื˜ืŸ ืœื™ื“ ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื’ื•ืื˜ืžืœื”-ื‘ืœื™ื–.
03:16
I've spent the last 12 summers
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03:18
doing archeological fieldwork in the Maya area.
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ื‘ื™ืœื™ืชื™ ื™ื•ื ืื—ืจ ื™ื•ื ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื”,
ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื‘ื—ืชื™ื›ื•ืช ืงืจืžื™ืงื” ื–ืขื™ืจื•ืช, ื—ื•ืžื•ืช ื•ืฉื—ื•ืงื•ืช.
03:22
Several years back,
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03:23
I was staying in a small village along the Belizeโ€“Guatemala border.
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ืื™ืฉ ื”ืžืื™ื” ืฉื’ืจ ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื›ื‘ื™ืฉ, ื”ื›ื™ืŸ ืชื—ืจื™ื˜ื™ ืื‘ืŸ ืœืžื›ื™ืจื” ืœืชื™ื™ืจื™ื.
03:27
I spent day after day in the lab,
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03:30
staring at tiny, brown, eroded pieces of ceramics.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื’ื™ืข ืžื“ื™ ืคืขื ื‘ืคืขื ืœืคื˜ืคื˜.
03:35
The Maya man who lived across the street made slate carvings to sell to tourists.
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ื•ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“ ื”ื•ื ื”ื‘ื™ื ืชื—ืจื™ื˜ ืื‘ืŸ,
ื•ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ื–ื•.
03:41
He'd stop by every once in a while to chat.
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ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉื ื—ืฆื‘ื” ืขืœ ืžื›ืกื” ื”ืกืจืงื•ืคื’ ืฉืœ ืžืœืš ื”ืžืื™ื” ืคืืงืืœ
03:44
And one day he brought over a slate carving,
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ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืžื•ืชื• ื‘ืฉื ืช 683 ืœืกืคื™ืจื”.
03:48
and it was this image.
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03:50
The image carved into the sarcophagus lid of the Maya king Pakal
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ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ื–ื• ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื” ื•ื”ื™ื ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช.
ื”ื™ื ืžืฆื™ื’ื” ืืช ื”ืžืœืš ื”ื ืคื˜ืจ ืขื•ืœื” ืžืžืœืชืขื•ืช ื”ืฉืื•ืœ
03:55
around his death in 683 AD.
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03:58
This image is incredible and it's complex.
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ื•ื ื•ืœื“ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืืœ.
ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื™ืฉ ืขืฅ ืขื•ืœื ืžืขื•ืฆื‘
04:03
It shows the deceased king rising from the jaws of the underworld
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ื”ืฆื•ืžื— ืžื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืชื—ืชื•ืŸ
ื“ืจืš ืขื•ืœื ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ.
04:07
to be reborn as a deity.
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04:10
In the center is a stylized world tree
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ื‘ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื ื™ืฉ ืจืฆื•ืขืช ืฉืžื™ื™ื ืขื ืกืžืœื™ื ืœืฉืžืฉ, ื™ืจื— ื•ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื.
04:13
that extends from the underworld
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04:15
through the realm of the living into the upper world.
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ื”ืชืจื’ืฉืชื™ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขื ื”ืฉื›ืŸ ืฉืœื™
04:18
Around the edges is a sky band with symbols for the sun, moon and stars.
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ืขืœ ื“ืช ื”ืžืื™ื” ื”ืขืชื™ืงื”, ืขืœ ื”ืงื•ืกืžื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื•ื”ืื™ืงื•ื ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื”.
04:26
I was so excited to talk with my neighbor
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื–ื”, ื”ื•ื ืจืฆื” ืœื“ื‘ืจ
04:29
about ancient Maya religion, cosmology and iconography.
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ืขืœ ืคืจืง ืฉืœ โ€œื—ื™ื™ื–ืจื™ื ืขืชื™ืงื™ืโ€ ืฉื”ื•ื ืจืื”.
ื–ื” ืขืœ ื”ืžืื™ื”.
04:35
Instead, he wanted to talk
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ ืœื™ ืฉื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ืฉืœ ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ืื•ื˜
04:38
about an "Ancient Aliens" episode he had seen.
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ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ืœื™ื“ ื”ื‘ืงืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ืœืœื™ืช.
04:41
The one about the Maya.
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04:44
And he told me that this image was of an astronaut
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื”ืžื•ืžื”.
ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื”ืชืคืขืœ ืžืื‘ื•ืชื™ื•,
04:48
at the controls of a rocket ship.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืžืœื ื™ืจืื” ื›ืœืคื™ ื—ื™ื™ื–ืจ ื“ืžื™ื•ื ื™.
04:53
I was shocked.
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ื”ื•ื ืืคื™ืœื• ืืžืจ ืœื™ ืฉื™ื•ื ืื—ื“,
04:55
Instead of marveling at his own ancestors,
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ื”ื•ื ืžืงื•ื•ื” ืœื”ืขื ื™ืง ืืช ื”ืชื—ืจื™ื˜ ืœืืจื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื ื™ืงืŸ,
04:58
he was in awe of a fictional alien.
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ืื‘ื™ ืชื•ืคืขืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื–ืจื™ื ื”ืขืชื™ืงื™ื.
05:02
He even told me that one day,
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ืคืกืื•ื“ื•-ืืจื›ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืœืœื ืกืคืง ืคื•ื’ืขืช ื‘ืžื•ืฉืื™ื ืฉืœื”,
05:05
he hoped to give this carving to Erich von Dรคniken,
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05:08
father of the ancient aliens phenomenon.
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ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืขืžื™ื ื™ืœื™ื“ื™ื™ื, ื›ืžื• ื”ืžืื™ื”,
ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื ื’ื ืคื•ื’ืขืช ื‘ืฆื•ืคื™ื.
05:13
Pseudoarcheology undoubtedly harms its subjects,
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ื”ื™ื ืคื•ื’ืขืช ื‘ื›ื•ืœื ื•.
05:16
often Indigenous people, like the Maya,
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ื›ืžื• ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื’ื–ืขื ื•ืช,
ื”ื™ื ืžื—ืžื™ืจื” ืืช ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ืฉื™ื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ
05:20
but it also harms its viewers.
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ื•ืžื•ื ืขืช ืžืื™ืชื ื• ืœื”ืขืจื™ืš ื•ืœื™ื”ื ื•ืช ืžืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืื ื•ืฉื™.
05:22
It harms all of us.
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05:24
Like other forms of racism,
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05:26
it exacerbates inequality
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ืžื” ืฉื‘ืืžืช ืžืคื—ื™ื“
ื–ื” ืฉืคืกืื•ื“ื•-ืืจื›ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื™ื ื—ืœืง ืงื˜ืŸ ืžื‘ืขื™ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ.
05:29
and prevents us from appreciating and benefiting from human diversity.
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ื–ื• ืจืง ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืื—ืช ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืžืขื•ื•ืชื™ื ืืช ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื‘ื›ื•ื•ื ื”,
05:35
What's really scary
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05:37
is that pseudoarcheology is a small part of a much bigger problem.
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ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืžืฉื ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ืŸ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื•ืืจื›ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช.
05:43
It's just one example of people getting history wrong on purpose,
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ืœืžื” ืฉืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื™ืขืฉื” ืืช ื–ื”?
05:49
of people knowingly changing historical and archeological facts.
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคืขืžื™ื, ื”ืขื‘ืจ ืžืขื•ื•ืช ื‘ื›ื•ื•ื ื”
ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฆื“ื™ืง ื’ื–ืขื ื•ืช ื‘ื”ื•ื•ื”
05:54
Why would anybody do that?
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ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ื’ืจืกื” ื ื—ืžื“ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”,
05:58
Often, the past is knowingly changed
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06:01
either to justify racism in the present
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ื’ืจืกื” ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื• ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืชื’ืื•ืช ื‘ื”.
ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืฉ ืฉื ื™ื,
06:06
or to present a nicer version of history,
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ืžื—ื•ื– ื’โ€™ืคืจืกื•ืŸ, ืงื•ืœื•ืจื“ื• ื”ืคืš ืœื–ื™ืจืช ืงืจื‘
06:09
a version of history that we can all take pride in.
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ืขืœ ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ื™ืฉ ืœืœืžื“ ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ืืจื”โ€œื‘ ื‘ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ.
06:13
Six years ago,
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06:14
Jefferson County, Colorado became a battleground
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ืชื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ืœื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ื”ื•ืจื—ื‘ื”
06:18
over how to teach American history to high school students.
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ื•ื›ืœืœื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืžื• ื’ื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ื™ืœื™ื“ื™ื ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ืœืฉืžื•ืจื•ืช
06:23
The Advanced Placement curriculum had been expanded
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ื•ื”ืขืœื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืกืจ ืฉื™ื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™.
06:26
to include things like the removal of Native Americans to reservations
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ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื•ื•ืขื“ ื‘ืชื™ ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ ื”ื™ื• ื ืกืขืจื™ื.
06:32
and the rise of extreme economic inequality.
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ื”ื ืžื—ื• ื‘ืžืจืฅ ื ื’ื“ ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื,
ื•ื˜ืขื ื• ืฉืชื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”
06:37
Members of the local school board were upset.
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ืœื ืขื•ืฉื” ืžืกืคื™ืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื“ื ืงืคื™ื˜ืœื™ื–ื ืื• ืืช ื”ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช.
06:40
They vigorously protested the changes,
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06:43
arguing that the new curriculum
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ื›ืจื’ืข ืžืชื ื”ืœ ื•ื™ื›ื•ื— ืœื•ื”ื˜
06:47
didn't do enough to promote capitalism or American exceptionalism.
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ืขืœ ืื ื“ืจื˜ืื•ืช ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืœื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช.
ืื ืฉื™ื ื›ืžื• ืจื•ื‘ืจื˜ ืื™. ืœื™ ื•ื›ืจื™ืกื˜ื•ืคืจ ืงื•ืœื•ืžื‘ื•ืก.
06:54
Right now we are in the midst of a heated debate
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06:58
over public monuments to controversial figures.
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ื”ืื ื”ืื ื“ืจื˜ืื•ืช ืฆืจื™ื›ื•ืช ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ ื‘ืžืงื•ืžืŸ,
ืœื”ืจื•ืก ืื•ืชืŸ ืื• ืœืฉื™ื ืื•ืชืŸ ื‘ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ
07:02
People like Robert E. Lee and Christopher Columbus.
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ื•ืžื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืขื ื”ืžืคื’ื™ื ื™ื
07:06
Should these monuments be left as they are,
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ืฉื”ืฉื—ื™ืชื• ืืช ื”ืื ื“ืจื˜ืื•ืช ื”ืืœื”?
07:09
destroyed or put in museums
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ื”ืื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืฉื‘ื— ืื•ืชื ืฉืขื–ืจื• ืœื”ืคืจื™ืš ืžื™ืชื•ืกื™ื ืฉืœ ืขืœื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืœื‘ื ื”?
07:13
and what should happen to the protestors
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07:15
who deface these monuments?
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ืื• ืœื”ืขื ื™ืฉ ืื•ืชื ืขืœ ื”ืคืจืช ื”ื—ื•ืง?
07:18
Should they be praised for helping debunk myths of white supremacy?
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ืื™ืš ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืกืฆื™ื ื•ืช ื›ืืœื”?
07:23
Or should they be punished for vigilantism and lawlessness?
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ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™,
ืœื“ื™ื•ื ื™ื ืขืœ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื•ืื ื“ืจื˜ืื•ืช
07:28
What do we make of scenes like this?
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ื™ืฉ ืžืกืจ ื“ื•ืžื”.
07:32
For me,
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ืื—ืช, ื”ืขื‘ืจ ื”ื•ื ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™.
07:33
debates about history curricula and public monuments
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ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ื•ื—ืจื™ื ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ ื•ืœืฉื›ื•ื—
07:37
suggest similar messages.
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ืงืฉื•ืจ ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืœืฉื™ืงื•ืœื™ื ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื™ื ืžื”ื”ื•ื•ื”.
07:40
First, the past is political.
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ืฉืชื™ื™ื, ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืžื™ ืžืฆื™ื’ ืืช ื”ืขื‘ืจ,
07:43
What we choose to remember and forget
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ืžื™ ื‘ื•ื—ืจ ืืช ื”ืชื•ื›ืŸ ืฉืœ ืกืคืจื™ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”
07:46
relates directly to current political concerns.
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ื•ืืช ื”ื ื•ืฉื ืฉืœ ืื ื“ืจื˜ืื•ืช ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื•ืช.
07:50
Second, we need to consider who presents the past,
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ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืื™ืš ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžืฉืชื ื” ื”ื”ื‘ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”
07:54
who chooses the content of history textbooks
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ืื ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ืชื” ืžืกื•ืคืจืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื“ื—ื•ื™ื™ื,
07:57
and the subject matter of public monuments.
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ื•ืœื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื—ื–ืงื™ื.
ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืชืจื•ื ืœืžืื‘ืง ื‘ื’ื–ืขื ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืฉื ืืช ื–ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื
08:01
Imagine how our understanding of history might be different
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08:04
if it was told by the marginalized,
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœื ื• ืขืœ ื”ืขื‘ืจ.
08:06
rather than the powerful.
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ืืจื›ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืฉื ื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื.
08:09
We can help combat racism and xenophobia today
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ืจืืฉื™ืช, ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ื”ื“ื™ืกื™ืคืœื™ื ื” ืœืžื’ื•ื•ื ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ.
08:13
by changing how we think about the past.
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08:16
Archeologists need to do two things.
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ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืขื ื•ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืฆืืฆืื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื.
08:20
First, we need to make our discipline more inclusive.
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ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื• ืฉืœ ืจื™ืฆโ€™ืจื“ ืœื‘ื ื˜ืœ ืขืœ ื˜ื™ื”ื•ืกื•ืงื•, ืžืงืกื™ืงื•
08:24
We need to work with and for the descendants of the people we study.
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ื”ื™ื ืคื•ืจืฆืช ื“ืจืš, ืžืฉื—ืง ืžื™ืœื™ื.
ื‘ืžืฉืš ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžืื” ืฉื ื™ื, ืืจื›ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ื–ืจื™ื ื ืกืขื• ืœืื–ื•ืจื™ ื”ืžืื™ื”
08:29
Richard Leventhal's work at Tihosuco, Mexico
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08:33
is groundbreaking, pun intended.
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ืœื—ืคื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืขื ื™ื™ื ื• ืื•ืชื.
08:36
For over a century, foreign archeologists have traveled to the Maya area
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ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืžืงื“ืฉื™ื ื•ืคื™ืจืžื™ื“ื•ืช.
ืœื‘ื ื˜ืœ ื ืงื˜ ื’ื™ืฉื” ืื—ืจืช.
08:41
to excavate the things they thought were interesting.
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื–ื”, ื”ื•ื ืฉืืœ
ืืช ืฆืืฆืื™ ื”ืžืื™ื” ืฉืœ ื˜ื™ื”ื•ืกื•ืงื•
08:45
Mostly temples and pyramids.
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ืžื” ืœื“ืขืชื ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ,
08:48
Leventhal took a different approach.
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ื•ื”ืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉืœื ืื›ืคืช ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืžื”ืžืงื“ืฉื™ื ื•ืžื”ืคื™ืจืžื™ื“ื•ืช.
08:51
Instead he asks
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08:53
the contemporary Maya of Tihosuco
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08:55
what they thought was interesting,
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ื”ื ื”ืชืขื ื™ื™ื ื• ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืงืืกื˜ื•ืช,
ืชืงื•ืคื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื ื—ืงืจืช ืฉืœ ืžืจื“ ื”ืžืื™ื” ื‘ืงื•ืœื•ื ื™ืืœื™ืกื˜ื™ื.
08:58
and it turns out they didn't particularly care about temples or pyramids.
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09:03
They were interested in the Caste War,
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ืฉื ื™ืช, ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ื”ืืจื›ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืœื ื’ื™ืฉื” ื™ื•ืชืจ.
09:06
a major but understudied colonial period Maya rebellion.
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ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืฉื ื›ื ืกืชื™ ืœื—ื ื•ืช ืกืคืจื™ื,
09:11
Second, we need to make archeology more accessible.
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ืฉืืœืชื™ ืื™ืคื” ืกืคืจื™ ื”ืืจื›ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”.
ื”ืžื•ื›ืจ ืœืงื— ืื•ืชื™ ืœืื–ื•ืจ ืฉืกื•ืžืŸ โ€œืชืขืœื•ืžื•ืช ืขืชื™ืงื•ืช ื•ื™ื“ืข ืื‘ื•ื“โ€œ.
09:17
The last time I walked into a bookstore,
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09:19
I asked where I could find the archeology books.
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ื”ื™ื• ืฉื ืกืคืจื™ื ื›ืžื• โ€œื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื—ืœืœ ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ืŸโ€
09:23
The clerk took me to a section labeled "Ancient Mysteries and Lost Knowledge."
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ื•ืžื” ืฉืœื’ืžืจื™ ืžื’ื•ื—ืš ื‘ื–ื”
09:29
It had books with titles like "Extraplanetary Experiences."
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ื”ื•ื ืฉืืจื›ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืืžืชื™ืช,
ืืจื›ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ืขืœ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช ืžื“ืขื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืงืฉืจ ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™, ื”ื™ื ืžืจืชืงืช.
09:34
And what is absolutely absurd about this
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09:37
is that real archeology,
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ืœื ืฆืจื™ืš ื—ื™ื™ื–ืจื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืชื”ื™ื” ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ืช.
09:40
archeology based in scientific facts and historical context, is fascinating.
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ื–ื” ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ื ื• ื”ืืจื›ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื
ืœืžืฆื•ื ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืœื—ืœื•ืง ืืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœื ื• ืขื ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ.
09:47
You don't need aliens to make it interesting.
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09:49
It's up to us archeologists
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ื•ื–ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ื ื•ืจืžื” ืคืขื.
ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ื ื”ื™ื” ืฉืขืฉื•ืขื•ืŸ ื‘-CBS ืฉื ืงืจื โ€œWhat in the World?โ€
09:52
to find new ways to share our work with the public.
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09:57
And this used to be the norm.
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ื”ืžื ื—ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืฆื™ื’ ื—ืคืฅ, ืžืžืฆื,
09:59
In the 1950s, there was a game show on CBS called "What in the World?"
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ื•ื”ืืจื›ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ื”ืžืชื—ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื’ืœื•ืช
ืžื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ื—ืคืฅ ื•ืžืื™ืคื” ื”ื•ื.
10:05
The host would present an object, an artifact,
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ื”ืชื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžืฆื—ื™ืงื” ื•ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ืช
10:09
and the archeologist contestants would try to figure out
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ื•ื—ืฉืคื” ืืช ื”ืฆื•ืคื™ื ืœืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช.
10:12
what this thing was and where it was from.
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10:16
The show was funny and interesting
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ืžืื– ืืžืฆืข ืื• ืกื•ืฃ ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ืฉื™ื,
10:19
and exposed viewers to the diversity of human cultures.
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ื”ืืจื›ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉื™ื ืชื” ืžื™ืงื•ื“.
ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื”ืชืžืงื“ ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืขื ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ,
10:25
Beginning in the mid-to-late 1960s,
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ืืจื›ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ืขื‘ื“ื• ื™ื—ื“ ืœืงื“ื ืืช ื”ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืชื—ื•ื.
10:28
archeology changed focus.
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10:31
Instead of concentrating on public engagement,
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ื”ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ,
ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืžื• ืื ืœื™ื–ื” ื‘ื™ืืกื™ืื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืชืืจื•ืš ืคื—ืžื•ืŸ ืจื“ื™ื•ืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™
10:35
archeologists began working together to professionalize the discipline.
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ื•ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืชืื•ืจื˜ื™ื•ืช, ื›ืžื• ื”ืžื˜ืจื™ืืœื™ื–ื ื”ื—ื“ืฉ.
10:41
On the plus side,
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10:42
we now have things like Bayesian analysis of radiocarbon dates
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš,
ืืจื›ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ื”ืฉืื™ืจื• ืืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืžืื—ื•ืจ.
10:46
and theoretical approaches, like the new materialisms.
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ืชื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื›ืžื• โ€œWhat in the World?โ€ ื ืขืฉื• ื ื“ื™ืจื•ืช
10:51
But in the process,
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ื•ืคืกืื•ื“ื•-ืืจื›ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืžื™ืœืื” ืืช ื”ื—ืกืจ.
10:52
archeology left the public behind.
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10:56
Shows like โ€œWhat in the World?โ€ became less common
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ื•ืœื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืขื‘ืจ.
10:59
and pseudoarcheology emerged to fill the void.
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ื›ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ื˜ืขื ื” ืคืกืื•ื“ื•-ืืจื›ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช,
11:04
But we can all contribute to changing how we think about the past.
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ื”ื™ื• ืกืงืคื˜ื™ื ื•ื“ืขื• ืฉืื ืืชื ืžืขืœื™ื ืคื•ืกื˜ ืขืœ ืื˜ืœื ื˜ื™ืก,
11:10
When you see a pseudoarcheological claim,
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ืฆื™ื•ืฅ ืขืœ ื—ื™ื™ื–ืจื™ื ืขืชื™ืงื™ื
ืื• ืžืขื‘ื™ืจื™ื ืงื˜ืข ืžืชื›ื ื™ืช ืคืกืื•ื“ื•-ืืจื›ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช,
11:13
be skeptical and know that if you post about Atlantis,
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ืœื ื”ืชื›ื•ื•ื ืชื,
11:18
tweet about ancient aliens
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ืืชื ืžืงื“ืžื™ื ื’ื–ืขื ื•ืช ื•ืฉื ืืช ื–ืจื™ื.
11:21
or forward a clip from a pseudoarcheology TV show,
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ื“ืขื• ื’ื ืฉื”ืขื‘ืจ ื—ื™.
11:25
even if it's not your intention,
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ื”ื•ื ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™,
11:27
you may be promoting racism and xenophobia.
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ื”ื•ื ืžืฉืชื ื” ืชืžื™ื“
ื•ื”ื•ื ืžืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื—ื™ื™ ื”ื™ื•ื-ื™ื•ื ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื•ืช.
11:31
Also know that the past is alive.
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11:34
It is political,
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ืื– ื‘ืคืขื ื”ื‘ืื” ืฉืืชื ืฆื•ืคื™ื ื‘ืขืจื•ืฅ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”,
11:36
it is ever-changing
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11:38
and it influences our daily lives in meaningful ways.
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ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืกืคืจ ืขืœ ืืจื›ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”
ืื• ืฆื•ืคื™ื ื‘ืื ื“ืจื˜ื” ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช,
11:43
So the next time that you watch the History Channel,
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ื–ื›ืจื• ืฉื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื ืืžืจ ืขืœ ื”ืขื‘ืจ
11:47
read an archeology book
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ื”ื•ื ืืžื™ืจื” ื—ื–ืงื” ืขืœ ื”ื”ื•ื•ื”.
11:50
or view a public monument,
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ืชื•ื“ื”.
11:52
remember that every statement about the past
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11:55
is a powerful statement about the present.
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11:59
Thank you.
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ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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