Ory Okolloh: The making of an African activist | TED

27,863 views ใƒป 2008-09-10

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Ariella Cwikel ืžื‘ืงืจ: Shahar Kaiser
00:18
So what's image got do with it?
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ืื– ืžื” ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœื›ืœ ื–ื”?
00:21
And I must say, I think Emeka is trying to send
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ืื ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉืœื“ืขืชื™ ืืžืงื” ืžื ืกื” ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ
00:23
a lot of subliminal messages,
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ื”ืžื•ืŸ ืžืกืจื™ื ืชืช-ื”ื›ืจืชื™ื™ื
00:24
because I'm going to keep harping on some of the issues
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืื ื™ ืืžืฉื™ืš ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื ื•ืฉืื™ื
00:26
that have come up.
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ืฉืขืœื• ื›ืืŸ.
00:28
But I'm going to try and do something different,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ืกื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืฉื”ื• ืื—ืจ
00:30
and try and just close the loop with some of my personal stories,
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ื•ืœืกื’ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืžืขื’ืœ ืขื ื›ืžื” ืžื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื”ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื ืฉืœื™,
00:35
and try and put a face to a lot of the issues
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ื•ืื ืกื” ืœืชืช ืคื ื™ื ืœื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื”ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื”ืืœื•
00:37
that we've been talking about.
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ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœื™ื”ื.
00:39
So, Africa is a complex continent full of contradictions,
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ืืคืจื™ืงื” ื”ื™ื ื™ื‘ืฉืช ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ื•ืžืœืืช ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ื™ื
00:42
as you can see.
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ื›ืคื™ ืฉืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช.
00:43
We're not the only ones.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ื.
00:45
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
00:48
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
00:54
And you know, it's amazing.
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ื•ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ื–ื” ืžื“ื”ื™ื.
00:57
I mean, we need a whole conference
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืฆืจื™ืš ื›ื ืก ืฉืœื
00:58
just devoted to telling the good stories about the continent.
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ืฉืžื•ืงื“ืฉ ืœื›ืœ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื™ื‘ืฉืช.
01:01
Just think about that, you know?
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ืชื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื–ื”, ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื?
01:03
And this is typically what we've been talking about,
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ื•ืขืœ ื–ื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืœืœื™ ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื,
01:06
the role that the media plays in focusing
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ืขืœ ืชืคืงื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื‘ื”ื“ื’ืฉืช
01:08
just on the negative stuff.
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืฉืœื™ืœื™ื™ื.
01:10
Now, why is that a problem?
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ื•ืœืžื” ื–ืืช ื‘ืขื™ื”?
01:13
A typical disaster story:
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ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืืกื•ื ื•ืช ื˜ื™ืคื•ืกื™:
01:16
disease, corruption, poverty.
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ืžื—ืœื•ืช, ืฉื—ื™ืชื•ืช, ืขื•ื ื™.
01:18
And some of you might be standing here thinking,
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ื•ื—ืœืงื›ื ืื•ืœื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืœืขืฆืžื›ื,
01:21
saying, "OK, you know, Ory, you're Harvard-educated,
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ื˜ื•ื‘, ืื•ืจื™, ืืช ื‘ื•ื’ืจืช ื”ืืจื•ื•ืจื“,
01:25
and all you privileged people come here, saying,
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ื•ื›ืœ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ืžื–ืœ ื‘ืื™ื ืœืคื” ื•ืืžืจื™ื,
01:28
'Forget the poor people.
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ืฉื›ื—ื• ืžื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ื ื™,
01:29
Let's focus on business and the markets, and whatever.' "
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืชืžืงื“ ื‘ืขืกืงื™ื, ื•ื‘ืฉื•ืง ื•ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืืœื”.
01:33
And they're all, "There's the 80 percent of Africans
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืืช ื›ืœ ืืœื”, 80 ืื—ื•ื– ืžื”ืืคืจื™ืงืื™ื
01:35
who really need help."
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ืฉื‘ืืžืช ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœืขื–ืจื”.
01:38
And I want to tell you that this is my story, OK?
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ื•ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื•ืžืจ ืœื›ื ืฉื–ื” ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืœื™, ืื•ืงื™ื™?
01:42
And it's the story of many of the Africans who are here.
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ื•ื–ื”ื• ืกื™ืคื•ืจื ืฉืœ ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื”ืืคืจื™ืงืื™ื ืฉื ืžืฆืื™ื ื›ืืŸ.
01:47
We start with poverty.
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ื ืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ืขื•ื ื™.
01:48
I didn't grow up in the slums or anything that dire,
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ืœื ื’ื“ืœืชื™ ื‘ืฉื™ื›ื•ื ื™ ื”ืขื•ื ื™ ืื• ืžืฉื”ื• ื›ืœ-ื›ืš ื ื•ืจื,
01:51
but I know what it is to grow up without having money,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืขืช ืžื” ื–ื” ืœื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืœื™ ื›ืกืฃ,
01:54
or being able to support family.
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ืื• ื‘ืœื™ ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืชืžื•ืš ื‘ืžืฉืคื—ื”.
01:58
Euvin was talking about bellwether signs.
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ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืกื™ืžื ื™ื ืฉืžืชื•ื•ื™ื ืืช ื”ื“ืจืš.
02:00
The bellwether for whether our family was broke or not was breakfast.
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ื”ืกื™ืžืŸ ืืฆืœื™ ื‘ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืฉื”ืขื™ื“ ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ืชืคืจื ื™ื ืื• ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืืจื•ื—ืช ื”ื‘ื•ืงืจ.
02:05
You know, when things were good, we had eggs and sausages.
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ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ื›ืฉื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื™ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ ื”ื™ื• ืœื ื• ื‘ื™ืฆื™ื ื•ื ืงื ื™ืง.
02:08
When things were bad, we had porridge.
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ื›ืฉื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื™ื” ืจืข ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื ื• ื“ื™ืกื”.
02:11
And like many African families,
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ื•ื›ืžื• ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ืืคืจื™ืงืื™ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช,
02:13
my parents could never save
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ื”ื”ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœื™ ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ืœื—ืกื•ืš
02:14
because they supported siblings, cousins, you know, their parents,
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื ืชืžื›ื• ื‘ืื—ื™ื, ื‘ื ื™ ื“ื•ื“ื™ื, ื‘ื”ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœื”ื,
02:20
and things were always dicey.
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ื”ืžืฆื‘ ืชืžื™ื“ ื”ื™ื” ืงืฉื” ื•ืœื ื™ืฆื™ื‘.
02:23
Now, when I was born, they realized they had a pretty smart kid,
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ื›ืฉืื ื™ ื ื•ืœื“ืชื™, ื”ื ื”ื‘ื™ื ื• ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื™ืœื“ื” ื“ื™ ื—ื›ืžื”,
02:26
and they didn't want me to go to the neighborhood school,
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ื•ื”ื ืœื ืจืฆื• ืฉืืœืš ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ืฉื›ื•ื ืชื™,
02:29
which was free.
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ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ื—ื™ื ื.
02:30
And they adopted a very interesting
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ืื– ื”ื ืื™ืžืฆื• ื’ื™ืฉื” ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ืช ืžืื“
02:33
approach to education, which was
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ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื—ื™ื ื•ืš, ืฉืืžืจื”
02:35
they were going to take me to a school that they can barely afford.
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ืฉื”ื ื™ื™ืงื—ื• ืื•ืชื™ ืœื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจ ืฉื”ื ื‘ืงื•ืฉื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืจืฉื•ืช ืœืขืฆืžื.
02:39
So they took me to a private, Catholic, elementary school,
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ื”ื ืœืงื—ื• ืื•ืชื™ ืœื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจ ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ ืงืชื•ืœื™, ืคืจื˜ื™,
02:42
which set the foundation for what ended up being my career.
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ืฉืงื‘ืข ืืช ื”ื‘ืกื™ืก ืœืžื” ืฉื”ืคืš ืœืงืจื™ื™ืจื” ืฉืœื™.
02:47
And what happened was,
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ื•ืžื” ืฉืงืจื” ื”ื•ื
02:49
because they could afford it sometimes, sometimes not,
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ืฉื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืœืคืขืžื™ื ื™ื›ืœื• ืœื”ืจืฉื•ืช ืœืขืฆืžื ื•ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืœื,
02:52
I got kicked out pretty much every term.
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ื”ื™ื• ืžืขื™ืคื™ื ืื•ืชื™ ืžืฉื ื‘ืขืจืš ื›ืœ ืžื—ืฆื™ืช.
02:54
You know, someone would come in with a list
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ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื”ื™ื” ื ื›ื ืก ืขื ืจืฉื™ืžื”
02:59
of the people who haven't paid school fees,
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ืฉืœ ืืœื• ืฉืœื ืฉื™ืœืžื• ืืช ืฉื›ืจ ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“,
03:01
and when they started getting pretty strict,
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ื•ื›ืฉื”ื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืงืฉื•ื—ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ,
03:03
you had to leave, until your school fees could be paid.
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ื”ื™ื™ืช ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœืขื–ื•ื‘ ืขื“ ืฉื”ื—ื•ื‘ ืฉื•ืœื.
03:05
And I remember thinking, I mean,
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ื•ืื ื™ ื–ื•ื›ืจืช ืืช ืขืฆืžื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช,
03:07
why don't these guys just take me to a cheap school?
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ืœืžื” ื”ื ืœื ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ืื•ืชื™ ืœื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจ ื–ื•ืœ ื•ื–ื”ื•?
03:10
Because you know, as a kid
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ื›ื™ืœื“ื”
03:12
you're embarrassed and
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ืืช ืžืชื‘ื™ื™ืฉืช
03:16
you're sensitive, and everyone knows
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ื•ืืช ืจื’ื™ืฉื”, ื•ื›ื•ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื
03:17
you guys don't have money.
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ืฉืœื”ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœืš ืื™ืŸ ื›ืกืฃ.
03:18
But they kept at it,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ืขื ื–ื”,
03:22
and I now understand why they did what they did.
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ื•ื”ื™ื•ื ืื ื™ ืžื‘ื™ื ื” ืœืžื” ื”ื ืขืฉื• ืืช ื–ื”.
03:25
They talk about corruption.
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ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืฉื—ื™ืชื•ืช.
03:28
In Kenya, we have an entrance exam to go into high school.
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ื‘ืงื ื™ื” ื™ืฉ ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ืงื‘ืœื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืœื‘ื™"ืก ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ.
03:34
And there's national schools, which are like the best schools,
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ื•ื™ืฉ ื‘ืชื™ ืกืคืจ ืืจืฆื™ื™ื, ืฉื”ื ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ,
03:37
and provincial schools.
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ื•ื‘ืชื™ ืกืคืจ ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื.
03:39
My dream school at that time was Kenya High School,
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ื”ื—ืœื•ื ืฉืœื™ ื‘ื–ืžื ื• ื”ื™ื” ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื‘ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืงื ื™ื”,
03:41
a national school.
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ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจ ืืจืฆื™.
03:42
I missed the cutoff by one point.
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ื”ื™ืชื” ื—ืกืจื” ืœื™ ื ืงื•ื“ื” ืื—ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ.
03:43
And I was so disappointed, and I was like,
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ื•ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžืื•ื›ื–ื‘ืช,
03:46
"Oh my God, you know, what am I going to do?"
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ื•ืืžืจืชื™, ืืœื•ื”ื™ื, ืžื” ืื ื™ ืืขืฉื”?
03:49
And my father said, "OK, listen.
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ื•ืื‘ื ืฉืœื™ ืืžืจ ืœื™, ื˜ื•ื‘, ืชืงืฉื™ื‘ื™
03:50
Let's go and try and talk to the headmistress.
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ื‘ื•ืื™ ื ืœืš ื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืขื ื”ืžื ื”ืœืช.
03:52
You know, it's just one point. I mean,
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ื”ืจื™ ื–ื• ืจืง ื ืงื•ื“ื” ืื—ืช.
03:54
maybe she'll let you in if that slot's still there."
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ืื•ืœื™ ื”ื™ื ืชืชืŸ ืœืš ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืื ื”ืžืงื•ื ืขื•ื“ ืคื ื•ื™.
03:57
So we went to the school,
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ืื– ื”ืœื›ื ื• ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ,
04:00
and because we were nobodies, and because we didn't have privilege,
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ื•ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื—ืกืจื™ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช, ื•ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื” ืœื ื• ื™ื™ื—ื•ืก ืื• ืžืขืžื“,
04:06
and because my father didn't have the right last name,
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ื•ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืœืื‘ื ืฉืœื™ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืืช ืฉื ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ,
04:10
he was treated like dirt.
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ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื• ืืœื™ื• ื›ืžื• ื–ื‘ืœ.
04:12
And I sat and listened to the headmistress talk to him, saying,
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ื•ื™ืฉื‘ืชื™ ื•ื”ืงืฉื‘ืชื™ ืœืžื ื”ืœืช ืฉื“ื™ื‘ืจื” ืื™ืชื• ื•ืืžืจื”,
04:16
you know, who do you think you are?
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ืžื™ ืืชื” ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืืชื”?
04:17
And, you know, you must be joking if you think
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ื•ืืชื” ื‘ื˜ื— ืฆื•ื—ืง ืื ื ื“ืžื” ืœืš
04:21
you can get a slot.
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ืฉืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืžืงื•ื.
04:22
And I had gone to school with other girls, who were kids of politicians,
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ื”ืœื›ืชื™ ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืขื ื‘ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืื™ื,
04:27
and who had done much, much worse than I did,
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ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœื• ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื”, ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ืจื•ืขื™ื ืžืฉืœื™,
04:29
and they had slots there.
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ื•ืœื”ืŸ ื”ื™ื• ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืฉื.
04:32
And there's nothing worse than seeing your parent
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ื•ืื™ืŸ ื“ื‘ืจ ื’ืจื•ืข ืžืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ื”ื•ืจื” ืฉืœืš
04:34
being humiliated in front of you, you know?
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ืžื•ืฉืคืœ ืžื•ืœ ืขื™ื ื™ื™ืš, ืืชื ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื?
04:37
And we left, and I swore to myself,
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ืื– ืขื–ื‘ื ื•, ื•ืื ื™ ื ืฉื‘ืขืชื™ ืœืขืฆืžื™
04:39
and I was like, "I'm never, ever going to have
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ืฉืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ืืฆื˜ืจืš
04:42
to beg for anything in my life."
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ืœื”ืชื—ื ืŸ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ื—ื™ื™.
04:43
They called me two weeks later, they're like,
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ื”ื ื”ืชืงืฉืจื• ืืœื™ ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื‘ื•ืขื™ื™ื ื•ืืžืจื•
04:45
oh, yeah, you can come now. And I told them to stuff it.
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ืื”, ืืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื‘ื•ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื•. ื•ืืžืจืชื™ ืœื”ื ืฉื™ืงืคืฆื• ืœื™.
04:50
(Laughter) (Applause)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง) (ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
04:52
Final story, and I sort of have to speak quickly.
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ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืœื”ื–ื“ืจื–.
04:56
Disease.
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ืžื—ืœื•ืช.
04:57
My father, who I've been talking about, died of AIDS in 1999.
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ืื‘ื ืฉืœื™, ืขืœื™ื• ืกื™ืคืจืชื™ ืœื›ื, ื ืคื˜ืจ ืžืื™ื™ื“ืก ื‘-1999.
05:04
He never told anyone that he had AIDS,
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ื”ื•ื ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ืกื™ืคืจ ืœืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืœื• ืื™ื™ื“ืก,
05:06
his fear of the stigma was so strong.
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ื”ืคื—ื“ ืฉืœื• ืžืคื ื™ ื”ืกื˜ื™ื’ืžื” ื”ื™ื” ื›ืœ-ื›ืš ื—ื–ืง.
05:09
And I'm pretty much the one who figured it out, because I was a nerd.
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ื•ืื ื™ ืคื—ื•ืช ืื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื–ื• ืฉื”ื‘ื™ื ื” ืืช ื–ื”, ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื—ื ื•ื ื™ืช.
05:14
And I was in the States at the time,
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘ ื‘ื–ืžื ื•,
05:16
and they called me. He was very sick, the first time he got sick.
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ื•ื”ืชืงืฉืจื• ืืœื™. ื”ื•ื ื—ืœื” ืžืื“, ื”ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื—ืœื”.
05:19
And he had Cryptococcal meningitis.
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ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื• ื“ืœืงืช ืงืจื•ื ื”ืžื•ื— ืคื˜ืจื™ื™ืชื™ืช.
05:22
And so I went on to Google, Cryptococcal meningitis, you know.
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ืื ื™ ื”ืœื›ืชื™ ืœื’ื•ื’ืœ ืœื—ืคืฉ ืžื” ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ.
05:25
Because of doctor-patient privilege,
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื—ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืจื•ืคื-ื—ื•ืœื”,
05:28
they couldn't really tell us what was going on.
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ื”ื ืœื ืžืžืฉ ื™ื›ืœื• ืœืกืคืจ ืœื ื• ืžื” ืงื•ืจื”.
05:29
But they were like, you know, this is a long-term thing.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ืืžืจื•, ืฉืชื“ืขื•, ื–ื” ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืชืžืฉืš.
05:32
And when I went online and looked at the infectious --
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ื•ื›ืฉื”ืœื›ืชื™ ืœื—ืคืฉ ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜
05:36
read about the disease,
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ื•ืงืจืืชื™ ืขืœ ื”ืžื—ืœื”,
05:40
I pretty much realized what was going on.
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ืคื—ื•ืช ืื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื‘ื ืชื™ ืžื” ืงื•ืจื”.
05:42
The first time he got sick, he recovered.
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ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉื—ืœื”, ื”ื•ื ื”ื—ืœื™ื.
05:45
But what happened was that he had to be on medication
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืฉืงืจื” ื–ื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœืงื‘ืœ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืชืจื•ืคืชื™
05:47
that, at that time -- Diflucan, which in the States
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ื“ื™ืคืœื•ืงืŸ, ืฉื‘ืื•ืชื” ื”ื–ืžืŸ, ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช
05:50
is used for yeast infections -- cost 30 dollars a pill.
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ืžืฉืžืฉ ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืงื ื“ื™ื“ื”, ืขื•ืœื” 30$ ืœื’ืœื•ืœื”.
05:54
He had to be on that pill for the rest of his life.
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ื•ื”ื™ื” ืขืœื™ื• ืœืงื—ืช ืืช ื”ืชืจื•ืคื” ื”ื–ื• ืœืฉืืจื™ืช ื—ื™ื™ื•.
06:00
You know, so money ran out.
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ืื– ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ื”ื›ืกืฃ ื ื’ืžืจ.
06:02
He got sick again.
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ื”ื•ื ื—ืœื” ืฉื•ื‘.
06:04
And up until that time, he had a friend who used to travel to India,
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ื•ืขื“ ืื– ื”ื™ื” ืœื• ื—ื‘ืจ ืฉื”ื™ื” ื ื•ืกืข ืœื”ื•ื“ื•,
06:08
and he used to import, bring him, could
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืžื‘ื™ื ืœื•
06:12
get him a generic version of it.
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ื’ืจืกื” ื’ื ืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืชืจื•ืคื”.
06:14
And that kept him going.
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ื•ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ืื•ืชื•.
06:16
But the money ran out.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื›ืกืฃ ืื–ืœ.
06:18
He got sick again. He got sick on a Friday.
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ื”ื•ื ื—ืœืง ืฉื•ื‘. ื”ื•ื ื—ืœื” ื‘ื™ื•ื ืฉื™ืฉื™.
06:21
At that time, there was only one bank that had ATMs in Kenya,
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ื‘ื–ืžื ื• ื”ื™ื” ืจืง ื‘ื ืง ืื—ื“ ืขื ื›ืกืคื•ืžื˜ ื‘ืงื ื™ื”,
06:24
and we could not get cash. The family couldn't get cash
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ื•ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืœืžืฉื•ืš ื›ืกืฃ, ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืœื ื™ื›ืœื” ืœืžืฉื•ืš ื›ืกืฃ
06:31
for him to start the treatment until Monday.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื• ืืช ื”ืชืจื•ืคื” ืขื“ ื™ื•ื ืฉื ื™.
06:34
The hospital put him on a water drip for three days.
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ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื ืชืŸ ืœื• ืื™ื ืคื•ื–ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืžื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื™ืžื™ื.
06:39
And finally, we figured, well, OK,
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ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืืžืจื ื•, ื˜ื•ื‘
06:42
we'd better just try and take him to a public hospital.
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ืื•ืœื™ ื ื ืกื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœืงื—ืช ืื•ืชื• ืœื‘ื™ืช ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™.
06:44
At least he'll get treated
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ืœืคื—ื•ืช ื™ื˜ืคืœื• ื‘ื•
06:45
while we try to figure out the money situation.
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ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื ืกื™ื ืœื”ืกื“ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื ื•ืฉื ื”ื›ืกืคื™.
06:47
And he died when the ambulance was coming
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ื”ื•ื ืžืช ื›ืฉื”ืืžื‘ื•ืœื ืก ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื“ืจืš
06:49
to the hospital to take him.
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ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืœืืกื•ืฃ ืื•ืชื•.
06:52
And, you know, now, imagine if -- and I could go on and on --
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืชื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืžื” ืื, ื•ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืขื•ื“ ื”ืจื‘ื”,
06:57
imagine if this is all you know about me.
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ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืฉื–ื” ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืขืœื™.
07:00
How would you look at me?
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ืื™ืš ื”ื™ืชื ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ืขืœื™?
07:04
With pity, you know. Sadness.
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ื‘ืจื—ืžื™ื. ืขืฆื‘.
07:08
And this is how you look at Africa.
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ื•ื›ื›ื” ื’ื ืืชื ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ืขืœ ืืคืจื™ืงื”.
07:11
This is the damage it causes.
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ื–ื” ื”ื ื–ืง ืฉื–ื” ื™ื•ืฆืจ.
07:13
You don't see the other side of me.
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ื•ืœื ืชืจืื• ืืช ื”ืฆื“ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœื™.
07:15
You don't see the blogger,
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ืœื ืชืจืื• ืืช ื”ื‘ืœื•ื’ืจื™ืช,
07:16
you don't see the Harvard-educated lawyer,
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ืœื ืชืจืื• ืืช ืขื•ืจื›ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ื•ื’ืจืช ื”ืจื•ื•ืืจื“,
07:18
the vibrant person, you know?
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ื”ืื“ื ื”ืชื•ืกืก, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
07:21
And I just wanted to personalize that.
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ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืจืฆื™ืชื™ ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ื–ื” ืœืื™ืฉื™.
07:23
Because we talk about it in big terms,
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื–ื” ื‘ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื,
07:25
and you wonder, you know, so what?
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ื•ืืชื ืชื•ื”ื™ื ืœืขืฆืžื›ื, ืื– ืžื”?
07:28
But it's damaging.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืžื–ื™ืง.
07:31
And I'm not unique, right?
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ื•ืื ื™ ืœื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
07:33
Imagine if all you knew about William
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ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืฉื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื™ื“ืขืชื ืขืœ ื•ื•ื™ืœื™ืื
07:35
was the fact that he grew up in a poor village.
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ื–ื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื’ื“ืœ ื‘ื›ืคืจ ืขื ื™.
07:38
And you didn't know about the windmill, you know?
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ื•ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืขืœ ืชื—ื ืช ื”ืจื•ื—, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
07:41
And I was just moved.
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ืื ื™ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื”ืชืจื’ืฉืชื™-
07:43
I was actually crying during his presentation.
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ืžืžืฉ ื‘ื›ื™ืชื™ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื”ืจืฆืื” ืฉืœื•.
07:46
He was like, I try and I make.
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ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ, ืื ื™ ืžื ืกื” ื•ืื ื™ ื™ื•ืฆืจ.
07:48
I was like Nike should hire him, you know, "Just do it!"
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ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืฉื ื™ื™ืง ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืฉื›ื•ืจ ืื•ืชื• ืœืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื”ื, "ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืขืฉื• ื–ืืช"!
07:51
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
07:54
And this is, again, the point I'm trying to make.
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ื•ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื” ืฉืจืฆื™ืชื™ ืœื”ื“ื’ื™ืฉ.
07:55
When you focus just on the disasters --
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ื›ืฉืžืชืžืงื“ื™ื ื‘ืืกื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“-
07:57
(Laughter) (Applause)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง) (ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
08:08
-- we're ignoring the potential.
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- ืื ื• ืžืชืขืœืžื™ื ืžื”ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ.
08:11
So, what is to be done?
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ืื– ืžื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืขืฉื•ืช?
08:15
First of all,
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ืจืืฉื™ืช,
08:16
Africans, we need to get better at telling our stories.
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ืืคืจื™ืงืื™ื, ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื.
08:19
We heard about that yesterday.
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ืฉืžืขื ื• ืขืœ ื›ืš ืืชืžื•ืœ.
08:21
We had some of them this morning.
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ืฉืžืขื ื• ื›ืžื” ืžื”ื ื”ื‘ื•ืงืจ.
08:23
And this is an example, you know,
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ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื,
08:25
blogging is one way of doing that.
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ื‘ืœื•ื’ื™ื ื”ื ื“ืจืš ืื—ืช ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”.
08:27
Afrigator is an aggregator of African blogs
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ืืคืจื™ื’ื˜ื•ืจ ื”ื•ื ืžืงื‘ืฅ ืฉืœ ื‘ืœื•ื’ื™ื ืืคืจื™ืงืื™ื
08:30
that was developed in South Africa.
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ืฉืคื•ืชื— ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ืืคืจื™ืงื”.
08:33
So we need to start getting better.
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ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ืฉืชืคืจ.
08:34
If no one else will tell our stories, let's do it.
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ืื ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืื—ืจ ืœื ืžืกืคืจ ืืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœื ื•, ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืขืฉื” ื–ืืช ื‘ืขืฆืžื ื•.
08:37
And going back to the point I was trying to make,
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ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื•ื–ืจืช ืœื ืงื•ื“ื” ืฉืจืฆื™ืชื™ ืœื”ื“ื’ื™ืฉ-
08:38
this is the Swahili Wikipedia.
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ื–ื• ื”ื•ื™ืงื™ืคื“ื™ื” ื‘ืกื•ื•ื”ื™ืœื™ืช.
08:42
Swahili is spoken by about 50 million people in East Africa.
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ืกื•ื•ื”ื™ืœื™ ื”ื™ื ืฉืคื” ื”ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ืขืจืš 50 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืžืขืจื‘ ืืคืจื™ืงื”.
08:46
It only has five contributors.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื•ื™ืงื™ืคื“ื™ื” ื‘ืกื•ื•ื”ื™ืœื™ืช ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ื›ื•ืชื‘ื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“.
08:49
Four of them are white males -- non-native speakers.
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ืืจื‘ืข ืžืชื•ื›ื ื”ื ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ืœื‘ื ื™ื- ืกื•ื•ื”ื™ืœื™ืช ืื™ื ื” ืฉืคืช ื”ืื ืฉืœื”ื.
08:53
The other person is -- Ndesanjo, if you're here, stand up --
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ื”ืื“ื ื”ื ื•ืกืฃ ื”ื•ื ื“ืกื ื’'ื•, ืื ืืชื” ื›ืืŸ ืชืงื•ื-
08:58
is a Tanzanian, [the] first Swahili blogger.
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ื”ื•ื ื˜ื ื–ื ื™, ื”ื‘ืœื•ื’ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืกื•ื•ื”ื™ืœื™ืช.
09:01
He's the only African who's contributing to this.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืืคืจื™ืงืื™ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืฉืชื•ืจื ืœืžื™ื–ื ื”ื–ื”.
09:04
People, please. We can't whine and complain
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ืื ืฉื™ื, ื‘ื‘ืงืฉื”- ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชืœื•ื ืŸ ื•ืœื”ืชื‘ื›ื™ื™ืŸ
09:08
the West is doing this.
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ืฉื”ืžืขืจื‘ ืขื•ืฉื” ืืช ื–ื”.
09:09
What are we doing?
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ืžื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื?
09:12
Where are the rest of the Swahili speakers?
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ืื™ืคื” ืฉืืจ ื“ื•ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืกื•ื•ื”ื™ืœื™ืช?
09:14
Why are we not generating our own content?
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ืœืžื” ืื™ื ื ื• ืžื™ื™ืฆืจื™ื ืชื•ื›ืŸ ืžืฉืœื ื•?
09:16
You know, it's not enough to complain. We need to act.
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ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ื–ื” ืœื ืžืกืคื™ืง ืœื”ืชืœื•ื ืŸ. ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืคืขื•ืœ.
09:20
Reuters now integrates African blogs
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ืจื•ื™ื˜ืจืก ืžืฉืœื‘ื™ื ื›ืขืช ื‘ืœื•ื’ื™ื ืืคืจื™ืงืื™ื
09:23
into their coverage of Africa.
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ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืกื™ืงื•ืจ ืฉืœื”ื ืขืœ ืืคืจื™ืงื”.
09:25
So, that's a start,
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ืื– ื–ื• ื”ืชื—ืœื”,
09:26
and we've heard of all their other initiatives.
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ื•ืฉืžืขื ื• ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืฉืืจ ื”ื™ื•ื–ืžื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื.
09:29
The cheetah generation.
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ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืฆ'ื™ื˜ื”.
09:30
The aid approach, you know, is flawed.
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ื’ื™ืฉืช ื”ืกื™ื•ืข ื”ื™ื ืžืœืืช ืคื’ืžื™ื.
09:34
And after all the hoopla of Live 8,
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ื•ืื—ืจื™ ื›ืœ ื”ืจืขืฉ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ืคืข Live8,
09:36
we're still not anywhere in the picture.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื” ื‘ื›ืœืœ.
09:39
No, you're not.
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(ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื”: "ืื ื™ ืืคืจื™ืงืื™ืช") ืœื, ืืช ืœื.
09:41
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
09:53
But the point I'm trying to make, though,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื” ืฉืœื™ ื”ื™ื,
09:55
is that it's not enough for us to criticize.
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ืฉื–ื” ืœื ืžืกืคื™ืง ืฉื ืขื‘ื™ืจ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช.
09:59
And for those of you in the diaspora
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ื•ืœืืœื• ืžื›ื ืฉื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืชืคื•ืฆื•ืช
10:01
who are struggling with where should I be,
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ื ืื‘ืงื™ื ื‘ืฉืืœื” ืื™ืคื” ืขืœื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช,
10:03
should I move back,
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ื”ืื ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ,
10:04
should I stay?
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ื”ืื ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ.
10:05
You know, just jump.
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ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืชืงืคืฆื•.
10:07
The continent needs you.
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ื”ื™ื‘ืฉืช ื–ืงื•ืงื” ืœื›ื.
10:10
And I can't emphasize that enough, you know.
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ืื ื™ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื“ื’ื™ืฉ ืืช ื–ื” ืžืกืคื™ืง.
10:12
I walked away from a job with one of the top firms in D.C.,
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ืขื–ื‘ืชื™ ืžืฉืจื” ื‘ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืžืฉืจื“ื™ื ื”ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ื ื‘ื•ื•ืฉื™ื ื’ื˜ื•ืŸ ื“ื™.ืกื™,
10:17
Covington and Burling, six figures.
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ืงื•ื‘ื™ื ื’ื˜ื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ืจืœื™ื ื’, ืฉืฉ ืกืคืจื•ืช.
10:19
With two paychecks, or three paychecks,
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ืขื ืฉื ื™ ืžืฉื›ื•ืจื•ืช, ืื• ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืžืฉื›ื•ืจื•ืช,
10:21
I could solve a lot of my family's problems.
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืคืชื•ืจ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืฉืœื™.
10:24
But I walked away from that, because my passion was here,
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ืื‘ืœ ืขื–ื‘ืชื™ ืืช ื–ื” ื›ื™ ื”ืชืฉื•ืงื” ืฉืœื™ ื”ื™ืชื” ื›ืืŸ.
10:28
and because I wanted to do things that were fulfilling.
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ื•ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืจืฆื™ืชื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืกืคืงื™ื.
10:31
And because I'm needed here, you know?
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ื•ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืื•ืชื™ ืคื”, ืืชื ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื?
10:35
I probably can win a prize for the most ways
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ื‘ื˜ื— ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื–ื›ื•ืช ื‘ืคืจืก ืขืœ ื”ื›ื™ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื“ืจื›ื™ื
10:38
to use a Harvard Law School degree
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ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืชื•ืืจ ื‘ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื ืžื”ืจื•ื•ืืจื“
10:40
because of all the things I'm doing.
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืื ื™ ืขื•ืฉื”.
10:42
One is because I'm pretty aggressive,
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ื’ื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืื ื™ ื“ื™ ืื’ืจืกื™ื‘ื™ืช,
10:43
and I try and find, you know, opportunities.
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ื•ืื ื™ ืžื ืกื” ืœืžืฆื•ื ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช.
10:46
But there is such a need, you know?
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ื›ื–ื” ืฆื•ืจืš ืขืฆื•ื.
10:49
I'm a corporate lawyer most of the time
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ืื ื™ ืขื•ืกืงืช ื‘ื“ื™ื ื™ ืชืื’ื™ื“ื™ื ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื–ืžืŸ
10:50
for an organization called Enablis
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ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืฉื ืงืจื ืื ื‘ืœื™ืก
10:52
that supports entrepreneurs in South Africa.
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ืฉืชื•ืžืš ื‘ื™ื–ืžื™ื ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ืืคืจื™ืงื”.
10:55
We're now moving into East Africa.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืœืžื–ืจื— ืืคืจื™ืงื”.
10:58
And we give them business development services,
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืกืคืงื™ื ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ ื˜ื™ืคื•ื— ืขืกืงื™,
11:01
as well as financing loan and equity.
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ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื”ืœื•ื•ืื•ืช ื•ื”ื•ืŸ ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™.
11:05
I've also set up a project in Kenya,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื’ื ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ื‘ืงื ื™ื”,
11:07
and what we do is we track the performance
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ื•ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื–ื” ืœืขืงื•ื‘ ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื™ื
11:09
of Kenyan MPs.
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ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืคืจืœืžื ื˜ ื‘ืงื ื™ื”.
11:10
My partner, M, who's a tech guru, hacked WordPress.
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ื‘ืŸ ื”ื–ื•ื’ ืฉืœื™ M, ืฉื”ื•ื ื’ื•ืจื• ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”, ืคืจืฅ ืœ-WordPress.
11:14
It costs us, like, 20 dollars a month just for hosting.
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ืขื•ืœื” ืœื ื• ื‘ืขืจืš 20 ื“ื•ืœืจ ืœื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืจืง ืขืœ ื”ืฉืจืช.
11:16
Everything else on there is a labor of love.
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ื›ืœ ื”ืฉืืจ ื–ื” ืžืœืื›ืช ืื”ื‘ื”.
11:20
We've manually entered all the data there.
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ื”ื–ื ื• ื‘ืขืฆืžื ื• ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื›ืืŸ.
11:22
And you can get profiles of each MP,
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ื•ืืคืฉืจ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืคืจื•ืคื™ืœ ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื—ื‘ืจ ืคืจืœืžื ื˜,
11:25
questions they've asked in parliament.
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ืฉืืœื•ืช ืฉื”ื ืฉืืœื• ื‘ืคืจืœืžื ื˜.
11:27
We have a comment function,
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขืจื•ืช
11:29
where people can ask their MPs questions.
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ื“ืจื›ื” ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืืช ื—ื‘ืจ ื”ืคืจืœืžื ื˜ ืฉืœื”ื ืฉืืœื•ืช.
11:31
There are some MPs who participate,
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ื™ืฉ ื—ื‘ืจื™ ืคืจืœืžื ื˜ ืฉืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื
11:33
and come back and ask.
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ื•ื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื ื•ืฉื•ืืœื™ื.
11:34
And basically, we started this because we were tired
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ื‘ืขืงืจื•ืŸ ื”ืชื—ืœื ื• ืืช ื–ื” ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื” ื ืžืืก ืœื ื•
11:36
of complaining about our politicians.
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ืœื”ืชืœื•ื ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืื™ื ืฉืœื ื•.
11:39
You know, I believe that accountability stems from demand.
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ืื ื™ ืžืืžื™ื ื” ืฉืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ื“ื™ื•ื•ื— ืฆื•ืžื—ืช ืžื‘ื™ืงื•ืฉ.
11:42
You're not just going to be accountable
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ืืชื” ืœื ืชื”ื™ื” ืื—ืจืื™
11:44
out of the goodness of your heart.
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ืžืชื•ืš ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœื‘ืš ื‘ืœื‘ื“.
11:45
And we as Africans need to start challenging our leaders.
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื›ืืคืจื™ืงืื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืืชื’ืจ ืืช ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•.
11:48
What are they doing?
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ืžื” ื”ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื?
11:50
You know, they're not going to change
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ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ื”ื ืœื ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชื ื•ืช
11:51
just out of nowhere.
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ื›ื›ื” ืกืชื ื‘ืœื™ ืกื™ื‘ื”.
11:53
So we need new policies, we need --
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ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื”, ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื-
11:55
where's that coming from, you know?
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ืžืื™ืคื” ื–ื” ื‘ื?
11:57
Another thing is that these leaders
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ื“ื‘ืจ ื ื•ืกืฃ ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ื”ืืœื•
11:59
are a reflection of our society.
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ื”ื ืžืจืื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉืœื ื•.
12:02
We talk about African governments
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ืืคืจื™ืงืื™ื•ืช
12:04
like they've been dropped from Mars, you know?
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ื›ืื™ืœื• ืฉื”ื ื”ื•ืฆื ื—ื• ืžืžืื“ื™ื, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
12:07
They come from us.
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ื”ื ืฆื•ืžื—ื™ื ืžืื™ืชื ื•.
12:09
And what is it about our society that is generating leaders that we don't like?
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ื•ืžื” ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉืœื ื• ืžืฆืžื™ื— ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ืœืจื•ื—ื ื•.
12:13
And how can we change that?
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ื•ืื™ืš ืืคืฉืจ ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”.
12:15
So Mzalendo was one small way we thought we could start
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ืžื–ืœืื ื“ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ื“ืจืš ืงื˜ื ื” ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ
12:19
inspiring people to start holding their leaders accountable.
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ืœืขื•ืจืจ ื”ืฉืจืื” ื‘ืื ืฉื™ื ืœื“ืจื•ืฉ ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ื“ื™ื•ื•ื— ืžื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื.
12:23
Where do we go from here?
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ืœืืŸ ืื ื—ื ื• ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืžื›ืืŸ?
12:25
I believe in the power of ideas.
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ืื ื™ ืžืืžื™ื ื” ื‘ื›ื•ื—ื ืฉืœ ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช.
12:27
I believe in the power of sharing knowledge.
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ืื ื™ ืžืืžื™ื ื” ื‘ื›ื•ื— ืฉื‘ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ื™ื“ืข.
12:29
And I'd ask all of you, when you leave here, please just share,
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ื•ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื‘ืงืฉ ืžื›ื•ืœื›ื, ื›ืฉืืชื ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ืžื›ืืŸ, ืœืฉืชืฃ ื‘ื‘ืงืฉื”,
12:34
and keep the ideas that you've gotten out of here going,
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ื•ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื”ื ื™ืข ืืช ื”ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœืชื ื›ืืŸ,
12:37
because it can make a difference.
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™.
12:40
The other thing I want to urge you to do
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ื•ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื ื•ืกืฃ ืฉืื ื™ ืžืคืฆื™ืจื” ื‘ื›ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช
12:42
is take an interest in the individual.
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ื”ื•ื ืœื”ืชืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืื“ื ื”ืคืจื˜ื™.
12:45
I've had lots of conversations about things I think
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ื”ื™ื• ืœื™ ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช
12:48
need to be happening in Africa.
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ืฉืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืงืจื•ืช ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื”.
12:50
People are like, "OK, if you don't do aid,
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืื•ืžืจื™ื, ืื ืœื ืžืชืขืกืงื™ื ื‘ืกื™ื•ืข-
12:52
I'm a bleeding heart liberal, what can I do?"
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ืื ื™ ืœื™ื‘ืจืœื™ืช ื™ืคืช ื ืคืฉ, ืžื” ืืคืฉืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืช?
12:55
And when I talk about my ideas, they're like,
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ื•ื›ืฉืื ื™ ืžืกืคืจืช ืขืœ ื”ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื™,
12:56
"BBut it's not scalable, you know.
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ื”ื ืื•ืžืจื™ื, ื–ื” ืœื ื™ืฉื™ื ื‘ืงื ื” ืžื™ื“ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ.
12:58
Give me something I can do with Paypal."
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ืชื ื™ ืœื™ ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืขื ืคื™ื™-ืคืืœ.
13:00
It's not that easy, you know?
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืœื ื›ืœ-ื›ืš ืคืฉื•ื˜, ืืชื ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื?
13:02
And sometimes just taking an interest in the individual,
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ื•ืœืคืขืžื™ื, ืขืฆื ื”ื”ืชืขื ื™ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ืื“ื,
13:06
in the fellows you've met, and the businesspeople you've met,
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ื‘ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืคื’ืฉืช, ื‘ืื ืฉื™ ื”ืขืกืงื™ื ืฉืชืงืฉืจืช ืืชื,
13:09
it can make a huge difference, especially in Africa,
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ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืžืจื—ื™ืง ืœื›ืช, ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื”,
13:11
because usually the individual in Africa
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื”ืื“ื ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื”
13:13
carries a lot of people behind them.
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ื’ื•ืจืจ ืื—ืจื™ื• ืื ืฉื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื.
13:15
Practically. I mean, when I was a first-year student in law school,
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ืžืขืฉื™ืช. ื›ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืชืœืžื™ื“ืช ืฉื ื” ื' ื‘ื‘ื™"ืก ืœืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื,
13:20
my mom's business had collapsed, so I was supporting her.
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ื”ืขืกืง ืฉืœ ืืžื ืฉืœื™ ืงืจืก, ืื– ืื ื™ ืชืžื›ืชื™ ื‘ื”.
13:24
My sister was struggling to get through undergrad.
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ืื—ื•ืชื™ ื ืื‘ืงื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืชื•ืืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœื”.
13:26
I was helping her pay her tuition.
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ืขื–ืจืชื™ ืœื” ืœืฉืœื ืฉื›ืจ ืœื™ืžื•ื“.
13:28
My cousin ran out of school fees, and she's really smart.
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ืœื‘ืช ื“ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœื™ ื ื’ืžืจ ื”ื›ืกืฃ ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ, ื•ื”ื™ื ืžืžืฉ ื—ื›ืžื”.
13:31
I was paying her school fees.
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ืฉื™ืœืžืชื™ ืืช ืฉื›ืจ ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืฉืœื”.
13:32
A cousin of mine died of AIDS, left an orphan,
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ื‘ืช ื“ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœื™ ืžืชื” ืžืื™ื™ื“ืก, ื”ืฉืื™ืจื” ื™ืชื•ืžื”,
13:35
so we said, well, what are we going to do with her?
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ืืžืจื ื•, ื˜ื•ื‘, ืžื” ื ืขืฉื” ืื™ืชื”?
13:37
You know, she's now my baby sister.
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ืื– ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ื™ื ืื—ื•ืชื™ ื”ืงื˜ื ื”.
13:39
And because of the opportunities that were afforded to me,
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ื•ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืื ื™ ืงื™ื‘ืœืชื™
13:41
I am able to lift all those people.
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ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืจื™ื ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืืœื•.
13:43
So, don't underestimate that.
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ืื– ืืœ ืชื–ืœื–ืœื• ื‘ื–ื”.
13:47
An example. This man changed my life.
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”. ื”ืื™ืฉ ื”ื–ื” ืฉื™ื ื” ืœื™ ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื.
13:49
He's a professor. He's now at Vanderbilt.
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ื”ื•ื ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ, ื”ื™ื•ื ื‘ื•ื•ืื ื“ืจื‘ืœื™ื˜.
13:51
He's an undergrad professor, Mitchell Seligson.
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ื”ื•ื ืžืจืฆื” ืœืชื•ืืจ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ืžื™ื˜ืฆ'ืœ ืกืœื™ื’ืกื•ืŸ.
13:54
And because of him, I got into Harvard Law School,
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ื•ื‘ื’ืœืœื• ื”ื’ืขืชื™ ืœื‘ื™ื”"ืก ืœืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ื•ืืจื“.
13:56
because he took an interest.
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ื•ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืชืขื ื™ื™ืŸ.
13:57
I was taking a class of his, and he was just like,
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ืœืžื“ืชื™ ื‘ืงื•ืจืก ืฉืœื• ื•ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ,
14:01
this is an overeager student,
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ื–ื• ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ืช ื ืœื”ื‘ืช,
14:03
which we don't normally get in the United States,
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ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืจื•ืื™ื ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘ ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช,
14:05
because everyone else is cynical and jaded.
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื›ื•ืœื ืฆื™ื ื™ื™ื ื•ืฉื—ื•ืงื™ื.
14:09
He called me to his office and said,
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ื”ื•ื ืงืจื ืœื™ ืœืžืฉืจื“ ืฉืœื• ื•ืืžืจ,
14:10
"What do you want to do when you grow up?"
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ืžื” ืืช ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ืฉืชื”ื™ื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœื”?
14:11
I said, "I want to be a lawyer."
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ืืžืจืชื™ ืฉืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืขื•ืจื›ืช ื“ื™ืŸ.
14:12
And he was like, "Why? You know,
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ, ืœืžื”?
14:15
we don't need another lawyer in the United States."
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืขื•ื“ ืขื•ืจื›ืช ื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช.
14:17
And he tried to talk me out of it,
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื ื™ืกื” ืœื”ื ื™ื ืื•ืชื™ ืžื–ื”,
14:19
but it was like, "OK, I know nothing about applying to law school,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ, ืื ื™ ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืข ื›ืœื•ื ืขืœ ื”ื’ืฉืช ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช ืœื‘ื™ื”"ืก ืœืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื,
14:22
I'm poli-sci Ph.D.
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ืื ื™ ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ืœืžื“ืขื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”.
14:23
But, you know, let's figure out what I need you to do,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื•ืื™ ื ืจืื” ืžื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืขืฉื•ืช,
14:27
what I need to do to help you out."
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ืžื” ืื ื™ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื–ื•ืช ืœืš.
14:28
It was like, "Where do you want to go?"
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ื”ื•ื ืฉืืœ ืื™ืคื” ืืช ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืœืžื•ื“?
14:30
And to me at that time university --
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ื•ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™ ื‘ื–ืžื ื•-
14:31
I was at University of Pitts for undergrad,
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืคื™ื˜ืกื‘ืจื’ ื‘ืคื ืกื™ืœื‘ื ื™ื” ื‘ืชื•ืืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ,
14:33
and that was like heaven, OK,
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื›ืžื• ื’ืŸ ืขื“ืŸ,
14:35
because compared to what could have been in Kenya.
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ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœืžื” ืฉื™ื›ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืงื ื™ื”.
14:37
So I'm like, "Yeah, I'm just applying to Pitt for law school."
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ืื– ืืžืจืชื™, ื˜ื•ื‘, ืื ื™ ืื’ื™ืฉ ืžื•ืขืžื“ื•ืช ืœื‘ื™ื”"ืก ืœืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื ื‘ืคื™ื˜ืกื‘ืจื’.
14:40
He was like, "Why? You know, you're smart,
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ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ, ืœืžื”? ืืช ื™ื•ื“ืขืช, ืืช ื—ื›ืžื”,
14:42
you have all these things going for you."
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ื™ืฉ ืœืš ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื›ื™ืฉืจื•ื ื•ืช ืืœื”.
14:44
And I'm like, "Because I'm here and it's cheap,
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ื•ืขื ื™ืชื™, ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืื ื™ ืคื” ื•ื–ื” ื–ื•ืœ,
14:46
and you know, I kind of like Pittsburgh."
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ื•ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ื“ื™ ืื”ื‘ืชื™ ืืช ืคื™ื˜ืกื‘ืจื’.
14:49
Like, that's the dumbest reason I've ever heard
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ื–ืืช ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ื”ื›ื™ ืžื˜ื•ืคืฉืช ืฉืฉืžืขืชื™
14:51
for applying to law school.
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ืœื”ื™ืจืฉื ืœื‘ื™"ืก ืœืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื.
14:53
And, you know, so he took me under his wing, and he encouraged me.
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ืื– ื”ื•ื ืœืงื— ืื•ืชื™ ืชื—ืช ื—ืกื•ืชื• ื•ืขื•ื“ื“ ืื•ืชื™.
14:57
And he said, "Look, you can get into Harvard,
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ, ืชืจืื™, ืืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื›ื ืก ืœื”ืืจื•ื•ืืจื“,
14:59
you're that good, OK?
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ืืช ืขื“ ื›ื“ื™ ื›ืš ื˜ื•ื‘, ื‘ืกื“ืจ?
15:00
And if they don't admit you, they're the ones who are messed up."
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ื•ืื ื”ื ืœื ื™ืงื‘ืœื• ืื•ืชืš, ื”ื ืืœื• ืฉื“ืคื•ืงื™ื.
15:05
And he built me up, you know?
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื‘ื ื” ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื™
15:07
And this is just an illustration.
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ื•ื–ื• ืจืง ื”ืžื—ืฉื”.
15:09
You can meet other individuals here.
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืคื’ื•ืฉ ืขื•ื“ ืื ืฉื™ื ื›ืืŸ.
15:11
We just need a push.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืจืง ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ื“ื—ื™ืคื”.
15:12
That's all I needed was a push to go to the next level.
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ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ื–ื” ื“ื—ื™ืคื” ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืฉืœื‘ ื”ื‘ื.
15:18
Basically, I want to end with my vision for Africa, you know?
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ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืกื™ื™ื ืขื ื”ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื™ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืืคืจื™ืงื”, ื‘ืกื“ืจ?
15:25
A gentleman spoke yesterday about the indignity
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ืื“ื•ืŸ ืื—ื“ ื“ื™ื‘ืจ ืคื” ืืชืžื•ืœ ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื™ื–ื™ื•ืŸ
15:27
of us having to leave the continent
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ืฉื‘ื”ื›ืจื— ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืขื–ื•ื‘ ืืช ื”ื™ื‘ืฉืช
15:32
so that we can fulfill our potential.
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ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ื’ืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ืฉื’ืœื•ื ื‘ื ื•.
15:35
You know, my vision is that my daughter,
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ืื– ื”ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื™ ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ื‘ืช ืฉืœื™,
15:37
and any other African child being born today,
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ื•ื›ืœ ื™ืœื“ ืืคืจื™ืงืื™ ืฉื ื•ืœื“ ื”ื™ื•ื,
15:41
can be whoever they want to be here,
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ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ืืŸ,
15:45
without having to leave.
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ืžื‘ืœื™ ืฉื™ืืœืฅ ืœืขื–ื•ื‘.
15:47
And they can have the possibility of transcending
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ื•ืชื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื”ืชืขืœื•ืช
15:51
the circumstances under which they were born.
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ืžืขืœ ื”ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื”ื ื”ื ื ื•ืœื“ื•.
15:54
That's one thing you Americans take for granted, you know?
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ื–ื” ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ื“ ืฉืืชื ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืืœื™ื•, ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื?
15:57
That you can grow up, you know, not so good circumstances,
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ืฉืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชื‘ื’ืจ, ื›ืฉื”ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœื ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื›ืœ-ื›ืš,
16:01
and you can move.
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ื•ืฉืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื ื•ืข-
16:04
Just because you are born in rural Arkansas, whatever,
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ืจืง ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื ื•ืœื“ืช ื‘ืืจืงื ืกื• ื”ื›ืคืจื™ืช, ืื• ืžืฉื”ื• ื›ื–ื”,
16:08
that doesn't define who you are.
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ื–ื” ืœื ื‘ื”ื›ืจื— ืžื’ื“ื™ืจ ืžื™ ืืชื.
16:09
For most Africans today, where you live, or where you were born,
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ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืืคืจื™ืงืื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื, ื”ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื• ืืชื” ื’ืจ, ืื• ื”ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื• ื ื•ืœื“ืช,
16:15
and the circumstances under which you were born,
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ื•ื”ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืŸ ื ื•ืœื“ืช,
16:18
determine the rest of your life.
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ืžื›ืชื™ื‘ื•ืช ืืช ืฉืืจื™ืช ื—ื™ื™ืš.
16:20
I would like to see that change,
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉื–ื” ื™ืฉืชื ื”,
16:22
and the change starts with us.
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ื•ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ื ื•.
16:24
And as Africans, we need to take responsibility for our continent.
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ื›ืืคืจื™ืงืื™ื ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืงื—ืช ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื™ื‘ืฉืช ืฉืœื ื•.
16:28
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืœื›ื.
16:29
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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