The architectural wonder of impermanent cities | Rahul Mehrotra

Prevoditelj: Martina Peraic Recezent: Sanda L

On this planet today,

Danas na planetu postoji

there are about 50 cities that are larger than five million people.

oko 50 gradova većih od 5 milijuna ljudi.

I'm going to share with you the story of one such city,

Podijelit ću s vama priču o jednom takvom gradu,

a city of seven million people,

gradu od sedam milijuna stanovnika,

but a city that's a temporary megacity, an ephemeral megacity.

o gradu koji je privremeni, prolazni megagrad.

This is a city that is built for a Hindu religious festival

Taj grad se izgrađuje za hinduističku vjersku svečanost

called Kumbh Mela,

imena Kumbh Mela,

which occurs every 12 years, in smaller editions every four years,

koja se obilježava svakih 12 godina, u manjem izdanju svake 4 godine.

and takes place at the confluence

Događa se na ušću

of the Ganges and the Yamuna rivers in India.

rijeka Ganges i Jamuna u Indiji.

And for this festival,

Za ove svečanosti

about 100 million people congregate.

skupi se oko 100 milijuna ljudi.

The reason so many people congregate here,

Razlog zbog kojega se toliko ljudi sastaje ovdje jest

is the Hindus believe that during the festival,

što Hindusi vjeruju da, tijekom svečanosti,

the cycle every 12 years,

koja se ponavlja svakih 12 godina,

if you bathe at the confluence of these two great rivers

ako se okupate na ušću ovih dviju velikih rijeka,

you are freed from rebirth.

oslobođeni ste ponovnog rođenja.

It's a really compelling idea,

To je doista zapanjujuća ideja,

you are liberated from life as we know it.

oslobođeni ste od života kakvog znamo.

And this is what attracts these millions.

A to privlači sve te milijunske mase.

And an entire megacity is built to house them.

Izgradi se čitav jedan megagrad da bi ih se smjestilo.

Seven million people live there for the 55 days,

Sedam milijuna ljudi živi ondje tijekom tih 55 dana,

and the other 100 million visit.

a još 100 milijuna dođe u posjet.

These are images from the same spot

Ovo su fotografije s istog mjesta

that we took over the 10 weeks

koje smo snimili tijekom 10 tjedana,

that it takes for the city to emerge.

koliko je potrebno ovom gradu da nastane.

After the monsoon,

Nakon monsuna,

as the waters of these rivers begin to recede

kako se vode ovih rijeka povlače

and the sand banks expose themselves,

i kako se počnu pojavljivati pješčane obale,

it becomes the terrain for the city.

to postaje teren za nastanak grada.

And by the 15th of January,

I do 15. siječnja,

starting 15th of October to 15th of January,

počevši 15. listopada do 15. siječnja,

in these weeks an entire city emerges.

u tim tjednima nastane cijeli grad.

A city that houses seven million people.

Grad koji može primiti sedam milijuna stanovnika.

What is fascinating is this city

Fascinantno je da ovaj grad

actually has all the characteristics of a real megacity:

zapravo ima sve osobine pravoga megagrada:

a grid is employed to lay the city out.

polaže se infrastrukturna mreža.

The urban system is a grid

Gradski sustav ima oblik mreže

and every street on this city

i svaka cesta ovog grada

goes across the river on a pontoon bridge.

prelazi rijeku pontonskim mostom.

Incredibly resilient,

Nevjerojatno je otporan,

because if there's an unseasonal downpour or if the river changes course,

jer ako dođe do izvansezonske poplave ili ako rijeka izmijeni svoj tok,

the urban system stays intact,

gradski sustav ostaje netaknut

the city adjusts itself to this terrain which can be volatile.

jer se grad prilagođava terenu koji može biti promjenjiv.

It also replicates all forms of physical, as well as social, infrastructure.

Također preslikava sve oblike fizičke ali i socijalne infrastrukture.

Water supply, sewage, electricity,

Opskrba vodom, kanalizacija, električna energija,

there are 1,400 CCTV cameras that are used for security

postoji 1400 nadzornih kamera koje se koriste u sigurnosne svrhe

by an entire station that is set up.

putem cijele TV postaje koju se također organizira.

But also social infrastructure,

Ali također i socijalna infrastruktura

like clinics, hospitals,

kao što su klinike, bolnice,

all sorts of community services,

različite društvene usluge,

that make this function like any real megacity would do.

koje čine da ovo funkcionira baš poput svakog megagrada.

10,500 sweepers are employed by the city.

Grad zapošljava 10,500 čistača.

It has a governance system, a Mela Adhikari,

Ima i sustav upravljanja, Mela Adhikari,

or the commissioner of the festival,

povjerenik svečanosti,

that ensures that land is allocated,

koji osigurava da se rasporedi zemlja,

there are systems for all of this,

da postoje svi potrebni sustavi,

that the system of the city, the mobility, all works efficiently.

da gradski sustavi, mobilnost, sve radi besprijekorno.

You know, it was the cleanest and the most efficient Indian city

Znate, bio je to najčistiji i najučinkovitiji indijski grad

I've lived in.

u kojem sam ikada živio.

(Laughter)

(Smijeh)

And that's what it looks like in comparison to Manhattan,

Grad ovako izgleda u usporedbi s Manhattanom,

30 square kilometers,

30 četvornih kilometara,

that's the scale of the city.

to je površina grada.

And this is not an informal city or a pop-up city.

A ovo nije neformalan ili slučajan grad.

This is a formal city, this is a state enterprise,

Ovo je formalni grad, ovo je državni projekt,

the government sets this up.

vlada ovo postavlja.

In today's world of neoliberalism and capitalism,

U današnjem svijetu neoliberalizma i kapitalizma,

where the state has devolved itself complete responsibility

gdje je država sama sebi izuzela potpunu odgovornost

from making and designing cities,

za izgradnju i dizajn gradova,

this is an incredible case.

ovo je nevjerojatan slučaj.

It's a deliberate, intentional city, a formal city.

To je namjeran, planski, formalan grad.

And it's a city that sits on the ground very lightly.

Taj grad leži vrlo nježno na zemlji.

It sits on the banks of these rivers.

Leži na obalama ovih rijeka.

And it leaves very little mark.

I ostavlja vrlo malen trag.

There are no foundations;

Nema temelja;

fabric is used to build this entire city.

cijeli grad je sagrađen od tkanine.

What's also quite incredible

Također je gotovo nevjerojatno

is that there are five materials that are used to build this settlement

da se koristi tek pet sirovina kako bi se sagradilo ovo naselje

for seven million people:

za sedam milijuna ljudi:

eight-foot tall bamboo, string or rope,

2,5-metarski bambus, niti ili užad,

nails or screw and a skinning material.

čavli ili vijci te fasadna tvar.

Could be corrugated metal, a fabric or plastic.

To može biti rebrasti metal, tkanina ili plastika.

And these materials come together and aggregate.

Te tvari se spajaju i stapaju.

It's like a kit of parts.

To je poput kutije dijelova.

And it's used all the way from a small tent,

Koriste se za sve, od malenog šatora,

which might house five or six people, or a family,

koji može primiti 5-6 osoba, ili obitelj,

to temples that can house 500, sometimes 1,000 people.

do hramova koji mogu primiti 500, katkad i 1000 osoba.

And this kit of parts, and this imagination of the city,

A ova kutija dijelova, ova zamisao grada

allows it to be disassembled.

mu dopušta da ga se i rastavi.

And so at the end of the festival, within a week,

Pa tako na kraju svečanosti, za tjedan dana,

the entire city is disassembled.

cijeli grad se rastavlja.

These are again images from the same spot.

Ovo su ponovne snimke s istog mjesta.

And the terrain is offered back to the river,

Teren je ponuđen natrag rijeci,

as with the monsoon the water swells again.

kako s monsunima rijeke ponovo bujaju.

And it's this sort of imagination as a kit of parts

A ova vrsta imaginacije u vidu kutije s dijelovima

that allows this disassembly

omogućuje ovo rastavljanje

and the reabsorption of all this material.

i reapsorpciju ovih materijala.

So the electricity poles go to little villages in the hinterland,

Tako da električni stupovi odlaze u sela u zaleđu,

the pontoon bridges are used in small towns,

pontonski mostovi se iskoriste u gradićima,

the material is all reabsorbed.

sav materijal se ponovo upotrijebi.

Fascinating, it's amazing.

Fascinantno, zapanjujuće.

Now, you may embrace these Hindu beliefs or not.

Pa, možete, a i ne morate prihvatiti hinduistička vjerovanja.

But you know, this is a stunning example,

Ali, znate, ovo je sjajan primjer.

and it's worthy of reflection.

I vrijedi promisliti o njemu.

Here, human beings spend an enormous amount of energy and imagination

Ovdje, ljudska bića troše ogromnu količinu energije i imaginacije,

knowing that the city is going to reverse,

znajući da će se grad okrenuti suprotno,

it's going to be disassembled,

bit će rastavljen na dijelove,

it's going to disappear,

nestat će.

it's the ephemeral megacity.

To je privremeni megagrad.

And it has profound lessons to teach us.

I od njega možemo naučiti bitne lekcije.

Lessons about how to touch the ground lightly,

Lekcije kako doticati zemlju na nježan način,

about reversibility,

lekcije o načelu povratnosti,

about disassembly.

o načelu rastavljanja na dijelove.

Rather amazing.

Prilično zapanjujuće.

And you know, we are, as humans, obsessed with permanence.

I znate, svi smo, kao ljudi, opsjednuti trajnošću.

We resist change.

Opiremo se promjeni.

It's an impulse that we all have.

To je podsvjestan nagon u nama.

And we resist change in spite of the fact

Opiremo se promjeni usprkos činjenici

that change is perhaps the only constant in our lives.

da je promjena možda jedina stalnost u našim životima.

Everything has an expiry date,

Sve ima rok trajanja.

including Spaceship Earth, our planet.

Pa čak i naš svemirski brod Zemlja; naš planet.

So what can we learn from these sorts of settlements?

Pa što možemo naučiti od ovakvih vrsta naselja?

Burning Man, of course much smaller,

Kao svečanost Burning Man, koja je naravno puno manja,

but reversible.

ali je povratna.

Or the thousands of markets for transaction,

Ili tisuće transakcijskih tržnica

that appear around the globe

koje izniču diljem svijeta

in Asia, Latin America, Africa, this one in Mexico,

u Aziji, Latinskoj Americi, Africi, ova u Meksiku,

where the parking lots are animated on the weekends, about 50,000 vendors,

gdje parkirališta ožive vikendom, nađe se oko 50 tisuća izlagača,

but on a temporal cycle.

ali tek privremeno.

The farmer's market in the Americas:

Seljačka tržnica u obje Amerike:

it's an amazing phenomenon, creates new chemistries,

to je divan fenomen, stvara se nova kemija,

extends the margin of space

proširuje se rub prostora

that is unused or not used optimally, like parking lots, for example.

koji se ne koristi ili se nedovoljno koristi, poput parkirališta.

In my own city of Mumbai,

U mom gradu Mumbaiju,

where I practice as an architect and a planner,

gdje radim kao arhitekt i urbani planer,

I see this in the everyday landscape.

vidim ove primjere u svakodnevnom krajoliku.

I call this the Kinetic City.

Nazivam to Kinetičkim gradom.

It twitches like a live organism; it's not static.

Kreće se kao živi organizam; nije statičan.

It changes every day,

Mijenja se svakodnevno,

on sometimes predictable cycles.

ponekad u predvidljivim ciklusima.

About six million people

Oko 6 milijuna ljudi

live in these kinds of temporary settlements.

žive u ovakvim privremenim naseljima.

Like -- unfortunately, like refugee camps,

Poput -- nažalost, poput izbjegličkih kampova,

the slums of Mumbai, the favelas of Latin America.

slamova Mumbaija, favela u Latinskoj Americi.

Here, the temporary is becoming the new permanent.

Ovdje, privremeno se pretvara u novo trajno.

Here, urbanism is not about grand vision,

Ovdje, urbanizam nije nikakva velika vizija,

it's about grand adjustment.

nego velika prilagodba.

On the street in Mumbai, during the Ganesh festival,

Na ulici Mumbaija, tijekom svečanosti Ganesh,

a transformation.

događa se transformacija.

A community hall is created for 10 days.

Višenamjenska dvorana nastane za 10 dana.

Bollywood films are shown,

Prikazuju se bollywoodski filmovi,

thousands congregate for dinners and celebration.

tisuće se okupljaju na večerama i slavljima.

It's made out of paper-mache and plaster of Paris.

Izrađena je od lijepljenog papira i gipsa.

Designed to be disassembled,

Dizajnirana je kako bi bila rastavljena,

and in 10 days, overnight, it disappears,

i za 10 dana, preko noći, nestaje,

and the street goes back to anonymity.

a ulica se vraća u anonimnost.

Or our wonderful open spaces, we call them maidans.

Ili naši prekrasni javni prostori, nazivamo ih maidani.

And it's used for this incredibly nuanced and complicated,

Koristi ih se za ovu nevjerojatno nijansiranu i zamršenu

fascinating Indian game, called cricket,

fascinantnu indijsku igru, kriket,

which, I believe, the British invented.

čini mi se da su ga izumili Britanci.

(Laughter)

(Smijeh)

And in the evenings,

Svake večeri,

a wedding wraps around the cricket pitch --

svadba okruži teren za kriket --

Notice, the cricket pitch is not touched, it's sacred ground.

Primijetite, teren za kriket ostaje netaknut, to je sveto tlo.

(Laughter)

(Smijeh)

But here, the club members and the wedding party

Ali ovdje, članovi kluba i gosti svadbe

partake in tea through a common kitchen.

sudjeluju u pijenju čaja putem zajedničke kuhinje.

And at midnight, it's disassembled,

A u ponoć, sve se rastavlja

and the space offered back to the city.

i prostor je ponuđen natrag gradu.

Here, urbanism is an elastic condition.

Ovdje, urbanizam je elastično stanje.

And so, if we reflect about these questions,

I tako, ako promislimo o ovim pitanjima,

I mean, I think many come to mind.

mislim, mnoga nam padaju na pamet.

But an important one is,

Ali jedno važno pitanje jest,

are we really, in our cities,

stvaramo li mi doista, u našim gradovima,

in our imagination about urbanism,

u našim zamislima o urbanizmu,

making permanent solutions for temporary problems?

trajna rješenja za privremene probleme?

Are we locking resources into paradigms

Ograničavamo li resurse paradigmama

that we don't even know will be relevant in a decade?

za koje ne znamo niti hoće li išta značiti za deset godina?

This becomes, I think,

Ovo postaje, smatram,

an interesting question that arises from this research.

zanimljivo pitanje koje proizlazi iz ovog istraživanja.

I mean, look at the abandoned shopping malls in North America,

Mislim, pogledajte napuštene trgovačke centre u Sjevernoj Americi,

suburban North America.

u predgrađima Sjeverne Amerike.

Retail experts have predicted that in the next decade,

Prodajni stručnjaci su predvidjeli da će u sljedećih 10 godina,

of the 2,000 malls that exist today,

od 2 tisuće centara koji danas postoje,

50 percent will be abandoned.

50 posto bit će napušteno.

Massive amount of material, capturing resources,

Ogromne količine materijala, zarobljenost resursa,

that will not be relevant soon.

za nešto što uskoro neće značiti ništa.

Or the Olympic stadiums.

Ili olimpijski stadioni.

Around the globe, cities build these

Širom svijeta, gradovi grade ove stadione

under great contestation with massive resources,

pod velikim pritiskom nadmetanja s ogromnim resursima,

but after the games go,

ali nakon što igre završe,

they can't often get absorbed into the city.

grad ih često ne može apsorbirati.

Couldn't these be nomadic structures, deflatable,

Ne bi li to mogle biti preseljive strukture, rastavljive,

we have the technology for that,

imamo tehnologiju za to,

that get gifted to smaller towns around the world or in those countries,

i onda bismo ih darovali manjim gradovima širom svijeta ili u istoj zemlji,

or are stored and moved for the next Olympics?

ili bismo ih spremili i preselili za sljedeće Olimpijske igre?

A massive, inefficient use of resources.

Masivna, neučinkovita upotreba resursa.

Like the circus.

Poput cirkusa.

I mean, we could imagine it like the circus,

Mislim, mogli bismo to zamisliti kao cirkus,

this wonderful institution that used to camp in cities,

ovu prekrasnu instituciju koja se naseljavala u gradovima,

set up this lovely kind of visual dialogue with the static city.

i postavljala jednu lijepu vrstu vizualnog dijaloga s nepokretnim gradom.

And within it, the amazement.

A unutra su se nalazila čudesa.

Children of different ethnic groups become suddenly aware of each other,

Djeca različitih etničkih skupina odjednom postanu svjesna jedni drugih.

people of color become aware of others,

Ljudi različitih rasa postaju svjesni jedni drugih,

income groups and cultures and ethnicities

različite klase, kulture, nacije

all come together around the amazement of the ring with animals and performers.

se susreću radi oduševljenja oko kruga sa životinjama i izvođačima.

New chemistries are created, people become aware of things,

Stvara se nova kemija, ljudi postaju svjesni nekih stvari,

and this moves on to the next town.

i to se prebacuje na sljedeći grad.

Or nature, the fluxes of nature, climate change,

A što je s prirodom, mijenama u prirodi, klimatskim promjenama,

how do we deal with this, can we be more accommodating?

kako ćemo se nositi s tim, možemo li se više otvoriti prema tim problemima?

Can we create softer urban systems?

Možemo li stvoriti nježnije gradske sustave?

Or are we going to challenge nature continuously

Ili ćemo nastaviti izazivati prirodu

with heavy infrastructure,

teškom infrastrukturom,

which we are already doing, unsuccessfully?

što već činimo, ali neuspješno?

Now, I'm not arguing

Ne zalažem se za to

that we've got to make our cities like a circus,

da moramo stvarati gradove poput cirkusa,

I'm not arguing that cities must be completely temporary.

ne zalažem se za to da gradovi moraju biti potpuno privremeni.

I'm only making a plea

Samo pozivam

that we need to make a shift in our imagination about cities,

na promjenu smjera u našoj imaginaciji gradova,

where we need to reserve more space

gdje je potrebno sačuvati više prostora

for uses on a temporal scale.

za privremene svrhe.

Where we need to use our resources efficiently,

Gdje je potrebno učinkovitije koristiti resurse,

to extend the expiry date of our planet.

kako bismo produžili rok trajanja našem planetu.

We need to change planning urban design cultures,

Moramo promijeniti kulturu planiranja urbanog dizajna,

to think of the temporal, the reversible,

misliti na privremeno, povratno,

the disassembleable.

razgradivo.

And that can be tremendous

A to bi moglo iznimno mnogo značiti

in terms of the effect it might have on our lives.

u smislu učinka koji bi to moglo imati na naše živote.

I often think back to the Kumbh Mela

Često razmišljam o Kumbh Meli

that I visited with my students and I studied,

koju sam posjetio i proučavao sa svojim studentima,

and this was a moment where the city had been disassembled.

to je bilo u vrijeme kada je grad bivao razgrađivan.

A week after the festival was over.

Tjedan dana nakon završetka svečanosti.

There was no mark.

Nije mu bilo traga.

The terrain was waiting to be covered over by the water,

Teren je čekao ponovno prekrivanje vodom,

to be consumed.

da bude progutan.

And I went to thank a high priestess

Otišao sam zahvaliti glavnoj svećenici

who had helped us and my students through our research

koja je pomagala meni i mojim studentima tijekom istraživanja

and facilitated us through this process.

i vodila nas kroz cijeli postupak.

And I went to her with great enthusiasm,

Otišao sam k njoj s velikim entuzijazmom

and I told her about how much we had learned

i pričao sam joj o tome koliko smo naučili

about infrastructure, the city, the efficiency of the city,

o gradskoj infrastrukturi, o učinkovitosti grada,

the architecture, the five materials that made the city.

o arhitekturi, o pet tvari koje su sačinjavale grad.

She looked really amused, she was smiling.

Izgledala mi je vrlo zabavljeno, smješila se.

In any case, she leaned forward

Nagnula se naprijed

and put her hand on my head to bless me.

i položila mi ruku na glavu kako bi me blagoslovila.

And she whispered in my ear, she said,

Šapnula mi je u uho,

"Feel blessed that the Mother Ganges

"Budi blagoslovljen što vam je Majka Ganges

allowed you all to sit in her lap for a few days."

dozvolila da joj sjedite u krilu nekoliko dana."

I've often thought about this,

Često sam razmišljao o ovome,

and of course, I understood what she said.

i naravno, razumio sam što mi je rekla.

She said, cities, people, architecture will come and go,

Rekla je, gradovi, ljudi, arhitekture će doći i otići,

but the planet is here to stay.

ali planet će ostati.

Touch it lightly, leave a minimal mark.

Dirajte ga nježno, ostavite minimalan trag.

And I think that's an important lesson for us as citizens and architects.

Mislim da je ovo važna lekcija za nas kao građane i arhitekte.

And I think it was this experience

I mislim da me je ovo iskustvo

that made me believe that impermanence is bigger than permanence

nagnalo da vjerujem kako je nestalnost veća od trajnosti

and bigger than us all.

i veća od sviju nas.

Thank you for listening.

Hvala vam na slušanju.

(Applause)

(Pljesak)