Aaron Morris: How your body could become its own diagnostic lab | TED Fellows

37,818 views ・ 2021-06-07

TED


Please double-click on the English subtitles below to play the video.

00:14
[SHAPE YOUR FUTURE]
0
14204
2000
00:16
(Slam) Ow!
1
16996
1250
00:19
As anyone who’s stubbed a toe in the dark
2
19579
2334
00:21
or spent an hour searching for their keys knows
3
21954
2584
00:24
we're often limited by what we can or cannot see.
4
24579
3834
00:28
In fact, even our own bodies can be black boxes.
5
28454
3709
00:32
Today, I want to take you through a vision of health care
6
32204
2709
00:34
that scientists and engineers, myself included, are building.
7
34954
3084
00:38
We are creating a diagnostic lab inside your body
8
38079
3167
00:41
that can provide a continuous analysis of your health
9
41288
2666
00:43
so that we can better see what's happening in patients.
10
43996
2583
00:46
Currently, if someone is sick,
11
46579
1708
00:48
we may diagnose them by using a biopsy
12
48329
2375
00:50
to bring disease tissue outside the body where we can see it.
13
50746
3875
00:54
We do this if we suspect, for instance, that a growth might be cancerous.
14
54662
3500
00:58
Unfortunately, this approach can't work all the time
15
58204
2917
01:01
because of two major problems.
16
61162
1875
01:03
First, some tissues, like brains or spinal cords,
17
63079
3208
01:06
can't be routinely biopsied.
18
66329
1875
01:08
And second, doctors often don't know which tissue is causing the problem,
19
68246
3500
01:11
so they don't know what to biopsy.
20
71787
1792
01:13
So far, we've dealt with these issues using external medical tests,
21
73621
4000
01:17
like MRIs or blood tests.
22
77663
2041
01:19
These provide a broad overview of the health of a patient,
23
79746
3167
01:22
but they can't see the molecular and cellular changes
24
82954
3250
01:26
that occur within tissues,
25
86246
1458
01:27
and they certainly can't provide enough information
26
87746
2458
01:30
to proactively treat patients before symptoms develop.
27
90246
3250
01:33
This is unfortunate
28
93538
1250
01:34
because it's these invisible changes that ultimately cause disease.
29
94829
3459
01:38
Our inability to measure these changes
30
98329
2084
01:40
results in a disparity between what we can see on a test
31
100454
3000
01:43
and what we know is happening in patients.
32
103496
2250
01:45
Let's take multiple sclerosis as an example.
33
105788
3041
01:48
In MS, which is an autoimmune disease,
34
108871
2750
01:51
the immune system attacks two specific tissues:
35
111663
2625
01:54
the brain and the spinal cord,
36
114329
1917
01:56
resulting in damage and in some cases, paralysis.
37
116288
3416
01:59
Now, we obviously can't catch MS by routinely biopsying people's brains,
38
119746
4333
02:04
where there would be abundant and active disease-inducing cells.
39
124121
3583
02:07
And we can't catch it using a blood test
40
127746
2000
02:09
because the MS-inducing cells are so rare and inactive in the blood
41
129788
3833
02:13
that we simply can't see them.
42
133663
1583
02:15
Even brain imaging technologies like MRI can't provide the information we need
43
135288
4083
02:19
to be proactive about MS.
44
139413
1833
02:21
So we need to rethink how we see.
45
141288
2875
02:24
My coworkers at the University of Michigan and I decided to do just that.
46
144204
3792
02:28
Instead of taking an outside-in approach to diagnostics,
47
148038
3166
02:31
we're taking an inside-out approach.
48
151246
2000
02:33
We are creating implantable sites
49
153288
2041
02:35
that have similarities to other sites in the body,
50
155371
2375
02:37
and will improve our vision by giving us real-time access
51
157788
3875
02:41
to molecular and cellular information about diseased tissues.
52
161704
4042
02:45
These insights will enable us to predict the onset of disease
53
165788
3166
02:48
and even identify therapies likely to work in an individual patient.
54
168996
4125
02:53
So what does this inside-out approach look like?
55
173163
3250
02:56
Step one is to engineer new tissues just under the skin.
56
176454
4167
03:00
These tissues have similarities to other inaccessible sites in the body,
57
180663
4541
03:05
like the brain or the lungs.
58
185246
1958
03:07
By implanting a porous plastic disk made of FDA-approved biomaterials,
59
187246
5083
03:12
I can harness the body's natural responses to allow cells to migrate into the disk,
60
192371
5500
03:17
survive at the site and form a tissue.
61
197913
2375
03:20
Eventually, we're left with an engineered tissue
62
200329
2750
03:23
with integrated immune cells,
63
203121
1667
03:24
just the cells we need for diagnosis.
64
204829
2250
03:27
Although these tissues are complex and chronically inflamed,
65
207121
3250
03:30
they're also innocuous
66
210413
1375
03:31
and after a few weeks, nearly imperceptible.
67
211829
2667
03:34
Our engineered tissues contain information not present in the blood,
68
214538
4000
03:38
and they can help bridge the gap
69
218579
1584
03:40
between what we can see on a traditional test
70
220204
2125
03:42
and cellular changes we know occur in disease.
71
222371
3667
03:46
Step two is to read this signal.
72
226079
2375
03:48
Currently, I could take a biopsy of my engineered site and analyze it
73
228496
4083
03:52
because I made them accessible just under the skin.
74
232621
3292
03:55
But it would certainly be better
75
235954
1750
03:57
if we could incorporate and read a sensor noninvasively.
76
237746
3292
04:01
Within the next decade,
77
241079
1417
04:02
rapidly converging technologies could enable diagnosis at such an implant
78
242538
4458
04:07
by harnessing simple detectors,
79
247038
1916
04:08
like a blood pressure cuff or smartwatch does now.
80
248996
2833
04:11
The mechanisms for diagnosing and monitoring disease
81
251871
3417
04:15
could be as simple as opening an app, like Candy Crush on your phone.
82
255329
3875
04:19
Step three is to harness the huge array of knowledge
83
259246
2958
04:22
in fields like engineering and material science
84
262246
2417
04:24
to improve these implants and our ability to read their data.
85
264704
3084
04:27
Eventually, tens, if not hundreds of individual engineered tissues
86
267829
4042
04:31
with integrated sensors
87
271913
1458
04:33
may be implantable with a single application.
88
273413
2625
04:36
Now, this approach to diagnosis is unconventional, to be sure,
89
276079
4292
04:40
but it is robust.
90
280413
1500
04:41
So far, my colleagues and I have used it
91
281954
2292
04:44
to diagnose models of metastatic cancer,
92
284288
2458
04:46
type 1 diabetes, multiple sclerosis and organ transplant rejection.
93
286788
4750
04:51
But this is just the beginning of what we can see.
94
291579
2500
04:54
With continuous improvements,
95
294121
1708
04:55
we will be able to truly create
96
295871
1875
04:57
a diagnostic lab inside your body
97
297788
2500
05:00
that provides a continuous analysis of your health.
98
300329
2500
05:02
By changing how we see what's going wrong in patients,
99
302871
2792
05:05
we will be able to diagnose and treat diseases better
100
305704
3125
05:08
and faster than ever before.
101
308871
2167
05:11
If you're willing to rethink how you see,
102
311079
2959
05:14
you may be surprised what comes into view.
103
314079
2834
05:16
Thank you.
104
316954
1250
About this website

This site will introduce you to YouTube videos that are useful for learning English. You will see English lessons taught by top-notch teachers from around the world. Double-click on the English subtitles displayed on each video page to play the video from there. The subtitles scroll in sync with the video playback. If you have any comments or requests, please contact us using this contact form.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7