Regina Dugan: From mach-20 glider to hummingbird drone

197,311 views ・ 2012-03-27

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Please double-click on the English subtitles below to play the video.

00:15
You should be nice
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to nerds.
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In fact, I'd go so far as to say,
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if you don't already have a nerd in your life,
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you should get one.
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I'm just saying.
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Scientists and engineers
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change the world.
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00:33
I'd like to tell you
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about a magical place called DARPA
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where scientists and engineers
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defy the impossible
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and refuse to fear failure.
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00:45
Now these two ideas
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are connected more than you may realize,
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because when you remove the fear of failure,
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impossible things
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suddenly become possible.
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If you want to know how,
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ask yourself this question:
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What would you attempt to do
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if you knew you could not fail?
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01:10
If you really ask yourself
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this question,
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you can't help but feel uncomfortable.
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I feel a little uncomfortable.
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01:20
Because when you ask it,
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you begin to understand
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how the fear of failure constrains you,
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how it keeps us
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from attempting great things,
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and life gets dull,
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amazing things stop happening.
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01:38
Sure, good things happen,
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but amazing things
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stop happening.
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Now I should be clear,
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I'm not encouraging failure,
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01:50
I'm discouraging
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fear of failure.
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01:55
Because it's not failure itself
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that constrains us.
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The path to truly new,
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never-been-done-before things
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always has failure along the way.
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We're tested.
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And in part, that testing feels an appropriate part
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of achieving something great.
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Clemenceau said,
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"Life gets interesting when we fail,
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because it's a sign
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that we've surpassed ourselves."
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02:25
In 1895,
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Lord Kelvin declared
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that heavier-than-air flying machines
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were impossible.
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02:33
In October of 1903,
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the prevailing opinion
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of expert aerodynamicists
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was that maybe in 10 million years
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we could build an aircraft that would fly.
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02:45
And two months later on December 17th,
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Orville Wright powered the first airplane
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across a beach in North Carolina.
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The flight lasted 12 seconds
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and covered 120 feet.
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That was 1903.
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One year later,
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the next declarations of impossibilities began.
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Ferdinand Foch, a French army general
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credited with having one of the most original and subtle minds
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in the French army,
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said, "Airplanes are interesting toys,
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but of no military value."
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40 years later,
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aero experts coined the term transonic.
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They debated, should it have one S or two?
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03:33
You see, they were having trouble in this flight regime,
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03:36
and it wasn't at all clear
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that we could fly faster than the speed of sound.
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In 1947,
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there was no wind tunnel data
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beyond Mach 0.85.
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And yet,
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on Tuesday, October 14th, 1947,
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Chuck Yeager climbed into the cockpit
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of his Bell X-1
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and he flew
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towards an unknown possibility,
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and in so doing,
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he became the first pilot
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to fly faster than the speed of sound.
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Six of eight Atlas rockets
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blew up on the pad.
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After 11 complete mission failures,
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we got our first images from space.
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And on that first flight
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we got more data
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than in all U-2 missions combined.
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It took a lot of failures
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to get there.
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Since we took to the sky,
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we have wanted to fly
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faster and farther.
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And to do so,
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we've had to believe in impossible things.
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And we've had to refuse
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to fear failure.
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That's still true today.
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05:03
Today, we don't talk about flying transonically,
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or even supersonically,
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we talk about flying hypersonically --
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not Mach 2 or Mach 3, Mach 20.
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At Mach 20,
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we can fly from New York to Long Beach
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in 11 minutes and 20 seconds.
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At that speed,
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the surface of the airfoil
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is the temperature of molten steel --
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3,500 degrees Fahrenheit --
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like a blast furnace.
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We are essentially burning the airfoil
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as we fly it.
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And we are flying it,
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or trying to.
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DARPA's hypersonic test vehicle
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is the fastest maneuvering aircraft
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ever built.
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It's boosted to near-space
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atop a Minotaur IV rocket.
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Now the Minotaur IV has too much impulse,
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so we have to bleed it off
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by flying the rocket
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at an 89 degree angle of attack
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for portions of the trajectory.
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06:07
That's an unnatural act
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for a rocket.
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The third stage has a camera.
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We call it rocketcam.
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And it's pointed
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at the hypersonic glider.
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This is the actual rocketcam footage
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from flight one.
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Now to conceal the shape, we changed the aspect ratio a little bit.
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But this is what it looks like
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from the third stage of the rocket
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looking at the unmanned glider
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as it heads into the atmosphere
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back towards Earth.
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We've flown twice.
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In the first flight,
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no aerodynamic control of the vehicle.
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But we collected more hypersonic flight data
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than in 30 years
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of ground-based testing combined.
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And in the second flight,
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three minutes of fully-controlled,
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aerodynamic flight
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at Mach 20.
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We must fly again,
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because amazing, never-been-done-before things
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require that you fly.
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You can't learn to fly at Mach 20
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unless you fly.
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And while there's no substitute for speed,
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maneuverability is a very close second.
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If a Mach 20 glider takes 11 minutes and 20 seconds
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to get from New York to Long Beach,
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a hummingbird would take,
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well, days.
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You see, hummingbirds are not hypersonic,
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but they are maneuverable.
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In fact, the hummingbird is the only bird
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that can fly backwards.
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It can fly up, down,
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forwards, backwards,
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even upside-down.
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And so if we wanted to fly in this room
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or places where humans can't go,
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we'd need an aircraft
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small enough and maneuverable enough
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to do so.
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This is a hummingbird drone.
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It can fly in all directions,
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even backwards.
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It can hover and rotate.
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This prototype aircraft
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is equipped with a video camera.
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It weighs less than one AA battery.
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It does not eat nectar.
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In 2008,
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it flew for a whopping 20 seconds,
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a year later, two minutes,
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then six,
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eventually 11.
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Many prototypes crashed -- many.
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But there's no way
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to learn to fly like a hummingbird
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unless you fly.
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08:56
(Applause)
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09:04
It's beautiful, isn't it.
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Wow.
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It's great.
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Matt is the first ever hummingbird pilot.
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(Applause)
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Failure is part of creating
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new and amazing things.
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We cannot both fear failure
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and make amazing new things --
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like a robot
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with the stability of a dog on rough terrain,
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or maybe even ice;
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a robot that can run like a cheetah,
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or climb stairs like a human
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with the occasional clumsiness of a human.
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Or perhaps, Spider Man
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will one day be Gecko Man.
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A gecko can support
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its entire body weight
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with one toe.
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One square millimeter of a gecko's footpad
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has 14,000 hair-like structures
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called setae.
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They are used to help it grip to surfaces
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using intermolecular forces.
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Today we can manufacture structures
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that mimic the hairs of a gecko's foot.
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The result,
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a four-by-four-inch
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artificial nano-gecko adhesive.
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can support a static load
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of 660 pounds.
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That's enough to stick
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six 42-inch plasma TV's to your wall,
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no nails.
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So much for Velcro, right?
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And it's not just passive structures,
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it's entire machines.
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This is a spider mite.
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It's one millimeter long,
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but it looks like Godzilla
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next to these micromachines.
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In the world of Godzilla spider mites,
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we can make millions of mirrors,
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each one-fifth the diameter
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of a human hair,
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moving at hundreds of thousands of times per second
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to make large screen displays,
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so that we can watch movies like "Godzilla"
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in high-def.
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And if we can build machines
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at that scale,
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what about Eiffel Tower-like trusses
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at the microscale?
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Today we are making metals
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that are lighter than Styrofoam,
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so light
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they can sit atop a dandelion puff
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and be blown away
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with a wisp of air --
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so light
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that you can make a car that two people can lift,
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but so strong
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that it has the crash-worthiness of an SUV.
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From the smallest wisp of air
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to the powerful forces of nature's storms.
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There are 44 lightning strikes per second
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around the globe.
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Each lightning bolt heats the air
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to 44,000 degrees Fahrenheit --
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hotter than the surface of the Sun.
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What if we could use
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these electromagnetic pulses
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as beacons,
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beacons in a moving network
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of powerful transmitters?
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Experiments suggest
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that lightning could be the next GPS.
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Electrical pulses form the thoughts in our brains.
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Using a grid the size of your thumb,
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with 32 electrodes
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on the surface of his brain,
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Tim uses his thoughts
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to control an advanced prosthetic arm.
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And his thoughts
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made him reach for Katie.
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This is the first time
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a human has controlled a robot
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with thought alone.
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And it is the first time
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that Tim has held Katie's hand
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in seven years.
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That moment mattered
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to Tim and Katie,
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and this green goo
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may someday matter to you.
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This green goo
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is perhaps the vaccine that could save your life.
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It was made in tobacco plants.
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Tobacco plants
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can make millions of doses of vaccine
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in weeks instead of months,
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and it might just be
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the first healthy use of tobacco ever.
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And if it seems far-fetched
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that tobacco plants could make people healthy,
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what about gamers that could solve problems
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that experts can't solve?
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Last September,
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the gamers of Foldit
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solved the three-dimensional structure
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of the retroviral protease
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that contributes to AIDS in rhesus monkeys.
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Now understanding this structure
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is very important for developing treatments.
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For 15 years,
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it was unsolved
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in the scientific community.
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The gamers of Foldit
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solved it in 15 days.
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Now they were able to do so
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by working together.
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They were able to work together
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because they're connected by the Internet.
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And others, also connected to the Internet,
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used it as an instrument of democracy.
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And together
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they changed the fate of their nation.
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The Internet is home to two billion people,
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or 30 percent of the world's population.
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It allows us to contribute
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and to be heard
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as individuals.
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It allows us to amplify
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our voices and our power
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as a group.
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But it too had humble beginnings.
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In 1969, the internet was but a dream,
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a few sketches on a piece of paper.
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And then on October 29th,
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the first packet-switched message was sent
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from UCLA to SRI.
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The first two letters of the word "Login,"
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that's all that made it through --
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an L and an O --
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and then a buffer overflow crashed the system.
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(Laughter)
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Two letters,
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an L and an O,
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now a worldwide force.
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So who are these scientists and engineers
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at a magical place called DARPA?
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They are nerds,
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and they are heroes among us.
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They challenge existing perspectives
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at the edges of science
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and under the most demanding of conditions.
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They remind us
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that we can change the world
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if we defy the impossible
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and we refuse to fear failure.
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They remind us
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that we all have nerd power.
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Sometimes we just forget.
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You see, there was a time
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when you weren't afraid of failure,
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when you were a great artist or a great dancer
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and you could sing, you were good at math,
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you could build things, you were an astronaut,
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an adventurer, Jacques Cousteau,
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you could jump higher, run faster,
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kick harder than anyone.
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You believed in impossible things
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and you were fearless.
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You were totally and completely in touch
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with your inner superhero.
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Scientists and engineers
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can indeed change the world.
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So can you.
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You were born to.
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So go ahead,
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ask yourself,
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what would you attempt to do
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if you knew you could not fail?
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Now I want to say,
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this is not easy.
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It's hard to hold onto this feeling,
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really hard.
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I guess in some way,
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I sort of believe it's supposed to be hard.
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Doubt and fear always creep in.
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We think someone else, someone smarter than us,
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someone more capable,
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someone with more resources will solve that problem.
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But there isn't anyone else;
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there's just you.
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17:36
And if we're lucky,
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in that moment,
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someone steps into that doubt and fear,
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takes a hand and says,
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"Let me help you believe."
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Jason Harley did that for me.
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Jason started at DARPA
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17:55
on March 18th, 2010.
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He was with our transportation team.
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I saw Jason nearly every day,
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sometimes twice a day.
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And more so than most,
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he saw the highs and the lows,
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18:10
the celebrations and the disappointments.
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18:14
And on one particularly dark day for me,
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Jason sat down
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and he wrote an email.
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He was encouraging,
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but firm.
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And when he hit send,
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he probably didn't realize what a difference it would make.
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It mattered to me.
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18:34
In that moment
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18:36
and still today
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when I doubt,
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18:41
when I feel afraid,
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when I need to reconnect
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18:46
with that feeling,
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18:48
I remember his words,
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they were so powerful.
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18:53
Text: "There is only time enough to iron your cape
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18:56
and back to the skies for you."
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♫ Superhero, superhero. ♫
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♫ Superhero, superhero. ♫
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19:07
♫ Superhero, superhero. ♫
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19:10
♫ Superhero, superhero. ♫
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♫ Superhero, superhero. ♫
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Voice: Because that's what being a superhero is all about.
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19:24
RD: "There is only time enough
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to iron your cape
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19:28
and back to the skies for you."
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And remember,
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be nice to nerds.
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19:37
(Applause)
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Thank you. Thank you.
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19:54
(Applause)
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Chris Anderson: Regina, thank you.
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I have a couple of questions.
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20:00
So that glider of yours,
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the Mach 20 glider,
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the first one, no control, it ended up in the Pacific I think somewhere.
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RD: Yeah, yeah. It did. (CA: What happened on that second flight?)
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Yeah, it also went into the Pacific. (CA: But this time under control?)
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20:14
We didn't fly it into the Pacific.
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20:17
No, there are multiple portions of the trajectory
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that are demanding
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in terms of really flying at that speed.
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And so in the second flight,
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we were able to get three minutes
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of fully aerodynamic control of the vehicle before we lost it.
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20:34
CA: I imagine you're not planning to open up to passenger service
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20:37
from New York to Long Beach anytime soon.
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RD: It might be a little warm.
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20:42
CA: What do you picture that glider being used for?
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20:45
RD: Well our responsibility
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20:47
is to develop the technology for this.
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How it's ultimately used
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will be determined by the military.
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20:53
Now the purpose of the vehicle though,
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the purpose of the technology,
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20:58
is to be able to reach anywhere in the world
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in less than 60 minutes.
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CA: And to carry a payload
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of more than a few pounds? (RD: Yeah.)
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21:06
Like what's the payload it could carry?
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RD: Well I don't think we ultimately know what it will be, right.
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We've got to fly it first.
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21:15
CA: But not necessarily just a camera?
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RD: No, not necessarily just a camera.
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21:21
CA: It's amazing.
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The hummingbird?
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RD: Yeah?
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CA: I'm curious, you started your beautiful sequence on flight
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21:32
with a plane kind of trying to flap its wings
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21:34
and failing horribly,
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21:36
and there haven't been that many planes built since
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21:39
that flap wings.
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21:41
Why did we think that this was the time to go biomimicry
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21:44
and copy a hummingbird?
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Isn't that a very expensive solution
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21:48
for a small maneuverable flying object?
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21:52
RD: So I mean, in part,
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we wondered if it was possible to do it.
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21:56
And you have to revisit these questions
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over time.
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The folks at AeroVironment
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tried 300 or more different wing designs,
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22:05
12 different forms of the avionics.
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It took them 10 full prototypes
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to get something that would actually fly.
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22:12
But there's something really interesting
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about a flying machine
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that looks like something you'd recognize.
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So we often talk about stealth
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as a means for avoiding any type of sensing,
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22:25
but when things looks just natural,
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22:28
you also don't see them.
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CA: Ah. So it's not necessarily just the performance.
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22:33
It's partly the look. (RD: Sure.)
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It's actually, "Look at that cute hummingbird
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22:37
flying into my headquarters."
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22:39
(Laughter)
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22:43
Because I think, as well as the awe of looking at that,
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22:45
I'm sure some people here are thinking,
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22:47
technology catches up so quick,
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22:49
how long is it
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before some crazed geek with a little remote control
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flies one through a window of the White House?
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22:55
I mean, do you worry about the Pandora's box issue here?
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22:59
RD: Well look, our singular mission
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is the creation and prevention of strategic surprise.
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That's what we do.
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23:08
It would be inconceivable
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23:10
for us to do that work
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23:13
if we didn't make people excited and uncomfortable with the things that we do
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23:16
at the same time.
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23:18
It's just the nature of what we do.
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23:21
Now our responsibility
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23:23
is to push that edge.
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23:25
And we have to be, of course, mindful and responsible
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23:29
of how the technology is developed
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23:31
and ultimately used,
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23:33
but we can't simply close our eyes
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23:35
and pretend that it isn't advancing; it's advancing.
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23:38
CA: I mean, you're clearly a really inspiring leader.
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23:42
And you persuade people
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to go to these great feats of invention,
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23:46
but at a personal level,
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23:48
in a way I can't imagine doing your job.
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23:50
Do you wake up in the night sometimes,
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23:52
just asking questions
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about the possibly unintended consequences
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23:56
of your team's brilliance?
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23:58
RD: Sure.
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24:00
I think you couldn't be human
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if you didn't ask those questions.
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CA: How do you answer them?
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RD: Well I don't always have answers for them, right.
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24:11
I think that we learn
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24:14
as time goes on.
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24:16
My job is one of the most exhilarating jobs you could have.
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24:22
I work with some of the most amazing people.
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24:26
And with that exhilaration,
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comes a really deep sense
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24:30
of responsibility.
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24:32
And so you have on the one hand
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24:34
this tremendous lift
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24:37
of what's possible
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24:40
and this tremendous seriousness
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24:43
of what it means.
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CA: Regina, that was jaw-dropping, as they say.
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Thank you so much for coming to TED. (RD: Thank you.)
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24:51
(Applause)
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About this website

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