Reducing corruption takes a specific kind of investment | Efosa Ojomo

48,929 views ใƒป 2019-10-28

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ูŠุฑุฌู‰ ุงู„ู†ู‚ุฑ ู†ู‚ุฑู‹ุง ู…ุฒุฏูˆุฌู‹ุง ููˆู‚ ุงู„ุชุฑุฌู…ุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ ุฃุฏู†ุงู‡ ู„ุชุดุบูŠู„ ุงู„ููŠุฏูŠูˆ.

ุงู„ู…ุชุฑุฌู…: Ayman Hosny ุงู„ู…ุฏู‚ู‘ู‚: Lollia Shaban
00:12
So in 2011,
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ููŠ ุนุงู… 2011ุŒ
00:14
someone broke into my sister's office
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ุงู‚ุชุญู… ุดุฎุต ู…ุง ู…ูƒุชุจ ุฃุฎุชูŠ
00:16
at the university where she teaches in Nigeria.
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ููŠ ุงู„ุฌุงู…ุนุฉ ุจู†ูŠุฌูŠุฑูŠุงุŒ ุญูŠุซ ูƒุงู†ุช ุชู„ู‚ูŠ ุฏุฑูˆุณู‹ุง.
00:20
Now thankfully, the person was caught, arrested and charged to court.
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ูˆู„ุญุณู† ุงู„ุญุธุŒ ูู‚ุฏ ุชูˆุฌู‡ุช ุฅู„ูŠู‡ ุงู„ุชู‡ู…ุฉ ุจุนุฏ ุฃู† ุฃูู„ู‚ูŠ ุงู„ู‚ุจุถ ุนู„ูŠู‡ ูˆุงุนุชูู‚ู„.
00:25
When I get into court,
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ุญูŠู† ุฏุฎู„ุชู ุงู„ู…ุญูƒู…ุฉุŒ
00:26
the clerks who were assigned to my sister's case informed her
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ู‚ุงู„ ูƒุชุจุฉ ุงู„ู…ุญูƒู…ุฉ ุงู„ู…ุนู†ูŠูˆู† ุจุงู„ู‚ุถูŠุฉ ู„ุฃุฎุชูŠ
00:30
that they wouldn't be able to process the paperwork
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ุฅู†ู‡ู… ู„ู† ูŠุถุทู„ุนูˆุง ุจุฃุนู…ุงู„ู‡ู…
00:32
unless she paid a bribe.
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ู…ุง ู„ู… ุชุฏูุน ู„ู‡ู… ุฑุดูˆุฉ.
00:35
Now, at first she thought it was part of a practical joke.
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ู„ู‚ุฏ ุธู†ู‘ุช ุฃู†ู‡ู… ูŠู…ุงุฒุญูˆู†ู‡ุง ููŠ ุจุฏุงูŠุฉ ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑ.
00:38
But then she realized they were serious.
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ูˆู„ูƒู†ู‡ุง ููˆุฌุฆุช ุจุฃู†ู‡ู… ุฌุงุฏูˆู† ููŠ ุทู„ุจู‡ู….
00:40
And then she became furious.
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ูˆู…ู† ุซู… ุฌูู† ุฌูู†ูˆู†ูู‡ุง.
00:42
I mean, think about it: here she was, the recent victim of a crime,
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ุฃู‚ุตุฏุ› ููƒูุฑูˆุง ููŠ ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑ: ู„ู‚ุฏ ูƒุงู†ุช ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ูƒุถุญูŠุฉ ู…ูุนุชุฏู‰ ุนู„ูŠู‡ุงุŒ
00:47
with the very people who were supposed to help her,
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ุนู†ุฏ ุฃู†ุงุณู ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ูุชุฑุถ ุฃู† ูŠู‚ุฏู‘ู…ูˆุง ุฅู„ูŠู‡ุง ูŠุฏ ุงู„ุนูˆู†ุŒ
00:50
and they were demanding a bribe from her.
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ูˆู„ูƒู†ู‡ู… ุทู„ุจูˆุง ู…ู†ู‡ุง ุฑุดูˆุฉ.
00:53
That's just one of the many ways
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ุฅู†ู‡ ู…ุฌุฑุฏ ู…ุซุงู„ ู…ู† ุงู„ุทุฑู‚ ุงู„ุนุฏูŠุฏุฉ
00:56
that corruption impacts millions of people in my country.
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ุงู„ุชูŠ ูŠุถุฑ ุจู‡ุง ุงู„ูุณุงุฏ ุงู„ู…ู„ุงูŠูŠู† ููŠ ุจู„ุงุฏูŠ.
01:00
You know, growing up in Nigeria,
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ูƒู…ุง ุชุฑูˆู†ุŒ ุจูŠู†ู…ุง ุชุนูŠุด ูˆุชูƒุจุฑ ููŠ ู†ูŠุฌูŠุฑูŠุงุŒ
01:02
corruption permeated virtually every element of the society.
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ูŠุชุบู„ุบู„ ุงู„ูุณู€ุงุฏ ููŠ ุฌู…ูŠุน ุงู„ุฌูˆุงู†ุจ ุงู„ุญูŠุงุชูŠุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุฌุชู…ุน.
01:06
Reports of politicians embezzling millions of dollars were common.
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ุญูŠุซ ุฃุตุจุญุช ุชู‚ุงุฑูŠุฑ ุงุฎุชู„ุงุณ ุงู„ู…ุณุคูˆู„ูŠู† ู„ู…ู„ุงูŠูŠู† ุงู„ุฏูˆู„ุงุฑุงุช ู…ุฌุฑุฏ ุฃุฎุจุงุฑ ุงุนุชูŠุงุฏูŠุฉ.
01:11
Police officers stealing money
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ุณุฑู‚ุฉ ุถุจุงุท ุงู„ุดุฑุทุฉ ู„ู„ุฃู…ูˆุงู„
01:14
or extorting money from everyday hardworking citizens
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ุฃูˆ ุงุจุชุฒุงุฒ ุงู„ู…ูˆุงุทู†ูŠู† ุงู„ูƒุงุฏุญูŠู† ุงู„ุฐูŠู† ูŠุนู…ู„ูˆู† ูŠูˆู…ูŠู‹ุง ู„ูƒุณุจ ุนูŠุดู‡ู…
01:17
was routine practice.
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ู‡ูŠ ู…ู…ุงุฑุณุงุช ูŠูˆู…ูŠุฉ ุฑูˆุชูŠู†ูŠู‘ุฉ.
01:20
I felt that development could never actually happen,
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ู„ู‚ุฏ ุดุนุฑุชู ุฃู† ุงู„ุชู†ู…ูŠุฉ ู„ู† ุชุญุฏุซ ุฃุจุฏู‹ุงุŒ
01:23
so long as corruption persisted.
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ุทุงู„ู…ุง ุงุณุชู…ุฑ ุงู„ูุณุงุฏ.
01:27
But over the past several years,
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ุนู„ู‰ ู…ุฏุงุฑ ุงู„ุณู†ูˆุงุช ุงู„ู…ุงุถูŠุฉุŒ
01:28
in my research on innovation and prosperity,
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ู…ู† ุฎู„ุงู„ ุฃุจุญุงุซูŠ ููŠ ุงู„ุงุจุชูƒุงุฑ ูˆุงู„ุงุฒุฏู‡ุงุฑุŒ
01:32
I've learned that corruption is actually not the problem hindering our development.
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ุชูˆุตู„ุช ุฅู„ู‰ ุฃู† ุงู„ูุณุงุฏ ู„ูŠุณ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ู…ุดูƒู„ุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุนูˆู‚ ู…ุณูŠุฑุชู†ุง ุงู„ุชู†ู…ูˆูŠุฉ.
01:37
In fact,
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ููŠ ุงู„ูˆุงู‚ุนุŒ
01:38
conventional thinking on corruption and its relationship to development
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ุฅู† ู†ุธุฑุชู†ุง ุงู„ุชู‚ู„ูŠุฏูŠุฉ ู„ู„ูุณุงุฏ ูˆุนู„ุงู‚ุชู‡ ุจุงู„ุชู†ู…ูŠุฉ
01:42
is not only wrong, but it's holding many poor countries backwards.
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ู„ูŠุณุช ูู‚ุท ุฎุทุฃุŒ ูˆู„ูƒู†ู‡ุง ุชูุนูŠุฏ ุงู„ุนุฏูŠุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฏูˆู„ ุงู„ูู‚ูŠุฑุฉ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ูˆุฑุงุก.
01:48
So, the thinking goes like this:
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ู„ุฐู„ูƒุŒ ุฎุทุฑ ุนู„ู‰ ุจุงู„ูŠ ุฃู†ู‡:
01:50
in a society that's poor and corrupt,
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ููŠ ู…ุฌุชู…ุนู ูู‚ูŠุฑู ูˆูุงุณุฏุŒ
01:53
our best shot at reducing corruption is to create good laws,
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ูุฅู† ู…ุณุนุงู†ุง ู†ุญูˆ ุงู„ุญุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ูุณุงุฏ ู‡ูˆ ููŠ ุณู†ู‘ ู‚ูˆุงู†ูŠู† ุฌูŠุฏุฉุŒ
01:57
enforce them well,
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ูˆุชุทุจูŠู‚ู‡ุง ุนู„ู‰ ู†ุญูˆ ูุนู‘ุงู„ุŒ
01:59
and this will make way for development and innovation to flourish.
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ูˆู…ู† ู‡ู†ุง ู†ุนุจู‘ุฏ ุทุฑูŠู‚ู‹ุง ู„ู„ุชู†ู…ูŠุฉ ูˆุงู„ุงุจุชูƒุงุฑ ู…ู† ุฃุฌู„ ุชุญู‚ูŠู‚ ุงู„ุงุฒุฏู‡ุงุฑ.
02:03
Now, it makes sense on paper,
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ุญุงู„ูŠู‹ุงุŒ ูˆู…ู† ุงู„ู†ุงุญูŠุฉ ุงู„ู†ุธุฑูŠุฉุŒ
02:05
which is why many governments and development organizations
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ุนู„ู‰ ู†ุญูˆ ู…ุง ุชุณุชุซู…ุฑ ุงู„ุนุฏูŠุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ุญูƒูˆู…ุงุช ูˆุงู„ู…ู†ุธู…ุงุช ุงู„ุชู†ู…ูˆูŠุฉ
02:08
invest billions of dollars annually
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ุงู„ู…ู„ูŠุงุฑุงุช ู…ู† ุงู„ุฏูˆู„ุงุฑุงุช ุณู†ูˆูŠู‹ุง
02:11
on institutional reform and anti-corruption programs.
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ููŠ ุฅุตู„ุงุญุงุช ุชุฃุณูŠุณูŠุฉ ูˆุจุฑุงู…ุฌ ู…ูƒุงูุญุฉ ุงู„ูุณุงุฏ.
02:15
But many of these programs fail to reduce corruption,
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ุงู„ุนุฏูŠุฏ ู…ู† ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุจุฑุงู…ุฌ ุชุฎูู‚ ููŠ ุงู„ุญุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ูุณุงุฏุŒ
02:18
because we have the equation backwards.
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ู„ุฃู†ู†ุง ู†ู†ุชู‡ุฌ ู…ุนุงุฏู„ุฉู‹ ุชุฑุฌุนู†ุง ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ูˆุฑุงุก.
02:21
You see, societies don't develop because they've reduced corruption.
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ูˆูƒู…ุง ุชุฑู‰ ูุฅู† ุงู„ู…ุฌุชู…ุนุงุช ู„ุง ุชู†ู…ูˆ ู„ุฃู†ู‡ุง ุชุนู…ู„ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุญุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ูุณุงุฏ
02:26
They're able to reduce corruption because they've developed.
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ุจู„ ู‡ูŠ ู‚ุงุฏุฑุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุญุฏ ู…ู†ู‡ ู„ุฃู†ู‡ุง ุญู‚ู‚ุช ู†ู…ูˆู‹ุง.
02:32
And societies develop through investments in innovation.
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ูˆู‡ู†ุงู„ูƒ ู…ุฌุชู…ุนุงุช ุชู†ู…ูˆ ู…ู† ุฎู„ุงู„ ุงุณุชุซู…ุงุฑุงุช ููŠ ุงู„ุงุจุชูƒุงุฑ.
02:37
Now, at first, I thought this was impossible.
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ููŠ ุงู„ุจุฏุงูŠุฉ ุธู†ู†ุชู ุฃู† ู‡ุฐุง ู…ุณุชุญูŠู„.
02:39
Why would anyone in their right mind
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ู„ู…ุงุฐุง ูŠูุชุฑูŽุถ ู„ุฃูŠ ุฅู†ุณุงู† ุจูƒุงู…ู„ ู‚ูˆุงู‡ ุงู„ุนู‚ู„ูŠู‘ุฉ
02:41
invest in a society where, at least on the surface,
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ุฃู† ูŠุณุชุซู…ุฑ ููŠ ู…ุฌุชู…ุน ูŠุนุงู†ูŠ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฃู‚ู„ ููŠ ุธุงู‡ุฑูู‡ุŒ
02:44
it seems a terrible place to do business?
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ู…ู† ู…ุนูˆู‚ุงุช ุฌู…ุฉ ู„ุฏุฎูˆู„ ุนุงู„ู… ุงู„ุฃุนู…ุงู„ุŸ
02:47
You know, a society where politicians are corrupt
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ููŠ ู…ุฌุชู…ุน ุณูŠุงุณูŠูˆู‡ ูุงุณุฏูˆู†
02:50
and consumers are poor?
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ูˆุงู„ู…ุณุชู‡ู„ูƒูˆู† ููŠู‡ ูู‚ุฑุงุกุŸ
02:52
But then, the more I learned about
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ูˆู…ู† ุซู…ุŒ ูƒู†ุชู ูƒู„ู…ุง ุชุนู„ู…ุชู ุงู„ู…ุฒูŠุฏ
02:54
the relationship between innovation and corruption,
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ุนู† ุงู„ุนู„ุงู‚ุฉ ุจูŠู† ุงู„ุงุจุชูƒุงุฑ ูˆุงู„ูุณุงุฏุŒ
02:57
the more I started to see things differently.
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ูƒู„ู…ุง ุชุบูŠู‘ุฑุช ู†ุธุฑุชูŠ ู„ู„ุฃู…ูˆุฑ.
03:01
Here's how this played out in sub-Saharan Africa
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ุฅู„ูŠูƒู… ุงู„ุฏูˆุฑ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ู„ุนุจุชู‡ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุนู„ุงู‚ุฉ ููŠ ุฌู†ูˆุจ ุงู„ุตุญุฑุงุก ุงู„ูƒุจุฑู‰.
03:04
as the region developed its telecommunications industry.
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ุจูˆุตูู‡ุง ู…ู†ุทู‚ุฉ ุทูˆู‘ุฑุช ุตู†ุงุนุชู‡ุง ููŠ ุชูƒู†ูˆู„ูˆุฌูŠุง ุงู„ุงุชุตุงู„ุงุช.
03:08
In the late 1990s,
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ููŠ ุฃูˆุงุฎุฑ ุงู„ุชุณุนูŠู†ูŠุงุชุŒ
03:09
fewer than five percent of people in sub-Saharan Africa had phones.
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ูƒุงู† ุฃู‚ู„ ู…ู† 5% ู…ู† ุณูƒุงู† ุงู„ุตุญุฑุงุก ุงู„ูƒุจุฑู‰ ู„ุฏูŠู‡ู… ู‡ูˆุงุชู.
03:13
In Nigeria, for example, the country had more than 110 million people
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ููŠ ู†ูŠุฌูŠุฑูŠุงุŒ ุนู„ู‰ ุณุจูŠู„ ุงู„ู…ุซุงู„ุŒ ูƒุงู† ุชุนุฏุงุฏ ุงู„ุณูƒุงู† ูŠุฒูŠุฏ ุนู† 110 ู…ู„ูŠูˆู† ู†ุณู…ุฉ
03:18
but fewer than half a million phones in the whole nation.
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ู„ูƒู† ูƒุงู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุฃู‚ู„ ู…ู† ู…ู„ูŠูˆู† ู‡ุงุชู ูู‚ุท ููŠ ุงู„ุฏูˆู„ุฉ ู‚ุงุทุจุฉ.
03:22
Now, this scarcity fueled widespread corruption in the industry.
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ู„ู‚ุฏ ุบุฐูŽู‘ุช ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู†ูุฏุฑุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุนุฑูˆุถ ุงุฌุชูŠุงุญูŽ ุงู„ูุณุงุฏ ู„ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุตู†ุงุนุฉ.
03:26
I mean, public officials who worked for the state-owned phone companies
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ุฃุนู†ูŠ ุจุฐู„ูƒุŒ ุฃู† ุฌู‡ุงุช ุงู„ุฏูˆู„ุฉ ููŠ ู‚ุทุงุนุงุช ุชุฒูˆูŠุฏ ุฎุฏู…ุฉ ุงู„ู‡ูˆุงุชู
ุทู„ุจูˆุง ุฑุดุงูˆู‰ ู…ู† ุงู„ุณูƒุงู† ุงู„ุฐูŠู† ุฃุฑุงุฏูˆุง ุงู‚ุชู†ุงุก ู‡ูˆุงุชู.
03:30
demanded bribes from people who wanted phones.
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03:32
And because most people couldn't afford to pay the bribes,
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ูˆุญูŠู† ูƒุงู† ููŠ ุบูŠุฑ ู…ู‚ุฏูˆุฑ ุงู„ู…ูˆุงุทู†ูŠู† ุชูˆูู€ูŠุฑ ุงู„ู…ุงู„ ู„ุฏูุน ุงู„ุฑุดุงูˆู‰ุŒ
03:35
phones were only available to those who were wealthy.
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ุตุงุฑุช ุงู„ู‡ูˆุงุชู ู…ู‚ุชุตุฑุฉ ูู‚ุท ุนู„ู‰ ุฃุตุญุงุจ ุงู„ุซุฑูˆุงุช.
03:39
Then an entrepreneur named Mo Ibrahim
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ุซู… ูƒุงู† ุซู…ุฉ ุฑุงุฆุฏ ุฃุนู…ุงู„ ูŠูุฏุนู‰ ู…ูˆ ุฅุจุฑุงู‡ูŠู…
03:41
decided that he would set up a telecommunications company
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ู‚ุฑุฑ ุฃู† ูŠู€ุฏุดู‘ู† ุดุฑูƒุฉ ุงุชุตุงู„ุงุช
03:45
on the continent.
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ููŠ ุฃู†ุญุงุก ุงู„ุจู„ุงุฏ.
03:46
Now, when he told his colleagues about his idea, they just laughed at him.
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ููŠ ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ุฃุซู†ุงุกุŒ ุญูŠู† ูƒุงู† ูŠุญูƒูŠ ุฅู„ู‰ ุฑูุงู‚ู‡ ุนู† ููƒุฑุชู‡ ูุฅู†ู‡ู… ู„ุง ูŠุฌุงูˆุจูˆู†ู‡ ุฅู„ู‰ ุจุงู„ุถุญูƒ.
03:50
But Mo Ibrahim was undeterred.
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ู„ูƒู† ู…ูˆ ุฅุจุฑุงู‡ูŠู… ู„ู… ูŠูƒู† ูŠุนุจุฃ ุจู‡ู….
03:52
And so in 1998, he set up Celtel.
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ูˆููŠ 1998ุŒ ุฃู†ุดุฃ ุดุฑูƒุฉ ุณูŠู„ุชูŠู„.
03:57
The company provided affordable mobile phones and cell service
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ุฒูˆู‘ุฏุช ุงู„ุดุฑูƒุฉ ุงู„ุฃุณูˆุงู‚ ุจู‡ูˆุงุชู ูˆุฎุฏู…ุงุช ุฎู„ูˆูŠู‘ุฉ ููŠ ู…ุชู†ุงูˆู„ ุงู„ูŠุฏ
04:00
to millions of Africans,
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ุฅู„ู‰ ู…ู„ุงูŠูŠู† ุงู„ุฃูุงุฑู‚ุฉุŒ
04:02
in some of the poorest and most corrupt countries in the region --
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ููŠ ุฃู†ุญุงุก ุฏูˆูŽู„ู ู…ู† ุฃูู‚ุฑ ุงู„ุจู„ุฏุงู† ูˆุฃุดุฏู‘ู‡ู€ุง ูุณุงุฏู‹ุง ููŠ ุงู„ู…ู†ุทู‚ู€ุฉ
04:05
I mean countries such as Congo, Malawi,
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ุฃู‚ุตุฏ ุจู„ุฏุงู†ู‹ุง ู…ุซู„: ุงู„ูƒูˆู†ุบูˆ ูˆู…ุงู„ุงูˆูŠ
04:08
Sierra Leone and Uganda.
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ูˆุณูŠุฑุงู„ูŠูˆู† ูˆุฃูˆุบู†ุฏุง.
04:12
You see, in our research, we call what Mo Ibrahim built
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ุฃุชุฏุฑูˆู†ุŒ ุฅู†ู†ุง ููŠ ุฃุจุญุงุซู†ุงุŒ ู†ุทู„ู‚ ุนู„ู‰ ู…ุง ุฃู†ุดุฃู‡ ู…ูˆ ุฅุจุฑุงู‡ูŠู…
04:15
a "market-creating innovation."
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"ุงุจุชูƒุงุฑ ุฎู„ู‚ ุงู„ุณูˆู‚".
04:19
Market-creating innovations transform complicated and expensive products
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ุฅู† ุงุจุชูƒุงุฑุงุช ุฎู„ู‚ ุงู„ุณูˆู‚ ู…ู† ุดุฃู†ู‡ุง ุชุญูˆูŠู„ ุงู„ู…ู†ุชุฌุงุช ุงู„ู…ุนู‚ู‘ุฏุฉ ุจุงู‡ุธุฉ ุงู„ุซู…ู†
04:24
into products that are simple and affordable,
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ุฅู„ู‰ ู…ุฌุฑุฏ ู…ู†ุชุฌุงุช ุจุณูŠุทุฉ ูˆููŠ ู…ุชู†ุงูˆู„ ุงู„ูŠุฏุŒ
04:26
so that many more people in society could access them.
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ูˆุจุงู„ุชุงู„ูŠุŒ ูุฅู† ุจู…ู‚ุฏูˆุฑ ุบุงู„ุจูŠุฉ ุงู„ุณูƒุงู† ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุฌุชู…ุน ุงู„ูˆุตูˆู„ ุฅู„ูŠู‡ุง.
04:30
Now in this case, phones were expensive
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ู„ู‚ุฏ ูƒุงู†ุช ุงู„ู‡ูˆุงุชู ุจุงู‡ุธุฉ ุงู„ุซู…ู†
04:32
before Celtel made them much more affordable.
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ู‚ุจู„ ุฃู† ุชุฃุชูŠ ุณูŠู„ุชูŠู„ ูˆุชุฌุนู„ู‡ุง ููŠ ู…ุชู†ุงูˆู„ ุงู„ูŠุฏ.
04:36
As other investors -- some of his colleagues, actually --
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ูƒู…ุง ุฃู† ุงู„ู…ุณุชุซู…ุฑูŠู† ุงู„ุขุฎุฑูŠู† -ูˆู‡ู… ููŠ ุงู„ูˆุงู‚ุน ู…ู† ุฒู…ู„ุงุฆู‡-
04:39
saw that it was possible to create a successful mobile phone company
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ุงุนุชู‚ุฏูˆุง ุฃู†ู‡ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ู…ูƒู† ุชุฃุณูŠุณ ุดุฑูƒุฉ ู†ุงุฌุญุฉ ู„ู„ู‡ูˆุงุชู ุงู„ู…ุญู…ูˆู„ุฉ
04:43
on the continent,
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ุนู„ู‰ ู…ุณุชูˆู‰ ุงู„ู‚ุงุฑุฉุŒ
04:45
they flooded in with billions of dollars of investments.
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ู„ู‚ุฏ ุฃู†ูู‚ูˆุง ู…ู„ูŠุงุฑุงุช ู…ู† ุงู„ุฏูˆู„ุงุฑุงุช ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุงุณุชุซู…ุงุฑุงุช.
04:48
And this led to significant growth in the industry.
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ู…ู…ุง ุฃุฏู‰ ุฅู„ู‰ ู†ู…ูˆูู‘ ู„ุงูุช ููŠ ุตู†ุงุนุฉ ุงู„ุงุชุตุงู„ุงุช.
04:52
From barely nothing in 2000,
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ู…ู† ู„ุง ุดูŠุก ุชู‚ุฑูŠุจู‹ุง ููŠ ุนุงู… 2000ุŒ
04:54
today, virtually every African country now has
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ุชู†ุนู… ุงู„ุขู† ูƒู„ ุฏูˆู„ุฉ ุฅูุฑูŠู‚ูŠุฉ
04:57
a vibrant mobile telecommunications industry.
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ุจุตู†ุงุนุฉ ู†ุดุทุฉ ู„ู„ุงุชุตุงู„ุงุช ุงู„ู…ุญู…ูˆู„ุฉ.
05:00
The sector now supports close to one billion phone connections,
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ูŠุฏุนู… ู‚ุทุงุน ุงู„ุงุชุตุงู„ุงุช ุงู„ุขู† ู…ุง ูŠู‚ุฑุจ ู…ู† ู…ู„ูŠุงุฑ ู‡ุงุชู ู…ูุชุตู„ุŒ
05:05
it has created nearly four million jobs
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ูˆุณุงุนุฏ ุนู„ู‰ ุฅูŠุฌุงุฏ ุญูˆุงู„ูŠ 4 ู…ู„ุงูŠูŠู† ูุฑุตุฉ ุนู…ู„
05:08
and generates billions of dollars in taxes every year.
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ูˆุฌู„ุจ ู…ู„ูŠุงุฑุงุช ุงู„ุฏูˆู„ุงุฑุงุช ุณู†ูˆูŠู‹ุง ุฅู„ู‰ ุญุตูŠู„ุฉ ุงู„ุถุฑุงุฆุจ.
05:13
These are taxes that governments can now reinvest into the economy
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ุจู…ู‚ุฏูˆุฑ ุงู„ุญูƒูˆู…ุงุช ุฃู† ุชุนูŠุฏ ุงุณุชุซู…ุงุฑ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุถุฑุงุฆุจ ููŠ ุงู‚ุชุตุงุฏุงุชู‡ุง
05:17
to build their institutions.
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ู„ุจู†ุงุก ู…ุคุณุณุงุชู‡ุง ุงู„ุงู‚ุชุตุงุฏูŠุฉ.
05:20
And here's the thing:
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ูˆุฅู„ูŠูƒู… ุงู„ุขุชูŠ:
05:21
because most people no longer have to bribe public officials
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ุจุณุจุจ ุฃู† ุบุงู„ุจูŠุฉ ุงู„ุณูƒุงู† ู„ุง ูŠุณุชุทูŠุนูˆู† ุฅุนุทุงุก ุฑุดูˆุฉ ู„ู…ูˆุธููŠ ุงู„ุฏูˆู„ุฉ
05:24
just to get a phone,
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ู„ู…ุฌุฑุฏ ุฃู† ูŠุญุตู„ูˆุง ุนู„ู‰ ู‡ุงุชูุŒ
05:26
corruption -- at least within this industry -- has reduced.
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ูู‚ุฏ ุชู… ุงู„ุญุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ูุณุงุฏ -ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฃู‚ู„ ููŠ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุตู†ุงุนุฉ-.
05:32
Now, if Mo Ibrahim had waited for corruption to be fixed
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ู…ุงุฐุง ู„ูˆ ุฃู† ู…ูˆ ุฅุจุฑุงู‡ูŠู… ุงู†ุชุธุฑ ุฑูŠุซู…ุง ุฌุฑุช ู…ุนุงู„ุฌุฉ ุงู„ูุณุงุฏุŒ
05:35
in all of sub-Saharan Africa before he invested,
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ููŠ ูƒู„ ุจู‚ุงุน ุงู„ุตุญุฑุงุก ุงู„ูƒุจุฑู‰ ู‚ุจู„ ุฃู† ูŠุฌุฑูŠ ุงุณุชุซู…ุงุฑุงุชู‡ุŒ
05:39
he would still be waiting today.
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ู„ูƒุงู† ู…ุง ูŠุฒุงู„ ู…ู†ุชุธุฑู‹ุง ุญุชู‰ ูŠูˆู…ู†ุง ู‡ุฐุง.
05:41
You know, most people who engage in corruption know they shouldn't.
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ุฅู† ู…ุนุธู… ุงู„ู…ูˆุงุทู†ูŠู† ุงู„ุฐูŠู† ุงู†ุฎุฑุทูˆุง ุจุงู„ูุณุงุฏ ูŠุนู„ู…ูˆู† ุฃู†ู‡ ู…ุง ูƒุงู† ูŠู†ุจุบูŠ ู„ู‡ู… ูุนู„ ุฐู„ูƒ.
05:46
I mean, the public officials who were demanding bribes from people
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ุฃู‚ุตุฏ ุจุฐู„ูƒ ู…ูˆุธููŠ ุงู„ุฏูˆู„ุฉ ุงู„ุฐูŠู† ุทู„ุจูˆุง ุฑุดุงูˆู‰ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ูˆุงุทู†ูŠู†
05:50
to get phones
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ุญุชู‰ ูŠุญุตู„ูˆุง ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู‡ูˆุงุชู
05:51
and the people who were paying the bribes --
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ูˆุงู„ู…ูˆุงุทู†ูˆู† ุงู„ุฐูŠู† ุฏูุนูˆุง ุงู„ุฑุดุงูˆู‰
05:53
they knew they were breaking the law.
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ูƒู„ุงู‡ู…ุง ูŠุนู„ู… ุฃู†ู‡ ูŠุฎุงู„ู ุงู„ู‚ุงู†ูˆู†...
05:55
But they did it anyways.
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ูˆู„ูƒู†ู‡ู… ู‚ุงู…ูˆุง ุจุฐู„ูƒ ุนู„ู‰ ุฃูŠ ุญุงู„.
05:57
The question is: Why?
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ูˆุงู„ุณุคุงู„ ู‡ูˆ: ู„ู…ุงุฐุงุŸ
05:59
The answer?
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ุงู„ุฅุฌุงุจุฉุŸ
06:01
Scarcity.
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ุงู„ู†ุฏุฑุฉ.
06:04
See, whenever people would benefit from gaining access
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ุงู†ุธุฑูˆุงุŒ ูƒู„ู…ุง ุชุฏุงูุน ุงู„ู†ุงุณ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ูˆุตูˆู„
06:06
to something that scarce,
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ุฅู„ู‰ ุดูŠุก ู…ุง ู†ุงุฏุฑุŒ
06:08
this makes corruption attractive.
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ูƒู„ู…ุง ูƒุงู† ุงู„ูุณุงุฏ ุฃูƒุซุฑ ุฌุงุฐุจูŠู‘ุฉ.
06:11
You know, in poor countries, we complain a lot about corrupt politicians
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ูƒู…ุง ุชุนู„ู…ูˆู†ุŒ ููŠ ุงู„ุฏูˆู„ ุงู„ูู‚ูŠุฑุฉุŒ ู†ุดูƒู€ูˆ ู…ู€ู† ูุณู€ุงุฏ ุงู„ู…ุณุคูˆู„ูŠู†
06:15
who embezzle state funds.
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ุงู„ุฐูŠู† ูŠุฎุชู„ุณูˆู† ุฎุฒุงุฆู† ุงู„ุฏูˆู„ุฉ.
06:17
But in many of those countries, economic opportunity is scarce,
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ููŠ ุงู„ุนุฏูŠุฏ ู…ู† ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฏูˆู„ุŒ ุญูŠุซ ุงู„ูุฑุต ุงู„ุงู‚ุชุตุงุฏูŠุฉ ู†ุงุฏุฑุฉุŒ
06:21
and so corruption becomes an attractive way to gain wealth.
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ูˆู…ู† ู‡ู†ุง ูŠุตุจุญ ุงู„ูุณุงุฏ ุทุฑูŠู‚ู‹ุง ู…ุบุฑูŠู‹ุง ู„ู„ุซุฑุงุก.
06:25
We also complain about civil servants like police officers,
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ูƒุฐู„ูƒ ู†ุดูƒูˆ ู…ู† ู…ุณุชูˆู‰ ู…ูˆุธููŠ ุงู„ุฎุฏู…ุฉ ุงู„ุนุงู…ุฉ ู…ุซู„ ุถุจุงุท ุงู„ุดุฑุทุฉุŒ
06:29
who extort money from everyday hardworking citizens.
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ุงู„ุฐูŠู† ูŠุจุชุฒูˆู† ุงู„ู…ุงู„ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ูˆุงุทู†ูŠู† ุงู„ูƒุงุฏุญูŠู† ุงู„ุฐูŠู† ูŠุนู…ู„ูˆู† ู„ูƒุณุจ ุนูŠุดู‡ู….
06:33
But most civil servants are grossly underpaid
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ุบุงู„ุจูŠุฉ ุงู„ู…ูˆุธููŠู† ูŠุชู‚ุงุถูˆู† ุฃุฌูˆุฑู‹ุง ู…ุชุฏู†ูŠุฉ ุฌุฏู‹ุง
06:36
and are leading desperate lives.
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ูˆูŠุนูŠุดูˆู† ุญูŠุงุฉู‹ ุจุงุฆุณุฉ.
06:38
And so for them, extortion or corruption is a good way to make a living.
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ูˆุจุงู„ุชุงู„ูŠุŒ ูุจุงู„ู†ุณุจุฉ ุฅู„ูŠู‡ู… ุงู„ุงุจุชุฒุงุฒ ุฃูˆ ุงู„ูุณุงุฏ ู‡ูŠ ุทุฑู‚ ุฌูŠุฏุฉ ู„ูƒุณุจ ุงู„ุฑุฒู‚.
06:46
You know, this phenomenon also plays itself out in wealthy countries as well.
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ูƒู…ุง ุชุนู„ู…ูˆู†ุŒ ูุฅู† ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุธุงู‡ุฑุฉ ุชุคุชูŠ ุฃูƒู„ู‡ุง ููŠ ุงู„ุฏูˆู„ุฉ ุงู„ุบู†ูŠุฉ ุฃูŠุถู‹ุง ุจุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ูุนุงู„ุฉ
06:51
When rich parents bribe university officials --
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ุญูŠู† ูŠุฏูุน ุฃูˆู„ูŠุงุก ุงู„ุฃู…ูˆุฑ ุงู„ุฃุบู†ูŠุงุก ุงู„ุฑุดูˆุฉ ุฅู„ู‰ ู…ุณุคูˆู„ูŠ ุงู„ุฌุงู…ุนุฉ..
06:54
(Laughter)
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(ุถุญูƒ)
06:59
When rich parents bribe university officials
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ุญูŠู† ูŠุฏูุน ุฃูˆู„ูŠุงุก ุงู„ุฃู…ูˆุฑ ุงู„ุฃุบู†ูŠุงุก ุงู„ุฑุดูˆุฉ ุฅู„ู‰ ู…ุณุคูˆู„ูŠ ุงู„ุฌุงู…ุนุฉ
07:02
so their children can gain admission into elite colleges,
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ูˆุจุงู„ุชุงู„ูŠ ูŠูู‚ู€ุจูŽู„ ุฃุจู†ุงุคู‡ู… ููŠ ุงู„ูƒู„ูŠุงุช ุงู„ู…ุฑู…ูˆู‚ุฉุŒ
07:06
the circumstance is different,
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ุงู„ุญุงู„ุฉ ู…ุฎุชู„ูุฉุŒ
07:09
but the principle is the same.
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ุงู„ู…ุจุฏุฃ ูˆุงุญุฏ.
07:11
I mean, admission into elite colleges is scarce,
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ู‚ุตุฏุชู ุจุฃู† ุงู„ู‚ุจูˆู„ ููŠ ุงู„ูƒู„ูŠุงุช ุงู„ู…ุฑู…ูˆู‚ุฉ ู‡ูˆ ุฃู…ุฑ ู†ุงุฏุฑ ุฃูŠุถู‹ุงุŒ
07:14
and so bribery becomes attractive.
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ูˆุจุงู„ุชุงู„ูŠ ุชุตุจุญ ุงู„ุฑุดูˆุฉ ุฌุฐุงุจุฉ.
07:19
The thing is,
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ู…ุฑุจุท ุงู„ูุฑุณ ู‡ูˆุŒ
07:21
I'm not trying to say there shouldn't be things that are scarce in society
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ุฃู†ู†ูŠ ู„ุง ุฃุฑูŠุฏ ุงู„ู‚ูˆู„ ุจุฃู†ู‡ ู„ุง ูŠู†ุจุบูŠ ุฃู† ุชูƒูˆู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุฃุดูŠุงุก ู†ุงุฏุฑุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุฌุชู…ุน
07:25
or things that are selective.
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ุฃูˆ ุฃุดูŠุงุก ูŠุชู… ุงุฎุชูŠุงุฑู‡ุง.
07:27
What I'm just trying to explain
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ู…ุง ูˆุฏุฏุชู ูˆุญุงูˆู„ุช ุจูŠุงู†ู‡
07:29
is this relationship between corruption and scarcity.
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ู‡ูˆ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุนู„ุงู‚ุฉ ุจูŠู† ุงู„ูุณู€ุงุฏ ูˆุงู„ู†ุฏุฑุฉ.
07:33
And in most poor countries, way too many basic things are scarce.
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ูˆููŠ ุบุงู„ุจูŠุฉ ุงู„ุฏูˆู„ ุงู„ูู‚ูŠุฑุฉุŒ ูุฅู† ุงู„ูˆุตูˆู„ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ุงุญุชูŠุงุฌุงุช ุงู„ุฃุณุงุณูŠุฉ ู‡ูˆ ุฃู…ุฑ ู†ุงุฏุฑ.
07:38
I mean things like food,
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ุฃู‚ุตุฏ ุงุญุชูŠุงุฌุงุช ู…ุซู„ ุงู„ุทุนุงู…
07:40
education,
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ูˆุงู„ุชุนู„ูŠู…
07:41
health care,
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ูˆุงู„ุฑุนุงูŠุฉ ุงู„ุตุญูŠุฉ
07:42
economic opportunity,
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ูˆุงู„ูุฑุต ุงู„ุงู‚ุชุตุงุฏูŠุฉ
07:44
jobs.
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ูˆุงู„ูˆุธุงุฆู.
07:46
This creates the perfect breeding ground for corruption to thrive.
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ุฅู† ู‡ุฐุง ูŠูˆูู‘ู€ุฑ ุชุฑุจุฉ ุฎุตุจุฉ ู…ู„ุงุฆู…ุฉ ู„ุชูุดูŠ ุงู„ูุณู€ุงุฏ.
07:51
Now, in no way does this excuse corrupt behavior.
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ูˆู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุทุฑุญ ู„ุง ูŠู‚ุฏู… ุฃูŠ ุนุฐุฑ ู„ู„ูุณู€ุงุฏ.
07:55
It just helps us understand it a bit better.
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ุฅู†ู‡ ูู‚ุท ูŠุณุงุนุฏู†ุง ู„ู„ุชุนู…ู‚ ููŠ ูู‡ู…ู‡ ุจุนุถ ุงู„ุดูŠุก.
07:58
Investing in businesses that make things affordable
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ุฅู† ุงู„ุงุณุชุซู…ุงุฑ ููŠ ู…ุฌุงู„ุงุช ุงู„ุฃุนู…ุงู„ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุฌุนู„ ุงู„ุงุญุชูŠุงุฌุงุช ููŠ ู…ุชู†ุงูˆู„ ุงู„ูŠุฏ
08:02
and accessible to so many more people
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ูˆูŠุณู‡ู‘ู„ ุงู„ูˆุตูˆู„ ุฅู„ูŠู‡ุง ู…ู† ุงู„ุบุงู„ุจูŠุฉ ุงู„ุนุธู…ู‰ ู„ู„ุณูƒุงู†
08:05
attacks this scarcity
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ู„ูŽู‡ูˆูŽ ู‡ุฌู€ูˆู… ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู†ุฏุฑุฉ
08:06
and creates the revenues for governments to reinvest in their economies.
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ูˆูŠูŠุณู‘ุฑ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุญูƒูˆู…ุงุช ุฅุนุงุฏุฉ ุงุณุชุซู…ุงุฑ ุงู„ุนูˆุงุฆุฏ ููŠ ูƒูŠุงู†ุงุชู‡ุง ุงู„ุงู‚ุชุตุงุฏูŠุฉ.
08:11
Now, when this happens on a countrywide level,
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ูˆู…ุชู‰ ูŠุญุฏุซ ุฐู„ูƒ ุนู„ู‰ ู…ุณุชูˆู‰ ุงู„ุจู„ุงุฏุŒ
08:15
it can revolutionize nations.
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ูุฅู† ุจู…ู‚ุฏูˆุฑู‡ ุฃู† ูŠุบู€ูŠู‘ุฑ ุงู„ุดุนูˆุจ.
08:18
Consider the impact in South Korea.
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ู„ู†ู†ุธุฑ ููŠ ุชุฌุฑุจุฉ ูƒูˆุฑูŠุง ุงู„ุฌู†ูˆุจูŠุฉ.
08:21
Now, in the 1950s,
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ุฎู„ุงู„ ุนู‚ุฏ ุงู„ุฎู…ุณูŠู†ูŠุงุชุŒ
08:23
South Korea was a desperately poor country,
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ูƒุงู†ุช ูƒูˆุฑูŠุง ุงู„ุฌู†ูˆุจูŠุฉ ุฏูˆู„ุฉ ูู‚ูŠุฑุฉ ุจุงุฆุณุฉ.
08:26
and it was very corrupt.
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ูˆูƒุงู† ูŠุนู…ูู‘ู‡ุง ุงู„ูุณู€ุงุฏ.
08:29
The country was ruled by an authoritarian government
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ูˆูƒุงู†ุช ุงู„ุจู„ุงุฏ ููŠ ูŠุฏ ุญูƒูˆู…ุฉ ุณูู„ุทูˆูŠุฉ
08:32
and engaged in bribery and embezzlement.
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ูˆุถุงู„ุนุฉ ุจุงู„ุฑุดุงูˆู‰ ูˆุงู„ุงุฎุชู„ุงุณ.
08:35
In fact, economists at the time said South Korea was trapped in poverty,
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ููŠ ุงู„ุญู‚ูŠู‚ุฉุŒ ูุฅู† ุงู„ุงู‚ุชุตุงุฏูŠูŠู† ูˆู‚ุชู‡ุง ู‚ุงู„ูˆุง ุฅู† ูƒูˆุฑูŠุง ุงู„ุฌู†ูˆุจูŠุฉ ู‚ุฏ ูˆู‚ุนุช ููŠ ุฏุงุฆุฑุฉ ุงู„ุนู€ูˆุฒุŒ
08:41
and they referred to it as "an economic basket case."
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ูƒุงู†ูˆุง ูŠุดูŠุฑูˆู† ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ู…ุณุฃู„ุฉ ุงู„ูƒูˆุฑูŠู‘ุฉ ุจุงุนุชุจุงุฑู‡ุง "ู…ุซุงู„ ู„ู„ุชุฃุฒูู… ุงู„ุงู‚ุชุตุงุฏูŠ".
08:46
When you looked at South Korea's institutions,
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ุญูŠู† ุชู†ุธุฑ ุฅู„ู‰ ู…ุคุณุณุงุช ูƒูˆุฑูŠุง ุงู„ุฌู†ูˆุจูŠุฉุŒ
08:48
even as late as the 1980s,
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ุญุชู‰ ุฃูˆุงุฎุฑ ุงู„ุนู‚ุฏ ุงู„ุชุงุณุน ู…ู† ุงู„ู‚ุฑู† ุงู„ู…ู†ุตุฑู…ุŒ
08:50
they were on par with some of the poorest and most corrupt African countries
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ูƒุงู†ุช ุฌู†ุจู‹ุง ุฅู„ู‰ ุฌู†ุจ ู…ุน ุฃุดุฏ ุงู„ุฏูˆู„ ุงู„ุฅูุฑูŠู‚ูŠุฉ ูุณุงุฏู‹ุง ูˆุฃู‚ุณุงู‡ุง ูู‚ุฑู‹ุง
08:53
at the time.
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ููŠ ุฐุงุช ุงู„ูˆู‚ุช.
08:55
But as companies like Samsung, Kia, Hyundai
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ู„ูƒู† ุจู…ุฌุฑุฏ ุฃู† ุดุฑูƒุงุช ู…ุซู„ ุณุงู…ุณูˆู†ุบ ูˆูƒูŠุง ูˆู‡ูŠูˆู†ุฏุงูŠ
09:00
invested in innovations that made things much more affordable
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ุงุณุชุซู…ุฑุช ููŠ ุงู„ุงุจุชูƒุงุฑุงุช ุนู„ู‰ ู†ุญูˆู ุฌุนู„ ู…ู† ุงู„ุงุญุชูŠุงุฌุงุช ููŠ ู…ุชู†ุงูˆู„ ุงู„ูŠุฏ
09:04
for so many more people,
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ู„ู„ุบุงู„ุจูŠุฉ ุงู„ุนุธู…ู‰ ู…ู† ุงู„ุณูƒุงู†ุŒ
09:06
South Korea ultimately became prosperous.
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ุตุงุฑุช ูƒูˆุฑูŠุง ุงู„ุฌู†ูˆุจูŠุฉุŒ ููŠ ู†ู‡ุงูŠุฉ ุงู„ู…ุทุงูุŒ ุฏูˆู„ุฉู‹ ู…ุฒุฏู‡ุฑุฉ.
09:09
As the country grew prosperous,
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ุจูŠู†ู…ุง ูƒุงู†ุช ุงู„ุฏูˆู„ุฉ ุชู†ู…ูˆ ูˆุชุฒุฏู‡ุฑุŒ
09:12
it was able to transition from an authoritarian government
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ุฃุตุจุญุช ุตุงู„ุญุฉ ู„ู„ุงู†ุชู‚ุงู„ ู…ู† ุญูƒูˆู…ุฉ ุณูู„ุทูˆูŠุฉ
09:15
to a democratic government
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ุฅู„ู‰ ุญูƒู€ูˆู…ุฉ ุฏูŠู…ูˆู‚ุฑุงุทูŠุฉ
09:18
and has been able to reinvest in building its institutions.
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ูˆุจุงุชุช ู‚ุงุฏุฑุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ุฅุนุงุฏุฉ ุงู„ุงุณุชุซู…ุงุฑ ููู€ูŠ ุจู†ุงุก ู…ุคุณุณุงุชู‡ุง.
09:22
And this has paid off tremendously.
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ูˆู„ู‚ุฏ ุขุชุช ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฅุฌุฑุงุกุงุช ุฃููƒู„ู‡ุง ุจุดูƒู„ ู…ุฐู‡ู„.
09:25
For instance, in 2018,
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ุนู„ู‰ ุณุจูŠู„ ุงู„ู…ุซุงู„: ููŠ ุนุงู… 2018ุŒ
09:27
South Korea's president was sentenced to 25 years in prison
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ุตูŽู€ุฏูŽุฑูŽ ุญูƒู…ูŒ ุจู…ุนุงู‚ุจุฉ ุฑุฆูŠุณู€ุฉ ูƒูˆุฑูŠุง ุงู„ุฌู†ูˆุจูŠุฉ ุจุงู„ุณุฌู† 25 ุณู†ุฉ.
09:31
on corruption-related charges.
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ุจุชู€ู‡ู… ุชุชุนู„ู‚ ุจุงู„ูุณุงุฏ.
09:34
This could never have happened decades ago when the country was poor
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ู„ู… ูŠูƒู€ู† ู„ูŠุญุฏุซ ุฐู„ูƒ ู…ู†ุฐ ุนู‚ูˆุฏ ู…ุถุชุŒ ุญูŠู† ูƒุงู†ุช ุงู„ุจู€ู„ุงุฏ ุชุฑุฒุญ ุชุญุช ุงู„ูู‚ู€ุฑ.
09:38
and ruled by an authoritarian government.
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ูˆูƒุงู†ุช ููŠ ุธู„ ุญูƒูˆู…ุฉ ุณูู„ุทูˆูŠุฉ.
09:42
In fact, as we looked at most prosperous countries today, what we found was,
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ุญู‚ูŠู‚ุฉ ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑุŒ ุจูŠู†ู…ุง ู†ุจุญุซ ุญุงู„ูŠู‹ุง ููŠ ุฃุบู„ุจ ุงู„ุฏูˆู„ ุงู„ู…ุฒุฏู‡ุฑุฉุŒ ูุฅู† ู…ุง ุงุณุชุฎู„ุตู†ุงู‡ ูƒุงู†ุŒ
09:47
they were able to reduce corruption as they became prosperous --
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ุจุฃู†ู‡ู… ุชู…ูƒู†ูˆุง ู…ู† ุงู„ุญุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ูุณุงุฏ ุจุงู„ู‚ุฏุฑ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุญู‚ู‚ูˆุง ููŠู‡ ุงู„ู†ู…ุงุก ูˆุงู„ุงุฒุฏู‡ุงุฑ...
09:51
not before.
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ูˆู„ูŠุณ ู‚ุจู„ ุฐู„ูƒ.
09:53
And so where does that leave us?
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ูˆุนู„ูŠู‡ุ› ู…ุงุฐุง ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุฐู„ู€ูƒุŸ
09:56
I know it may sound like I'm saying we should just ignore corruption.
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ุฑุจู…ู€ุง ูŠุธู€ู† ุงู„ุจุนุถ ุจุฃู†ู†ูŠ ุฃุฏุนูˆ ุฅู„ู‰ ู…ุฌุฑุฏ ุชุฌุงู‡ู„ ุงู„ูุณู€ุงุฏ.
10:01
That's not what I'm saying at all.
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ูˆู„ูƒู†ูŠ ู„ู… ุฃู‚ู„ ุฐู„ูƒ ุฃุจุฏู‹ุง.
10:03
What I'm suggesting, though,
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ุฑุบู… ุฐู„ูƒุŒ ุฅู† ู…ุง ุฃู‚ู€ุชุฑุญู‡ุŒ
10:05
is that corruption, especially for most people in poor countries,
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ู‡ู€ูˆ ุฃู† ุฐู„ู€ูƒ ุงู„ูุณุงุฏุŒ ูˆุฎุงุตุฉู‹ ุจุงู„ู†ุณุจุฉ ุฅู„ู‰ ุบุงู„ุจูŠุฉ ุงู„ู…ูˆุงุทู†ูŠู† ููŠ ุงู„ุฏูˆู„ ุงู„ูู‚ูŠุฑุฉุŒ
10:10
is a work-around.
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ูŠุนู…ู€ู„ ููู€ูŠ ุงู„ุฃู†ุญุงุก ูƒู€ุงูุฉ.
10:12
It's a utility
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ุฅู†ู‡ ุงู„ุฃุฏุงุฉ ุงู„ู…ุณุงุนุฏุฉ
10:13
in a place where there are fewer better options to solve a problem.
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ููŠ ู…ูƒุงู† ุญูŠุซ ุนุฏุฏ ุงู„ุฎูŠุงุฑุงุช ุงู„ุฃูุถู„ ููŠู‡ ู‚ู„ูŠู„ุฉ ู„ุญู„ ุงู„ู…ุดูƒู„ุฉ.
10:17
Investing in innovations that make products much more affordable
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ุฅู† ุงู„ุงุณุชุซู…ุงุฑ ููŠ ุงู„ุงุจุชูƒุงุฑุงุช ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุชูŠู€ุญ ุงู„ู…ู†ุชุฌุงุช ูˆุชุฌุนู„ู‡ุง ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุชู†ุงูˆู„
10:21
for many people
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ู„ุตุงู„ุญ ุบุงู„ุจูŠุฉ ุงู„ู†ุงุณ
10:23
not only attacks this scarcity
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ู„ูŠุณ ู…ู† ุดุฃู†ู‡ ูู‚ุท ู…ุฌุงุจู‡ุฉ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู†ุฏุฑุฉ
10:25
but it creates a sustainable source of revenue
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ูˆู„ูƒู†ู‡ ุฃูŠุถู‹ุง ูŠุฎู„ู‚ ู…ูˆุฑุฏู‹ุง ู…ุณุชุฏุงู…ู‹ุง ู…ู† ุงู„ุนูˆุงุฆุฏ
10:28
for governments to reinvest into the economies
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ู„ู„ุญูƒูˆู…ุงุช ู„ุชุนูŠุฏ ุงุณุชุซู…ุงุฑู‡ุง ููŠ ุงู„ูƒูŠุงู†ุงุช ุงู„ุงู‚ุชุตู€ุงุฏูŠุฉุŒ
10:31
to strengthen their institutions.
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ู„ู„ุนู…ู€ู„ ุนู„ู‰ ุชู‚ูˆูŠู€ุฉ ู…ุคุณู€ุณุงุช ุงู„ุฏูˆู„ุฉ.
10:34
This is the critical missing piece in the economic development puzzle
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ุฅู†ู‡ู€ุง ุงู„ู‚ุทุนุฉ ุงู„ุญุงุณู…ุฉ ุงู„ู…ูู‚ูˆุฏุฉ ููŠ ุฃุญุฌูŠุฉ ุงู„ุชู†ู…ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุงู‚ุชุตุงุฏูŠุฉ
10:38
that will ultimately help us reduce corruption.
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ุงู„ุชูŠ ุณุชุณุงุนุฏ ููŠ ุงู„ู†ู‡ุงูŠุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุญุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ูุณู€ู€ุงุฏ.
ูƒู…ุง ุชุฑูˆู†ุŒ ุฅู†ู†ูŠ ูู‚ุฏุช ุงู„ุฃู…ู„ ููŠ ู†ูŠุฌูŠุฑูŠุง ุญูŠู† ูƒู†ุช ููŠ ุงู„ู€16 ู…ู† ุนู…ุฑูŠ.
10:43
You know, I lost hope in Nigeria when I was 16.
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10:46
And in some ways, the country has actually gotten worse.
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ูˆููŠ ุจุนุถ ุงู„ุฃุญูŠุงู†ุŒ ุฐู‡ุจุช ุงู„ุจู„ุงุฏ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฃุณูˆุฃ.
10:50
In addition to widespread poverty and endemic corruption,
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ูˆุฅุถุงูุฉู‹ ุฅู„ู‰ ุชูู€ุดู‘ูŠ ุงู„ู€ูู‚ุฑ ูˆุชูˆุทู‘ู† ุงู„ูุณุงุฏุŒ
10:54
Nigeria now actually deals with terrorist organizations
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ูุฅู† ู†ูŠุฌูŠุฑูŠุง ุงู„ุขู† ุชุฌุงุจู‡ ุงู„ุชู†ุธูŠู…ุงุช ุงู„ุฅุฑู‡ุงุจูŠุฉ
10:57
like Boko Haram.
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ู…ุซู„ ุฌู…ู€ุงุนุฉ ุจู€ูˆูƒู€ูˆ ุญู€ุฑุงู….
10:59
But somehow, I am more hopeful about Nigeria today
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ูˆู„ูƒู†ูŠุŒ ูˆุนู„ู‰ ู†ุญูˆู ู…ุงุŒ ูƒูู„ู‘ูŠ ุฃู…ู€ู„ ุจุดุฃู† ู†ูŠุฌูŠุฑูŠุงุŒ ุงู„ูŠูˆู…
11:03
than I have ever been before.
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ุฃูƒุซุฑ ู…ู† ุฃูŠ ูŠูˆู…ู ู…ุถู‰.
11:05
When I see organizations investing in innovations
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ุญูŠู† ุฃุฑู‰ ู…ุคุณุณุงุช ุชุณุชุซู…ุฑ ูููŠ ุงุจุชูƒุงุฑุงุช
11:09
that are creating jobs for people
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ู…ูู€ู† ุดุฃู†ู‡ุง ุฎู„ู‚ ูุฑุต ุนู…ู€ู„ ู„ู„ู…ูˆุงุทู†ูŠู†
11:11
and making things affordable --
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ูˆุชุชูŠู€ุญ ุงู„ุฃุดูŠุงุก ู„ู„ุนุงู…ุฉ...
11:13
I mean organizations like Lifestores Pharmacy,
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ุฃู‚ุตุฏ ุจู…ุคุณุณุงุช ู…ุซู„ู‹ุง: ุตูŠุฏู„ูŠุงุช ู„ุงูŠูุณุชูˆุฑุฒุŒ
11:16
making drugs and pharmaceuticals more affordable for people;
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ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุชูŠุญ ุงู„ุฃุฏูˆูŠุฉ ุจุฃุณุนุงุฑ ู…ุนู‚ูˆู„ุฉ ู„ู„ุนุงู…ุฉ
11:21
or Metro Africa Xpress,
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ุฃูˆ ู…ุชุฑูˆ ุฃูุฑูŠูƒุง ุฅูƒุณุจุฑูŠุณุŒ
11:23
tackling the scarcity of distribution and logistics for many small businesses;
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ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠุนู…ู„ ุนู„ู‰ ุญู„ ู…ุดูƒู„ุฉ ุงู„ุชูˆุฒูŠุน ูˆุงู„ุฅู…ุฏุงุฏ ุงู„ู„ูˆุฌุณุชูŠ ู„ูƒุซูŠุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุดุฑูˆุนุงุช ุงู„ุตุบูŠุฑุฉุ›
11:28
or Andela, creating economic opportunity for software developers --
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ุฃูˆ ุฃู†ุฏูŠู„ุงุŒ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุนู…ู„ ุนู„ู‰ ุฅุชุงุญุฉ ูุฑุต ุงุณุชุซู…ุงุฑูŠุฉ ู„ู„ู…ุจุฑู…ูุฌูŠู†...
11:33
I am optimistic about the future.
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ุฅู†ู†ูŠ ู…ุชูุงุฆู€ู„ ุจุงู„ู…ุณุชู‚ุจู„.
11:36
I hope you will be, too.
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ูˆุฃุชู…ู†ู‰ ุฃู† ุชูƒูˆู†ูˆุง ูƒุฐู„ูƒ ุฃูŠุถู‹ุง.
11:38
Thank you.
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ุดูƒุฑู‹ุง ู„ูƒู….
11:39
(Applause)
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(ุชุตููŠู‚)
ุญูˆู„ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ูˆู‚ุน

ุณูŠู‚ุฏู… ู„ูƒ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ูˆู‚ุน ู…ู‚ุงุทุน ููŠุฏูŠูˆ YouTube ุงู„ู…ููŠุฏุฉ ู„ุชุนู„ู… ุงู„ู„ุบุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ. ุณุชุฑู‰ ุฏุฑูˆุณ ุงู„ู„ุบุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ูŠุชู… ุชุฏุฑูŠุณู‡ุง ู…ู† ู‚ุจู„ ู…ุฏุฑุณูŠู† ู…ู† ุงู„ุฏุฑุฌุฉ ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ู‰ ู…ู† ุฌู…ูŠุน ุฃู†ุญุงุก ุงู„ุนุงู„ู…. ุงู†ู‚ุฑ ู†ู‚ุฑู‹ุง ู…ุฒุฏูˆุฌู‹ุง ููˆู‚ ุงู„ุชุฑุฌู…ุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ ุงู„ู…ุนุฑูˆุถุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ูƒู„ ุตูุญุฉ ููŠุฏูŠูˆ ู„ุชุดุบูŠู„ ุงู„ููŠุฏูŠูˆ ู…ู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ. ูŠุชู… ุชู…ุฑูŠุฑ ุงู„ุชุฑุฌู…ุงุช ุจุงู„ุชุฒุงู…ู† ู…ุน ุชุดุบูŠู„ ุงู„ููŠุฏูŠูˆ. ุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู† ู„ุฏูŠูƒ ุฃูŠ ุชุนู„ูŠู‚ุงุช ุฃูˆ ุทู„ุจุงุช ุŒ ูŠุฑุฌู‰ ุงู„ุงุชุตุงู„ ุจู†ุง ุจุงุณุชุฎุฏุงู… ู†ู…ูˆุฐุฌ ุงู„ุงุชุตุงู„ ู‡ุฐุง.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7