Reducing corruption takes a specific kind of investment | Efosa Ojomo

48,822 views

2019-10-28 ใƒป TED


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Reducing corruption takes a specific kind of investment | Efosa Ojomo

48,822 views ใƒป 2019-10-28

TED


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Ahyoung Kim ๊ฒ€ํ† : Jihyeon J. Kim
00:12
So in 2011,
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2011๋…„,
00:14
someone broke into my sister's office
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๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€ ์ €ํฌ ๋ˆ„๋‚˜ ์‚ฌ๋ฌด์‹ค์— ์นจ์ž…ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:16
at the university where she teaches in Nigeria.
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๋‚˜์ด์ง€๋ฆฌ์•„์—์„œ ๋ˆ„๋‚˜๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋˜ ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ์‚ฌ๋ฌด์‹ค์ด์—ˆ์ฃ .
00:20
Now thankfully, the person was caught, arrested and charged to court.
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๋‹คํ–‰ํžˆ ๊ทธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€ ์ฒดํฌ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , ์žฌํŒ์œผ๋กœ ๋„˜์–ด๊ฐ”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:25
When I get into court,
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ฒ•์ •์— ๋“ค์–ด์„ฐ์„ ๋•Œ,
00:26
the clerks who were assigned to my sister's case informed her
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์ œ ๋ˆ„๋‚˜ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์— ๋ฐฐ๋‹น๋œ ์„œ๊ธฐ๋“ค์ด
00:30
that they wouldn't be able to process the paperwork
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์ž๊ธฐ๋“ค์ด ๋ฌธ์„œ์ž‘์—…์„ ํ•ด์ค„ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์„ ๊ฑฐ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:32
unless she paid a bribe.
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๋ˆ„๋‚˜๊ฐ€ ๋‡Œ๋ฌผ์„ ์ฃผ์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๋ฉด์š”.
00:35
Now, at first she thought it was part of a practical joke.
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์ฒ˜์Œ์— ๋ˆ„๋‚˜๋Š” ์ง“๊ถ‚์€ ์žฅ๋‚œ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:38
But then she realized they were serious.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด๋‚ด ์žฅ๋‚œ์ด ์•„๋‹˜์„ ๊นจ๋‹ซ๊ณ ,
00:40
And then she became furious.
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๋ถ„๋…ธํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:42
I mean, think about it: here she was, the recent victim of a crime,
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์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ณด์„ธ์š”. ๋ˆ„๋‚˜๋Š” ๋ฒ”์ฃ„์‚ฌ๊ฑด์˜ ํ”ผํ•ด์ž๋กœ ๊ทธ ์ž๋ฆฌ์— ์„ฐ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:47
with the very people who were supposed to help her,
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์ž์‹ ์„ ๋„์™€์ฃผ์–ด์•ผ ํ•  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜์˜€์ฃ .
00:50
and they were demanding a bribe from her.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ๊ทธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋‡Œ๋ฌผ์„ ์š”๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:53
That's just one of the many ways
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€, ๋ถ€์ •๋ถ€ํŒจ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด
00:56
that corruption impacts millions of people in my country.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ ์ˆ˜๋ฐฑ๋งŒ ๋ช…์—๊ฒŒ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ผ์น˜๋Š” ํ•œ ์˜ˆ์— ๋ถˆ๊ณผํ•œ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:00
You know, growing up in Nigeria,
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๋‚˜์ด์ง€๋ฆฌ์•„์—์„œ ์ž๋ผ๋‹ค ๋ณด๋ฉด,
01:02
corruption permeated virtually every element of the society.
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์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๋ถ€์ •๋ถ€ํŒจ๋Š” ์‚ฌํšŒ ๊ณณ๊ณณ์— ํผ์ ธ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:06
Reports of politicians embezzling millions of dollars were common.
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์ˆ˜๋ฐฑ๋งŒ ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ฅผ ํšก๋ นํ•œ ์ •์น˜์ธ๋“ค ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ํ”ํ•˜๊ณ ์š”.
01:11
Police officers stealing money
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๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ๊ด€์ด ๋ˆ์„ ํ›”์น˜๊ณ 
01:14
or extorting money from everyday hardworking citizens
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ํ•˜๋ฃจํ•˜๋ฃจ ์—ด์‹ฌํžˆ ์‚ด์•„๊ฐ€๋Š” ์‹œ๋ฏผ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋ˆ์„ ๊ฐˆ์ทจํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋„
01:17
was routine practice.
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๋†€๋ž„๋งŒํ•œ ์ผ์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:20
I felt that development could never actually happen,
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๋ฐœ์ „์ด๋ž€ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์—†๊ฒ ๊ตฌ๋‚˜ ์‹ถ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:23
so long as corruption persisted.
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๋ถ€์ •๋ถ€ํŒจ๊ฐ€ ์—†์–ด์ง€์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ํ•œ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
01:27
But over the past several years,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ง€๋‚œ ๋ช‡ ๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ
01:28
in my research on innovation and prosperity,
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ํ˜์‹ ๊ณผ ๋ฒˆ์˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ
01:32
I've learned that corruption is actually not the problem hindering our development.
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๋ถ€์ •๋ถ€ํŒจ๊ฐ€ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๋ฐœ์ „์„ ๋ง‰๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹˜์„ ๊นจ๋‹ฌ์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:37
In fact,
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ํ˜„์‹ค์€,
01:38
conventional thinking on corruption and its relationship to development
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๋ถ€์ •๋ถ€ํŒจ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ถ€์ •๋ถ€ํŒจ์™€ ๋ฐœ์ „์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋ณด์ˆ˜์ ์ธ ์ƒ๊ฐ์ด
01:42
is not only wrong, but it's holding many poor countries backwards.
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ํ‹€๋ ธ์„ ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๊ฐ€๋‚œํ•œ ๋‚˜๋ผ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ „ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ถ™์žก๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:48
So, the thinking goes like this:
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ, ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ณด์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:50
in a society that's poor and corrupt,
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๊ฐ€๋‚œํ•˜๊ณ  ํƒ€๋ฝํ•œ ์‚ฌํšŒ์—์„œ
01:53
our best shot at reducing corruption is to create good laws,
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๋ถ€์ •๋ถ€ํŒจ๋ฅผ ์ค„์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์€
์ข‹์€ ๋ฒ•์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ณ 
01:57
enforce them well,
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๊ทธ ๋ฒ•์„ ์ž˜ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.
01:59
and this will make way for development and innovation to flourish.
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์ด๋•Œ ๋‚˜๋ผ๊ฐ€ ๋” ๋ฒˆ์ฐฝํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐœ์ „๊ณผ ํ˜์‹ ์˜ ๊ธธ์ด ์—ด๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ๋‹ค.
02:03
Now, it makes sense on paper,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ง€๊ธˆ, ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์ด๋ก ์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ†ตํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ์š”.
02:05
which is why many governments and development organizations
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ •๋ถ€์™€ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ
02:08
invest billions of dollars annually
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๋งค๋…„ ์ˆ˜์‹ญ์–ต ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ฅผ
02:11
on institutional reform and anti-corruption programs.
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์ œ๋„ ๊ฐœํ˜๊ณผ ๋ถ€์ • ๋ฐฉ์ง€ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์— ํˆฌ์žํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:15
But many of these programs fail to reduce corruption,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด ์ค‘ ๋‹ค์ˆ˜ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์€ ๋ถ€ํŒจ๋ฅผ ์ค„์ด์ง€ ๋ชปํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:18
because we have the equation backwards.
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๊ฑฐ๊พธ๋กœ ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์ •์‹์ด ์กด์žฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ธ๋ฐ์š”.
02:21
You see, societies don't develop because they've reduced corruption.
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๋ถ€ํŒจ๋ฅผ ์ค„์˜€๋‹ค๊ณ  ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ „ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
02:26
They're able to reduce corruption because they've developed.
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์‚ฌํšŒ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ „ํ•ด์„œ ๋ถ€ํŒจ๋ฅผ ์ค„์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:32
And societies develop through investments in innovation.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์‚ฌํšŒ๋Š” ํ˜์‹ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํˆฌ์ž๋กœ ๋ฐœ์ „ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:37
Now, at first, I thought this was impossible.
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์ฒ˜์Œ์—, ์ €๋Š” ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:39
Why would anyone in their right mind
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์™œ ์˜ฌ๋ฐ”๋ฅธ ์ •์‹ ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด
02:41
invest in a society where, at least on the surface,
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์–ด๋Š ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ๋„, ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๊ธฐ ์‹์œผ๋กœ๋ผ๋„
02:44
it seems a terrible place to do business?
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์‚ฌ์—…ํ•˜๊ธฐ์— ์ •๋ง ์ข‹์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ณณ์— ํˆฌ์žํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์„๊นŒ.
02:47
You know, a society where politicians are corrupt
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์ •์น˜์ธ๋“ค์€ ํƒ€๋ฝํ•˜๊ณ 
02:50
and consumers are poor?
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์†Œ๋น„์ž๋“ค์€ ๊ฐ€๋‚œํ•œ ๊ณณ ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:52
But then, the more I learned about
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ํ˜์‹ ๊ณผ ๋ถ€์ •๋ถ€ํŒจ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์•Œ์•„๋ณผ์ˆ˜๋ก
02:54
the relationship between innovation and corruption,
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02:57
the more I started to see things differently.
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‹œ์„ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๋ผ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:01
Here's how this played out in sub-Saharan Africa
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์ง€๊ธˆ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์‚ฌํ•˜๋ผ ์‚ฌ๋ง‰ ์ด๋‚จ์˜ ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด์—์„œ
03:04
as the region developed its telecommunications industry.
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ํ†ต์‹ ์‚ฐ์—…์ด ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์–ด๋–ค ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๊ฒผ๋Š”์ง€ ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:08
In the late 1990s,
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1990๋…„๋Œ€ ํ›„๋ฐ˜,
03:09
fewer than five percent of people in sub-Saharan Africa had phones.
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์‚ฌํ•˜๋ผ ์‚ฌ๋ง‰ ์ด๋‚จ ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด์—์„œ ํœด๋Œ€ํฐ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€ 5%๋„ ์•ˆ๋์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:13
In Nigeria, for example, the country had more than 110 million people
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ๋‚˜์ด์ง€๋ฆฌ์•„์—๋Š” 1์–ต ์ฒœ๋งŒ ๋ช… ์ด์ƒ์ด ์‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ์š”.
03:18
but fewer than half a million phones in the whole nation.
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์ „๊ตญ์— ํœด๋Œ€ํฐ์ด 50๋งŒ๊ฐœ๋„ ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:22
Now, this scarcity fueled widespread corruption in the industry.
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํฌ์†Œ์„ฑ์ด ์ด ์‚ฐ์—… ์†์— ๋ถ€์ •๋ถ€ํŒจ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ์—ฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ญ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:26
I mean, public officials who worked for the state-owned phone companies
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๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ์†Œ์œ  ํœด๋Œ€ํฐ ํšŒ์‚ฌ์—์„œ ์ผํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณต๋ฌด์›๋“ค์ด
03:30
demanded bribes from people who wanted phones.
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ํœด๋Œ€ํฐ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์‹ถ์–ดํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋‡Œ๋ฌผ์„ ์š”๊ตฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:32
And because most people couldn't afford to pay the bribes,
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๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ๋‡Œ๋ฌผ์„ ์ค„ ๋งŒํ•œ ์—ฌ๋ ฅ์ด ์•ˆ๋˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—,
03:35
phones were only available to those who were wealthy.
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ํœด๋Œ€ํฐ์€ ๋ˆ์ด ๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค๋งŒ ์“ธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์ฃ .
03:39
Then an entrepreneur named Mo Ibrahim
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ๋ชจ ์ด๋ธŒ๋ผํž˜์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์—…๊ฐ€๊ฐ€
03:41
decided that he would set up a telecommunications company
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ํ†ต์‹ ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์„ค๋ฆฝํ•˜๊ธฐ๋กœ ๊ฒฐ์‹ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:45
on the continent.
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์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด ๋Œ€๋ฅ™์— ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:46
Now, when he told his colleagues about his idea, they just laughed at him.
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๋™๋ฃŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ด ์•„์ด๋””์–ด๋ฅผ ๋งํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ, ๋ชจ๋‘ ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ๋น„์›ƒ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:50
But Mo Ibrahim was undeterred.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ชจ ์ด๋ธŒ๋ผํž˜์€ ์ขŒ์ ˆํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๊ณ ,
03:52
And so in 1998, he set up Celtel.
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1998๋…„, Celtel์„ ์„ค๋ฆฝํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:57
The company provided affordable mobile phones and cell service
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์ด ํšŒ์‚ฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ ๋‹นํ•œ ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ์— ํœด๋Œ€ํฐ๊ณผ ํ†ต์‹  ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:00
to millions of Africans,
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์ˆ˜ ๋ฐฑ๋งŒ ๋ช…์˜ ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ์š”.
04:02
in some of the poorest and most corrupt countries in the region --
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์ด ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ๋„ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ฐ€๋‚œํ•˜๊ณ  ํƒ€๋ฝํ•œ ๋‚˜๋ผ,
04:05
I mean countries such as Congo, Malawi,
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด ์ฝฉ๊ณ ๋‚˜ ๋ง๋ผ์œ„,
04:08
Sierra Leone and Uganda.
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์‹œ์—๋ผ๋ฆฌ์˜จ, ์šฐ๊ฐ„๋‹ค ๊ฐ™์€ ๋‚˜๋ผ์— ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:12
You see, in our research, we call what Mo Ibrahim built
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์ €ํฌ๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ๋™์•ˆ, ๋ชจ ์ด๋ธŒ๋ผํž˜์ด ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋‚ธ ๊ฒƒ์€
04:15
a "market-creating innovation."
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"์‹œ์žฅ์ฐฝ์ถœ ํ˜์‹ " ์ด๋‹ค ๋ผ๊ณ  ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:19
Market-creating innovations transform complicated and expensive products
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์‹œ์žฅ์ฐฝ์ถœ ํ˜์‹ ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ณต์žกํ•˜๊ณ  ๋น„์‹ผ ์ œํ’ˆ์ด
04:24
into products that are simple and affordable,
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๋‹จ์ˆœํ•˜๊ณ  ์•Œ๋งž์€ ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ์˜ ์ œํ’ˆ์ด ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:26
so that many more people in society could access them.
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์‚ฌํšŒ ์† ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๊ทธ ์ œํ’ˆ์— ์ ‘๊ทผ์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ–๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:30
Now in this case, phones were expensive
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์ด ์‚ฌ๋ก€์—์„œ, ํœด๋Œ€ํฐ์€ ์›๋ž˜ ๋น„์ŒŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:32
before Celtel made them much more affordable.
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Celtel์—์„œ ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ์„ ์ ์ •์„ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚ฎ์ถ”๊ธฐ ์ „๊นŒ์ง€๋Š”์š”.
04:36
As other investors -- some of his colleagues, actually --
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๊ทธ๋•Œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํˆฌ์ž์ž๋“ค, ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ๋Š” ์ด๋ธŒ๋ผํž˜ ๋™๋ฃŒ์˜€๋˜ ํˆฌ์ž์ž๋“ค์ด
04:39
saw that it was possible to create a successful mobile phone company
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ํœด๋Œ€ํฐ ํšŒ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์„ฑ๊ณต ํ•˜๊ฒ ๊ตฌ๋‚˜ ๋ผ๋Š” ์ƒ๊ฐ์„ ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:43
on the continent,
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์ด๊ณณ ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด ๋Œ€๋ฅ™์—์„œ์š”.
04:45
they flooded in with billions of dollars of investments.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ˆ˜์‹ญ ์–ต ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ฅผ ํˆฌ์žํ•˜๊ฒ ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋‹ฌ๋ ค๋“ญ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:48
And this led to significant growth in the industry.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์ด ์‚ฐ์—…์˜ ์–ด๋งˆ์–ด๋งˆํ•œ ์„ฑ์žฅ์„ ์ด๋Œ์–ด๋ƒˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:52
From barely nothing in 2000,
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2000๋…„, ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋งจ๋•…์—์„œ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ
04:54
today, virtually every African country now has
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์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚ , ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๋ชจ๋“  ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด ๋‚˜๋ผ์—
04:57
a vibrant mobile telecommunications industry.
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๋ชจ๋ฐ”์ผ ํ†ต์‹ ์‚ฐ์—…์ด ํ™œ๋ฐœํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ง„ํ–‰์ค‘์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:00
The sector now supports close to one billion phone connections,
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์ด ๋ถ„์•ผ๋Š” ํ˜„์žฌ 10์–ต ๊ฑด์— ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ํœด๋Œ€ํฐ ํ†ต์‹ ์„ ๋’ท๋ฐ›์นจ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ณ ์š”.
05:05
it has created nearly four million jobs
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4๋ฐฑ๋งŒ ๊ฐœ ๊ฐ€๋Ÿ‰์˜ ์ผ์ž๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋ƒˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:08
and generates billions of dollars in taxes every year.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋งค๋…„ ์ˆ˜์‹ญ์–ต ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ฅผ ์„ธ๊ธˆ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฑฐ๋‘˜ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:13
These are taxes that governments can now reinvest into the economy
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์ด ์„ธ๊ธˆ์œผ๋กœ, ์ •๋ถ€๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์ œ์— ์žฌํˆฌ์ž ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:17
to build their institutions.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์ œ๋„๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ํˆฌ์žํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
05:20
And here's the thing:
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:21
because most people no longer have to bribe public officials
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ํœด๋Œ€ํฐ ํ•˜๋‚˜ ๊ฐ–๊ฒ ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ณต๋ฌด์›์—๊ฒŒ ๋‡Œ๋ถˆ์„ ์ค„ ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์—†์–ด์ ธ์„œ
05:24
just to get a phone,
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05:26
corruption -- at least within this industry -- has reduced.
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์ ์–ด๋„ ์ด ์‚ฐ์—…์—์„œ์˜ ๋ถ€์ •๋ถ€ํŒจ๊ฐ€ ์ค„์–ด๋“  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:32
Now, if Mo Ibrahim had waited for corruption to be fixed
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๋ชจ ์ด๋ธŒ๋ผํž˜์ด ๋ถ€์ •๋ถ€ํŒจ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜์•„์ง€๊ธธ ๊ธฐ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด,
05:35
in all of sub-Saharan Africa before he invested,
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๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ํˆฌ์žํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ „์˜ ์‚ฌํ•˜๋ผ ์‚ฌ๋ง‰ ์ด๋‚จ ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด์—์„œ ๋งˆ๋ƒฅ ๊ธฐ๋‹ค๋ ธ๋‹ค๋ฉด,
05:39
he would still be waiting today.
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์ง€๊ธˆ๋„ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ๊ธฐ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:41
You know, most people who engage in corruption know they shouldn't.
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ํƒ€๋ฝํ•œ ์ผ์— ๊ด€์—ฌ๋œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด ์ด๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด ์•ˆ๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:46
I mean, the public officials who were demanding bribes from people
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ํœด๋Œ€ํฐ์„ ์–ป์œผ๋ ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์—๊ฒŒ ๋‡Œ๋ฌผ์„ ์š”๊ตฌํ•˜๋˜ ๊ณต๋ฌด์›๊ณผ
05:50
to get phones
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05:51
and the people who were paying the bribes --
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๋‡Œ๋ฌผ์„ ์ค€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€
05:53
they knew they were breaking the law.
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์ž์‹ ์ด ๋ฒ•์„ ์–ด๊ธฐ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:55
But they did it anyways.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์–ด์ฐŒ๋๋“  ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ผ์„ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:57
The question is: Why?
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ๊ถ๊ธˆํ•œ ์ ์€, ์™œ ๊ทธ๋žฌ์„๊นŒ์š”?
05:59
The answer?
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๊ทธ ๋‹ต์€ ๋ฐ”๋กœ
06:01
Scarcity.
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ํฌ์†Œ์„ฑ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:04
See, whenever people would benefit from gaining access
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ํฌ์†Œํ•œ ๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ˜œํƒ์„ ๋ณผ ๋•Œ๋งˆ๋‹ค
06:06
to something that scarce,
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06:08
this makes corruption attractive.
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๋ถ€์ •๋ถ€ํŒจ๊ฐ€ ๋งค๋ ฅ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ด๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:11
You know, in poor countries, we complain a lot about corrupt politicians
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฐ€๋‚œํ•œ ๋‚˜๋ผ์˜ ํƒ€๋ฝํ•œ ์ •์น˜์ธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ž์ฃผ ๋ถˆํ‰ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:15
who embezzle state funds.
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๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ๋ˆ์„ ํšก๋ นํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:17
But in many of those countries, economic opportunity is scarce,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋‚˜๋ผ์—๋Š” ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ๊ธฐํšŒ๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€์กฑํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:21
and so corruption becomes an attractive way to gain wealth.
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๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋ถ€์ •๋ถ€ํŒจ๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ์–ป์„ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ๋งค๋ ฅ์ ์ธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
06:25
We also complain about civil servants like police officers,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ๊ด€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ณต๋ฌด์›์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ถˆํ‰๋„ ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ์š”.
06:29
who extort money from everyday hardworking citizens.
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ํ•˜๋ฃจํ•˜๋ฃจ ์—ด์‹ฌํžˆ ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ๋ˆ์„ ๊ฐˆ์ทจํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:33
But most civil servants are grossly underpaid
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ๊ณต๋ฌด์›๋“ค์ด ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ ์€ ์›”๊ธ‰์„ ๋ฐ›๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:36
and are leading desperate lives.
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ํ•„์‚ฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ด์•„๊ฐ€๊ณ  ์žˆ์ฃ .
06:38
And so for them, extortion or corruption is a good way to make a living.
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—, ๊ทธ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๊ฐˆ์ทจ๋‚˜ ๋ถ€์ •์ด ์ƒ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊พธ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ฐ ์ข‹์€ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ธ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:46
You know, this phenomenon also plays itself out in wealthy countries as well.
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํ˜„์ƒ์€ ๋ถ€์œ ํ•œ ๋‚˜๋ผ์—๋„ ์ ์šฉ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:51
When rich parents bribe university officials --
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๋ˆ์ด ๋งŽ์€ ๋ถ€๋ชจ๊ฐ€ ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๊ด€๊ณ„์ž์—๊ฒŒ ๋‡Œ๋ฌผ์„ ์ฃผ๋ฉด,
06:54
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
06:59
When rich parents bribe university officials
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๋ˆ์ด ๋งŽ์€ ๋ถ€๋ชจ๊ฐ€ ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๊ด€๊ณ„์ž์—๊ฒŒ ๋‡Œ๋ฌผ์„ ์ฃผ๋ฉด,
07:02
so their children can gain admission into elite colleges,
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๊ทธ ์•„์ด๋“ค์€ ๋ช…๋ฌธ ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต์— ์ž…ํ•™์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:06
the circumstance is different,
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์ƒํ™ฉ์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅด์ง€๋งŒ,
07:09
but the principle is the same.
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์›๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋˜‘๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:11
I mean, admission into elite colleges is scarce,
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๋ช…๋ฌธ๋Œ€ ์ž…ํ•™์„ ํฌ์†Œ๊ฐ€์น˜๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด,
07:14
and so bribery becomes attractive.
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๋‡Œ๋ฌผ์ˆ˜์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋งค๋ ฅ์ ์ด๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
07:19
The thing is,
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์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€,
07:21
I'm not trying to say there shouldn't be things that are scarce in society
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์ €๋Š” ์‚ฌํšŒ์— ํฌ์†Œํ•œ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด ์žˆ์–ด์„œ๋Š” ์•ˆ๋œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:25
or things that are selective.
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์„ ํƒ์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค๋„ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ ์š”.
07:27
What I'm just trying to explain
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์„ค๋ช…๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์‹ถ์€ ๊ฒƒ์€
07:29
is this relationship between corruption and scarcity.
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๋ถ€์ •๋ถ€ํŒจ์™€ ํฌ์†Œ์„ฑ ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:33
And in most poor countries, way too many basic things are scarce.
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๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ๋นˆ๊ณค๊ตญ์—์„œ, ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋„ˆ๋ฌด๋„ ๋ถ€์กฑํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:38
I mean things like food,
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์Œ์‹๋„ ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ ์š”.
07:40
education,
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๊ต์œก,
07:41
health care,
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์˜๋ฃŒ ์„œ๋น„์Šค,
07:42
economic opportunity,
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๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ๊ธฐํšŒ,
07:44
jobs.
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์ผ์ž๋ฆฌ๋„ ๊ทธ๋ ‡์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:46
This creates the perfect breeding ground for corruption to thrive.
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์—ฌ๊ฑด์ด ๋ถ€์ •๋ถ€ํŒจ๊ฐ€ ๋ป—์–ด๋‚˜๊ฐ€๋Š” ์™„๋ฒฝํ•œ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์„ ์กฐ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:51
Now, in no way does this excuse corrupt behavior.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ถ€์ •ํ•œ ํ–‰๋™์„ ์ •๋‹นํ™”์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:55
It just helps us understand it a bit better.
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๋‹จ์ง€ ์กฐ๊ธˆ ๋” ์ดํ•ดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:58
Investing in businesses that make things affordable
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๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์–ด๋–ค ๋ฌผ๊ฑด์„ ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ์‚ฌ์„œ ์ด์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ํˆฌ์žํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด
08:02
and accessible to so many more people
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08:05
attacks this scarcity
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํฌ์†Œ์„ฑ์„ ๊ณต๊ฒฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ณ ,
08:06
and creates the revenues for governments to reinvest in their economies.
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์ •๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์— ์žฌํˆฌ์ž ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ์ˆ˜์ž…์„ ์ฐฝ์ถœํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:11
Now, when this happens on a countrywide level,
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ผ์ด ์ „๊ตญ์  ์ฐจ์›์œผ๋กœ ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ๋‹ค๋ฉด,
08:15
it can revolutionize nations.
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๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋Œ€๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๊ฟ€ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:18
Consider the impact in South Korea.
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ํ•œ๊ตญ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค.
08:21
Now, in the 1950s,
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1950๋…„๋Œ€,
08:23
South Korea was a desperately poor country,
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ํ•œ๊ตญ์€ ์ง€๋…ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ€๋‚œํ•œ ๋‚˜๋ผ์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:26
and it was very corrupt.
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๋งค์šฐ ํƒ€๋ฝํ–ˆ์—ˆ๊ณ ์š”.
08:29
The country was ruled by an authoritarian government
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๋‚˜๋ผ๊ฐ€ ๋…์žฌ์ •๋ถ€์˜ ํž˜์œผ๋กœ ์›€์ง์˜€๊ณ ,
08:32
and engaged in bribery and embezzlement.
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๋‡Œ๋ฌผ์ˆ˜์ˆ˜์™€ ํšก๋ น์ด ๋นˆ๋ฒˆํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:35
In fact, economists at the time said South Korea was trapped in poverty,
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์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๋‹น์‹œ ๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™์ž๋“ค์€ ํ•œ๊ตญ์ด ๊ฐ€๋‚œ์— ๊ฐ‡ํ˜€์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜๋ฉฐ,
08:41
and they referred to it as "an economic basket case."
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"๊ฒฝ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋งˆ๋น„๋œ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€"๋ผ๊ณ  ํ‘œํ˜„ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:46
When you looked at South Korea's institutions,
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ํ•œ๊ตญ์˜ ์ œ๋„๋ฅผ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๋ฉด,
08:48
even as late as the 1980s,
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1980๋…„๋Œ€ ํ›„๋ฐ˜์—๋„
08:50
they were on par with some of the poorest and most corrupt African countries
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์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ฐ€๋‚œํ•˜๊ณ  ํƒ€๋ฝํ•œ ๋‚˜๋ผ์˜ ์ œ๋„์™€ ๋‹ค๋ฅผ ๋ฐ” ์—†์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:53
at the time.
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๋‹น์‹œ์˜ ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด ๋‚˜๋ผ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
08:55
But as companies like Samsung, Kia, Hyundai
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์‚ผ์„ฑ, ๊ธฐ์•„, ํ˜„๋Œ€์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋“ค์ด
09:00
invested in innovations that made things much more affordable
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๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์ค€ ํ˜์‹ ์— ํˆฌ์žํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ,
09:04
for so many more people,
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09:06
South Korea ultimately became prosperous.
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ํ•œ๊ตญ์€ ๋งˆ์นจ๋‚ด ๊ฐ•์„ฑํ•ด์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:09
As the country grew prosperous,
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๋‚˜๋ผ๊ฐ€ ๋ฒˆ์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ
09:12
it was able to transition from an authoritarian government
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๋…์žฌ์ •๋ถ€์—์„œ
09:15
to a democratic government
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๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ •๋ถ€๋กœ ๋ฐ”๋€” ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ ,
09:18
and has been able to reinvest in building its institutions.
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์ œ๋„๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์žฌํˆฌ์ž ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:22
And this has paid off tremendously.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ ์ด๋“์„ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์˜ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:25
For instance, in 2018,
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ํ•œ ์˜ˆ๋กœ, 2018๋…„
09:27
South Korea's president was sentenced to 25 years in prison
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๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์ด ์ง•์—ญ 25๋…„ํ˜•์„ ์„ ๊ณ  ๋ฐ›์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:31
on corruption-related charges.
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๋ถ€์ •๋ถ€ํŒจ ๊ด€๋ จ ํ˜์˜์˜€์ฃ .
09:34
This could never have happened decades ago when the country was poor
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๋ช‡ ์‹ญ๋…„ ์ „, ๋‚˜๋ผ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๋‚œํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ
09:38
and ruled by an authoritarian government.
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๋…์žฌ์ •๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ์ง€ํœ˜ํ•  ๋•Œ์—๋Š” ์ ˆ๋Œ€ ์ผ์–ด๋‚  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋˜ ์ผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:42
In fact, as we looked at most prosperous countries today, what we found was,
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์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์ด ์‹œ๋Œ€์— ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ฐ•์„ฑํ•œ ๋‚˜๋ผ๋“ค์„ ๋ณด๊ณ  ์•Œ๊ฒŒ ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์€
09:47
they were able to reduce corruption as they became prosperous --
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๋‚˜๋ผ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ•ํ•ด์งˆ ๋•Œ ๋ถ€์ •๋ถ€ํŒจ๋ฅผ ์ค„์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:51
not before.
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๊ทธ ์ „์—๋Š” ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:53
And so where does that leave us?
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด์•ผ ํ• ๊นŒ์š”?
09:56
I know it may sound like I'm saying we should just ignore corruption.
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๋ถ€์ •๋ถ€ํŒจ๋ฅผ ๊ทธ๋ƒฅ ๋ฌด์‹œํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋กœ ๋“ค๋ฆด ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ,
10:01
That's not what I'm saying at all.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ฒฐ์ฝ” ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋งํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:03
What I'm suggesting, though,
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์‹ถ์€ ๊ฒƒ์€,
10:05
is that corruption, especially for most people in poor countries,
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๋ถ€์ •๋ถ€ํŒจ๊ฐ€, ํŠนํžˆ ๋นˆ๊ณค๊ตญ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์—๊ฒŒ๋Š”
10:10
is a work-around.
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์ฐจ์„ ์ฑ…์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:12
It's a utility
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ํŽธ์˜์‹œ์„ค์ธ ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
10:13
in a place where there are fewer better options to solve a problem.
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๋” ๋‚˜์€ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ์ฑ…์ด ์—†๋Š” ๊ณณ์— ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:17
Investing in innovations that make products much more affordable
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๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์ œํ’ˆ์„ ์‚ด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์ค„ ํ˜์‹ ์— ํˆฌ์žํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
10:21
for many people
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10:23
not only attacks this scarcity
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ํฌ์†Œ์„ฑ์— ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์„ ๊ฐ€ํ•  ๋ฟ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
10:25
but it creates a sustainable source of revenue
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์ง€์†์ ์ธ ์ˆ˜์ž…์›์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ์ค€๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:28
for governments to reinvest into the economies
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์ •๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์— ์žฌํˆฌ์ž ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์ฃผ๋Š” ์ˆ˜์ž…์›์œผ๋กœ์„œ,
10:31
to strengthen their institutions.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์ œ๋„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ•ํ™”ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
10:34
This is the critical missing piece in the economic development puzzle
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ฒฝ์ œ๋ฐœ์ „ ํผ์ฆ์—์„œ ์žƒ์–ด๋ฒ„๋ฆฐ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์กฐ๊ฐ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:38
that will ultimately help us reduce corruption.
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๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ€์ •๋ถ€ํŒจ๋ฅผ ์ค„์—ฌ์ฃผ๋Š” ํ•ด๋‹ต์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:43
You know, I lost hope in Nigeria when I was 16.
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์ €๋Š” ์—ด ์—ฌ์„ฏ์‚ด ๋•Œ ๋‚˜์ด์ง€๋ฆฌ์•„์—์„œ ํฌ๋ง์„ ์žƒ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:46
And in some ways, the country has actually gotten worse.
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์–ด๋–ค ๋ฉด์—์„œ๋Š” ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ผ ์ƒํ™ฉ์ด ๋” ์•ˆ์ข‹์•„์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:50
In addition to widespread poverty and endemic corruption,
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๋„๋ฆฌ ํผ์ ธ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฐ€๋‚œ๊ณผ ๊ณ ์งˆ์ ์ธ ๋ถ€์ •๋ถ€ํŒจ ์™ธ์—๋„
10:54
Nigeria now actually deals with terrorist organizations
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์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๋‚˜์ด์ง€๋ฆฌ์•„๋Š” ํ…Œ๋Ÿฌ ์กฐ์ง ๋ฌธ์ œ๋„ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:57
like Boko Haram.
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๋ณด์ฝ” ํ•˜๋žŒ ๊ฐ™์€ ์กฐ์ง ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
10:59
But somehow, I am more hopeful about Nigeria today
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์–ด์จŒ๋“ , ์ €๋Š” ๋‚˜์ด์ง€๋ฆฌ์•„๋ฅผ ๋” ํฌ๋ง์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:03
than I have ever been before.
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๊ทธ ์–ด๋Š๋•Œ๋ณด๋‹ค๋„์š”.
11:05
When I see organizations investing in innovations
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ํ˜์‹ ์— ํˆฌ์žํ•˜๋Š” ๋‹จ์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋ณผ ๋•Œ,
11:09
that are creating jobs for people
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ผ์ž๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋งˆ๋ จํ•ด์ฃผ๊ณ 
11:11
and making things affordable --
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๋ฌผ๊ฑด์„ ์‚ด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์ฃผ๋Š” ๋‹จ์ฒด์ฃ .
11:13
I mean organizations like Lifestores Pharmacy,
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๋ผ์ดํ”„์Šคํ† ์–ด ์•ฝ๊ตญ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ณณ์€
11:16
making drugs and pharmaceuticals more affordable for people;
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์•ฝ์„ ๋” ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ์‚ด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ํ•ด์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:21
or Metro Africa Xpress,
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๋ฉ”ํŠธ๋กœ ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด ์ต์Šคํ”„๋ ˆ์Šค๋„ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ,
11:23
tackling the scarcity of distribution and logistics for many small businesses;
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์ด ๊ณณ์€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์†Œ๊ธฐ์—…๋“ค์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์œ ํ†ต๊ณผ ๋ฌผ๋ฅ˜์˜ ํฌ์†Œ์„ฑ์„ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•ด ์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ณณ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:28
or Andela, creating economic opportunity for software developers --
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์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์›จ์–ด ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์ž๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ๊ธฐํšŒ๋ฅผ ๋งˆ๋ จํ•ด์ฃผ๋Š” ์•ˆ๋ธ๋ผ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ณณ๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:33
I am optimistic about the future.
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ณณ๋“ค์„ ๋ณผ ๋•Œ, ์ €๋Š” ๋ฏธ๋ž˜๋ฅผ ๊ธ์ •์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:36
I hope you will be, too.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋„ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ์…จ์œผ๋ฉด ์ข‹๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:38
Thank you.
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๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:39
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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