Mao Zedong's infamous mango cult - Vivian Jiang

498,988 views ・ 2023-01-17

TED-Ed


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譯者: Camila Lin 審譯者: Zoe Walmsley
00:14
One morning in August 1968,
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1968 年八月的某個早晨,
00:16
factory worker Wang Xiaoping overheard news of a mysterious mandatory meeting.
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工人王小蘋無意間聽到 一個祕密集會流出的消息。
00:22
Rumors whispered through the cafeteria described shipments of a gift
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流言在食堂內傳開,
說是中共領導人毛澤東, 送來了好幾箱禮物。
00:25
from the country’s communist leader, Chairman Mao Zedong.
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00:30
And sure enough, managers soon dispersed a gift to every factory worker—
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果真,工廠經理隨後就把禮物 分發給每個工人:
00:34
a glass box encasing a golden wax replica of a mango.
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一個裝在玻璃盒內的金色蠟製芒果。
00:41
Wang Xiaoping’s factory wasn’t the only facility to receive this unusual offering.
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王小蘋的工廠並非唯一 收到這個不尋常禮物的單位。
00:48
The Chairman gifted fresh mangoes to factories across China,
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中國各地的工廠都收到 毛主席送的新鮮芒果,
00:52
leading employees to stay up late,
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有些工人直到深夜,
00:53
touching the fruits and contemplating the meaning behind Mao's gesture.
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還在觸摸芒果,想了解毛澤東的目的。
00:58
Some tried to preserve the fresh mangoes in formaldehyde,
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有人用甲醛防止芒果腐敗,
01:02
while others ate the fruit
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有人把芒果吃掉,
01:04
and commissioned wax replicas of their prize.
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用蠟做出複製品。
01:10
In one factory, workers initiated a strange ritual:
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某個工廠的工人想出了奇怪的儀式:
01:15
peeling and boiling their mangoes to create a “holy” broth
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他們將芒果去皮, 煮出一鍋「神聖之水」,
01:20
that was spooned into their mouths.
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然後一人舀一匙喝下。
01:23
Since traditional Chinese medicine often involved boiling ingredients,
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傳統中藥的藥材常需燉煮,
01:28
it's possible this mango wine was concocted as a kind of healing tonic.
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煮成芒果瓊漿也可作為補藥。
01:33
Soon, fables formed that the fruit ensured a long life
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傳說很快就蔓延開來,
說它像王母娘娘的蟠桃, 能使人長生不老,
01:36
like the Peaches of Immortality from Chinese mythology.
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01:41
And by refusing to eat the mangoes himself,
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而毛澤東卻不願獨享,
01:44
Mao had generously sacrificed his own longevity for the working class.
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反而慷慨地將長壽的機會 讓給廣大的工人階級。
01:49
But whatever Mao's intentions,
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不論毛澤東的目的為何,
01:51
this mango mania wasn’t as frivolous as it might seem.
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這股芒果狂熱表面上看起來無足輕重,
01:56
And in fact, it’s harmless appearance hid a much darker truth.
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其實卻隱藏著一段暗黑歷史。
02:05
Two years earlier, Mao Zedong had launched the Cultural Revolution,
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兩年之前,毛澤東發動了文化大革命,
02:10
a decade-long political and ideological movement intended to erase
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一場持續十年的政治與思想運動,
想將資本主義思想與文化傳統 從中國社會中剷除。
02:14
capitalist thought and cultural traditions from Chinese society.
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02:19
To enact this plan, Mao called on the Red Guards,
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為了推行這個計畫, 毛澤東創立了紅衛兵,
02:22
a student-led paramilitary group.
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一個由學生領頭的準軍事組織。
02:26
He enlisted them to help eradicate the “Four Olds”—
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他要他們幫忙根除「四舊」──
02:30
a vaguely defined set of customs, habits, and ideas
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定義鬆散,泛指菁英上層社會的 風俗、習慣與思想。
02:33
often associated with the elite upper-class.
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02:36
Mao’s dogma was militant,
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毛的教條激進、好鬥,
02:38
and the Red Guard interpreted his vision as achievable only through violence.
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而紅衛兵將之解讀成 唯有暴力才能實現。
02:46
The Red Guard acted above law and order, ransacking temples and tombs,
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紅衛兵不受法律與秩序約束, 他們洗劫廟宇和墳墓,
02:50
including those of dynastic royalty and Confucius.
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包含歷代帝王的陵寢與孔子之墓。
02:54
Homes were raided and piles of books burned in the streets.
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他們也打劫百姓,在大街上焚書,
02:59
But the Red Guard’s rampage went far beyond property damage.
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他們的胡作非為不僅止於損壞財物。
03:06
They began holding “struggle sessions”—
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他們開始舉行「批鬥大會」──
03:09
public spectacles designed to shame so-called class enemies.
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公開羞辱所謂「階級敵人」的集會。
03:13
Victims were accused of holding elitist, capitalist values,
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受害者被指控心懷 菁英主義、資本主義價值,
03:16
and were often forced to wear heavy signs detailing their crimes.
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常常被戴上條列罪狀的沉重看板。
03:26
The Red Guard pressured people to accuse their friends and family.
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紅衛兵對百姓施壓, 要他們指控自己的親朋好友,
03:31
They manipulated students to denounce their teachers and parents.
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他們也操弄學生去批鬥 自己的師長和父母,
03:38
They gradually morphed into torture and executions.
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漸漸變本加厲到凌遲、處刑等等。
03:45
After two years of the Red Guards’ chaos, Mao recanted his support
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在紅衛兵亂了兩年後, 毛公開撤回對他們的支持,
03:52
and sent 30,000 factory workers to fight the Red Guard at Qinghua University.
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並且派了三萬名工人, 到清華大學和紅衛兵戰鬥。
04:00
With the help of the People’s Liberation Army,
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藉著人民解放軍的幫助,
04:03
these factory workers succeeded,
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這些工人戰勝了,
04:06
and Mao thanked them for their service with a crate of 40 mangoes.
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毛送他們一箱四十顆芒果致謝。
04:11
This gesture wasn’t quite as generous as it appeared
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表面上看起來很大方,
04:15
since Mao was actually passing along a gift
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毛其實只是將巴基斯坦 外交部長的禮物轉送出去。
04:17
he received from Pakistan’s foreign minister.
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04:20
But much worse, this reward was quickly tainted by the ideology
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但更糟糕的是,這份謝禮
很快就渲染上文化大革命的意識形態。
04:24
of the Cultural Revolution.
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04:26
As a propaganda tool, Mao’s mangoes demanded high levels of respect.
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毛的芒果成了宣傳工具, 人民被迫表達敬仰。
04:32
Workers boarded unheated buses in sub-zero temperatures to visit
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在零度以下的寒冷中, 工人搭上沒有暖氣的巴士,
04:36
mandatory mango exhibitions organized by the government.
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去參觀政府舉辦的芒果展。
04:46
Factory workers were scolded for not holding their replicas securely.
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工廠如果沒好好看待 芒果蠟像就遭到譴責。
04:52
And in Sichuan, a man who remarked that the mango was “nothing special”
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在四川,有個男子因為說 「這顆芒果有何特別」、
04:57
and “looked like a sweet potato”
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「看起來就像顆紅薯」,
05:00
was arrested, tried, and executed.
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被逮捕、審判並處刑。
05:08
For reasons mostly unknown, the mango fever broke a year and a half later.
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這股芒果狂熱,在一年半後莫名平息。
05:14
After the Red Guard was dissolved
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等到紅衛兵被解散,
05:16
and participants were sent to the countryside for re-education,
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學生被迫「下鄉」接受再教育,
05:22
the mystifying mango faded from official propaganda.
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這個神秘芒果也從政治宣傳中消失。
05:25
Wax from the replicas were repurposed for candles during power outages.
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後來缺電時,這些蠟做的芒果 被改造成蠟燭使用。
05:29
And today you’d be lucky to find an antique mango tray or medallion
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運氣好的話,你或許能找到 舊的芒果托盤或獎章,
05:34
while perusing a Beijing flea market.
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隱身在北京的跳蚤市場中。
05:39
But the tale of Mao’s mangoes is just a minor story
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毛澤東的芒果神話,
只是那痛苦的十年、 一個深埋歷史的旁支末節。
05:43
amidst a decade of painful, buried history.
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05:46
Discussion of the Cultural Revolution is restricted across China.
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中國仍嚴禁談論文化大革命,
05:50
And though some former Red Guards have attempted to challenge this policy
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雖然有些老紅衛兵嘗試
05:53
by publicly reflecting and apologizing for their actions,
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公開回憶過往,並為自己的行為道歉,
05:56
they still avoid maligning Mao Zedong.
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他們仍然避免指責毛澤東。
06:03
Given the current political landscape of China,
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以目前中國的政治環境來看,
06:05
only time will tell when this history will be discussed openly and freely.
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這段歷史何時能被公開談論, 只有交給時間去證明了。
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