Can you outsmart the fallacy that fooled a generation of doctors? - Elizabeth Cox

1,762,096 views ・ 2020-08-10

TED-Ed


请双击下面的英文字幕来播放视频。

翻译人员: Zizhuo Liang 校对人员: Yolanda Zhang
00:10
Oh the humanity!
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哦,人类!
00:13
Ah... humanity...
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啊... 人类...
00:16
It’s a trainwreck, but I can’t look away.
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这是一次沉船事件, 但是我并不想将我的目光移开。
00:20
It’s 1843, and a debate is raging among physicians
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现在是 1843 年, 一场关于女性
最常见的杀手之一的争论 在医生们中间激烈展开:产褥热。
00:23
about one of the most common killers of women: childbed fever.
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00:28
Childbed fever strikes within days of giving birth,
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产褥热在分娩后 几天内就会发作,
00:31
killing more than 70% of those infected— and nobody knows what causes it.
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造成 70%的 感染者死亡,并且 没人知道这是什么原因引起的。
00:37
Obstetrician Charles Meigs has a theory.
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产科医生查尔斯·梅格斯(Charles Meigs) 提出了一个理论。
00:41
Having observed abdominal inflammation
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在观察到腹部发炎的
00:43
in patients who go on to develop the fever,
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病人们开始发烧之后,
00:46
he claims this inflammation is the cause of childbed fever.
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他声称这种腹部炎症 是引起产褥热的原因。
00:51
Much of the medical establishment supports his theory.
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大部分医疗机构都支持他的理论。
00:54
Oh, come on!
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哦,得了吧!
00:56
They really leave me no choice but to teach them some skepticism.
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这让我别无选择,只能教他们 怎么用怀疑的态度看待问题。
01:12
That’s better.
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这样就好多了。
01:14
Now, Meigs, your argument is based on a fallacy— the false cause fallacy.
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梅格斯,你的论点是建立在 谬论的基础上的,即因果谬误。
01:21
Correlation does not imply causation:
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相关性的存在 并不意味着因果关系的存在:
01:25
When two phenomena regularly occur together,
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当两种现象经常同时发生时,
01:28
one does not necessarily cause the other.
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并不能说明一种现象的发生 导致了另一种现象的出现。
01:33
So you say women who have inflammation also come down with childbed fever,
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所以你认为因为腹部发炎的 妇女都患有产褥热,
01:39
therefore the inflammation caused the fever.
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所以产褥热一定 是由于炎症引起的。
01:43
But that’s not necessarily true.
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但是这并不一定是真的。
01:46
Yes, yes, the inflammation comes first, then the fever,
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是的是的,病人首先出现炎症, 然后是开始发热,
01:51
so it seems like the inflammation causes the fever.
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所以这看起来 好像是炎症引起了产褥热。
01:55
But by that logic, since babies usually grow hair before teeth,
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但是,根据这种逻辑,
由于婴儿通常先长牙齿, 后长头发,
02:00
hair growth must cause tooth growth.
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那么头发的生长 必然导致了牙齿的生长。
02:03
And we all know that’s not true, right?
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我们都知道那不是真的,对吧?
02:06
Actually, don’t answer that.
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还是不要回答好了。
02:08
A couple of different things could be going on here.
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这里可能会有好多种不同的情况。
02:11
First, it’s possible that fever and inflammation are correlated
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首先,产褥热和炎症的关联 可能纯属巧合。
02:16
purely by coincidence.
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02:19
Or, there could be a causal relationship that’s the opposite of what you think—
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或者,它们之间的确存在因果关系,
但是这种因果关系与 你的设想恰好相反——
02:25
the fever causes the inflammation,
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即产褥热导致炎症, 而不是炎症导致产褥热。
02:28
rather than the inflammation causing the fever.
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02:31
Or both could share a common underlying cause you haven’t thought of.
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再或者,两者都是由同一个 你还没有想到的潜在诱因引起。
02:38
If I may, just what do you think causes inflammation? Nothing?
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我冒昧问一句,你认为是什么 导致了炎症的产生呢?想不出来原因吗?
02:46
It just is? Really?
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就这么凭空产生了?是吗?
02:49
Humor me for a moment in discussing one of your colleague’s ideas—
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话说你的同事奥利弗·温德尔·霍尔姆斯 (Oliver Wendell Holmes)医生
02:54
Dr. Oliver Wendell Holmes.
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所提出了一个理论。
02:56
I know, I know, you don’t like his theory—
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我知道,我知道, 你不喜欢他的理论;
03:00
you already wrote a scathing letter about it.
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你已经为此给他写了一封 尖刻的批评信。
03:03
But let’s fill your students in, shall we?
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但我们还是满足一下 学生们的好奇心吧,好吗?
03:06
Holmes noticed a pattern: when a patient dies of childbed fever,
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霍尔姆斯注意到了一种模式:
当一个病人因产褥热而死去时, 医生会对其进行尸检。
03:12
a doctor performs an autopsy.
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如果那个医生在完成尸检后 再去治疗一位新的病人,
03:15
If the doctor then treats a new patient,
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03:18
that patient often comes down with the fever.
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那么那个病人通常 也会染上产褥热。
03:22
Based on this correlation
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基于检验产褥热患者尸体 和新患病的病人之间的关联,
03:24
between autopsies of fever victims and new fever patients,
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03:29
he proposes a possible cause.
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他提出了一个可能的诱因。
03:32
Since there’s no evidence that the autopsy causes the fever beyond this correlation,
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因为并没有证据可以证明 尸检导致产褥热
这一我们所观察到的关联性,
03:38
he doesn’t jump to the conclusion that autopsy causes fever.
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所以他并没有立即下结论 认定是尸检导致了产褥热。
03:43
Instead, he suggests that doctors are infecting their patients
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相反,他认为医生是通过 他们的双手和手术器械上的
03:49
via an invisible contaminant on their hands and surgical instruments.
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一种看不见的污染物 感染病人的。
03:54
This idea outrages most doctors, who see themselves as infallible.
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这种想法激怒了大多数医生,
他们都认为自己 是绝对不可能出错的——
04:00
Like Meigs here, who refuses to consider the possibility
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就像梅格斯一样,他拒绝相信 自己的行为有可能促使病人陷入困境。
04:04
that he’s playing a role in his patients’ plight.
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04:08
His flawed argument doesn’t leave any path forward for further investigation—
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他带有缺陷的理论并没有为 下一步研究留下任何空间——
04:13
but Holmes’ does.
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但霍尔姆斯的主张却恰恰相反。
04:24
It’s 1847, and physician Ignaz Semmelweis
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1847 年,内科医生 伊格纳斯·塞梅尔韦斯(Ignaz Semmelweis)
04:27
has reduced the number of childbed fever deaths
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将产褥热在一个门诊的死亡率 从 12% 降到了 1%。
04:29
in a clinic from 12% to 1% by requiring all medical personnel
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他的做法是要求所有的医务人员
04:34
to disinfect their hands after autopsies and between patient examinations.
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在尸检后,以及对不同病人进行检查之间 对自己的双手进行彻底消毒。
04:40
With this initiative, he has proven the contagious nature of childbed fever.
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通过这一举措,他证明了 产褥热是具有传染性的。
04:45
Ha!
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哈!
04:50
It’s 1879, and Louis Pasteur has identified
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现在是 1879 年, 路易斯·巴斯德(Louis Pasteur)发现了
04:53
the contaminant responsible for many cases of childbed fever:
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造成众多产褥热案例的传染源:
04:58
Hemolytic streptococcus bacteria.
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溶血性链球菌。
05:04
Hmm, my fries are cold.
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唔,我的薯条凉了。
05:07
Must be because my ice cream melted.
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那一定是因为我的冰激凌化了。
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