What we can learn from galaxies far, far away - Henry Lin

Šta možemo da naučimo od dalekih, dalekih galaksija - Henri Lin (Henry Lin)

Prevodilac: Tijana Mihajlović Lektor: Ivana Krivokuća

Here are some images of clusters of galaxies.

Evo nekih slika klastera galaksija.

They're exactly what they sound like.

One su baš kao što zvuče -

They are these huge collections of galaxies,

ogromne skupine galaksija,

bound together by their mutual gravity.

vezane zajedničkom gravitacijom.

So most of the points that you see on the screen

Dakle, većina tačaka koje vidite na ekranu

are not individual stars,

nisu pojedinačne zvezde,

but collections of stars, or galaxies.

već skupine zvezda ili galaksija.

Now, by showing you some of these images,

Kroz prikazivanje ovih slika,

I hope that you will quickly see that

nadam se da ćete brzo uvideti

galaxy clusters are these beautiful objects,

da su klasteri galaksija predivni objekti,

but more than that,

ali i više od toga -

I think galaxy clusters are mysterious,

mislim da su klasteri galaksija misteriozni,

they are surprising,

da su iznenađujući

and they're useful.

i da su korisni.

Useful as the universe's most massive laboratories.

Korisni su kao svemirske najmasivnije laboratorije,

And as laboratories, to describe galaxy clusters

a kao laboratorije, opisivanje klastera galaksija

is to describe the experiments

je opisivanje eksperimenata

that you can do with them.

koje možete izvršiti sa njima.

And I think there are four major types,

Mislim da postoji četiri osnovna tipa,

and the first type that I want to describe

a prvi koji želim da opišem

is probing the very big.

istražuje veoma veliko.

So, how big?

Koliko veliko?

Well, here is an image of a particular galaxy cluster.

Evo slike određenog klastera galaksija.

It is so massive that the light passing through it

Toliko je masivan da je svetlo koje prolazi kroz njega

is being bent, it's being distorted

savijeno, iskrivljeno

by the extreme gravity of this cluster.

kroz ekstremno jaku gravitaciju ovog klastera.

And, in fact, if you look very carefully

U stvari, ako se pažljivo zagledate,

you'll be able to see rings around this cluster.

možete videti prstenove oko ovog klastera.

Now, to give you a number,

Da vam dam brojku -

this particular galaxy cluster

ovaj klaster galaksija

has a mass of over one million billion suns.

ima masu od preko milion milijardi Sunaca.

It's just mind-boggling how massive these systems can get.

Jednostavno je zapanjujuće koliko masivni ovi sistemi mogu postati,

But more than their mass,

ali više nego masu,

they have this additional feature.

imaju dodatno svojstvo -

They are essentially isolated systems,

oni su izolovani sistemi,

so if we like, we can think of them

pa ako nam se tako dopada, možemo da razmišljamo o njima

as a scaled-down version of the entire universe.

kao o umanjenoj verziji celokupnog svemira.

And many of the questions that we might have

Mnoga pitanja koja imamo

about the universe at large scales,

o svemiru gledano sa višeg nivoa,

such as, how does gravity work?

kao što je kako gravitacija funkcioniše,

might be answered by studying these systems.

mogu dobiti odgovore kroz proučavanje ovih sistema.

So that was very big.

To je, dakle, bilo ogromno.

The second things is very hot.

Druga stvar je - veoma toplo.

Okay, if I take an image of a galaxy cluster,

Okej, ako uzmem sliku klastera galaksija

and I subtract away all of the starlight,

i ako otklonim svu svetlost zvezda,

what I'm left with is this big, blue blob.

ostaje mi ova velika, plava grudva.

This is in false color.

Ovo je lažna boja.

It's actually X-ray light that we're seeing.

U stvari gledamo u rendgenski zrak,

And the question is, if it's not galaxies,

a pitanje je - ako nisu u pitanju galaksije,

what is emitting this light?

šta emituje ovo svetlo?

The answer is hot gas,

Odgovor je - vreo gas,

million-degree gas --

koji ima milion stepeni -

in fact, it's plasma.

u stvari, u pitanju je plazma.

And the reason why it's so hot

Razlog zbog kog je toliko vrela

goes back to the previous slide.

vraća nas na prethodni slajd.

The extreme gravity of these systems

Ekstremna gravitacija ovih sistema

is accelerating particles of gas to great speeds,

ubrzava čestice gasa do ogromnih brzina,

and great speeds means great temperatures.

a ogromne brzine znače ogromne temperature.

So this is the main idea,

Dakle, ovo je glavna ideja,

but science is a rough draft.

ali nauka je grubi nacrt.

There are many basic properties about this plasma

Postoji mnogo osnovnih svojstava u vezi sa ovom plazmom

that still confuse us,

koja nas još uvek zbunjuju,

still puzzle us,

i dalje su nam zagonetka,

and still push our understanding

i dalje preispituju naše razumevanje

of the physics of the very hot.

fizike veoma vrelog.

Third thing: probing the very small.

Treća stvar: istraživanje veoma malog.

Now, to explain this, I need to tell you

Da bih objasnio ovo, treba da vam kažem

a very disturbing fact.

veoma uznemirujuću činjenicu.

Most of the universe's matter

Većina materije u svemiru

is not made up of atoms.

ne sastoji se od atoma.

You were lied to.

Slagali su vas.

Most of it is made up of something very, very mysterious,

Većina se sastoji od nečega veoma, veoma misterioznog,

which we call dark matter.

što nazivamo tamnom materijom.

Dark matter is something that doesn't like to interact very much,

Tamna materija je nešto što ne voli previše interakciju,

except through gravity,

osim kroz gravitaciju,

i voleli bismo da saznamo više o njoj.

and of course we would like to learn more about it.

If you're a particle physicist,

Ako ste fizičar koji se bavi česticama,

you want to know what happens when we smash things together.

želite da znate šta se dešava kada se stvari sudare.

And dark matter is no exception.

Tamna materija nije izuzetak.

Well, how do we do this?

Pa, kako ovo radimo?

To answer that question,

Da bih odgovorio na to pitanje,

I'm going to have to ask another one,

moraću da postavim još jedno,

which is, what happens when galaxy clusters collide?

a to je - šta se dešava kada se klasteri galaksija sudare?

Here is an image.

Evo slike.

Since galaxy clusters are representative

Pošto su klasteri galaksija reprezentativni delovi svemira,

slices of the universe, scaled-down versions.

umanjene verzije,

They are mostly made up of dark matter,

uglavnom se sastoje od tamne materije

and that's what you see in this bluish purple.

i to je ono što vidite u ovom plavo-ljubičastom.

The red represents the hot gas,

Crveno predstavlja vreo gas

and, of course, you can see many galaxies.

i, naravno, možete da vidite mnogo galaksija.

What's happened is a particle accelerator

Desilo se ubrzavanje čestica

at a huge, huge scale.

u ogromnim razmerama.

And this is very important,

Ovo je veoma važno

because what it means is that very, very small

jer to znači da veoma male posledice

effects that might be difficult to detect in the lab,

koje bi bilo teško primetiti u laboratoriji,

might be compounded and compounded

mogu da se usložnjavaju sve više

into something that we could possibly observe in nature.

u nešto za šta postoji mogućnost da ga primetimo u prirodi.

So, it's very funny.

Dakle, veoma je smešno.

The reason why galaxy clusters

Razlog zbog koga nas klasteri galaksija

can teach us about dark matter,

mogu naučiti stvarima o tamnoj materiji,

the reason why galaxy clusters

zbog kog klasteri galaksija

can teach us about the physics of the very small,

mogu da nas nauče fizici sićušnog

is precisely because they are so very big.

je upravo to što su toliko veliki.

Fourth thing: the physics of the very strange.

Četvrta stvar: fizika veoma čudnog.

Certainly what I've said so far is crazy.

Ono što sam do sada rekao je sigurno ludo.

Okay, if there's anything stranger

Ako je išta čudnije od ovoga,

I think it has to be dark energy.

mislim da je to tamna energija.

If I throw a ball into the air,

Ako bacim loptu u vis,

I expect it to go up.

očekujem da ide naviše.

What I don't expect is that it go up

Ono što ne očekujem je da ide naviše

at an ever-increasing rate.

sve brže i brže zauvek.

Similarly, cosmologists understand why

Na sličan način, kosmolozi razumeju

the universe is expanding.

zašto se svemir širi.

They don't understand why it's expanding

Ne razumeju zašto se širi

at an ever-increasing rate.

sve brzinom koja se stalno uvećava.

They give the cause of this

Dali su ime uzroku

accelerated expansion a name,

ovog ubrzanog širenja

and they call it dark energy.

i zovu ga tamna energija.

And, again, we want to learn more about it.

Ponovo, želimo da saznamo više o njoj.

So, one particular question that we have is,

Dakle, specifično pitanje koje imamo je -

how does dark energy affect the universe

kako tamna energija utiče na svemir

at the largest scales?

na širem planu?

Depending on how strong it is,

U zavisnosti od toga koliko je jaka,

maybe structure forms faster or slower.

možda se strukture formiraju brže ili sporije.

Well, the problem with the large-scale structure

Problem sa velikom strukturom svemira

of the universe is that it's horribly complicated.

je da je užasno komplikovana.

Here is a computer simulation.

Evo kompjuterske simulacije.

And we need a way to simplify it.

Treba nam način da je pojednostavimo.

Well, I like to think about this using an analogy.

O ovome razmišljam kroz korišćenje analogije.

If I want to understand the sinking of the Titanic,

Ako želim da razumem potapanje Titanika,

the most important thing to do

najvažnija stvar koju treba uraditi

is not to model the little positions

nije modeliranje malih mesta

of every single little piece of the boat that broke off.

svakog pojedinačnog sićušnog dela broda koji se odlomio.

The most important thing to do is

Najvažnija stvar je praćenje dva najveća dela.

to track the two biggest parts.

Similarly, I can learn a lot about the universe

Slično tome, mogu da naučim puno o svemiru

at the largest scales

na krupnom planu

by tracking its biggest pieces

kroz praćenje najvećih delova,

and those biggest pieces are clusters of galaxies.

a ti najveći delovi su klasteri galaksija.

So, as I come to a close,

Tako, kako se približavam kraju,

you might feel slightly cheated.

možete se osećati malo prevarenima.

I mean, I began by talking about

Mislim, započeo sa pričom

o tome kako su klasteri galaksija korisni

how galaxy clusters are useful,

and I've given some reasons,

i dao sam neke razloge,

but what is their use really?

ali kakva je njihova primena zaista?

Well, to answer this,

Pa, da bih odgovorio na ovo,

I want to give you a quote by Henry Ford

želim da citiram Henrija Forda

when he was asked about cars.

kada su mu postavili pitanje o kolima.

He had this to say:

Ovo je imao da kaže:

"If I had asked people what they wanted,

„Ako bih pitao ljude šta žele,

they would have said faster horses."

rekli bi brže konje.”

Today, we as a society are faced

Danas smo kao društvo suočeni

with many, many difficult problems.

sa mnogim, mnogim teškim problemima,

And the solutions to these problems are not obvious.

a rešenja za te probleme nisu očigledna.

They are not faster horses.

To nisu brži konji.

They will require an enormous amount of

Zahtevaće ogromnu količinu

scientific ingenuity.

naučne genijalnosti.

So, yes, we need to focus,

Da, treba da se usredsredimo,

yes, we need to concentrate,

da, treba da se koncentrišemo,

but we also need to remember that

ali treba i da zapamtimo

innovation, ingenuity, inspiration --

da inovacija, genijalnost, inspiracija -

these things come

ove stvari se javljaju

when we broaden our field of vision

kada proširimo polje vizije,

when we step back

kada zastanemo,

when we zoom out.

kada uveličamo.

And I can't think of a better way to do this than

Ne mogu da smislim bolji način da se ovo uradi

by studying the universe around us. Thanks.

nego da proučavamo svemir oko nas. Hvala.

(Applause)

(Aplauz)