Feedback loops: How nature gets its rhythms - Anje-Margriet Neutel

Povratne sprege: kako priroda dobija svoj ritam - Anje Margrit Nojtel (Anje-Margriet Neutel)

847,683 views

2014-08-25 ・ TED-Ed


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Feedback loops: How nature gets its rhythms - Anje-Margriet Neutel

Povratne sprege: kako priroda dobija svoj ritam - Anje Margrit Nojtel (Anje-Margriet Neutel)

847,683 views ・ 2014-08-25

TED-Ed


Please double-click on the English subtitles below to play the video.

Prevodilac: Jelena Vukovic Lektor: Mile Živković
00:07
Testing, testing, one, two, three.
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Test, test... jedan, dva, tri.
00:10
When your band is trying to perform, feedback is an annoying obstacle,
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Kada tvoj bend pokušava da svira, povratna sprega je iritantna prepreka,
00:15
but in the grand orchestra of nature, feedback is not only beneficial,
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ali u velikom orkestru prirode, povratna sprega ne samo da je korisna,
00:19
it's what makes everything work.
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ona čini da sve funkcioniše.
00:21
What exactly is feedback?
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A šta je tačno povratna sprega?
00:23
The key element, whether in sound, the environment or social science,
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Ključni element zvuka, okruženja ili društvenih nauka
00:27
is a phenomenon called mutual causal interaction,
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je pojava koju zovemo međusobna uzročna interakcija.
00:31
where x affects y, y affects x, and so on,
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Tu X utiče na Y, Y utiče na X itd.
00:36
creating an ongoing process called a feedback loop.
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To stvara tekući proces koji zovemo povratna sprega.
00:39
And the natural world is full of these mechanisms
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A priroda je puna ovakvih mehanizama.
00:42
formed by the links between living and nonliving things
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Njih čine veze među živim i neživim bićima
koje stvaraju elastičnost tako što upravljaju načinom na koji stanovništvo
00:46
that build resilience by governing the way populations
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00:49
and food webs respond to events.
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i mreža hrane reaguju na događaje.
00:52
When plants die, the dead material enriches the soil with humus,
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Kada biljke umru, ta neživa materija obogaćuje zemljište stvarajući humus,
00:57
a stable mass of organic matter, providing moisture and nutrients
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stabilnu masu organskog materijala koja obezbeđuje vlagu i hranljive materije
01:01
for other plants to grow.
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za rast ostalih biljaka.
01:04
The more plants grow and die, the more humus is produced,
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Što više biljaka raste i umre, proizvešće se više humusa,
01:07
allowing even more plants to grow, and so on.
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čime će više biljaka rasti, i tako dalje.
01:10
This is an example of positive feedback,
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Ovo je primer pozitivne povratne informacije,
01:13
an essential force in the buildup of ecosystems.
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koja je osnovna sila pomoću koje se grade ekosistemi.
01:16
But it's not called positive feedback because it's beneficial.
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Ali, ne zove se pozitivna povratna sprega zbog toga što je korisna.
01:20
Rather, it is positive because it amplifies a particular effect or change
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Pozitivna je više zato što naglašava određeni efekat ili promenu
01:24
from previous conditions.
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u odnosu na prethodne uslove.
01:26
These positive, or amplifying, loops can also be harmful,
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Ove pozitivne ili pojačane sprege mogu biti i štetne,
01:30
like when removing a forest makes it vulnerable to erosion,
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kao kada se uklanjanjem šume stvara mogućnost za eroziju,
01:33
which removes organic matter and nutrients from the earth,
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što iz zemlje odnosi organske i hranljive materije,
01:36
leaving less plants to anchor the soil, and leading to more erosion.
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te se manje biljaka učvršćuje za zemlju što vodi do dalje erozije.
01:41
In contrast, negative feedback diminishes or counteracts changes in an ecosystem
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Nasuprot tome, negativna povratna sprega smanjuje ili se odupire promenama
01:46
to maintain a more stable balance.
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u ekosistemu da bi se održala stabilnija ravnoteža.
01:49
Consider predators and their prey.
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Uzmimo kao primer grabljivice i njihov plen.
01:51
When lynx eat snowshoe hares, they reduce their population,
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Kada ris pojede divljeg zeca, smanjuje se populacija zečeva,
01:55
but this drop in the lynx's food source will soon cause their own population to decline,
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ali će ova kap u risovom izvoru hrane učiniti i da se broj riseva smanji,
02:00
reducing the predation rate and allowing the hare population to increase again.
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čime se smanjuje broj grabljivica, što dovodi do povećanja broja zečeva.
02:05
The ongoing cycle creates an up and down wavelike pattern,
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Neprekidan ciklus stvara talasasti obrazac,
02:09
maintaining a long-term equilibrium and allowing a food chain to persist over time.
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održavajući dugoročnu ravnotežu i omogućava da se lanac ishrane održi.
02:14
Feedback processes might seem counterintuitive because many of us
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Povratni procesi se mogu činiti nelogičnim jer su mnogi od nas
02:18
are used to more predictable linear scenarios of cause and effect.
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navikli na predvidjlivije scenarije koji linearno povezuju uzrok i posledicu.
02:22
For instance, it seems simple enough that
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Na primer, čini se da jednostavno
02:24
spraying pesticides would help plants grow by killing pest insects,
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prskanje pesticida pomaže biljkama jer ubija insekte štetočine,
02:29
but it may trigger a host of other unexpected reactions.
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ali to može dovesti do drugih nepredvidljivih posledica.
02:32
For example, if spraying pushes down the insect population,
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Na primer, ako prskanje smanjuje broj insekata,
02:36
its predators will have less food.
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grabljivice koje ih jedu će imati manje hrane.
02:38
As their population dips,
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Kako se njihov broj smanjuje,
02:40
the reduced predation would allow the insect population to rise,
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manji broj grabljivica će dovesti do povećanja broja insekata,
02:44
counteracting the effects of our pesticides.
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što je suprotno efektu prskanja.
02:47
Note that each feedback is the product of the links in the loop.
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Svaka povratna sprega je proizvod karika u lancu.
02:51
Add one negative link and it will reverse the feedback force entirely,
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Dodajte negativnu kariku i potpuno će preokrenuti povratnu spregu,
02:56
and one weak link will reduce the effect of the entire feedback considerably.
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i jedna slaba karika će značajno smanjiti efekat celokupne povratne sprege.
03:01
Lose a link, and the whole loop is broken.
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Ako karika nestane, cela petlja je prekinuta.
03:05
But this is only a simple example,
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Ali ovo je samo jednostavan primer,
03:06
since natural communities consist not of separate food chains,
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jer prirodne zajednice ne čine odvojeni lanci ishrane,
03:10
but networks of interactions.
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već mreža njihovih interakcija.
03:12
Feedback loops will often be indirect, occurring through longer chains.
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Povratne petlje će često biti indirektne, pojavljujući se kroz duže lance.
03:17
A food web containing twenty populations can generate thousands of loops
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Mreža ishrane koja sadrži 20 populacija može napraviti hiljade petlji
03:21
of up to twenty links in length.
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dužine do 20 karika.
03:23
But instead of forming a disordered cacophany,
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Ali, umesto da se stvara neuređena kakofonija,
03:26
feedback loops in ecological systems play together,
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povratne sprege u ekosistemima rade zajedno,
03:30
creating regular patterns just like multiple instruments,
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stvarajući pravilne obrasce, baš kao što više instrumenata
03:33
coming together to create a complex but harmonious piece of music.
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zajedno stvaraju kompleksno, ali harmonično muzičko delo.
03:37
Wide-ranging negative feedbacks keep the positive feedbacks in check,
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Opšte negativne povratne sprege su važne da bi se kontrolisale pozitivne,
03:41
like drums maintaining a rhythm.
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kao što bubnjevi održavaju ritam.
03:43
You can look at the way a particular ecosystem functions within its unique habitat
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Možete pogledati na koji način određeni ekosistem funkcioniše unutar okruženja
03:47
as representing its trademark sound.
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kao da predstavlja svoj zaštitni znak.
03:51
Ocean environments dominated by predator-prey interactions,
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Okeani kojima dominiraju interakcije među grabljivicama i plenom,
03:54
and strong negative and positive loops stabilized by self-damping feedback,
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i jake negativne i pozitivne petlje stabilizovane samoprigušujućom spregom
03:59
are powerful and loud, with many oscillations.
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su moćne i glasne, uz mnoge oscilacije.
04:03
Desert ecosystems, where the turn over of biomass is slow,
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Pustinjski ekosistemi, gde je obrt biomase spor,
04:07
and the weak feedbacks loops through dead matter are more like a constant drone.
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i slabe povratne veze se kreću kroz mrtvu materiju, više liče na stalno brujanje.
04:12
And the tropical rainforest, with its great diversity of species,
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A tropske prašume, sa svojom velikom raznovrsnosti bića,
04:16
high nutrient turnover, and strong feedbacks among both living and dead matter,
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mnogostrukim obrtom hrane, i jakom spregom kroz živu i neživu materiju,
04:21
is like a lush panoply of sounds.
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je kao bujna parada zvukova.
04:24
Despite their stabilizing effects,
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Uprkos tome što stabilizuju,
04:26
many of these habitats and their ecosystems develop and change over time,
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mnoga od ovih staništa i njihovih ekosistema se vremenom razvijaju i menjaju
04:31
as do the harmonies they create.
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poput harmonija koje stvaraju.
04:33
Deforestation may turn lush tropics into a barren patch,
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Krčenje šuma može bujne tropske predele pretvoriti u jalovo tlo,
04:37
like a successful ensemble breaking up after losing its star performers.
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kao što se uspešan ansambl može raspasti nakon što izgubi svoje zvezde.
04:41
But an abandoned patch of farmland may also become a forest over time,
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Ali napušteno parče obrađene zemlje može vremenom prerasti u šumu,
04:46
like a garage band growing into a magnificent orchestra.
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kao što se bend iz garaže može razviti u fantastičan orkestar.
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