Feedback loops: How nature gets its rhythms - Anje-Margriet Neutel

847,683 views ใƒป 2014-08-25

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Tal Dekkers
00:07
Testing, testing, one, two, three.
0
7184
3540
ื‘ื“ื™ืงื”, ื‘ื“ื™ืงื”, 1,2,3.
00:10
When your band is trying to perform, feedback is an annoying obstacle,
1
10724
4405
ื›ืฉื”ืœื”ืงื” ืฉืœื›ื ืžื ืกื” ืœื”ื•ืคื™ืข, ืคื™ื“ื‘ืง ื”ื•ื ืžื›ืฉื•ืœ ืžืขืฆื‘ืŸ,
00:15
but in the grand orchestra of nature, feedback is not only beneficial,
2
15129
4380
ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืชื–ืžื•ืจืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข, ืคื™ื“ื‘ืง ื”ื•ื ืœื ืจืง ืžื•ืขื™ืœ,
00:19
it's what makes everything work.
3
19509
2163
ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื’ื•ืจื ืœื”ื›ืœ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“.
00:21
What exactly is feedback?
4
21672
1871
ืžื” ื–ื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืคื™ื“ื‘ืง?
00:23
The key element, whether in sound, the environment or social science,
5
23543
4288
ืืœืžื ื˜ ื”ืžืคืชื— ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ื‘ืฆืœื™ืœ, ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืื• ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื”,
00:27
is a phenomenon called mutual causal interaction,
6
27831
3561
ื”ื•ื ื”ืชื•ืคืขื” ืฉื ืงืจืืช ื™ื—ืกื™ ื’ื•ืžืœื™ืŸ ืชื•ืฆืืชื™ื™ื ื”ื“ื“ื™ื™ื,
00:31
where x affects y, y affects x, and so on,
7
31392
4714
ืฉื ื' ืžืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื‘'. ื‘' ืžืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื', ื•ื›ืš ื”ืœืื”.
00:36
creating an ongoing process called a feedback loop.
8
36106
3716
ืžื” ืฉื™ื•ืฆืจ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืžืชืžืฉืš ืฉื ืงืจื ืœื•ืœืืช ืžืฉื•ื‘.
00:39
And the natural world is full of these mechanisms
9
39822
2842
ื•ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ืžืœื ื‘ืžื›ืื ื™ื–ืžื™ื ื”ืืœื”
00:42
formed by the links between living and nonliving things
10
42664
3507
ืฉื ื•ืฆืจื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ื“ื•ืžืžื™ื
00:46
that build resilience by governing the way populations
11
46171
3176
ืฉื‘ื•ื ื™ื ืขืžื™ื“ื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื‘ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช
00:49
and food webs respond to events.
12
49347
3085
ื•ืจืฉืชื•ืช ืื•ื›ืœ ืžื’ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœืืจื•ืขื™ื.
00:52
When plants die, the dead material enriches the soil with humus,
13
52432
5335
ื›ืฉืฆืžื—ื™ื ืžืชื™ื, ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ืžืช ืžืขืฉื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืื“ืžื” ื‘ื”ื•ืžื•ืก,
00:57
a stable mass of organic matter, providing moisture and nutrients
14
57767
4069
ืžืืกื” ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืžืจ ืื•ืจื’ื ื™, ืฉืžืกืคืง ืœื—ื•ืช ื•ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืžื–ื™ื ื™ื
01:01
for other plants to grow.
15
61836
2183
ืœื’ื“ื™ืœื” ืฉืœ ืฆืžื—ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื.
01:04
The more plants grow and die, the more humus is produced,
16
64019
3526
ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื™ื•ืชืจ ืฆืžื—ื™ื ื’ื“ืœื™ื ื•ืžืชื™ื, ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื•ืžื•ืก ื ื•ืฆืจ,
01:07
allowing even more plants to grow, and so on.
17
67545
3177
ืžื” ืฉืžืืคืฉืจ ืœืืคื™ืœื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฆืžื—ื™ื ืœื’ื“ื•ืœ, ื•ื›ืš ื”ืœืื”.
01:10
This is an example of positive feedback,
18
70722
2699
ื–ื• ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืœืžืฉื•ื‘ ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™,
01:13
an essential force in the buildup of ecosystems.
19
73421
3273
ื›ื•ื— ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืžื—ื™ื”.
01:16
But it's not called positive feedback because it's beneficial.
20
76694
3315
ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืœื ื ืงืจื ืžืฉื•ื‘ ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื•ืขื™ืœ.
01:20
Rather, it is positive because it amplifies a particular effect or change
21
80009
4137
ืืœื, ื–ื” ืžืฉื•ื‘ ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื’ื‘ื™ืจ ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžืช ืื• ืฉื™ื ื•ื™
01:24
from previous conditions.
22
84146
2039
ืžืžืฆื‘ ืงื•ื“ื.
01:26
These positive, or amplifying, loops can also be harmful,
23
86185
3964
ื”ืœื•ืœืื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืื• ื”ืžื’ื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื’ื ืžื–ื™ืงื•ืช,
01:30
like when removing a forest makes it vulnerable to erosion,
24
90149
3460
ื›ืžื• ื›ืฉื›ื•ืจืชื™ื ื™ืขืจ ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืคื’ื™ืขื” ืœืกื—ืฃ,
01:33
which removes organic matter and nutrients from the earth,
25
93609
2913
ืฉืžืกื™ืจ ื—ื•ืžืจ ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ ื•ืžื–ื™ืŸ ืžื”ืื“ืžื”,
01:36
leaving less plants to anchor the soil, and leading to more erosion.
26
96522
4980
ื•ืžืฉืื™ืจ ืคื—ื•ืช ืฆืžื—ื™ื ืœืขื’ืŸ ืืช ื”ืงืจืงืข, ื•ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืขื•ื“ ืกื—ืฃ.
01:41
In contrast, negative feedback diminishes or counteracts changes in an ecosystem
27
101502
5120
ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœื–ื”, ืžืฉื•ื‘ ืฉืœื™ืœื™ ืžืคื—ื™ืช ืื• ืžืชื ื’ื“ ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืช ืžื—ื™ื”
01:46
to maintain a more stable balance.
28
106622
3076
ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ื™ืฆื™ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
01:49
Consider predators and their prey.
29
109698
2271
ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื˜ื•ืจืคื™ื ื•ื”ื˜ืจืฃ ืฉืœื”ื.
01:51
When lynx eat snowshoe hares, they reduce their population,
30
111969
3961
ื›ืฉืœื™ื ืงืก ืื•ื›ืœ ืืจื ื‘ื•ืช ื ืขืœื™ ืฉืœื’, ื”ื ืžืคื—ื™ืชื™ื ืืช ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื” ืฉืœื”ืŸ,
01:55
but this drop in the lynx's food source will soon cause their own population to decline,
31
115930
4915
ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ืคื™ืœื” ื”ื–ื• ื‘ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืื•ื›ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืœื™ื ืงืก ืชื’ืจื•ื ื‘ืžื”ืจื” ืœื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื‘ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื” ืฉืœื”ื,
02:00
reducing the predation rate and allowing the hare population to increase again.
32
120845
4940
ืžื” ืฉื™ืคื—ื™ืช ืืช ืงืฆื‘ ื”ืฆื™ื“ ื•ื™ืืคืฉืจ ืœืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ืช ื”ืืจื ื‘ื•ืช ืœื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉื•ื‘.
02:05
The ongoing cycle creates an up and down wavelike pattern,
33
125785
3493
ื”ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ืžืชืžืฉืš ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืชื‘ื ื™ืช ืขื•ืœื” ื•ื™ื•ืจื“ืช ื“ืžื•ื™ืช ื’ืœ,
02:09
maintaining a long-term equilibrium and allowing a food chain to persist over time.
34
129278
5587
ืฉืฉื•ืžืจืช ืขืœ ืฉื™ื•ื•ื™ ืžืฉืงืœ ืœื˜ื•ื•ื— ืืจื•ืš ื•ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœืฉืจืฉืจืช ื”ืื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืชืžื™ื“ ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ื–ืžืŸ.
02:14
Feedback processes might seem counterintuitive because many of us
35
134865
3479
ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ืžืฉื•ื‘ ืื•ืœื™ ื ืจืื™ื ื ื•ื’ื“ื™ ื”ื’ื™ื•ืŸ ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืจื‘ื™ื ืžืื™ืชื ื•
02:18
are used to more predictable linear scenarios of cause and effect.
36
138344
4090
ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ืœืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื™ื ืืจื™ื™ื ื•ืฆืคื•ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืกื™ื‘ื” ื•ืชื•ืฆืื”.
02:22
For instance, it seems simple enough that
37
142434
2003
ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื–ื” ื ืจืื” ืคืฉื•ื˜
02:24
spraying pesticides would help plants grow by killing pest insects,
38
144437
4772
ืฉืจื™ืกื•ืก ืžื“ื‘ื™ืจ ืžื–ื™ืงื™ื ื™ืขื–ื•ืจ ืœืฆืžื—ื™ื ืœื’ื“ื•ืœ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื™ืกื•ืœ ื”ื—ืจืงื™ื,
02:29
but it may trigger a host of other unexpected reactions.
39
149209
3673
ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืื•ืœื™ ื™ื’ืจื•ื ืœื”ืจื‘ื” ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช.
02:32
For example, if spraying pushes down the insect population,
40
152882
3882
ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ืื ื”ืจื™ืกื•ืก ืžืงื˜ื™ืŸ ืืช ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ืช ื”ื—ืจืงื™ื,
02:36
its predators will have less food.
41
156764
2071
ืœื˜ื•ืจืคื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืคื—ื•ืช ืื•ื›ืœ.
02:38
As their population dips,
42
158835
1586
ื›ืฉื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ื™ืงื˜ื ื•,
02:40
the reduced predation would allow the insect population to rise,
43
160421
4066
ืžื™ืขื•ื˜ ื”ื˜ื•ืจืคื™ื ื™ืืคืฉืจ ืœืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ืช ื”ื—ืจืงื™ื ืœื˜ืคืก,
02:44
counteracting the effects of our pesticides.
44
164487
2802
ืžื” ืฉื™ืคื—ื™ืช ืืช ื”ืืคืงื˜ ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ื”ื“ื‘ืจื” ืฉืœื ื•.
02:47
Note that each feedback is the product of the links in the loop.
45
167289
4454
ืฉื™ืžื• ืœื‘ ืฉื›ืœ ืžืฉื•ื‘ ื”ื•ื ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ืฉืœ ืงื™ืฉื•ืจ ื‘ืœื•ืœืื”.
02:51
Add one negative link and it will reverse the feedback force entirely,
46
171743
4838
ื”ื•ืกื™ืคื• ื—ื•ืœื™ื” ืื—ืช ืฉืœื™ืœื™ืช ื•ื”ื™ื ืชื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ื›ื•ื— ื”ืžืฉื•ื‘ ืœื’ืžืจื™,
02:56
and one weak link will reduce the effect of the entire feedback considerably.
47
176581
5196
ื•ื—ื•ืœื™ื” ืื—ืช ื—ืœืฉื” ืชืคื—ื™ืช ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืžืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™.
03:01
Lose a link, and the whole loop is broken.
48
181777
3234
ืื‘ื“ื• ื—ื•ืœื™ื”, ื•ื›ืœ ื”ืœื•ืœืื” ืชื™ืฉื‘ืจ.
03:05
But this is only a simple example,
49
185011
1839
ืื‘ืœ ื–ื• ืจืง ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ื”,
03:06
since natural communities consist not of separate food chains,
50
186850
3433
ืžืื—ืจ ื•ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืžื›ื™ืœื•ืช ืœื ืฉืจืฉืจืื•ืช ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื ืคืจื“ื•ืช,
03:10
but networks of interactions.
51
190283
2336
ืืœื ืจืฉืชื•ืช ืฉืœ ื™ื—ืกื™ ื’ื•ืžืœื™ืŸ.
03:12
Feedback loops will often be indirect, occurring through longer chains.
52
192619
4454
ืœื•ืœืื•ืช ืžืฉื•ื‘ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคืขืžื™ื ื™ื”ื™ื• ืœื ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช, ื•ื™ืงืจื• ื“ืจืš ืฉืจืฉืจืื•ืช ืืจื•ื›ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ.
03:17
A food web containing twenty populations can generate thousands of loops
53
197073
4443
ืฉืจืฉืจืช ืื•ื›ืœ ืฉืžื›ื™ืœื” ืขืฉืจื™ื ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืืœืคื™ ืœื•ืœืื•ืช
03:21
of up to twenty links in length.
54
201516
2164
ืฉืœ ืขื“ ืœืขืฉืจื™ื ื—ื•ืœื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืจื›ืŸ.
03:23
But instead of forming a disordered cacophany,
55
203680
2768
ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืงืงืคื•ื ื™ื” ืœื ืžืื•ืจื’ื ืช,
03:26
feedback loops in ecological systems play together,
56
206448
3611
ืœื•ืœืื•ืช ืžืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉื—ืงื•ืช ื™ื—ื“,
03:30
creating regular patterns just like multiple instruments,
57
210059
3000
ื•ื™ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ืชื‘ื ื™ื•ืช ืจื’ื™ืœื•ืช ืžืžืฉ ื›ืžื• ื›ืœื™ื ืžืจื•ื‘ื™ื,
03:33
coming together to create a complex but harmonious piece of music.
58
213059
4178
ืฉืžืชืื—ื“ื™ื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืคื™ืกื” ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ืื‘ืœ ื”ืจืžื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”.
03:37
Wide-ranging negative feedbacks keep the positive feedbacks in check,
59
217237
3946
ืžืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœื™ืœื™ื™ื ืจื—ื‘ื™ื ืฉื•ืžืจื™ื ืขืœ ืขื•ืฆืžืช ื”ืžืฉื•ื‘ ื”ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™
03:41
like drums maintaining a rhythm.
60
221183
2695
ื›ืžื• ืชื•ืคื™ื ืฉืฉื•ืžืจื™ื ืขืœ ืงืฆื‘.
03:43
You can look at the way a particular ecosystem functions within its unique habitat
61
223878
3800
ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืื™ืš ืžืขืจื›ืช ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ืžืชืคืงื“ืช ื‘ืชื•ืš ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืช ื”ืžื—ื™ื” ื”ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช ืฉืœื”
03:47
as representing its trademark sound.
62
227678
3479
ื›ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ืช ืืช ื”ืฆืœื™ืœ ื”ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ ืฉืœื”.
03:51
Ocean environments dominated by predator-prey interactions,
63
231157
3715
ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืื•ืงื™ืื ื™ื•ืช ื ืฉืœื˜ื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื—ืกื™ ื’ื•ืžืœื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื˜ื•ืจืฃ ื•ื˜ืจืฃ,
03:54
and strong negative and positive loops stabilized by self-damping feedback,
64
234872
4475
ื•ืœื•ืœืื•ืช ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื•ืฉืœื™ืœื™ื•ืช ื—ื–ืงื•ืช ืžื™ื™ื•ืฆื‘ื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืฉื•ื‘ ืžืฉื›ืš ืžืขืฆืžื•,
03:59
are powerful and loud, with many oscillations.
65
239347
4397
ื”ืŸ ื—ื–ืงื•ืช ื•ืจื•ืขืฉื•ืช, ืขื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืชื ื•ื“ื•ืช.
04:03
Desert ecosystems, where the turn over of biomass is slow,
66
243744
3672
ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืžื—ื™ื” ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื•ืช, ืฉื ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืžืืกื” ื”ื•ื ืื™ื˜ื™,
04:07
and the weak feedbacks loops through dead matter are more like a constant drone.
67
247416
5453
ื•ืœื•ืœืื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืžืจ ืžืช ื”ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื–ืžื–ื•ื ืงื‘ื•ืข.
04:12
And the tropical rainforest, with its great diversity of species,
68
252869
3277
ื•ื™ืขืจ ื”ื’ืฉื ื”ื˜ืจื•ืคื™, ืขื ื”ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื,
04:16
high nutrient turnover, and strong feedbacks among both living and dead matter,
69
256146
5266
ืžืขื‘ืจ ืžื–ื™ื ื™ื ื’ื‘ื•ื”, ื•ืžืฉื•ื‘ ื—ื–ืง ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ืžืชื™ื,
04:21
is like a lush panoply of sounds.
70
261412
2908
ื”ื•ื ื›ืžื• ืชืฆื•ื’ื” ืžืจืฉื™ืžื” ืฉืœ ืฆืœื™ืœื™ื.
04:24
Despite their stabilizing effects,
71
264320
1754
ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ืืคืงื˜ื™ื ื”ืžื™ื™ืฆื‘ื™ื ืฉืœื”ืŸ,
04:26
many of these habitats and their ecosystems develop and change over time,
72
266074
5173
ืจื‘ื•ืช ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžื—ื™ื” ื”ืืœื• ื•ื”ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ืŸ ืžืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื•ืžืฉืชื ื•ืช ืขื ื”ื–ืžืŸ.
04:31
as do the harmonies they create.
73
271247
2367
ื›ืžื• ื”ื”ืจืžื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ืŸ ื™ื•ืฆืจื•ืช.
04:33
Deforestation may turn lush tropics into a barren patch,
74
273614
3823
ื›ืจื™ืชืช ื™ืขืจื•ืช ืื•ืœื™ ืชื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ื”ื™ืขืจื•ืช ื”ืžืœืื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืœื›ืชืžื™ื ืงืจื—ื™ื,
04:37
like a successful ensemble breaking up after losing its star performers.
75
277437
4545
ื›ืžื• ืื ืกืžื‘ืœ ืžื•ืฆืœื— ืฉืžืชืคืจืง ืื—ืจื™ ืื™ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ื ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœื•.
04:41
But an abandoned patch of farmland may also become a forest over time,
76
281982
4252
ืื‘ืœ ื—ืœืงื” ื ื˜ื•ืฉื” ืฉืœ ืื“ืžืช ื—ืงืœืื•ืช ืื•ืœื™ ืชื”ืคื•ืš ืœื™ืขืจ ืขื ื”ื–ืžืŸ,
04:46
like a garage band growing into a magnificent orchestra.
77
286234
4950
ื›ืžื• ืœื”ืงืช ื’ืจื’' ืฉืžืชืคืชื—ืช ืœืชื–ืžื•ืจืช ืžื•ืคืœืื”.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7