Will we ever be able to teleport? - Sajan Saini

3,154,494 views ・ 2017-07-31

TED-Ed


Please double-click on the English subtitles below to play the video.

Prevodilac: Ema Maričić Lektor: Tijana Mihajlović
00:07
Is teleportation possible?
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Da li je teleportacija moguća?
00:09
Could a baseball transform into something like a radio wave,
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Da li bi se lopta za bejzbol mogla pretvoriti u nešto poput radio-talasa,
00:13
travel through buildings,
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putovati kroz zgrade,
00:14
bounce around corners,
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odbijati se o ivice
00:16
and change back into a baseball?
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i postati ponovo lopta za bejzbol?
00:18
Oddly enough, thanks to quantum mechanics, the answer might actually be yes.
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Čudno, ali zahvaljujući kvantnoj mehanici, odgovor bi mogao zapravo biti potvrdan.
00:24
Sort of.
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Na neki način.
00:26
Here's the trick.
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Evo cake.
00:27
The baseball itself couldn't be sent by radio,
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Sama lopta za bejzbol se ne bi mogla poslati preko radio-talasa,
00:30
but all the information about it could.
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ali sve informacije o njoj bi mogle.
00:33
In quantum physics, atoms and electrons
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U kvantnoj fizici, atomi i elektroni
00:36
are interpreted as a collection of distinct properties,
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tumače se kao kolekcija različitih osobina,
00:39
for example, position,
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poput, recimo, pozicije,
00:41
momentum,
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00:41
and intrinsic spin.
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momenta sile
i unutrašnjeg spina.
00:44
The values of these properties configure the particle,
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Vrednosti ovih karakteristika konfigurišu česticu,
00:47
giving it a quantum state identity.
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dajući joj identitet kvantnog stanja.
00:50
If two electrons have the same quantum state,
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Ako dva elektrona imaju isto kvantno stanje,
00:52
they're identical.
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oni su identični.
00:54
In a literal sense, our baseball is defined by a collective quantum state
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Bukvalno, naša lopta za bejzbol se definiše kolektivnim kvantnim stanjem
00:59
resulting from its many atoms.
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koje potiče iz njenih mnogobrojnih atoma.
01:01
If this quantum state information could be read in Boston
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Ako bi se ta informacija o kvantnom stanju mogla pročitati u Bostonu
01:05
and sent around the world,
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i poslati oko sveta,
01:07
atoms for the same chemical elements could have this information
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atomi istih hemijskih elemenata imali bi istu ovu informaciju
01:10
imprinted on them in Bangalore
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zapisanu na njima u Bangaloru
01:13
and be carefully directed to assemble,
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i bili bi pažljivo navođeni da se udruže,
pri čemu bi postali potpuno ista lopta za bejzbol.
01:16
becoming the exact same baseball.
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01:18
There's a wrinkle though.
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Međutim, postoji prepreka.
01:20
Quantum states aren't so easy to measure.
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Kvantna stanja se ne mere tako lako.
01:22
The uncertainty principle in quantum physics
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Princip neodređenosti u kvantnoj fizici
01:25
implies the position and momentum of a particle
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nam govori da se pozicija i momenat sile čestice
01:28
can't be measured at the same time.
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ne mogu istovremeno izmeriti.
01:31
The simplest way to measure the exact position of an electron
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Najjednostavniji način merenja tačne pozicije elektrona
01:34
requires scattering a particle of light, a photon, from it,
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zahteva rasipanje čestice svetlosti, fotona, iz nje
01:39
and collecting the light in a microscope.
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i skupljanje svetlosti u mikroskopu.
01:41
But that scattering changes the momentum of the electron in an unpredictable way.
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Ali, rasipanje menja momenat sile elektrona na nepredvidljive načine.
01:47
We lose all previous information about momentum.
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Gubimo sve prethodne informacije o momentu sile.
01:50
In a sense, quantum information is fragile.
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Na neki način, kvantna informacija je krhka.
01:53
Measuring the information changes it.
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Merenje informacije je menja.
01:55
So how can we transmit something
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Kako onda možemo da šaljemo nešto
01:57
we're not permitted to fully read without destroying it?
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što ne možemo u potpunosti da pročitamo bez uništavanja toga?
02:01
The answer can be found in the strange phenomena of quantum entanglement.
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Odgovor se može naći u čudnoj pojavi kvantne sprege.
02:06
Entanglement is an old mystery from the early days of quantum physics
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Ta sprega je stara misterija još od nastanka kvantne fizike
02:10
and it's still not entirely understood.
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i još uvek je potpuno ne razumemo.
02:13
Entangling the spin of two electrons results in an influence
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Sprezanje spina dva elektrona ima za posledicu uticaj
02:17
that transcends distance.
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na koji ne utiče udaljenost.
02:19
Measuring the spin of the first electron
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Merenjem spina prvog elektrona
02:21
determines what spin will measure for the second,
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određuje se spin kao rezultat merenja drugog,
02:24
whether the two particles are a mile or a light year apart.
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bez obzira na to da li su čestice udaljene milju ili svetlosnu godinu.
Nekako informacija o kvantnom stanju prvog elektrona,
02:29
Somehow, information about the first electron's quantum state,
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02:32
called a qubit of data,
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zvana kjubit podataka,
02:34
influences its partner without transmission across the intervening space.
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utiče na njenog partnera bez prenosa u međuprostoru.
02:40
Einstein and his colleagues called this strange communcation
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Ajnštajn i njegove kolege su nazvale ovu neobičnu komunikaciju
02:43
spooky action at a distance.
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sablasnom aktivnošću na udaljenosti.
02:46
While it does seem that entanglement between two particles
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Iako izgleda kao da sprega između dve čestice pomaže
02:50
helps transfer a qubit instantaneously across the space between them,
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u trenutnom prebacivanju kjubita u prostoru između njih,
02:54
there's a catch.
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postoji caka.
02:56
This interaction must begin locally.
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Ova interakcija mora započeti lokalno.
03:00
The two electrons must be entangled in close proximity
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Dva elektrona moraju biti u sprezi na maloj udaljenosti
03:03
before one of them is transported to a new site.
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pre nego što se jedan prebaci na drugo mesto.
03:08
By itself, quantum entanglement isn't teleportation.
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Sama po sebi, kvantna sprega nije teleportacija.
03:11
To complete the teleport,
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Da bi se teleportacija izvršila,
03:13
we need a digital message to help interpret the qubit at the receiving end.
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neophodna nam je digitalna poruka
koja bi nam pomogla da protumačimo kjubit pri prijemu.
03:18
Two bits of data created by measuring the first particle.
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Dva podatka nastala merenjem prve čestice.
03:22
These digital bits must be transmitted by a classical channel
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Ovi digitalni podaci moraju da se prenose klasičnim kanalom
03:26
that's limited by the speed of light, radio, microwaves, or perhaps fiberoptics.
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koji je ograničen brzinom svetlosti -
radio-talasima, mikrotalasima ili možda optičkim vlakanima.
03:32
When we measure a particle for this digital message,
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Kad izmerimo česticu za ovu digitalnu poruku,
03:34
we destroy its quantum information,
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uništavamo njenu kvantnu informaciju,
03:37
which means the baseball must disappear from Boston
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što znači da lopta za bejzbol mora nestati iz Bostona
03:40
for it to teleport to Bangalore.
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da bi se teleportovala u Bangalor.
03:42
Thanks to the uncertainty principle,
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Zahvaljujući principu neodređenosti,
03:44
teleportation transfers the information about the baseball
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teleportacija šalje informaciju o lopti za bejzbol
03:48
between the two cities and never duplicates it.
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između dva grada i nikada je ne duplira.
03:52
So in principle, we could teleport objects, even people,
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Dakle, teoretski, mogli bismo da teleporujemo predmete, čak i ljude,
03:56
but at present, it seems unlikely we can measure the quantum states
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ali trenutno deluje malo verovatno da možemo da merimo kvantna stanja
04:00
of the trillion trillion or more atoms in large objects
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bilion biliona ili više atoma u većim predmetima
04:04
and then recreate them elsewhere.
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i da ih ponovo stvorimo negde drugde.
04:06
The complexity of this task and the energy needed is astronomical.
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Kompleksnost tog zadatka i neophodna energija su ogromni.
04:11
For now, we can reliably teleport single electrons and atoms,
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Trenutno možemo da pouzdano teleportujemo pojedinačne elektrone i atome,
04:15
which may lead to super-secured data encryption
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što može da bude prvi korak za vrhunski obezbeđene podatke
04:17
for future quantum computers.
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u budućim kvantnim računarima.
04:21
The philosophical implications of quantum teleportation are subtle.
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Filozofske posledice kvantne teleportacije su suptilne.
04:25
A teleported object doesn't exactly transport across space
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Teleportovani predmet se zapravo ne transportuje kroz prostor
04:29
like tangible matter,
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kao opipljiva materija
04:31
nor does it exactly transmit across space, like intangible information.
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niti se zaista šalje prostorom kao neopipljiva informacija.
04:36
It seems to do a little of both.
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Izgleda da radi obe stvari pomalo.
04:38
Quantum physics gives us a strange new vision
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Kvantna fizika nam daje neobičan, nov pogled
04:41
for all the matter in our universe as collections of fragile information.
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na svu materiju u univerzumu kao kolekciju krhkih informacija,
04:45
And quantum teleportation reveals new ways to influence this fragility.
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a kvantna teleportacija nam otkriva nove načine da utičemo na krhkost.
04:51
And remember, never say never.
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I zapamtite, nikad ne recite nikad.
04:53
In a little over a century,
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Za malo više od veka,
04:55
mankind has advanced from an uncertain new understanding
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čovečanstvo je napredovalo od nesigurnog novog razumevanja
04:59
of the behavior of electrons at the atomic scale
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ponašanja elektrona na atomskoj razmeri
05:01
to reliably teleporting them across a room.
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do njihovog pouzdanog teleportovanja u jednoj prostoriji.
05:06
What new technical mastery of such phenomena
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Kakvu ćemo tehničku veštinu vezanu za ovu pojavu
05:09
might we have in 1,000, or even 10,000 years?
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možda imati za 1 000 ili čak 10 000 godina?
05:12
Only time and space will tell.
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Samo će vreme i prostor pokazati.
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