The other "Golden Rule" - David L. Hu

340,742 views ・ 2020-11-05

TED-Ed


Please double-click on the English subtitles below to play the video.

Translator: Daban Q. Jaff Reviewer: Rastbêjê Çalî
00:07
A cat’s bladder can only store a golf ball’s worth of urine.
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Mîzdana pisîkan tenê dikare bi qasî goga golfê mîzê depo bike.
00:11
For humans, it’s a coffee mug and for elephants, a kitchen trash can.
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Ji bo mirovan, ew qedehek qehwê ye û ji bo fîlan, tenekeyeke çopa mitbexê ye.
00:16
An elephant’s bladder is 400 times the size of a cat’s,
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Mîzdankê fîlan 400 caran hingî mîzdankê pisîka ne,
00:20
but it doesn’t take an elephant 400 times longer to pee.
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lê ev fîlan 400 caran direngtir naxe ji bo mîztinê.
00:24
So, how does this work?
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başe, ev çawa dixebite?
00:27
The answer lies in what scientists call the “Other Golden Rule.”
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Bersiv derewe di ya ku zanyar jê re dibêjin "Rêsaya Zêrîn a Din".
00:32
It applies to mammals, which pee out some of their wastes in a yellowy liquid.
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Ew ji memikan derbas dibe, ku hin bermayikên xwe di nav şilavek zer de derdixe.
00:37
Other classes of animals use different systems and methods to excrete waste.
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Çînên heywanên din pergal û rêbazên cûda bikar tînin ji bo derxistina bermayikan.
00:41
The Rule describes how urinary organs and forces change with body size,
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Rêzik diyar dike ka çawa organên mîzê û hêz bi mezinahiya laş diguherin,
00:47
enabling a range of mammals to achieve similarly rapid relief.
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gengazkirina memikan ku bi heman rengî lezgîniyek zû bigihîje.
00:53
There are two main factors contributing to urination speed:
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Du ajaên sereke hene ku beşdar dibin li leza mîz kirinê:
00:57
bladder pressure and gravity.
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givaş û giraniya mîzdankê.
01:00
Bladder pressure is created when mammals contract their muscles
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Zexta mîzdankê afirandî dema ku memik masûlkeyên xwe davêjin hev
01:03
to squeeze urine out.
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ji bo derxistina mîzê.
01:05
This pressure is equal to the applied muscular force per unit area but,
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Ev givaş wekhev e ji bo yekeyek e hêza herêmê tê bikar anîn lê,
01:10
since these factors scale proportionally,
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ji ber ku ev faktor bi rêjeyî têne pîvan,
01:13
bladder pressure doesn’t actually change much depending on body size.
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givaşa mîzdankê bi rastî li gorî mezinahiya laş pir nayê guhertin.
01:18
Meanwhile, the effects of gravity do vary across species.
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Di vê navberê de, bandorên kêşkirinê li ser cûreyan diguherin.
01:23
Mammals have a pipe-like organ called the urethra
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mamikan organek heye mîna boriyê ye ku jê re pêşborî tê gotin
01:27
that transports urine from a higher elevation to a lower one—
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ku mîzê bar dike ji bilindahiyeke bilind ve ber bi ya jêrîn ve
01:31
specifically, from the bladder down to where urine exits the body.
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bi taybetî, ji mîzdankê berjêr heya ku mîz ji laş derdikeve.
01:35
In doing so, the urethra harnesses the power of Torricelli’s Law,
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Di vê yekê de, pêşborî hêza zagona Torricelli bikar tîne,
01:41
which states that flow rate increases with container height.
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ku ew rêjeya herikînê diyar dike bi bilindbûna qalikan zêde dibe.
01:45
Take these two containers holding the same volume of liquid.
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Van her du qalikan bigirin ku xwedan heman hijmara şilavê ne.
01:49
When identically punctured at the bottom,
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Dema ku di binî de bi rengek wekhev hate çal kirin,
01:51
the vertical container drains nearly twice as fast.
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qalik bi sitwiînî bi nizîkî du caran zûtir diqede.
01:55
This is because the water’s falling from a greater elevation difference.
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ev Ji ber ku av dikeve ji cûdahiyeke bilindahî mezintir.
01:59
By transporting urine from high to low, the urethra has a similar effect.
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Bi veguhastina mîzê ji jor ber bi jêr ve, bandora pêşboriyê jî bi heman rengî ye.
02:05
The urethra is probably not perfectly vertical,
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pêşborî dibe ku bêkêmasî ne stûnî be,
02:08
so its length doesn’t tell us exactly how far the urine falls.
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lewra dirêjahiya wê ji me re nabêje ka mîz çiqas dûr dikeve.
02:12
However, it’s a good approximation.
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her çawa be, ew texmînek baş e.
02:16
The urethra’s diameter also affects flow rate.
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tîrêjên mîzê li ser rêjeya herikînê jî bandorê dikin.
02:20
When that vertical container’s exit hole has a larger diameter,
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Gava ku qulika derketina sitûnî a qalikê xwedî tîreyên mezintir e,
02:24
the water drains out even faster.
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av hê zûtir diherike.
02:27
The length and diameter of an animal’s urethra varies
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Dirêjahî û tîreyên ajalan pêşboriyê diguhere
02:31
depending on its species and whether it has a penis or vagina.
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bi cûreyê wê ve girêdayî ye û ka ew xwedî kîr an quzî ye.
02:35
For example, a female elephant has a meter-long urethra
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ji bo mînak, fîlek mê pêşboriya wê mîtrekê ya dirêje
02:40
with a thirty-five millimeter diameter.
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bi tîreyê sî û pênc mîlîmetr.
02:43
A person with a vagina has a urethra that is more than 20 times shorter
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Kesa ku pêşboriya qozî heye ew 20 caran jê kurtir e
02:48
and 5 times thinner.
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û 5 carî ziravtir e.
02:50
The elephant’s longer, wider urethra is what allows it to urinate
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Fîl dirêjtir e, pêşborî firehtire ku dihêle ew bi mîze
02:55
for a comparable amount of time as a human.
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ji bo berhevdanek kojimeyê demî weke mirov.
02:58
Indeed, if an elephant had the urethra of a housecat,
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Bi rastî, heke fîlek mîzdanka xaniyê malê bûyaji xaniyek xanî,
03:01
it might take it about 2 hours to drain its bladder.
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dibe ku ew bi qasî 2 demjimêran bikişîne da ku mîzdanka xwe biherikîne.
03:06
It’s hypothesized that the Other Golden Rule
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Ev girîman kirin e ku Rêbaza Zêrîn a Din
03:08
is conserved because quicker pees may both reduce vulnerability to predators
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tête parastin ji ber ku mîztina bilez dibe ku herdu zehmetiya kêm bike ji bo nêçîrvanan
03:13
and flush out disease-causing pathogens.
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û derdzêyên sedema nexweşiyê derxînin.
03:17
But the Rule has limitations.
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Lê Rêzikê tixûbên xwe hene.
03:19
It’s only been shown to apply to non-aquatic mammals.
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Ew tenê ji bo serîlêdanê hate nîşandan ji memikên ne-avî re.
03:23
And the Rule doesn’t apply to mammals under three kilograms.
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Rêzik ji bo memikan derbas nabe bin sê kîloyan.
03:27
They actually pee in droplets, not continuous streams,
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Ew bi rastî di nav dilopan de di mîzin, ne çemên domdar,
03:31
because surface tension breaks up their tiny jets of urine.
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ji ber ku tengasiya rûyê erdê jetên wan ên piçûk mîzê dişikêne.
03:35
Even within non-aquatic mammals above three kilograms,
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Di nav memikên ne-avî de jî li ser sê kîloyan,
03:39
different behaviors disrupt the Other Golden Rule.
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tevgerên cihêreng têk dibin Rêbaza Zêrîn a Din.
03:42
Male dogs don’t always fully empty their bladders
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Kûçikên nêr her gav bi tevahî vala nabin mîzdankên wan
03:46
and will instead tinkle in short spurts to mark their territory.
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û dê li şûna wê di qulikên kurt de biçirpin xaka xwe nîşan bikin.
03:50
Male pandas sometimes pee in handstands, marking bark higher up on trees
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Pandayên mêran carinan di embarên destan de qalikê bilindkirina li ser daran
03:56
in order to broadcast their scent to potential mates.
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da ku bêhna wan biweşînin ji hevalên gengaz re.
04:00
Handstand pees take longer because urine must work against gravity.
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mîzên bi pêve dirêjtir dibin ji ber ku divê mîz dijî giraniyê bixebite.
04:06
Underwater pees are also lengthier
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mîza binê avê jî dirêjtir in
04:08
because the external water pressure counteracts the internal forces
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ji ber ku zexta avê ya derveyî dijî hêzên navxweyî dibe
04:13
resulting from elevation difference.
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ji cûdahiya bilindbûnê çêdibe.
04:16
Whether it’s with the intensity of a fire hydrant or a squirt gun,
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çiqas bi dijwariya devika agirî an tifinga xirîn be,
04:20
this system swiftly delivers our urine to the outside world.
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ev pergal bi lez mîzika me digehîne cîhana derve.
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