Can you solve the river crossing riddle? - Lisa Winer

7,422,189 views ใƒป 2016-11-01

TED-Ed


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Minseo Jeong ๊ฒ€ํ† : Jihyeon J. Kim
00:07
As a wildfire rages through the grasslands,
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์‚ฐ๋ถˆ์ด ์ดˆ์›์„ ๋ถˆ ํƒœ์šฐ๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ณ 
00:10
three lions and three wildebeest flee for their lives.
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์„ธ ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์‚ฌ์ž์™€ ์˜์–‘์ด ๋„๋ง์น˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:14
To escape the inferno,
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๋ถˆ์—์„œ ๋‹ฌ์•„๋‚˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ
00:16
they must cross over to the left bank of a crocodile-infested river.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์•…์–ด๋“ค์ด ๋“ค๋“๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฐ•์„ ๊ฑด๋„ˆ์•ผ๋งŒ ํ•˜์ฃ .
00:21
Fortunately, there happens to be a raft nearby.
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์šด์ข‹๊ฒŒ๋„ ๊ทผ์ฒ˜์— ๋—๋ชฉ ํ•˜๋‚˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋„ค์š”.
00:24
It can carry up to two animals at a time,
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์ด ๋—๋ชฉ์€ ํ•œ๋ฒˆ์— ๋‘ ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ๋งŒ ์˜ฎ๊ธธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ 
00:27
and needs as least one lion or wildebeest on board
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์ตœ์†Œํ•œ ์‚ฌ์ž์™€ ์˜์–‘ ํ•œ ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํƒ€์•ผ
00:30
to row it across the river.
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๊ฐ•์„ ๋…ธ์ €์–ด ๊ฑด๋„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:33
There's just one problem.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๋‚˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:35
If the lions ever outnumber the wildebeest on either side of the river,
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๋งŒ์•ฝ์— ์–‘์ชฝ ๊ฐ•๊ฐ€์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์ž๊ฐ€ ์˜์–‘๋ณด๋‹ค
00:39
even for a moment,
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์ž ์‹œ๋ผ๋„ ๋” ๋งŽ์ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉด
00:41
their instincts will kick in, and the results won't be pretty.
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์‚ฌ์ž๋“ค์€ ๋ณธ๋Šฅ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ฌ๋ ค๋“ค์–ด ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ์•ˆ์ข‹๊ฒ ์ฃ .
00:45
That includes the animals in the boat when it's on a given side of the river.
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๊ฐ•์„ ๊ฑด๋„ˆ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ณดํŠธ ์œ„์—์„œ๋„ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:50
What's the fastest way for all six animals to get across
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๋ฌด์—‡์ด 6๋งˆ๋ฆฌ ๋™๋ฌผ ๋ชจ๋‘์—๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ•์„ ๊ฑด๋„ˆ๋Š” ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋น ๋ฅธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ผ๊นŒ์š”?
00:54
without the lions stopping for dinner?
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์‚ฌ์ž ๋ฐฅ์ด ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์ฑ„๋กœ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
00:57
Pause here if you want to figure it out for yourself.
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์ž ์‹œ ๋ฉˆ์ถฐ์„œ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด ๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค.
01:01
Answer in: 3
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์ •๋‹ต๊ณต๊ฐœ! 3
01:02
Answer in: 2
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2
01:03
Answer in: 1
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1
01:04
If you feel stuck on a problem like this,
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ๊ผญ ํ’€๊ณ  ์‹ถ์€ ๋ง˜์ด ๋“ ๋‹ค๋ฉด
01:06
try listing all the decisions you can make at each point,
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๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์˜ ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋Š˜์–ด๋†“์•„ ๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
01:10
and the consequences each choice leads to.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ฐ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋„ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
01:14
For instance, there are five options for who goes across first:
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๊ฐ€๋ น ๋ˆ„๊ฐ€ ์ œ์ผ ๋จผ์ € ๊ฑด๋„์ง€ 5๊ฐ€์ง€ ์„ ํƒ์ง€๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:18
one wildebeest,
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์˜์–‘ ํ•œ ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ
01:19
one lion,
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์‚ฌ์ž ํ•œ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ
01:20
two wildebeest,
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์˜์–‘ ๋‘ ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ
01:21
two lions,
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์‚ฌ์ž ๋‘ ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ
01:22
or one of each.
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์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ํ•œ ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ ํ•œ ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ ์”ฉ์ด์š”.
01:23
If one animal goes alone,
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๋งŒ์•ฝ์— ํ•œ ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ˜ผ์ž์„œ ๊ฑด๋„Œ๋‹ค๋ฉด
01:25
it'll just have to come straight back.
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๊ทธ ํ•œ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํƒ€๊ณ  ๊ฐ”๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋Œ์•„์™€์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:27
And if two wildebeest cross first,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์˜์–‘ ๋‘ ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋จผ์ € ๊ฑด๋„Œ๋‹ค๋ฉด
01:29
the remaining one will immediately get eaten.
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๋‚จ๊ฒจ์ง„ ํ•œ ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์žก์•„๋จนํžˆ๊ฒ ์ฃ 
01:32
So those options are all out.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ ์ด ์„ ํƒ์ง€๋Š” ์•„๋‹Œ ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™๋„ค์š”.
01:34
Sending two lions,
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์‚ฌ์ž ๋‘ ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋‚ด๊ฑฐ๋‚˜
01:36
or one of each animal,
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์‚ฌ์ž์™€ ์˜์–‘์„ ํ•œ ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ์”ฉ ๋ณด๋‚ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
01:38
can actually both lead to solutions in the same number of moves.
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๊ฐ™์€ ํšŸ์ˆ˜๋กœ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์„ ํƒ์ง€ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:42
For the sake of time, we'll focus on the second one.
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์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ๋งŽ์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋ฅผ ์‚ดํŽด๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค.
01:45
One of each animal crosses.
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์‚ฌ์ž์™€ ์˜์–‘์ด ํ•œ ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ์”ฉ ๊ฑด๋„™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:47
Now, if the wildebeest stays and the lion returns,
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์ด์ œ ์˜์–‘์ด ๋จธ๋ฌด๋ฅด๊ณ  ์‚ฌ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋Œ์•„ ์˜จ๋‹ค๋ฉด
01:51
there will be three lions on the right bank.
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์˜ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ ๋‘‘์—๋Š” ์‚ฌ์ž๊ฐ€ ์„ธ ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:53
Bad news for the two remaining wildebeest.
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๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ ๋‚จ์•„์žˆ๋˜ ์˜์–‘ ๋‘ ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ์•ˆ์ข‹์€ ์†Œ์‹์ด์ฃ .
01:56
So we need to have the lion stay on the left bank
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ์‚ฌ์ž๋ฅผ ์™ผ์ชฝ ๋‘‘์— ๋‘๊ณ  ์™€์•ผ๊ฒ ๋„ค์š”.
01:59
and the wildebeest go back to the right.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์˜์–‘์„ ๋‹ค์‹œ ํƒœ์›Œ์„œ ์˜ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:01
Now we have the same five options,
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์ด์ œ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์„ ํƒ์ง€๊ฐ€ 5๊ฐœ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:03
but with one lion already on the left bank.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์™ผ์ชฝ ๋‘‘์— ์‚ฌ์ž ํ•œ ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์žŠ์ง€ ๋งˆ์„ธ์š”.
02:07
If two wildebeest go, the one that stays will get eaten,
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ์˜์–‘ ๋‘ ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ„๋‹ค๋ฉด ๋‚จ์€ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” ๋จนํž ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ณ 
02:10
and if one of each animal goes,
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ์‚ฌ์ž์™€ ์˜์–‘ ํ•œ ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ์”ฉ ๊ฐ„๋‹ค๋ฉด
02:12
the wildebeest on the raft will be outnumbered
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๋—๋ชฉ ์œ„ ์˜์–‘์€
02:14
as soon as it reaches the other side.
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๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ํŽธ์— ๋„์ฐฉํ•˜์ž๋งˆ์ž ์ˆ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ€๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ์ฃ .
02:17
So that's a dead end,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์ด ๋‚ฌ๋„ค์š”.
02:19
which means that at the third crossing,
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์„ธ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๊ฑด๋„ ๋•Œ์—๋Š”
02:20
only the two lions can go.
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์‚ฌ์ž ๋‘ ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ๋งŒ ๊ฑด๋„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:23
One gets dropped off,
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ํ•œ ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‚ด๋ฆฌ๋ฉด
02:25
leaving two lions on the left bank.
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์™ผ์ชฝ ๋‘‘์—๋Š” ์‚ฌ์ž ๋‘ ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‚จ๊ฒ ์ฃ .
02:27
The third lion takes the raft back to the right bank
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์„ธ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์‚ฌ์ž๋Š” ๋‹ค์‹œ ์˜ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ ๋‘‘์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:30
where the wildebeest are waiting.
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์˜์–‘๋“ค์ด ๊ธฐ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ณณ์ด์š”.
02:33
What now?
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์ด์   ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ• ๊นŒ์š”?
02:34
Well, since we've got two lions waiting on the left bank,
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์™ผ์ชฝ ๋‘‘์— ์‚ฌ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋‘ ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ
02:37
the only option is for two wildebeest to cross.
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์˜์–‘ ๋‘ ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์›€์ง์ผ ์ˆ˜๋ฐ–์— ์—†๋„ค์š”.
02:40
Next, there's no sense in two wildebeest going back,
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๋‘ ์˜์–‘์ด ๋‹ค์‹œ ํƒ€๊ณ  ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€๋Š”๊ฑด
02:44
since that just reverses the last step.
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์˜๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ์—†๊ฒ ์ฃ .
02:47
And if two lions go back,
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์‚ฌ์ž ๋‘ ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค๋ฉด
02:48
they'll outnumber the wildebeest on the right bank.
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์˜ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ ๋‘‘์—๋Š” ์‚ฌ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋„˜์น  ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ณ ์š”.
02:51
So one lion and one wildebeest take the raft back
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ ์‚ฌ์ž ํ•œ ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ์™€ ์˜์–‘ ํ•œ ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค์‹œ ํƒ€์•ผํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:55
leaving us with one of each animal on the left bank
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์™ผ์ชฝ์—๋Š” ๊ฐ๊ฐ ํ•œ ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ์”ฉ
02:58
and two of each on the right.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์˜ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ์—๋Š” ๋‘ ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ์”ฉ ๋‚จ๋„๋ก์ด์š”.
03:00
Again, there's no point in sending the lion-wildebeest pair back,
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๋‹ค์‹œ ์‚ฌ์ž๋‚˜ ์˜์–‘ ์ค‘ ๋‘ ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋‚ด๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค.
03:05
so the next trip should be either a pair of lions
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์ด๋ฒˆ์—๋Š” ์‚ฌ์ž ํ•œ ์Œ์ด๋‚˜
03:07
or a pair of wildebeest.
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์˜์–‘ ํ•œ ์Œ์„ ๋ณด๋‚ด์•ผ๊ฒ ๋„ค์š”.
03:10
If the lions go, they'd eat the wildebeest on the left, so they stay,
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์‚ฌ์ž๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ„๋‹ค๋ฉด ์™ผ์ชฝ์˜ ์˜์–‘๋“ค์ด ๋จนํžํ…Œ๋‹ˆ
03:13
and the two wildebeest cross instead.
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์˜์–‘ ๋‘ ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฑด๋„ˆ์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:16
Now we're quite close because the wildebeest are all where they need to be
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์ด์ œ ์˜์–‘๋“ค์€ ์™ผ์ชฝ์— ๋‹ค ๋„์ฐฉํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:20
with safety in numbers.
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์•ˆ์ „ํ•œ ์ˆซ์ž์ฃ .
03:22
All that's left is for that one lion to raft back
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์™ผ์ชฝ์˜ ์‚ฌ์ž ํ•œ ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋—๋ชฉ์„ ํƒ€๊ณ  ๋Œ์•„์™€์„œ
03:25
and bring his fellow lions over one by one.
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์นœ๊ตฌ๋“ค์„ ํ•œ ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ์”ฉ ๋ฐ๋ ค์™€์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:29
That makes eleven trips total,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด ์ด 11๋ฒˆ์˜
03:31
the smallest number needed to get everyone across safely.
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๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ ์€ ํšŸ์ˆ˜๋กœ ๋ชจ๋‘๋ฅผ ๊ฑด๋„ˆ๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:35
The solution that involves sending both lions on the first step works similarly,
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๋งจ ์ฒ˜์Œ์— ์‚ฌ์ž๋“ค์„ ๋ณด๋‚ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋„ ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ๊ณผ์ •์œผ๋กœ
03:40
and also takes eleven crossings.
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๋˜‘๊ฐ™์ด 11๋ฒˆ์— ๊ฑด๋„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:43
The six animals escape unharmed from the fire just in time
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์ด ์—ฌ์„ฏ ๋™๋ฌผ๋“ค์€
๋‹ค์น˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ์ œ ๋•Œ์— ๋ถˆ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ํƒˆ์ถœํ–ˆ๊ณ 
03:47
and begin their new lives across the river.
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๊ฐ•์„ ๊ฑด๋„ˆ์„œ ์ƒˆ ์‚ถ์„ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๊ฒ ์ฃ .
03:50
Of course, now that the danger's passed,
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์ด์ œ ์œ„ํ—˜์ด ์ง€๋‚˜๊ฐ”์œผ๋‹ˆ
03:52
it remains to be seen how long their unlikely alliance will last.
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์ด ์นœ๊ตฌ๋“ค์ด ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ์˜ค๋ž˜ ๋™๋งน์œผ๋กœ ์ง€๋‚ผ์ง€ ์ง€์ผœ๋ด์•ผ๊ฒ ๋„ค์š”.
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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