How did teeth evolve? - Peter S. Ungar

756,786 views ใƒป 2018-02-05

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Sigal Tifferet
00:07
You may take them for granted, but your teeth are a marvel.
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ืืชื ืื•ืœื™ ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืืœื™ื”ืŸ ื›ืืœ ืžื•ื‘ื ื•ืช ืžืืœื™ื”ืŸ, ืื‘ืœ ื”ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื›ื ื”ืŸ ืคืœื.
00:11
They break up all your food over the course of your life,
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ื”ืŸ ืžืคืจืงื•ืช ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืื•ื›ืœ ืฉืืชื ืื•ื›ืœื™ื ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื—ื™ื™ื›ื,
00:14
while being strong enough to withstand breakage themselves.
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ื•ื›ืœ ื–ืืช ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœื”ื™ืฉื‘ืจ.
00:18
And theyโ€™re formed using only the raw materials
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ื•ื”ืŸ ื ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ืจืง ืžื—ื•ืžืจื™ ื”ื’ืœื ื”ื ืžืฆืื™ื
00:21
from the food they grind down in the first place.
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ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืื•ื›ืœ ืื•ืชืŸ ื”ืŸ ื˜ื•ื—ื ื•ืช.
00:24
Whatโ€™s behind their impressive strength?
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ืžื” ื ืžืฆื ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ืžืจืฉื™ื ืฉืœื”ืŸ?
00:26
Teeth rely on an ingenious structure that makes them both hard and tough.
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ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื•ืช ืขืœ ืžื‘ื ื” ื’ืื•ื ื™ ืฉืขื•ืฉื” ืื•ืชืŸ ื’ื ืงืฉื•ืช ื•ื’ื ืงืฉื™ื—ื•ืช.
00:31
Hardness can be thought of as the ability to resist a crack from starting,
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ืืคืฉืจ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ืงื•ืฉื™ ื›ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ืคื ื™ ื”ื™ื•ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ืกื“ืงื™ื,
00:35
while toughness is what stops the crack from spreading
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืงืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืžื•ื ืข ืžื”ืกื“ืงื™ื ืœื”ืชืคืฉื˜.
00:39
Very few materials have both properties.
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ืœืžืขื˜ ืžืื•ื“ ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื™ืฉ ืืช ืฉืชื™ ื”ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช.
00:42
For instance, glass is hard but not tough,
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืงืฉื” ืื‘ืœ ืœื ืงืฉื™ื—ื”,
00:46
while leather is tough but not hard.
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืขื•ืจ ื”ื•ื ืงืฉื™ื— ืื‘ืœ ืœื ืงืฉื”.
00:48
Teeth manage both by having two layers:
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ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื ื™ ื”ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ืŸ ืฉืชื™ ืฉื›ื‘ื•ืช:
00:51
a hard external cap of enamel, made up almost entirely of a calcium phosphate,
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ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ ืงืฉื” ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ืฉืœ ืืžื™ื™ืœ, ืฉืขืฉื•ื™ ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ื•ืœื• ืžืกื™ื“ืŸ ืคื•ืกืคื˜ื™,
00:57
and beneath it, a tougher layer of dentin,
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ื•ืžืชื—ืชื™ื•, ืฉื›ื‘ื” ืงืฉื™ื—ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื“ื ื˜ื™ืŸ,
01:00
partly formed from organic fibers that make it flexible.
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ืฉื ื•ืฆืจ ื—ืœืงื™ืช ืžืกื™ื‘ื™ื ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืขื•ืฉื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื’ืžื™ืฉ.
01:04
This amazing structure is created by two types of cells:
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ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ืžื“ื”ื™ื ื”ื–ื” ื ื•ืฆืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื ื™ ืžื™ื ื™ ืชืื™ื:
01:08
ameloblasts that secrete enamel
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ืืžืœื•ื‘ืœืกื˜ื™ื ืฉืžืคืจื™ืฉื™ื ืืžื™ื™ืœ
01:10
and odontoblasts that secrete dentin.
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ื•ืื•ื“ื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘ืœืกื˜ื™ื ืฉืžืคืจื™ืฉื™ื ื“ื ื˜ื™ืŸ.
01:14
As they form teeth, odontoblasts move inward,
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ื›ืฉื”ื ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื, ืื•ื“ื•ื ื•ื‘ืœืกื˜ื™ื ื ืขื™ื ืคื ื™ืžื”,
01:17
while ameloblasts move out and slough off when they hit the surface.
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื”ืืžืœื•ื‘ืœืกื˜ื™ื ื ืขื™ื ื”ื—ื•ืฆื” ื•ื ื•ืฉืจื™ื ื›ืฉื”ื ืคื•ื’ืขื™ื ื‘ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื—.
01:21
For enamel, this process produces long, thin strands,
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ืœืืžื™ื™ืœ, ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื–ื” ืžื™ื™ืฆืจ ื’ื“ื™ืœื™ื ืืจื•ื›ื™ื ื•ื“ืงื™ื,
01:25
each about 60 nanometers in diameter.
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ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื‘ืงื•ื˜ืจ ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืจืš 60 ื ื ื•ืžื˜ืจ.
01:28
Thatโ€™s one one-thousandth the width of a human hair.
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ื–ื” ืืœืคื™ืช ื”ืจื•ื—ื‘ ืฉืœ ืฉืขืจื” ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช.
01:32
Those are bundled into rods, packed together,
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ืืœื” ืžืชืงื‘ืฆื™ื ืœืžื•ื˜ื•ืช, ืฉื ืืจื–ื™ื ื™ื—ื“,
01:35
tens of thousands per square millimeter,
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ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืืœืคื™ื ืœืžื™ืœื™ืžื˜ืจ ืžืจื•ื‘ืข,
01:38
to form the shield-like enamel layer.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืืช ืฉื›ื‘ืช ื”ืืžื™ื™ืœ ื“ืžื•ื™ื™ืช ื”ืžื’ืŸ.
01:41
Once this process is finished, your enamel canโ€™t repair itself again
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ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื–ื” ืžืกืชื™ื™ื, ื”ืืžื™ื™ืœ ืฉืœื›ื ืœื ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืชื—ื“ืฉ
01:45
because all the cells that make it are lost,
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืชืื™ื ืฉื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืื•ื‘ื“ื™ื,
01:48
so weโ€™re lucky that enamel canโ€™t be easily destroyed.
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ืื– ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืžื–ืœ ืฉืืžื™ื™ืœ ืœื ื ื™ื–ื•ืง ื‘ืงืœื•ืช.
01:52
Odontoblasts use a more complex process, but unlike ameloblasts, they stick around,
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ืื•ื“ื•ื ื•ื‘ืœืกื˜ื™ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘, ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืืžืœื•ื‘ืกืœื˜ื™ื, ื”ื ื ืฉืืจื™ื
01:58
continuing to secrete dentin throughout your life.
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ื•ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืคืจื™ืฉ ื“ื ื˜ื™ืŸ ื›ืœ ื—ื™ื™ื›ื.
02:01
Despite the differences in teeth across the mammalian order,
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื,
02:05
the underlying process of tooth growth is the same whether itโ€™s for lions,
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ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ ืฉืœ ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื ื–ื”ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ื–ื” ืืจื™ื”,
02:10
kangaroos,
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ืงื ื’ื•ืจื•,
02:11
elephants,
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02:11
or us.
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ืคื™ืœ,
ืื• ืื ื—ื ื•.
02:13
What changes is how nature sculpts the shape of the tooth,
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ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ ื”ื•ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ืžืขืฆื‘ ืืช ืฆื•ืจืช ื”ืฉืŸ,
02:17
altering the folding and growth patterns
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ื•ืžืฉื ื” ืืช ืชื‘ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืงื™ืคื•ืœ ื•ื”ื’ื“ื™ืœื”
02:19
to suit the distinct diets of different species.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชืื™ื ืœื“ื™ืื˜ื•ืช ื”ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื.
02:23
Cows have flat molar teeth with parallel ridges for grinding tough grasses.
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ืœืคืจื•ืช ื™ืฉ ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื ื˜ื•ื—ื ื•ืช ืฉื˜ื•ื—ื•ืช ืขื ืจื›ืกื™ื ืžืงื‘ื™ืœื™ื ืœื˜ื—ื™ื ืช ืขืฉื‘ ืงืฉื”.
02:28
Cats have sharp crested molars, like blades, for shearing meat and sinew.
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ืœื—ืชื•ืœื™ื ื™ืฉ ื˜ื•ื—ื ื•ืช ื—ื“ื•ืช ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืคืกื’ื•ืช, ื›ืžื• ืœื”ื‘ื™ื, ืœื’ืจื™ืกืช ื‘ืฉืจ ื•ื’ื™ื“ื™ื.
02:34
Pigs have blunt, thick ones, useful for crushing hard roots and seeds.
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ืœื—ื–ื™ืจื™ื ื™ืฉ ืฉื™ื ื™ื ื’ืกื•ืช ื•ืขื‘ื•ืช, ืฉืขื•ื–ืจื•ืช ืœืจื™ืกื•ืง ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ื ื•ื–ืจืขื™ื ืงืฉื™ื.
02:39
The myriad molars of modern mammals
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ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื˜ื•ื—ื ื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื ื‘ื ื™-ื™ืžื™ื ื•
02:41
can be traced back to a common form called โ€œtribosphenic,"
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ืžืงื•ืจื• ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ืฉื ืงืจืืช "ื˜ืจื™ื‘ื•ืกืคื ื™ืช,"
02:45
which first appeared during the dinosaur age.
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ืฉื”ื•ืคื™ืขื” ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ื“ื™ื ื•ื–ืื•ืจื™ื.
02:47
In the 19th Century, paleontologist Edward Drinker Cope
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ื‘ืžืื” ื” 19, ื”ืคืœื™ืื•ื ื˜ื•ืœื•ื’ ืื“ื•ืจืื“ ื“ืจื™ื ืงืจ ืงื•ืค
02:51
developed the basic model for how this form evolved.
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ืคื™ืชื— ืืช ื”ืžื•ื“ืœ ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ ืœืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ื• ืฆื•ืจื” ื–ื• ื”ืชืคืชื—ื”.
02:55
He hypothesized that it started with a cone-like tooth,
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืขืœื” ื”ืฉืขืจื” ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืขื ืฉืŸ ื“ืžื•ื™ื™ืช ืงื•ื ื•ืก,
02:59
as we see in many fishes, amphibians, and reptiles.
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ื›ืžื• ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ื“ื’ื™ื, ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ืืžืคื™ื‘ื™ื™ื ื•ื–ื•ื—ืœื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื.
03:02
Small cusps were then added, so the tooth had three in a row,
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ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ, ื ื•ืกืคื• ื—ื•ื“ื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื, ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื‘ืฉื•ืจื”,
03:06
aligned front to back, and connected by crests.
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ื—ื•ื“ ืื—ื“ ืžืงื“ื™ืžื”, ืื—ื“ ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื•ืื—ื“ ืžืื—ื•ืจ, ื•ืฉืœื•ืฉืชื ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืงื• ืจื›ืก.
03:10
Over time, the cusps were pushed out of line to make triangular crowns.
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ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื–ืžืŸ, ื”ื—ื•ื“ื™ื ื ื“ื—ืงื• ื”ื—ื•ืฆื” ื•ื™ืฆืจื• ื›ืชืจื™ื ืžืฉื•ืœืฉื™ื.
03:15
Adjacent teeth formed a continuous zigzag of crests for slicing and dicing.
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ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื™ืฆืจื• ืงื• ืจื›ืก ืจืฆื™ืฃ ืœื—ื™ืชื•ืš ื•ืงื™ืฆื•ืฅ.
03:21
A low shelf then formed at the back of each set of teeth,
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ืžื“ืฃ ื ืžื•ืš ื ื•ืฆืจ ืื– ื‘ื—ืœืงื• ื”ืื—ื•ืจื™ ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืกื˜ ืฉื™ื ื™ื,
03:25
which became a platform for crushing.
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ืฉื”ืคืš ืœืคืœื˜ืคื•ืจืžื” ืœืจื™ืกื•ืง.
03:27
As Cope realized, the tribosphenic molar served as the jumping-off point
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ื›ืžื• ืฉืงื•ืค ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ, ื”ื˜ื•ื—ื ื•ืช ื”ื˜ืจื™ื‘ื•ืกืคื ื™ื•ืช ืฉื™ืจืชื• ื›ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืชื—ืœื”
03:32
for the radiation of specialized forms to follow,
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ืœืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืชืืžื•ืช ืฉื‘ืื• ืื—ืจื™ื”ืŸ,
03:35
each shaped by evolutionary needs.
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ื›ืœ ืฆื•ืจื” ืžืขื•ืฆื‘ืช ืœืคื™ ืฆืจื›ื™ื ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื.
03:38
Straighten the crests and remove the shelf,
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ื™ื™ืฉืจื• ืืช ื”ืจื›ืกื™ื ื•ื”ืกื™ืจื• ืืช ื”ืžื“ืฃ,
03:40
and youโ€™ve got the conveniently bladed teeth of cats and dogs.
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ื•ื”ืจื™ ืœื›ื ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื”ื ื”ืžื—ื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ืชื•ืœื™ื ื•ื›ืœื‘ื™ื.
03:44
Remove the front cusp, raise the shelf, and youโ€™ve got our human molars.
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ื”ืกื™ืจื• ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื“ื™ื ื”ืงื“ืžื™ื™ื, ื”ื’ื‘ื™ื”ื• ืืช ื”ืžื“ืฃ, ื•ื”ืจื™ ืœื›ื ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื”ื ื”ื˜ื•ื—ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื.
03:50
A few additional tweaks get you a horse or cow tooth.
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ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืœื ื• ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืกื•ืก ืื• ืคืจื”.
03:54
Some details in Copeโ€™s intuitive hypothesis proved wrong.
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ืžืกืคืจ ืคืจื˜ื™ื ื‘ื”ื™ืคื•ืชื–ื” ื”ืื™ื ื˜ื•ืื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืงื•ืค ื”ื•ื›ื—ื• ื›ืœื ื ื›ื•ื ื™ื.
03:58
But in the fossil record,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืชื™ืขื•ื“ ื”ืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ื,
03:59
there are examples of teeth that look just as he predicted
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ื™ืฉ ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ืœืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื ืฉื ืจืื•ืช ืžืžืฉ ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ื•ื ื—ื–ื”
04:03
and we can trace the molars of all living mammals back to that primitive form.
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืงื•ื‘ ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื˜ื•ื—ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืฆื•ืจื” ื”ืคืจื™ืžื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช.
04:08
Today, the ability to consume diverse forms of food
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ื”ื™ื•ื, ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืฆืจื•ืš ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืžื•ืฆืจื™ ืžื–ื•ืŸ
04:11
enables mammals to survive in habitats
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ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœื™ื•ื ืงื™ื ืœืฉืจื•ื“ ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืžื—ื™ื”
04:14
ranging from mountain peaks and ocean depths
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ืฉื ืขื•ืช ืžืคืกื’ื•ืช ื”ืจื™ื ื•ืžืขืžืงื™ ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืกื™ื
04:17
to rainforests and deserts.
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ื•ืขื“ ืœื™ืขืจื•ืช ื’ืฉื ื•ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื•ืช.
04:19
So the success of our biological class is due in no small measure
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ืื– ื”ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื—ืœืงื” ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ืฉืœื ื• ื”ื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”
04:23
to the remarkable strength and adaptability
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ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ื›ื•ื— ื™ื•ืฆื ื”ื“ื•ืคืŸ ื•ื”ื”ืชืืžื”
04:26
of the humble mammalian molar.
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ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื•ื—ื ืช ื”ืฆื ื•ืขื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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