How did teeth evolve? - Peter S. Ungar

763,812 views ・ 2018-02-05

TED-Ed


μ•„λž˜ μ˜λ¬Έμžλ§‰μ„ λ”λΈ”ν΄λ¦­ν•˜μ‹œλ©΄ μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.

λ²ˆμ—­: Seungjae Kim κ²€ν† : Jihyeon J. Kim
00:07
You may take them for granted, but your teeth are a marvel.
0
7021
4262
μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ΄ λ‹Ήμ—°ν•˜κ²Œ μ—¬κΈΈ μ§€ λͺ°λΌλ„, μΉ˜μ•„λŠ” 경이둜운 λ¬Όκ±΄μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:11
They break up all your food over the course of your life,
1
11283
3150
μ‚Ά μ „λ°˜μ—μ„œ μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ΄ λ¨ΉλŠ” μŒμ‹μ„ λΆ„ν•΄ν•˜λ©΄μ„œλ„
00:14
while being strong enough to withstand breakage themselves.
2
14433
3830
λΆ€λŸ¬μ§€μ§€ μ•Šμ„λ§ŒνΌ κ°•ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:18
And they’re formed using only the raw materials
3
18263
2920
그리고 μΉ˜μ•„λŠ” μžμ‹ μ΄ 잘게 λΆ€μˆœ μŒμ‹μ„ 재료둜만 ν˜•μ„±λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:21
from the food they grind down in the first place.
4
21183
3220
00:24
What’s behind their impressive strength?
5
24403
2431
μ΄κ²ƒμ˜ 인상적인 힘의 비결은 λ¬΄μ—‡μΌκΉŒμš”?
00:26
Teeth rely on an ingenious structure that makes them both hard and tough.
6
26834
4479
μΉ˜μ•„λŠ” κΈ°λ°œν•˜κ³ λ„ νŠΌνŠΌν•œ ꡬ쑰둜 이루어져 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:31
Hardness can be thought of as the ability to resist a crack from starting,
7
31313
4318
균열을 κ²¬λ””λŠ” 것은 λ‹¨λ‹¨ν•˜κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ΄κ³ ,
00:35
while toughness is what stops the crack from spreading
8
35631
3813
μ£Όμœ„μ— 균열이 νΌμ§€λŠ” 것을 λ§‰λŠ” 것은 νŠΌνŠΌν•¨μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:39
Very few materials have both properties.
9
39444
2894
두 νŠΉμ„±μ„ λͺ¨λ‘ κ°€μ§„ λ¬Όμ²΄λŠ” 거의 μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:42
For instance, glass is hard but not tough,
10
42338
3876
예λ₯Ό λ“€λ©΄, μœ λ¦¬λŠ” λ‹¨λ‹¨ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ νŠΌνŠΌν•˜μ§€ μ•Šμ£ .
00:46
while leather is tough but not hard.
11
46214
2749
가죽은 νŠΌνŠΌν•˜μ§€λ§Œ λ‹¨λ‹¨ν•˜μ§€ μ•ŠμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:48
Teeth manage both by having two layers:
12
48963
3016
μΉ˜μ•„λŠ” 두 개의 측으둜 κ·Έ 일을 ν•΄λƒ…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:51
a hard external cap of enamel, made up almost entirely of a calcium phosphate,
13
51979
5465
칼슘으둜 이루어진 λ‹¨λ‹¨ν•œ μ™ΈλΆ€ μ• λ‚˜λ©œ 측이 있고
00:57
and beneath it, a tougher layer of dentin,
14
57444
3188
νŠΌνŠΌν•œ μƒμ•„μ§ˆμ˜ 측을 μ•„λž˜μ— κ°€μ§€κ³  μžˆλŠ”λ°,
01:00
partly formed from organic fibers that make it flexible.
15
60632
3661
μ΄λŠ” μΉœν™˜κ²½μ˜ μ„¬μœ μ‘°μ§μœΌλ‘œ 일뢀 이루어져 μžˆμ–΄ μœ μ—°ν•˜κ²Œ λ§Œλ“­λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:04
This amazing structure is created by two types of cells:
16
64293
3908
이 μ–΄λ§ˆμ–΄λ§ˆν•œ κ΅¬μ‘°λŠ” 두 κ°€μ§€ μ’…λ₯˜μ˜ μ„Έν¬λ‘œ μ΄λ£¨μ–΄μ§‘λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:08
ameloblasts that secrete enamel
17
68201
2794
μ—λ‚˜λ©œλͺ¨μ„Έν¬λŠ” μ—λ‚˜λ©œμ„ λΆ„λΉ„ν•˜κ³ 
01:10
and odontoblasts that secrete dentin.
18
70995
3080
μΉ˜μ•„λͺ¨μ„Έν¬λŠ” μƒμ•„μ§ˆμ„ λΆ„λΉ„ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:14
As they form teeth, odontoblasts move inward,
19
74075
3028
이듀이 μΉ˜μ•„λ₯Ό λ§Œλ“€λ©΄ μΉ˜μ•„λͺ¨μ„Έν¬λŠ” μ•ˆμœΌλ‘œ 움직이고
01:17
while ameloblasts move out and slough off when they hit the surface.
20
77103
4451
μ—λ‚˜λ©œλͺ¨μ„Έν¬λŠ” λ°–μœΌλ‘œ μ΄λ™ν•˜λ©΄μ„œ ν‘œλ©΄μ„ 마주칠 λ•Œ λ²—μ–΄λ‚©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:21
For enamel, this process produces long, thin strands,
21
81554
4013
μ—λ‚˜λ©œμ€ 이 κ³Όμ •μ—μ„œ κΈΈκ³  얇은 κ°€λ‹₯을 λ§Œλ“­λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:25
each about 60 nanometers in diameter.
22
85567
3367
직경이 60λ‚˜λ…Έλ―Έν„° 정도 λ˜λŠ”λ°,
01:28
That’s one one-thousandth the width of a human hair.
23
88934
3361
μ΄λŠ” 인간 머리카락 λ‘κ»˜μ˜ 1/1000정도 λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:32
Those are bundled into rods, packed together,
24
92295
3400
이것은 λ‹€μ‹œ κ°„μƒμ²΄λ‘œ λ¬Άμ—¬μ Έ ν•¨κ»˜
01:35
tens of thousands per square millimeter,
25
95695
2698
μˆ˜λ§Žμ€ ν‰λ°©λ°€λ¦¬λ―Έν„°λ‘œ λ‚˜λ‰˜μ–΄
01:38
to form the shield-like enamel layer.
26
98393
3132
λ°©νŒ¨κ°™μ€ μ—λ‚˜λ©œ 측을 ν˜•μ„±ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:41
Once this process is finished, your enamel can’t repair itself again
27
101525
3739
일단 이 과정이 λλ‚˜λ©΄ λ‹€μ‹œ μ—λ‚˜λ©œμ€ 슀슀둜 κ³ μΉ˜μ§€ λͺ»ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:45
because all the cells that make it are lost,
28
105264
3481
μ™œλƒν•˜λ©΄ 그것을 λ§Œλ“  세포듀이 μ‚¬λΌμ‘ŒκΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ΄μ£ .
01:48
so we’re lucky that enamel can’t be easily destroyed.
29
108745
3479
κ·Έλž˜λ„ μ—λ‚˜λ©œμ€ μ‰½κ²Œ νŒŒκ΄΄λ˜μ§€ μ•ŠμœΌλ‹ˆ λ‹€ν–‰μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:52
Odontoblasts use a more complex process, but unlike ameloblasts, they stick around,
30
112224
6210
μΉ˜μ•„λͺ¨μ„Έν¬λŠ” 더 λ³΅μž‘ν•œ 과정을 κ±°μΉ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
μ—λ‚˜λ©œ λͺ¨μ„Έν¬μ™€ 달리 μ‚Ά μ „λ°˜μ— 걸쳐 μƒμ•„μ§ˆμ„ λΆ„λΉ„ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:58
continuing to secrete dentin throughout your life.
31
118434
3411
02:01
Despite the differences in teeth across the mammalian order,
32
121845
3331
포유λ₯˜ 계측은 각자 λ‹€λ₯Έ μΉ˜μ•„λ₯Ό κ°€μ§€κ³  μžˆμŒμ—λ„ λΆˆκ΅¬ν•˜κ³ 
02:05
the underlying process of tooth growth is the same whether it’s for lions,
33
125176
4828
μΉ˜μ•„κ°€ μžλΌλŠ” 과정은 λΉ„μŠ·ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:10
kangaroos,
34
130004
1031
μΊ₯거루
02:11
elephants,
35
131035
929
02:11
or us.
36
131964
1602
코끼리
μ•„λ‹ˆλ©΄ μš°λ¦¬λ“ 
02:13
What changes is how nature sculpts the shape of the tooth,
37
133566
3508
μžμ—°μ΄ μΉ˜μ•„μ˜ λͺ¨μ–‘을 λ§Œλ“­λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:17
altering the folding and growth patterns
38
137074
2315
μ ‘νžŒ 것을 λ°”κΎΈκ³  μ„±μž₯ νŒ¨ν„΄ λ“±
02:19
to suit the distinct diets of different species.
39
139389
3845
λ‹€λ₯Έ μ’…λ§ˆλ‹€ νŠΉμ •ν•œ 식단에 λ§žμΆ”κΈ° μœ„ν•΄μ„œμ£ .
02:23
Cows have flat molar teeth with parallel ridges for grinding tough grasses.
40
143234
5279
질긴 풀을 잘 갈기 μœ„ν•΄μ„œ μ†ŒλŠ” ν‰ν‰ν•œ μΉ˜μ•„λ₯Ό κ°€μ§€κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:28
Cats have sharp crested molars, like blades, for shearing meat and sinew.
41
148513
5679
κ³ μ–‘μ΄λŠ” κ³ κΈ°λ₯Ό μ°’κΈ° μœ„ν•΄ μΉΌλ‚ μ²˜λŸΌ λ‚ μΉ΄λ‘œμš΄ μ–΄κΈˆλ‹ˆλ₯Ό κ°€μ§€κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:34
Pigs have blunt, thick ones, useful for crushing hard roots and seeds.
42
154192
4891
거친 λΏŒλ¦¬μ™€ 씨λ₯Ό 잘 λΆ€μˆ˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄ λΌμ§€λŠ” 무디고 λ‘κΊΌμš΄ μ–΄κΈˆλ‹ˆκ°€ 있죠.
02:39
The myriad molars of modern mammals
43
159083
2419
ν˜„λŒ€ 포유λ₯˜μ˜ λ¬΄μˆ˜ν•œ μ–΄κΈˆλ‹ˆλ“€μ€
02:41
can be traced back to a common form called β€œtribosphenic,"
44
161502
3769
"νŠΈλΌμ΄λ³΄μŠ€νŽ˜λ‹‰"μ΄λΌλŠ” 곡룑 μ‹œλŒ€μ— 첫 λ“±μž₯ν•œ
02:45
which first appeared during the dinosaur age.
45
165271
2701
κ³΅ν†΅μ˜ μ‘°μƒμœΌλ‘œ 거슬러 μ˜¬λΌκ°‘λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:47
In the 19th Century, paleontologist Edward Drinker Cope
46
167972
3989
19세기에 κ³ μƒλ¬Όν•™μž μ—λ“œμ›Œλ“œ λ“œλ§μ»€ μ½”ν”„λŠ”
02:51
developed the basic model for how this form evolved.
47
171961
3481
이 ν˜•νƒœκ°€ μ§„ν™”ν•œ κΈ°λ³Έ λͺ¨λΈμ„ λ°œκ²¬ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:55
He hypothesized that it started with a cone-like tooth,
48
175442
3560
κ·ΈλŠ” 우리의 μΉ˜μ•„λŠ” μš°λ¦¬κ°€ λ¬Όκ³ κΈ°, μ–‘μ„œλ₯˜, νŒŒμΆ©μ„œ λ³Ό 수 μžˆλŠ”
02:59
as we see in many fishes, amphibians, and reptiles.
49
179002
3380
콘 λͺ¨μ–‘μ˜ μΉ˜μ•„μ—μ„œ μ‹œμž‘ν•΄μ„œ
03:02
Small cusps were then added, so the tooth had three in a row,
50
182382
4510
그리고 μž‘μ€ 끝이 μΆ”κ°€λ˜μ–΄ μΉ˜μ•„λŠ” μ„Έ 개λ₯Ό 일렬둜 κ°€μ§€κ²Œ λ˜μ—ˆμœΌλ©°,
03:06
aligned front to back, and connected by crests.
51
186892
3742
μ•žμ—μ„œ λ’€λ‘œ μ •λ ¬λ˜λ©° 돌기둜 μ—°κ²°λ˜μ—ˆλ‹€λŠ” 가섀을 μ„Έμ› μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:10
Over time, the cusps were pushed out of line to make triangular crowns.
52
190634
4890
μ‹œκ°„μ΄ μ§€λ‚  수둝 끝은 μ‚Όκ°ν˜•μ„ λ§Œλ“€μ—ˆκ³ 
03:15
Adjacent teeth formed a continuous zigzag of crests for slicing and dicing.
53
195524
5669
μ μ ˆν•œ 이가 μž˜λΌμ§€λ©΄μ„œ λŒκΈ°λ“€μ˜ λŠμž„μ—†λŠ” μ§€κ·Έμž¬κ·Έλ₯Ό ν˜•μ„±ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:21
A low shelf then formed at the back of each set of teeth,
54
201193
3921
각각의 μΉ˜μ•„ 뒀에 ν˜•μ„±λœ 것이
03:25
which became a platform for crushing.
55
205114
2607
λΆ€μ„œμ§€λŠ” ν”Œλž«νΌμ„ ν˜•μ„±ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:27
As Cope realized, the tribosphenic molar served as the jumping-off point
56
207721
4824
μ½”ν”„κ°€ λ°œκ²¬ν•œ 것에 λ”°λ₯΄λ©΄ νŠΈλΌμ΄λ³΄μŠ€νŽ˜λ‹‰ μ–΄κΈˆλ‹ˆλŠ” 좜발점 역할을 ν•˜κ³ 
03:32
for the radiation of specialized forms to follow,
57
212545
3349
μ΄μ–΄μ§€λŠ” μ „λ¬Έν™”λœ ν˜•νƒœμ˜ 방사에 μžˆμ–΄
03:35
each shaped by evolutionary needs.
58
215894
2498
진화적인 μš•κ΅¬λ‘œ ν˜•μ„±λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:38
Straighten the crests and remove the shelf,
59
218392
2507
λŒκΈ°λ“€μ΄ λ‚˜λž€ν•΄μ§€λ©΄μ„œ μ„ λ°˜ λͺ¨μ–‘은 사라지고
03:40
and you’ve got the conveniently bladed teeth of cats and dogs.
60
220899
3604
고양이와 개의 전톡적인 λ‚ κ³Ό 같은 μΉ˜μ•„λ₯Ό κ°€μ§€κ²Œ λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:44
Remove the front cusp, raise the shelf, and you’ve got our human molars.
61
224503
5832
μ•žμ— 있던 끝이 사라지고 μ„ λ°˜μ„ λ“€μ–΄μ˜¬λ € μΈκ°„μ˜ μΉ˜μ•„λ₯Ό κ°€μ§€κ²Œ λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:50
A few additional tweaks get you a horse or cow tooth.
62
230335
3690
μ•½κ°„ λ‹€λ₯΄κ²Œ ν•˜λ©΄ 말과 μ†Œμ˜ μΉ˜μ•„λ₯Ό κ°–κ²Œ 되죠.
03:54
Some details in Cope’s intuitive hypothesis proved wrong.
63
234025
4209
μ½”ν”„μ˜ κ°€μ„€μ˜ μžμ„Έν•œ 뢀뢄은 잘λͺ»λœ κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ λ°ν˜€μ‘ŒμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:58
But in the fossil record,
64
238234
1201
ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 화석 기둝에 λ”°λ₯΄λ©΄
03:59
there are examples of teeth that look just as he predicted
65
239435
3729
κ·Έκ°€ μ˜ˆμΈ‘ν–ˆλ˜ λŒ€λ‘œ μΉ˜μ•„μ˜ μ˜ˆλ“€μ΄ λ“±μž₯ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:03
and we can trace the molars of all living mammals back to that primitive form.
66
243164
5111
μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μ›μ‹œμ˜ 포유λ₯˜λ“€μ˜ μ–΄κΈˆλ‹ˆλ₯Ό μΆ”μ ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:08
Today, the ability to consume diverse forms of food
67
248275
3468
μ˜€λŠ˜λ‚ , λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ ν˜•νƒœμ˜ μŒμ‹μ„ μ†ŒλΉ„ν•˜λŠ” λŠ₯λ ₯은
04:11
enables mammals to survive in habitats
68
251743
2376
포유λ₯˜κ°€ 각각의 κ±°μ£Όμ§€μ—μ„œ,
04:14
ranging from mountain peaks and ocean depths
69
254119
2926
μ‚° κΌ­λŒ€κΈ°λΆ€ν„° κΉŠμ€ λ°”λ‹€ μ†κΉŒμ§€
04:17
to rainforests and deserts.
70
257045
2224
λ°€λ¦ΌλΆ€ν„° μ‚¬λ§‰κΉŒμ§€ μ‚΄ 수 있게 ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:19
So the success of our biological class is due in no small measure
71
259269
4436
우리의 생물학적 κ³„μΈ΅μ˜ 성곡은 μž‘μ€ 차이둜 λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:23
to the remarkable strength and adaptability
72
263705
2590
λ‘λ“œλŸ¬μ§„ 힘과 적응성 뿐만 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ
04:26
of the humble mammalian molar.
73
266295
2500
κ²Έμ†ν•œ 포유λ₯˜μ˜ μ–΄κΈˆλ‹ˆμ— μ˜ν•΄μ„œμ£ .
이 μ›Ήμ‚¬μ΄νŠΈ 정보

이 μ‚¬μ΄νŠΈλŠ” μ˜μ–΄ ν•™μŠ΅μ— μœ μš©ν•œ YouTube λ™μ˜μƒμ„ μ†Œκ°œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ „ 세계 졜고의 μ„ μƒλ‹˜λ“€μ΄ κ°€λ₯΄μΉ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μˆ˜μ—…μ„ 보게 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 각 λ™μ˜μƒ νŽ˜μ΄μ§€μ— ν‘œμ‹œλ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μžλ§‰μ„ 더블 ν΄λ¦­ν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ λ™μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. λΉ„λ””μ˜€ μž¬μƒμ— 맞좰 μžλ§‰μ΄ μŠ€ν¬λ‘€λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ˜κ²¬μ΄λ‚˜ μš”μ²­μ΄ μžˆλŠ” 경우 이 문의 양식을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ¬Έμ˜ν•˜μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7